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Meeting 12 Intro To Linguistics - Language and The Brain

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12 views24 pages

Meeting 12 Intro To Linguistics - Language and The Brain

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sardian maharani
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MEETING 12

Language and the brain


Introduction to Linguistics
Language + brain =

neurolinguistics
• The study of the neural and electrochemical
bases of language development and use

psycholinguistics
• The study of the acquisition, storage,
comprehension, and production of language
The brain
http://www.g2conline.org/2022
Physical features of the brain

• Temporal lobe = Perception and recognition of auditory


stimuli
• Frontal lobe = Higher thinking and language production
Hemisphere
• Parietal lobe = Least involved in language perception and
production
• Occipital lobe = Vision

• Auditory
Cortex • Visual
• Motor
Language centers
Language centers

Broca’s area • Language production

Wernicke’s area • Language comprehension

Arcuate
• Connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
fasciculus

• Converts visual stimuli into auditory stimuli, or vice versa.


Angular gyrus • The capacity to read and write
Producing a spoken word
Wernicke’s area

Accessing the lexicon

Arcuate fasciculus

Phonetic info from W to B

Broca’s area

Interpreting the received info

Motor cortex

Directing the movement of muscles for articulation


Hearing a word

Auditory cortex Wenicke’s area


• Processing received info by • Interpreting the info and
ears matching it to a lexical entry
Reading a word

Visual cortex Angular gyrus Wenicke’s


• Processing • Associating area
received info by written form of • Making available
eyes word with lexical the meaning and
entry pronunciation of
word
How the brain works

• The brain is composed of neurons.


– Neurons are the basic units of information
processing in the nervous system.
– There are about 10 billion interconnected neurons.
LATERALIZATION
OF BRAIN
HEMISPHERES
Contralateral
Split brain experiments

• The two hemispheres of the brain is


connected by corpus callosum.
• The function of corpus callosum
– To commute the info between the two sides of the
brain.
What would happen if
corpus callosum is cut?
• Play the split brain experiments game at
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/me
dicine/split-brain/index.html
Aphasia
Aphasia

• A language disorder produced by brain


damage
• Major types
– Broca’s aphasia
– Wernike’s aphasia
Broca’s aphasia (Expressive
aphasia)
• Symptoms
– Unable to express themselves by more
than a single word at a time
– Content words are ok; function words are
not
– “Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and
Peter H... and Dad.... er... hospital... and
ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine
o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock,
ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er...
teeth... yah’”
• Damaged area
– The front regions of the left hemisphere
Wernike’s aphasia

• Symptoms
– Fluent speech with no informational value
– Comprehension is impaired.
• “I called my mother on the television and did
not understand the door. It was too breakfast,
but they came from far to near. My mother is
not too old for me to be young.”
• Damaged area
– Temporal lobe of the left hemisphere
Broca vs. Wernicke
• Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s aphasia
– Prevents a person – Loss of the ability to
from producing understand language
speech
– Person can speak
– Person can
understand clearly but the words
language that are put together
– Words are not make no sense.
properly formed
– Speech is slow
and slurred.
Conduction aphasia

• No connection between Broca’s area and


Wernike’s area
• Symptoms
– Be able to understand and produce speech, but
cannot repeat what they have just heard.
Dyslexia

• Dyslexia
– The impairment of reading ability
• Symptoms
• Problems with spelling
• Reading difficulties
• Difficulties in recognizing individual sounds in
words
• Difficulties in naming things.
• Problems organizing in the right order
Brain plasticity

• The ability of the brain to reorganize the


neural pathways based on new experiences.
– The environment plays an important role.
• The implications on learning?
QUESTIONS?

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