Delhi Institute for Administrative Services

DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 1
CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION (MAINS)2024
PHYSICS PAPER - I: MECHANICS
Conservation laws
1. Define a conservative field. Determine if the field given below is conservative in nature: where c is a
constant. volts per meter, where c is a constant. (2012)

2. If the forces acting on a particle are conservative, show that the total energy of the particle which is the
sum of the kinetic and potential energies is conserved. (2013)
3. Prove that as a result of an elastic collision of two particles under non – relativistic regime with equal
masses, the scattering angle will be 90 0 . Illustrate your answer with a vector diagram. (2013)

4. Discuss the problem of scattering of charged particle by a coulomb field. Hence, obtain an expression for
Rutherford scattering cross-section. What is the importance of the above expression? (2014)

5. Write down precisely the conservation theorems for energy, linear momentum and angular momentum
of a particle with their mathematical forms. (2015)

6. Draw a neat diagram to explain the scattering of n incident beam of particles by a centre of force. (2015)

s ds
   
7. Show that the differential scattering cross-section can be expressed as sin  d where s is the
impact parameter and  is the scattering angle. (2015)

8. (i) The distance between the centres of the carbon and oxygen atoms in the carbon monoxide (CO) gas
molecule is 1.130 x 10-10 m. Locate the centre of mass of the molecule relative to the carbon atom.
(ii) Find the centre of mass of a homogeneous semicircular plate of radius a. (2016)
9. A diatomic molecule can be considered to be made up of two masses m1 and m2 separated by a fixed
distance r .Derive a formula for the distance of centre of mass, C ,from mass m1.Also show that the
m1m2
moment of inertia about an axis through C and perpendicular to r is µr 2, where µ=m1+m2. (2017)

10. A ball moving with a speed of 9 m/s strikes an identical stationary ball such that after the collision the
direction of each ball makes an angle 30o with the original line of motion. Find the speed of the balls
after the collision. Is the kinetic energy conserved in this collision? (2017)

11. (a) If a particle of mass m is in a central force field f(r) 𝑟̂ , then show that its path must be a plane curve
where 𝑟̂ is a unit vector in the direction of position vector 𝑟⃗.

(b) A block of mass m having negligible dimension is sliding freely in x-direction with velocity: 𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑖̂
as shown in the diagram. What is its angular momentum 𝐿⃗⃗𝑜 about origin O and its angular momentum 𝐿⃗⃗𝐴
about the point A on y-axis? (2018)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
1
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

12. (i) What is central force? Give two examples of the central force.

(ii) Show that the angular momentum (𝐿⃗⃗) of the particle in a central force field is a constant of motion.
(2019)

13. A proton is 1837 times heavier than an electron. Find the centre of mass of hydrogen atom. (2019)

14. Show that the cross-section for elastic scattering of a point particle from an infinitely massive sphere of
𝑅2
radius R is . What is the inference of this result? (2019)
4

15. A rocket starts vertically upwards with speed v0. Then define its speed v at a height h in terms of v0, h,
R (radius of Earth) and g (acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s surface).
Also calculate the maximum height attained by a rocket fired with a speed of 90% of the escape velocity.
(2020)
16.Determine the location of the centre of mass of a uniform solid hemisphere of radius R and mass M from
the centre of its base. (2020)

17. A body of mass m at rest splits into two mass m1 and m2 by an explosion. After the split the bodies move
with a total kinetic energy T in opposite direction. Show that their relative speed is √2𝑇𝑚/𝑚1 𝑚2 . (2021)

18. A particle P of mass m1 collides with another particle Q of mass m2 at rest. The particle P and Q travel at
angles 𝜃 and ∅, respectively, with respect to the initial direction of P. Derive the expression for maximum
value of 𝜃. (2022)

19. A force 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥̂ + 𝑧𝑦 2 𝑦̂ + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑧.
̂ Determine whether or not the force is conservation. (2023)

20. (i) Prove that the separation of a two colliding particles is same, when observed in centre of mass and
laboratory systems.
(ii) Determine the kinetic energy of a thin disc of mass 0·5 kg and radius 0·2 m rotating with 100
rotations per second around the axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane.
(2023)

TUTORIAL SHEET: 2
Central Force Motion and Gravitation
18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005
Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
2
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

1. A planet resolves around the sun in an elliptic orbit of eccentricity e. If T is the time period of the planet,
find the time is spent by the planet between the ends of the minor axis close to the sun. (2010)

2. A particle is moving in a central force field

(i) Find the force law (ii) Find (iii) Find the total energy (2012)

3. A particle describes a circular orbit under the influence of an attractive central force directed towards a
point on the circle. Show that the force varies as the inverse fifth power of distance. (2013)

4. A charge particle is moving under the influence of a point nucleus. Show that the orbit of the particle is
an ellipse. Find out the time period of the motion. (2014)
𝜌 𝑎
5. The density inside a solid sphere of radius a is given by𝜌 = 0𝑟 , where ρo is the density at the surface
and r denotes the distance from the centre. Find the gravitational field due to this sphere at a distance 2a
from its centre. (2014)

6. Draw a neat diagram to explain the scattering of an incident beam of particles by a center of force.
(2015)
7. A body moving in an inverse square attractive field traverses on elliptical orbit with eccentricity e and
period γ. Find the time taken by the body to traverse the half of the orbit that is nearer the center of force.
Explain briefly why a comet spends only 18% of its time on the half its orbit that is nearer the sun.(2016)

8. Express angular momentum in terms of kinetic, potential and total energy of a satellite of mass m in a
circular orbit of radius r. (2017)

9. A particle moving in central force field describes the path r = k𝑒 𝛼𝜃 , where k and 𝛼 are constants. If the
mass of particle is m, find the law of force. (2021)

10. The radius of the earth is 6.4 × 106 m, its mean density is 5.5 × 103 kg/m3 and the universal
gravitational constant is 6.66 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2. Calculate the gravitational potential on the surface of the
earth. (2021)

11. An electron is moving under the influence of a point nucleus of atomic number Z. Show that the orbit of
the electron is an ellipse. (2022)

12. Calculate the gravitational self-energy of the Earth .

Given : Mass of Earth 𝑀0 = 6 × 1024 kg and the Radius of Earth 𝑅0 = 6 · 4 × 106 m 10 (2023)

13. (i) Derive the expressions for gravitational potentials at a point

(I) outside the spherical shell,
(II) inside the spherical shell.calculate the escape velocity of a body of mass 10 kg from the surface
1
of (𝑔𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ ).
6

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
3
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

Mass of Moon = 7·7 × 1022 𝑘𝑔

Radius of Moon = 1·7 × 106 m (2023)

TUTORIAL SHEET: 3
Rotating Frames of Reference

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
4
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

1. A rigid body is spinning with an angular velocity of 4 radian/sec about an axis parallel to the
direction (4 j – 3k) passing through the point A with OA = (2i + 3j – k) where O is the origin of the
coordinate system. Find the magnitude and direction of the linear velocity of the body at point P with
OP = (4i – 2j +k) . (2012)

2. Suppose that as S’- frame is rotating with respect with respect to a fixed frame having the same origin.
Assume that the angular velocity ω of the S’- frame is given by .
Where t is time and the position vector r of a typical particle at time t as assumed in S’ – frame is given
by Calculate the Coriolis acceleration at t=1 second. (2013)

3. Calculate the horizontal component of the Coriolis force acting on a body of mass 0.1 kg moving north
ward with a horizontal velocity of 100 ms -1 at 30o N latitude on the earth. (2013)

4. Derive the expression for Coriolis force and show that this force is perpendicular to the velocity and to
the axis of rotation. What is the nature of this force? (2016)

5. Consider two frames of reference S and S’ having a common origin O. The frame S’ is rotating with
respect to the fixed frame S with a uniform 𝜔⃗⃗ = 3ax rod s-1. A projectile of unit mass at position vector
𝑟⃗ = 7ax + 4ay m is moving with 𝑣⃗ = 14ay m s-1. Calculate in the rotating frame S’ the following forces on
the projectile:
(i) Euler’s Force
(ii) Coriolis Force
(iii) Centrifugal Force (2022)

TUTORIAL SHEET: 4
RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
5
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

1. A uniform solid sphere of radius R having moment of inertia I about its diameter is melted to from a
uniform moment of inertia of the disc about an axis passing through its edge and perpendicular to the
2R
plane is also equal to I. Show that the radius r of the disc is given by r  . (2010)
15

2. Show that the kinetic energy and angular momentum of torque free motion of a rigid body is constant.
(2013)
3. If I1 and I be the moments of inertia of a body about an axis passing through an arbitrary origin and about
a parallel axis through the centre of mass respectively, show that I 1= MR2+ I, where R is the position
vector of the centre of mass with respect to the arbitrary origin and M is the mass of the body. (2014)
4. Consider a rigid body rotating about an axis passing through a fixed point in the body with an angular
velocity ω. Determine the kinetic energy of such a rotating body in a coordinate system of principal axis.
If the earth suddenly stops rotating, what will happen to the rotational kinetic energy? Comment in
detail. (2014)
5. A body turns a fixed point. Show that the angle between its angular velocity vector and its angular
momentum vector about a fixed point is always acute. (2014)
6. How does one obtain the angular velocity of the Earth about the North Pole with respect to a fixed star as
7.292 105 sec1 ? Explain your method of calculating the above value. (2015)
7. Show that the moment of inertia of a circular disc of mass M and radius R about an axis passing
1
through its centre and perpendicular to its plane is MR 2
2 (2015)
8. Four solid spheres A,B,C, and D each of mass m and radius a, are placed with their centres on the four
corners of square of side b as shown in the figure below:
9. Calculate the moment of inertia of the system about one side of the square, Also calculate the moment of
inertia of the system about a diagonal of the square. (2016)
10. Define moment of inertia and explain its physical significance .Calculate the moment of inertia of an
annular ring about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane. (2017)
11. Find the moments of inertia of rigid diatomic molecule about different axes of symmetry through the
centre of mass. 2019)

12. Write down Euler’s dynamical equations of motion (no derivation) of a rigid body about a fixed point
under the action of a torque. Show that the kinetic energy of the torque-free motion is constant.
(2019)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
6
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

13. Where do you find the applications of gyroscope?

A top of mass 0.200 kg is made up of a thin disc of radius 0.12 m. It is pierced in the centre and a pin of
negligible mass is mounted normal to its plane. The pivot under the disc is 0.03 m long. The tip is made
to spin with its axis making an angle 𝜃 = 20° with the vertical and a precessional angular speed of 2
rad/s. Calculate the angular speed with which it spins. (2019)

14. Obtain expressions for the moment of intertia of a solid cone about its
(i) Vertical axis and (ii) axis passing through the vertex and parallel to its base. (2020)

15. (i) Define moment of inertia and radius and radius of gyration of a body of mass M rotating about an
axis. State and prove parallel Axis theorem on moment of inertia.

(ii) A sphere of mass 0.5 kg rolls on a smooth surface without slipping with a constant velocity of 3.0
m/s. Calculate its total kinetic energy. (2021)
3𝑎
16. A homogeneous right triangular pyramid with the base side a and height 2 is shown below. Obtain the
moment of inertia tensor of the pyramid : (2022)

3𝑎
2

o a
a y
x

17. (i) The quantities of rotatory motion are analogous to those of translatory motion. Write the
corresponding equations of translatory and rotatory motion .
(i) Describe the theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes in case of a plane lamina. (2023)

TUTORIAL SHEET: 5
Mechanics of Continuous media

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
7
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

1. When a sphere of radius r falls down a homogeneous viscous fluid of unlimited extent with the terminal
velocity v, the retarding viscous force acting on the sphere depends on the coefficient of viscosity η, the r
and its velocity v. Show how Stokes law was arrived at connecting these quantities from the dimensional
considerations. (2010)

2. Using Poiseuille’s formula, show that the volume of a liquid of viscosity coefficient  passing per
second through a series of two capillary tubes of lengths l1 .and l2 having radii r1 and r2 is obtained as
p
8
Q where p is the effective pressure difference across the series. (2015)
 l1 l2 
 r4  r4 
1 2 

3. Define coefficients of viscosity and kinematic viscosity of a fluid. What are Poise and Stokes? (2015)

4. Write down Poiseuille’s formula and mention its limitations in analyzing the flow of a liquid through a
capillary tube. (2015)

5. Show that the Young’s modulus Y, modulus of rigidity η and Poisson’s ratio σ are related by the
equation Y=2η (1+ σ). (2016)

6. A horizontal pipe of non-uniform bore has water flowing through it such that the velocity of flow is 40
cm/s at a point where the pressure is 2 cm of mercury column. What is the pressure at a point where the
velocity of flow is 60 cm/s? (density of water = 1g /c.c.) (2016)
7. State and explain stokes' law. A drop of water of radius 0.01 m is falling through a medium whose
density is 1.21 kg/m3 and ƞ= 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Find the terminal velocity of the drop of water. (2017)
8. In a horizontal pipeline of uniform area of cross-section, the pressure falls by 5 N𝑚−2 between two
9. points separated by a distance of 1 km. Calculate the change in kinetic energy per kg of oil flowing at
these points. Density of oil = 800 kg 𝑚−3 . (2019)
10. A rubber cord 1mm in diameter and 1 m long is fixed at one end and a weight of 1 kg is attached to
the other end. If they Young’s modulus of rubber is 0.05 × 1011 cm-2, then find the period of the
vertical oscillations of the weight . (2020)

11. A shaft of diameter 8 cm and length 5 m is transmitting power of 8 k W at 300 revolutions per minute
If the coefficient of rigidity of the material of the shaft be 8 × 1011 dynes/cm2 , then calculate the
relative shift between the ends of the shaft. (2020)

12. A capillary tube having 1.0 mm diameter, 20 cm in length is fitted horizontally to a vessel in which
alcohol is kept fully up to the neck. Density of alcohol is 8 × 102 kg/m3. The depth of the centre of the

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
8
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

capillary tube below the surface of alcohol is 40 cm. Find the amount of alcohol that will flow out of the
capillary tube 10 minutes. Coefficient of viscosity of alcohol is 0.0012 Ns/m2. (2021)

13. A light rod of length 100 cm is suspended from the ceiling, horizontally by means of two vertical of
equal length tied to its ends. One of the wires is made of steel and its cross-section is 0.05 sq. cm and the
other is of brass of cross-section 0.1 sq. cm. Find the position along the rod at which a weight may be hung
to produce

(i) Equal stresses in both the wires,

(ii) Equal strain in both wires.

Young’s modules of elasticity of brass and steel are 1.0 × 1011 N/m2 and 2.0 × 1011 N/m2 respectively.
(2021)

14. Consider the diagram below with a water flow rate Q. Derive the expression for Q in terms of the
difference in the manometer heights h and the cross-section areas A1 and A2 :

TUTORIAL SHEET: 6
Special Theory of Relativity

15. Define streamline flow of a fluid. Using the equation of continuity for an isotropic fluid, find different
components of total energy per unit volume. (2023)

TUTORIAL SHEET 6

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
9
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

Special Theory of Relativity

1. What is the significance of the null result of Michelson-Morley experiment? Does it disprove the
existence of ether? Justify. (2010)

2. A particle of rest mass M = 4 x 10-27kg, disintegrates into two particles of rest masses M1= 3 x 10-27kg
and M2 = 1 x 10-27kg. Show that the energies E1and E2of these two parts after disintegration satisfy the
condition E1= 3 E2 while moving in opposite direction with equal linear momenta, Give necessary
mathematical derivation. (2013)

1 𝜕2
3. Show that the operator(∇2 − ) is invariant under Lorentz transformations. (2013)
C2 𝜕𝑡2

4. Show that a particle of rest mass total energy E and linear momentum p satisfies the relation

, where c is the velocity of light in free space. (2013)

5. Derive the relativistic length contraction using Lorentz transformation. (2013)

6. Prove mathematically that the addition of any velocity of a particle to the velocity of light in free space
merely reproduces the velocity of light in free space only. (2015)

7. Show that the rest mass energy of an electron is 0.51 MeV .(use the standard values of the physical
parameters). (2015)

8. Calculate the percentage contraction in the length of a rod in a frame of reference, moving with velocity
0.8c in a direction (i) parallel to its length and (ii) at an angle of 30 owith its length. What is the
orientation of the rod in the moving frame of reference in case (ii)? (2016)

9. Given proton for which β = 0.995 measured in the laboratory. What are the corresponding relativistic
energy and momentum? Take, mp=1.67 x 10-24g. (2016)

10. Describe Michelson-Morley experiment and show how the negative results obtained from this
experiment were interpreted. (2017)

11. Prove that x2+ y2 +z2 _ c2t2 is invariant under Lorentz transformation. (2017)

12. A reference frame 𝑆 ′ moves with respect to rest frame S with a uniform velocity ‘v’ parallel to x-
direction. Show from Lorentz transformation that two events simultaneous (𝑡1 = 𝑡2 ) at different
positions (𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ) in S frame are not in general simultaneous in 𝑆 ′ frame. (2019)

13. The mean life of 𝜋 meson is 2 × 10−8 s. Calculate the mean life of a meson moving with a velocity of
0.8 c, where c is the velocity of light. (2019)

14. Two 𝛽 −particless A and B emitted by a radioactive source R travel in opposite directions, each with a
velocity of 0.9 c with respect to the source. Find the velocity of B with respect to A (Here c is the
velocity of light). (2019)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
10
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

15. What do you understand by length contraction ? Calculate the percentage length contraction of a rod
moving with a velocity 0.8 c in a direction at 60 o with respect to its own length. (2020)

16. Derive the relativistic expression for kinetic energy by considering mass variation with velocity. Hence,
𝑑𝐸
establish the relation between momentum (p) and energy (E) for a relativistic particle; 𝑑𝑝 = v. (2020)

17. An observer detects two explosions, one that occurs near him at a certain time and another that occurs
2.0 ms later 100 km away. Another observer finds that the explosion occur at the same place. What time
Interval separates the explosions to the second observer? (2021)

18. (i) Calculate the mass and momentum of a proton of rest mass 1.67 × 10-27 kg, moving with a velocity of
0.8c, where c is the velocity of light. If it collides and sticks to a stationary nucleus of mass 5.0 × 10-26
Kg, find the velocity of the resultant particle.

(ii) Calculate the mass of the particle whose kinetic energy is half of its total energy. Find the velocity
With which the particle is travelling. (2021)
1
19. Show that for very small velocity, the equation for kinetic energy , K =∆mc2 becomes K =2 mo v2, where
notations have their usual meanings. (2022)

20. Two spaceships approach each other, both moving with same speed as measured by a stationary observer
on the earth. Their relative speed is 0.7c. Determine the velocity of each space ships as measured by the
stationary observer on the Earth. (2022)

21. What are the consequence of Lorentz transformations on length and time when observed from a frame
moving at relativistic velocities ? (2023)

WAVES & OPTICS

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
11
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 7A
SHM : Damped and Forced Oscillations
1. Why do we prefer to work with a critically damped ballistic galvanometer in a laboratory? What is
external critical damping resistance? (2019)

2. The equation for displacement (X) of a point on a damped oscillator is given by

𝜋
X = 5 e-0.25t sin ( 2 )t meters.
𝑇
Find velocity of oscillating at t = 4 and T, where T is the time period of the oscillator. What is the
direction of velocity in each case? (2020)

3. A mass m is suspended by two springs having force constant k 1 and k2 as shown in the figure. The mass
m is displaced vertically downward and then released. If at any instant t, the displacement of the mass m is
x, then show that the motion of the mass is simple harmonic motion having frequency. (2021)

4. What is damped harmonic oscillation? Write the equation of motion and obtain the general solution for this
oscillation. Discuss the cases of dead beat, critical damping and oscillatory motion based on the general
solution.
What would be the logarithmic decrement of the damped vibrating system, if it has an initial amplitude 30 cm,
which reduces to 3 cm after 20 complete oscillations? (2021)

5. Show that the mean kinetic and potential energies of non-dissipative simple harmonic vibrating systems
are equal. (2022)

6. Write equation for damped harmonic oscillations and obtain expression for logarithmic decrement.
In a damped harmonic motion, the first amplitude is 10 cm, which reduces to 2 cm after 50 oscillations, each
of period 4 seconds. Determine the logarithmic decrement. Also, calculate the number of oscillations in
which the amplitude decreases to 25%.
(2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
12
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 7B
Beats, Stationary waves, Phase & Group velocity, Huygen ‘s Principle

1. In the propagation of longitudinal waves in a fluid contained in an infinitely long tube of cross-section
  
A, show that    0 1   Where ,  0 =equilibrium density  = density of the fluid in the disturbed
 x 
   
state = volume strain   1 (2010)
x  x 

2. The dispersion relation for deep water waves is given by = gk + a where g and are constants.
Obtain expressions for phase velocity and group velocity in terms of the wavelength and k represent
the angular frequency and wave number respectively. (2013)

3. Show that the group velocity is equal to particle velocity. Also prove that the group velocity of the
photons is equal to c, the velocity of light. (2014)

4. Find out the phase and group velocities of a radio wave of frequency   2 p in the ionosphere (as a
P2
dielectric medium) of refractive index n  1  Here, P is the ionospheric plasma frequency.
2
(2015)

5. The equation of a progressive wave moving on a string is y = 5 Sin π (0.01 x-2t). In this equation y and x
are in centimeters and t is in seconds. Calculate amplitude, frequency and velocity of the wave. If two
particles at any instant are situated 200 cm apart, what will be the phase difference between these
particles? (2016)

6. Explain with proper example the interferences due to 'division of wavefront ' and 'division of amplitude'.
(2017)
7. Find the velocity of sound in a gas in which two waves of wavelengths 1.00m and 1.01m produce 10 beats
in 3 seconds. (2017)

8. When two waves of nearly equal frequencies interfere, then show that the number of beats produced per
second is equal to the difference of their frequencies. (2018)
9. An observer on a railway platform observed that as train passed through the station at 108 km/hr, the
frequency of the whistle appeared to drop by 350 Hz. Find the frequency of the whistle. (Velocity of sound
in air = 380 m s-1). (2022)
10. Using Huygens’ principle for a plane wave travelling from rarer medium 1 to a denser medium 2, show
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑣 𝜇
that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑣1 = 𝜇2 , (2023)
2 1

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
13
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 8
Geometrical Optics
1. Show that two convex lenses of the same material kept separated by a distance α which is equal to the
1
average of two focal lengths, may be used as an achromat, that is,   ( f1  f 2 ). (2010)
2
2. Using matrix method, find out the equivalent focal length for a combination of two thin lenses of focal
lengths f and f separated by a distance a. (2015)

3. Obtain the system matrix for a thin lens placed in air and made of material of refractive index 1.5 having
radius of curvature 50 cm each. Also find its focal length. (2017)

4. What do you mean by spherical aberration of a lens? Show that if two plano-convex lenses are kept at a
distance equal to the difference of their focal lengths, the spherical aberration would be minimum.
(2018)

5. What is axial chromatic aberration?

A convex lens has a focal length of 15.5 × 10−2 m for red colour and 14.45 × 10−2 m for violet colour.
If an object is kept at a distance of 40 cm from the lens, calculate the longitudinal chromatic aberration
of the lens. (2019)

6. Prove that when light goes from one point to another via a plane mirror, the path followed by light is the
one for which the time of flight is the least. (2019)

7. State and explain Fermat’s principle of extremum path. Discuss the cases of rectilinear propagation of
light and reversibility of light rays in context of Fermat’s principle. Using Fermat’s principle, deuce the
thin lens formula. (2020)

8. What is chromatic aberration ? Obtain the condition for achromatism using combination of two thin
Lenses placed in contact to each other. Can this system work as achromatic doublet if both are of same
Material? Justify your answer. (2021)

9. Obtain the system matrix for a thick lens and derive the thin lens formula. (2022)

10. Obtain condition for achromatism of two thin lenses separated by a finite distance. If the dispersive
powers of the materials of the two lenses are 0·020 and 0·028, their focal lengths are 10 cm and 5 cm ,
respectively. Calculate the separation between them in order to form achromatic combination. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
14
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 9
Interference
1. Describe Michelson interferometer for evaluation of coherence length of an optical beam. Calculate
coherence length of a light beam of wavelength 600 nm with spectral width of 0.01 nm. (2010)

2. Show that two light beams polarized in perpendicular directions will not interfere. (2010)

3. An optical beam of spectral width 7·5 GHz at wavelength λ=600 nm is incident normally on Fabry-Perot
etalon of thickness 100 mm. Taking refractive index unity find the number of axial modes which can be
supported by the etalon. (2010)

4. In a Young double slit experiment, the first bright maximum is displaced by y = 2 cm from the central
maximum. If the spacing between slits and distance from the screen are 0.1 mm and 1 m respectively,
find the wavelength of light. (2013)

5. Obtain the conditions for constructive interference and destructive interference in a thin film due to
reflected light. (2016)

6. In Michelson interferometer, 100 fringes cross the field of view when the movable mirror is displace
through 0.029 mm. Calculate the wavelength of the light source used. (2016)

7. What is multiple-beam interference? Discuss the advantages of multiple-beam interferometry over two-
beam interferometry. Explain the fringes formed by fabry - Perot interferometer. (2017)

8. Explain with proper example the interferences due to ‘division of wavefront’ and division of amplitude’.
(2017)
9. Describe how Michelson Interferometer can be used to determine refractive index of a gas.
In a Michelson Interference experiment, a tube of length 25 cm containing a gas of refractive index 𝜇 is
introduced between the upper mirror and the beam splitter. 150 fringes cross the centre of the field of
view when the wavelength of light used is 5890 Å. Find the value of 𝜇. (2018)

10. (i) What are the fringes of equal thickness and fringes of equal inclination?

(ii) In a Newton’s ring arrangement with a source emitting two wavelengths 𝜆1 = 6 × 10−7 𝑚 and 𝜆2 =
5.9 × 10−7 𝑚, it is found that the 𝑚𝑡ℎ dark ring due to one wavelength coincides with the (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ
dark ring due to the other. Find the diameter of the 𝑚𝑡ℎ dark ring, if the radius of curvature of the lens is
90 cm. (2019)

11. What are Newton’s rings ? How are they formed by two curved surfaces ? (2020)

12. Discuss the conditions for interference. Describe Young’s double-slit experiment and derive an
expression for the estimation of fringe width. Discuss its dependency on various parameters.
Green Light of wavelength 5100 Å from a narrow slit is incident on a double-slit. If the overall separation
of 10 fringes on a screen 200 cm away is 2 cm, find the slit separation. (2020)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
15
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

13. A thin film of petrol of thickness 9 × 10-6 cm is viewed at an angle 30 o to the normal. Find the
Wavelength(s) of light in visible spectrum which can be viewed in the reflected light. The refractive
Index of the film 𝜇 = 1.35. (2021)

14. Newton’s rings are observed between a spherical surface of radius of curvature 100 cm and a plane glass
plate. The diameters of 4th and 15th bright rings are 0.314 cm and 0.574 cm, respectively. Calculate the
diameters of 24th and 36th bright rings and also the wavelength of light used. (2022)

15. (i) What are the requisite conditions for observation of interference pattern on a screen ?
(ii) Derive the expression for fringe width and intensity at a point on the screen in a double slit experiment.
(2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
16
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 10
Diffraction
1. Obtain the expression for the primary focal length of Fresnel zone plate. (2010)

2. A parallel beam of light from a He – Ne laser (λ = 630 nm) is made to fall on a narrow slit of width
0.2 x 10-3 m. The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is observed on a screen placed in the focal plane of a
convex lens of focal length 0.3m. Calculate the distance between the (i) First two minima and (ii) first
two maxima on the screen. (2013)

3. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed after a slit of width 0.5 mm . If a plane wave of
0
wavelength 5000 A falls normally on the slit, calculate the separation between the second minima on
either side of the central maximum. (2015)

4. Show that the areas of all the half-period zones are nearly the same. Find the radius of 1st half-period
zone in a zone plate whose focal length is 50 cm and the wavelength of the incident light is 500 nm.
(2017)
5. Discuss the intensity distribution in Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to a single slit. Obtain conditions
for maxima and minima of the intensity distribution. Show that the intensity of the first maxima is about
4.95% of that of the principal maxima. (2018)

6. What is a zone plate ? Give its theoretical description . Show that a zone plate has multiple foci.
Differentiate a zone plate from a convex lens. Calculate the radius of the first half period zone in
a zone plate behaving like a convex lens of local length 60 cm for light of wavelength 6000 Å. (2020)

7. Show that the phenomenon of Fraunhofer diffraction at two vertical slits is modulation of two terms viz.
double slit interference and single slit diffraction. Obtain the condition for position of maxima and minima.
(2021)
8. Discuss the phenomenon of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit and show that the intensities of
`successive maxima are nearly in ratio (2022)
4 4 4
1: 2 : 2 :
9𝜋 25𝜋 49𝜋 2

9. (i) What is the difference between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction ?
(ii) What is resolving power of a telescope ? Why is the resolving power of microscope more with UV light
than with visible light ? (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
17
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET :11

Diffraction Grating/Circular Aperture
1. Explain the physical significance of resolving power of a grating with relevant mathematical expression.
(2013)
2. Considering a plane transmission diffraction grating, where d is the distance between two consecutive
ruled lines, m as the order number and 0 as the angle of diffraction for normal incidence, calculate the

angular dispersion for an incident light of wavelength λ. (2014)

3. Can D1 and D2 lines of sodium light be resolved in second-order

spectrum if the number of lines in the given grating is 450? Explain. (2016)

4. Obtain an expression for the resolving power of grating explaining the Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution.
(2016)

5. A plane transmission grating has 3000 lines in all, having width of 3 mm. What would be the angular
separation in the first order spectrum of the two sodium lines of wavelengths 5890 Å and 5896 Å? Can
they be seen distinctly? (2018)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
18
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 12
Polarization

1. Find out the angle between the reflected and refracted rays when a parallel beam of light is
incident on a dielectric surface at an angle equal to the Brewster’s angle. Explain how do you
use this concept to produce linearly polarized light. (2014)

2. Explain the principle of producing polarized light by the method of reflection, refraction and
double refraction with the help of neat diagrams. (2016)
3. Sunlight is reflected from a calm lake. The reflected light is 100% polarized at a certain
instant. What is the angle between the sun and horizon? (2017)

4. A plane-polarized light passes through a double-refracting crystal of thickness 40 𝜇𝑚 and

emerges out as circularly polarized. If the birefringence of the crystal is 0.00004, then find
the wavelength of the incident light. (2017)

5. Distinguish between positive and negative crystals in terms of double refraction. How are
these crystals used to make quarter wave plates? Explain how the quarter wave plate is used
in producing elliptically and circularly polarized light. (2018)
6. (i) How can one convert a left-handed circularly polarized light into a right-handed one (and
vice versa)?
(ii) Calculate the thickness of a quarter-wave plate when the wavelength of light is 589 nm.
Given: 𝜇0 = 1.544 and 𝜇𝐸 = 1.553. (2019)
7. Explain the phenomenon of double refraction calcite crystal. Considering birefringent crystal
as non-conducting material, explain double refraction using electromagnetic theory.
𝜆
Calculate the thickness of a double refracting plate which produces a path difference of 4
between extraordinary and ordinary waves.
Given:
λ = 5890 Å, μ0 = 1.53, µe =1.54 (2020)

8. A phase retardation plate of quartz has thickness 0.1436 mn. For what wavelength in the
visible region will it act as quarter-wave plate? Given that 𝜇 o =1.5443 and 𝜇 E = 1.5533. (2022)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
19
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 13
LASERS
1. A laser beam of 1 micrometer wavelength with 3 megawatts power of beam diameter 10 mm
is focused by a lens of focal length 50 mm. Evaluate the electric field associated with the light
beam at the focal point.(Dielectric permittivity of freespace,  0  8  8542 1012 C 2 / N  m 2 )
(2010)
2. What is the physical significance of Einstein’s A-coefficient? Explain why it is more difficult
to achieve Lasing action at X-ray wavelength than at infra-red wavelength. (2014)

3. Explain the working principle of a 3-level laser with a specific example. Comment on why the
third level is needed. (2014)

4. What is the role of an optical resonator in a laser? Why does one prefer curved mirrors instead
of plane mirrors in designing an optical resonator? (2015)

5. Using the concept of Einstein’s A and B coefficients for a two-level atomic system under
thermal equilibrium, determine the ratio of the number of atoms per wilt volume in the two
levels experiencing spontaneous and stimulated emission. How does the principle of population
inversion lead to the gain mechanism in. the active medium of the laser? (2015)

6.Explain the principle of (i) induced absorption (ii) spontaneous emission and (iii) stimulated
emission.
Show that the ratio of Einstein’s coefficients is given by (2016)

A 8 hv3

B c3
7. How is laser light Different from ordinary light? Discuss the working principal of ruby laser.
What role do chromium ions play in this process? (2017)
8. Explain the principle and working of He-Ne laser. What is the role of He gas? Why is it
necessary to use narrow tube? How many longitudinal modes can be excited for an He-Ne laser
in a cavity of length 30 cm and having half width of fain profile of laser material 2 × 10−3 𝑛𝑚?
The emission wavelength is 6328 Å.
(2018)
18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005
Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
20
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

9. Discuss how population inversion is achieved in Ruby laser.

What is ‘laser spiking’? Why does it occur? (2019)

10. Briefly discuss the postulates of Einstein to explain stimulated emission. Derive an
expression for Einstein’s A and B coefficients and show that the ratio of spontaneous versus
stimulated emission is proportional to the third power of frequency of radiation. Why is it
difficult to achieve laser action in higher frequency ranges such as X-rays?
Can there be a temperature at which the rates of spontaneous and stimulates emission are
equal ? Illustrate with wavelength λ = 5000 Å. (2020)

11. In He-Ne laser, what is the function of He gas? Explain the answer with the help of energy
level diagram for He-Ne laser. (2022)

12. What are three and four level pumping schemes ? Explain the lasing action in these with
schematic diagrams. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
21
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 14
Optical Fibres & Holography
1. What should be the refractive index of cladding of an optical fibre with numerical aperture
0.5 with refractive index of core as 1.5? (2010)

2. Explain why information carrying capacity of an optical fibre can be enhanced by reducing
the pulse dispersion. How does one minimize pulse dispersion using a graded index optical
fibre? (2013)
3. For a multimode step index optical fibre, the core refractive index is 1.5 and fractional index
difference is 0.001. Calculate the pulse broadening for 1 km length of the fibre. Over a length
of 2 km of the fibre, calculate the minimum pulse separation that can be transmitted without
overlap. (2014)

4. How does holography differ from conventional photography? What are the requirements for
the formation and reading of a hologram? (2014)

5. The refractive indices of core and cladding in a step index optical fiber are 1.52 and 1.48
respectively. The diameter of the core is 30 μm. If the operating wavelength is 1.3μm,
calculate the V parameter and the maximum number of modes supported by the fiber.
(2016)
6. Explain the principal of operation of optical fibre. What are the different losses that take
place in optical fibre? (2017)

7. In what way is holography different from conventional photography? Discuss the salient
features of a hologram. What are the requirements for the formation and reading of a
hologram? (2019)

8. In a step-index optical fiber system, explain the terms pulse dispersion and material
dispersion.
An optical fiber having refractive indices of core and cladding n1 = 1.463 and n2 = 1.444
respectively, uses a laser diode with 𝜆0 = 1.50 𝜇𝑚 with a spectral width of 2 nm. At this
wavelength if the material dispersion coefficient, Dm is 18.23 ps/km.nm, then calculate the
pulse dispersion and material dispersion for 1 km length of fiber. (2021)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
22
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

9. Write conditions for working of a step-index optical fiber. In a step -index fiber, the core and
cladding materials have refractive indices 1·50 and 1·43, respectively.
Find the following .
(i) Critical propagation angle
(ii) Acceptance angle
(iii) Total time delay in 1 km length of the fiber
(iv) Total dispersion in 50 km length of the fiber (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
23
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

TUTORIAL SHEET: 15
Electrostatics
1. Obtain Poisson’s equation in electro-statics from Gauss’ law. What from does it takes the
charge density is zero? (2010)

2. What is meant by a dielectric? Define polarization vector P and relate it with the average
molecular dipole moment. Obtain expression for the potential due to a polarized dielectric in
terms of the polarization vector. (2010)

3. Using Fundamentals concepts of electromagnetics in determine the electric field of an

electron dipole at a distance and its energy in field (2013)

4. ABCD is a rectangle in which charges +10-11c, C, and C are placed at B,

C, D respectively
D C
3cm

A 4cm B
Calculate the potential at the corner A and work done in carrying a charge of 2 coulomb to A
(2013)

0 x
5. Under one-dimensional configuration, the charge density is given by   x   ; where  0
5
is a constant charge density. If the electric field E  0 at x  0 and potential V  0 at x  5 ,

determine V and E (2015)

6. A conducting sphere of radius 5 cm has a total charge of 12nC uniformly distributed on its

surface in free space. Determine the displacement vector D on its surface and outside at a
distance r from the center of the sphere. (2015)

7. With the help of a neat diagram, Show that the potential due to a dipole at a point is given by
. ,
where p is the dipole moment of the charge distribution, θ is the angle
between the line joining the center of the dipole to the point of interest and the axis of the
dipole. (2016)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
24
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

8. Find the capacitance of two concentric spherical metal shells having radii a and b. (2019)

9. Two conducting planes, intersecting at right-angles to each other, are kept at a potential ∅0 .
Calculate the potential at a point in space if the total charge on a plane of area 𝛼 be Q.
(2019)
10. A vertically oriented electric dipole having dipole moment 𝑝⃗ is kept at height h above an

infinitely large horizontal conducting plate, which is grounded as shown in the diagram. Calculate
the force between the electric dipole and the conducting plate by using method of images.
(2020)

11. Write expressions for divergence and curl of an electrostatic field. From these, obtain
Poisson and Laplace equations.
Two concentric conducting spherical shells having radii r 1 and r2 (r1 < r2) are charged to
potentials V1 and V2 , respectively. What are the electric potential and hence electric field in the
space between the shells ? Also find the charge on the inner shell. (2020)
12 1
12. Given that the electric potential of a system of charges is V= 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 volt. Calculate the
electricity field vector at the cartesian point (4,2,3) m. (2021)

13. Starting from the Laplace’s equation in a cylindrical polar coordinate system and using the
method of separation of variables, obtain the differential equations for the solutions of r, ∅ and z
components of potential. (2022)

14.Find the energy stored in a system of four charges 𝑄1 = nC. 𝑄2 = 2 𝑛𝐶. 𝑄3 =

3 𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄4 = 4 𝑛𝐶 placed at the cartesian coordinates 𝑅1 (1, 1).
𝑅2 (2, 1), 𝑅3 (1, 4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅4 (2, 2), respectively . Assume free space. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
25
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

15. A neutral atom consist of a point nucleus +q surrounded by a uniformly charged spherical
cloud (-q) of radius r. Show that when such an atom is placed in a weak external electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ .
the atomic polarizability of the atom is proportional to the volume of the sphere. (2023)

16. A circular ring of radius R lying on the x-y plane and centred at the origin, carries a uniform
line charge 𝜆. Find the first three terms (monopole, dipole and quadrupole) of the multipole
expansion of potential V (r, 𝜃). (2023)

17. Two charges 𝑄1 = 3 𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 4 nC placed at the cartesian points (0, 2, 4) m and (0, -2,
4) m, respectively. The z = 0 plane is connected to the ground. Calculate the electric potential
and the electric field at the point ( 3, 2, 4 ) m using the method of images. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
26
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 16
Magnetostatics &Biot-Savart’s law
1. Based on the hysteresis loops for soft iron and steel as shown in the diagram, which material
would you prefer to utilize for making transformer cores and why ? (2020)

2. A current sheet having K = 9.0ay Am-1 is located at z=0. The interface is between the region 1,
⃗⃗2 = 14.5ax + 8.0az Am-1. Find 𝐻
z< 0, 𝜇 r1 = 4,and region 2, z> 0, 𝜇 r2 = 3. Given that 𝐻 ⃗⃗1 and 𝐵
⃗⃗1.
(2022)

3. A spherical shell of radius R, carrying a uniform surface charge 𝜎 , is set spinning at angular
velocity 𝜔 about its axis. Find the vector potential it produces at point 𝑟⃗ . (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
27
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 17
EMI & Alternating Current Circuits
1. Discuss the growth of current when an e.m.f. is suddenly applied to a circuit containing
resistance, inductance and capacitance in series. What is the time constant of the circuit?
(2010)
2. A series circuit has an inductance of 200 micro henries, a capacitance of 0·0005 microfarad
and a resistance of 10 ohms. Find the resonant frequency and quality factor of the circuit.
(2010)
3. A series LCR circuit has resonant frequency and a large quality factor Q. Write down
terms of R, and Q, its (i) impedance at resonance, (ii) impedance at half –power points
and (iii) the approximate forms of its impedance at low and high frequencies. (2013)

4. Consider the following coupled inductor – capacitor circuit:

Calculate the ratio of the frequencies of the anti –symmetric and symmetric modes

Given (2013)

5. When connected in series L1 C1have the same resonant frequency as L2, C2 also connected in
series. Prove that if all these circuit elements are connected in series, then new circuit will
have the same resonant frequency as either of the circuits first mentioned. (2014)

6. For initial assent conditions I = I o, =0 at t=0, show that the time dependent current in the

critical damping case for an LCR circuit is I = I o e-rt/2

Where r = , ω= &tan δ = (2014)

7. A series RLC circuit has a resistance of 100  and an impedance of 210  . If this circuit is
connected to an a.c. source with an r.ms. Voltage of 220 V, how much is the average power
dissipated in the circuit? (2015)
8. A series RLC circuit has R  2  . The energy stored in the circuit decreases by 1% per
period of oscillation. Its natural undamped frequency is 2 kHz . Determine the values of
inductor L and the quality factor. (2015)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
28
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

9. An alternative current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of 50 Hz has an r.m.s. value of

40 A. Find the instantaneous value of the current at 0 .00125 second after passing through
maximum positive value. (2016)

10. Describe the oscillations of electric and magnetic field in an ideal LC circuit.
The applied voltage phasor in a circuit (4 + 3ἱ) volt and resulting current phasor is (3 +4ἱ)
ampere. Draw the phasor diagram. Determine the impedance of the circuit and indicate whether
it is inductive or capacitive in nature. Also find the power dissipation in the circuit.
(2020)
11. A 10 Ω resistor is connected in series with a capacitor of 1.0 µF and a battery with emf 12.0
V. Before the switch is closed at time t = 0, the capacitor is uncharged.
Calculate the following :
(i) The time following :
(ii) What fraction of the final charge is on the plates at the time t = 46 seconds ?
(iii) What fraction of the initial current remains at the time t = 46 seconds ?
Consider that the internal resistance of the battery is zero and neglect the resistance of all the
connecting wires. (2020)

12. A rod of length l is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. The rod revolves at an
angular speed 𝜔 about an axis passing through one end of the rod and parallel to the magnetic
field B. Find the voltage induced across the rod’s ends. (2021)

13. Consider the two branch parallel circuit shown in the diagram. Determine the resonant
frequency of the circuit. (2021)

14. Consider the R-L-C circuit shown here, Calculate the Q factor of the circuit. Does the circuit
have a resonant frequency? Justify your answer : (2022)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
29
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

15. Derive the expression for the inductance per unit length of two long parallel wires each of
radius a, separated by distance d from their axes and carrying equal and opposite current I.
(2023
16. Two inductors having inductances 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are connected in parallel. The inductors have a
mutual inductance M. Derive the expression for the effective inductance. Assume the inductors
have negligible resistance. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
30
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 18
Electromagnetic Theory
1. A wire of length 2 m is perpendicular to X-Y plane. It is moved with a velocity

V  (2i  3 j  k )ms 1 ) through a region of uniform induction B  (i  2 j )W m 2 . Compute

the potential difference between the ends of the wire. (2010)

2. Using Maxwell’s field equations for a homogeneous non-conducting medium derive the
wave equation for the electric field. Calculate the velocity of EM wave in free space. (2010)

3. Explain the term ‘Poynting vector’ and state the significance of Poynting theorem. (2010)

4. Calculate the skin depth for radio waves in free space of wavelength 3 m in copper, given
that electrical conductivity for copper is 6 107 1m1 . (2010)

5. The electric field of a plane e.m. wave travelling along the z-axis is E= (Eoxi + Eoyj) sin (ωt –
kz + ϕ). Determine the magnetic field. (2013)

6. Considering an isotropic, linear, non-conducting, non-magnetic & inhomogeneous dielectric

medium with D=𝛜 E =𝛜on2 E. Show that EM wave equation for the field E is E +

2
( )-μo on = 0.

(ii) Write down scalar equation for from the above equation
(iii) Interpret physically the situation if we move from homogeneous to in homogeneous
medium (2013)

7. Using Amperes law and continuity equation, Show that the divergence of the total assent
density is zero. (2014)

8. Show that the energy flow due to a plane EM Wave propagating in Ƶ direction in a dielectric

media is given by Z , where k and ω are the propagation vector and

angular frequency, Eo is electric field amplitude, μ is the relative permeability of the medium.
(2014)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
31
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

9. Starting from Maxwell’s equation, Obtain the wave equation for the electric field E in free
space and appropriate wave equation for the electric field E = . (2014)

10. Derive the equation that represents Poynting’s theorem. What is its physical significance?
(2015)
11. A radio station transmits electromagnetic waves isotropically with an average power of
200 kW . Determine the average magnitude of the maximum electric field at a distance of
5 km from it. (2015)
12. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating along  ẑ direction is incident normally on the
boundary at z  0 between medium A  z  0 and medium B  z  0 . Determine the

reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient for the wave. (2015)

13. What are the characteristic features of Rayleigh scattering? A very thin monochromatic beam
of light is incident on a particle. Suggest a simple experimental method to ascertain whether
the scattering by the particle is of Rayleigh type. (2015)

14. In free space, the electric field of electromagnetic wave is given as

V/m. Find the average power crossing a circular area of radius
one meter in the yz-plane. (2016)

15. Write down Maxwell’s equations for linear dielectrics and deduce the equation of continuity.
(2016)

16. State and prove Poynting’s theorem. (2016)

17. Show that the displacement current between the plates of a parallel – plate capacitor is equal
to the conduction current across the conductor. (2016)

18. A Parallel – plate capacitor is connected to a 240 V AC supply having angular frequency of
300 rad/s. Find the r.m.s. value of the conduction current in the circuit. What is the
displacement current between the plates of the capacitor? Given, C = 200 pF. (2016)

19. Find the values of E and H on the surface of a wire carrying a current. By computing the
Poynting vector, show that it represents a flow of energy into the wire. (2019)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
32
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

20. Briefly outline the theory of scattering of electromagnetic radiation by bound electron and
hence derive the conditions for Rayleigh scattering. How can you explain the blue of the sky?
(2019)
iωt
21. For the electric field given by E = E 0 e , show that the conduction current is in phase with
𝜋
the electric field, while the displacement current leads the electric field by 2 radians. Also,
show that the displacement current in a good conductor is negligible compared to the
conduction current at any frequency at any frequency lower than the optical frequencies
(f <1015 Hz). (2020)

22. For free space show that electromagnetic (EM) wave is transverse in nature. Show that for
free space, the total outward flux of EM energy through surface S bounding volume V is equal to
the rate of loss of EM energy from the volume V.
A laser beam of 2 mm diameter has average power of 20 GW. Calculate the peak values and
magnetic fields in the laser beam. (2020)

23. Write maxwell’s equations in free space in both differential and integral forms. Obtain Wave
equations and show that electromagnetic wave can travel in free space with a speed of light, Can
one get the wave equations from the integral form the Maxwell’s equations ?
(2020)
⃗⃗ -1
24. In an inertial reference frame S there is only a uniform electric field 𝐸 = 8kVm . Find the
magnitude of 𝐸⃗⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ in the inertial reference frame S’ moving with a constant velocity 𝑉 ⃗⃗
relative to the frame S at an angle 𝛼 = 45o to the vector 𝐸⃗⃗ . The velocity of the frame S’ is 0.6
times the velocity of light c. (2021)

25. A region 1, z < 0, has a dielectric material with 𝜀r = 3.2 and a region 2, z > 0 has a dielectric
material with 𝜀r = 2.0. Let the displacement vector in the region 1 be, 𝐷⃗⃗1 = −30 ax + 50 ay + 70 az
-2
nCm . Assume the interface charge density is zero. Find in the region 2, the 𝐷 ⃗⃗2 and 𝑃⃗⃗2, where 𝑃⃗⃗2
is the electric polarization vector in the region 2. (2021)

26. Calculate the skin depth of electromagnetic waves of 1 MHz incident on a good conductor
having 𝜎 = 5.8 × 107 Sm-1. Assume that inside the conductor 𝜇 = 𝜇 0 = 4𝜋 × 10-7 Hm-1. (2021)

27. Write down Maxwell’s equations in a non-conducting medium with constant permeability
and susceptibility (𝜌 = 𝑗 = 0). Show that 𝐸⃗⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ each satisfies the wave equation, and find an
expression for the wave velocity. Write the plane wave solution for 𝐸⃗⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗, and show how 𝐸⃗⃗
⃗⃗ are related.
and 𝐵 (2022)

28. In a partially conducting medium, 𝜀r = 18.5, 𝜇 r = 800 and 𝜎 = 1S m-1. Find 𝛼,𝛽,n and the
velocity u, for a frequency of 109 Hz. Determine 𝐻⃗⃗(z,t). Given, 𝐸⃗⃗ (z,t) = 50e-xz cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑎z)ay
Vm-1. (2022)

29. Show that Continuity equation is embedded in Maxwell’s equations. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005
Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
33
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

30. Consider the interaction of an electromagnetic wave at the interface of two dielectric media.
If electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ is parallel to the plane of incidence, obtain Fresnel’s equations and Brewster’s
law of polarization. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
34
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 19
Black Body Radiation
1. State and explain Stefan - Boltzmann’s law show that log P = log K + 4 log R, where P is the
power emitted by blackbody and R is the resistance of the blackbody, K is Constant.
(2014)
2. In deriving radiation laws, we consider a cubical container of volume V containing a photon
gas in equilibrium. Calculate the differential number of allowed normal modes of frequency
W. (2014)

3. Using Planck’s radiation law, deduce Wien’s displacement law. How does this law enable
one to estimate the surface temperature of the Sun or a star? (2015)

4. Two spheres A and B having same temperature A are kept in the surrounding of temperature
T0 . Consider T > T0 . The sphere are made of same material but have different radii r A and
rB . Using Stefan – Boltzmann distribution, determine which of these will lose heat by
radiation faster. (2015)

5. The spectral energy curve of the moon shows maxima at 470 nm and 14µm. What
interference can you draw from this data? Also calculate the energy density and radiation
pressure in both cases. Given, Wien’s constant b = 2.892 × 10-3 m K, Stefan’s constant σ =
5.67 × 10-8 Jm-2 s-1 K-4 and speed of light c = 3×108 m s-1. (2016)

6. Briefly explain Planck’s law of blackbody radiation. Show that Planck’s law reduces to
Wien’s law and Rayleigh – Jeans law at lower and higher wavelength limits respectively.
(2016)

7. Discuss in brief the ultraviolet catastrophe. How did Planck solve this problem? (2019)

8. The spectral composition of solar radiation is similar to that of a black body radiator whose
Maximum emission corresponds to the wavelength 0.48 𝜇𝑚. Find the mass lost by the sun
every second due to radiation. Evaluate the time interval during which the mass of sun
reduces by 1 percent.
Given : Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4, radius of the sun = 6.957 × 108 m,
surface temperature of the sun = 5772 K and mass of the Sun is 1.9885 × 1030 kg. (2021)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
35
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

PHYSICS PAPER - I: THERMAL PHYSICS

TUTORIAL SHEET: 20
Basic Concepts/Laws of Thermodynamics
1. A thermally insulated ideal gas is compressed quasi statically from an initial state with
volume Vo and pressure Po to a final state volume Vʄ and pressure Pʄ, show that the work done
on the gas in the process is given by W = (2013)

2. State the first law of thermodynamics for a diffusively interacting system. The temperature of
10 g of air is raised by 20C at constant volume. Calculate the increase in its internal energy.
Given : CV 0.172 cal g-1 2 oC-1 (2020)

3. Explain the characteristics of the following thermodynamic processes for a perfect gas:
(i) Isothermal process
(ii) Adiabatic process
(iii) Isobaric process
(iv) Isochoric process
Obtain the expression for the work done by the gas during the above processes. (2021)

4 . A compressor designed to compress air used instead to compress helium. It is found that the
compressor overheats. Explain this effect assuming that the compression is approximately
adiabatic and the starting pressure is same for both the gases. (2022)
𝟓 𝟕
[𝒀 𝑯𝒆 = , 𝒀 𝑨𝒖 = ]
𝟑 𝟓

5. Using Zeroth law of thermodynamics, introduce the concept of temperature. Explain how the
isotherms of two different systems can be drawn. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
36
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 21
Entropy and Heat Engines
1. 1 kmol of an ideal gas is compressed isothermally at400 K from 100 k Pa to 1000 k Pa in a
piston and cylinder arrangement. Calculate the entropy change of the gas, of the
surroundings and the total entropy change resulting from the process if the process is
mechanically reversible and the surroundings consist of a heat reservoir at 400K. (2010)

2. Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating on the
Diesel cycle with an ideal gas of constant heat capacity as the working medium. (2010)

3. The vapor pressure in mm of Hg of a substance in solid state is given by the relation in P =

23. 03 - . The vapor pressure in mm of Hg of the substance in liquid state is given by

lnP =19 . 49 - Calculate

ii. The coordinates of the triple point

iii. The talent heat of vaporization at the triple point (2013)

4. In Leh, the temperature of ice on cold winter night is measured as – 20oC. Calculate the
change in entropy when 1kg of ice is converted into steam at 100 oC. Given specific heat
capacity of ice is 500 cal/kg/1 latent heat of ice is 3.36 × 105J/kg, latent heat of steam is 2.26
× 106J/kg. (2013)

5. One kg of water at 20oC is converted into ice at -10oC at constant pressure. Heat capacity of
water is 4200 J/kg/k and that of Ice is 2100 J/kg/k. Heat of fusion of Ice at 0oC in 335 x
103J/kg calculate the total change in entropy of the system. (2014)

6. m gram of water at temperature T1 is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with an equal mass
of water at temperature T2. Show that the change in entropy is given by

(2016)

7. What is Carnot’s theorem? Prove that Carnot’s reversible engine is the most efficient one and
no other engine can be more efficient than Carnot’s engine. (2019)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
37
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

8. (i) The melting point of tin is 232oC, its latent heat of fusion is 14 cal/g and the specific heat of
solid and molten tin are 0.055 and 0.064 cal/g oC respectively. Calculate the change in entropy
when 1.0 gm of tin is heated from 100oC to 300oC.

(ii) Calculate the efficiency of an engine having compression ratio 13.8 and expansion ratio 6
and working on diesel cycle. Given 𝛾 = 1.4. (2021)

9. A body of constant heat capacity CP and a temperature Ti is put into contact with a reservoir at
temperature Tf. Equilibrium between the body and the reservoir is established at constant
pressure. Determine the total entropy change and prove that it is positive for either sign of
𝑇 − 𝑇
[(Tf – Ti) / Tf ]. Consider 𝑓 𝑇 𝑖 < 1. (2022)
𝑓

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
38
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET : 22
Thermodynamic relationships
1. Calculate the change in pressure for a change in freezing point of water equal to -0·91 ˚C.
Given, the increase of specific volume when 1 gm of water freezes into ice is 0·091 cc/gm
and latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm. (2010)

2. Establish the relation and then derive . Hence

show that the heat capacity of an ideal gas is independent of pressure P. (2012)

3. Show that the Helmholtz free energy of a system never increase in any isothermal isochoric
transformation. (2012)
4. Define Enthalpy and show that it remains constant in throttling process. (2014)
5. The vapor pressure of an organic substance is 50×103 Pa at 40o C. Its normal boiling point is
80o C. If the substance in vapor phase can be treated like an ideal gas, Find the latent heat of
vaporization of the substance. (2015)
6. A Van der Waals gas undergoes Joule-Kelvin expansion with a pressure drop of 50 atm. If
its initial temperature is 3000 K , determine its final temperature. (Given Van der Waals
constant a  0.136 Pa m6 mol 1 , b  36.5 106 m3 mol 1 , CP  30 JK 1 mol 1 ,

R  8.3 JK 1 mol 1 ) (2015)

7. What do you understand by the term from phase transition? Using Clausis-Clapeyron
equation, Show that for first-order phase transitions, vapour pressure decrease exponentially
with temperature. You can assume that the vapour behaves like an ideal gas and latent heat
remains constant with temperature. (2016)

8. What are the conditions for the change in temperature of a van der Waals gas passing through
a porous plug? Prove that the ideal gas passing through the porous plug dies not show any
change in temperature. (2019)

9. Explain the effect of pressure on the melting and boiling points of a substance using
Clapeyron’s latent heat equation.

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
39
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

Calculate under what pressure, water will boil at 120° 𝐶, if the change in specific volume
when 1 gram of water is converted into steam is 1676 𝑐𝑚3 . Latent heat of steam = 540 cal/g,
1 atmospheric pressure = 106 dynes/𝑐𝑚2 . (2019)

10. Obtain the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Using this equation, show that for the phase
boundary of the liquid and vapour phases, p-T relation can be written as p = p0 e-L/Kt Here it
has been assumed that the latent heat L is temperature, that vapour is treated as an ideal
gas and that Vvapour = V >> Vliquid and that P → P0 as T→∞. (2020)

11. One mole of gas obeys van der waals equation of states. If its molar internal energy is given
by u = c T – a/V in which V is the molar volume, a is one of the constant in the equation of
state and c is a constant, Calculate the molar heat capacities Cv and Cp. (2022)

12. A gas of interacting atoms has an equation of state and heat capacity at constant volume
given by the expressions
1
P(T,V) = aT ⁄2 + bT3 + Cv -2
1 1
Cv(T,V) = dT ⁄2 + eT2V + fT ⁄2

Where a through f constant which are independent of T and V. Find the differential of the internal
energy dU(T,V) in terms of dT and dV. (2022)

13. (i) Define Joule – Kelvin coefficient. Write it in its mathematical form.
(ii) Determine the Joule – Kelvin coefficient for a van der Waals gas. Hence, obtain an
expression for temperature of inversion. Discuss the conditions under which heating or cooling is
produced. (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
40
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 23
AdiabaticDemagnetisation/ Special topics
1. The coefficient of viscosity of helium at 27o C is 2 × 10-5kg/m/sec. Calculate
i. Average speed
ii. The diameter of a helium molecule, If it is assumed that the gas obeys Maxwell –
Boltzmann distribution man of the helium atom = 6.67 × 10 -27 kg. (2013)

2. For a Vander Waal’s gas, write down the equation of state. Determine the coefficient of critical
expansion. (2015)

3. Write down van der Waal’s equation of state for n moles of a gas and calculate the
temperature at which 5 moles of the gas at 5 atm pressure will occupy a volume of 20 litres.
Given R= 8.31 x 107 erg mol-1K-1, a =1.34 x1012 dyne cm4 mol-2 , b=31.2 cm3 mol-1and 1 atm
= 1.013 x 106dyne cm-2. (2016)

4. What is Gibbs’ phase rule? Find the values of degree of freedom when

(v) Only the liquid 𝐶𝑂2 is in equilibrium with the gaseous 𝐶𝑂2
(vi) Water is in the vapour-liquid saturation region.
(vii) Water is in a single-phase region,
(viii) Water is at the triple point. (2019)

5. Discuss the principal adiabatic demagnetization process to achieve low temperatures.

Determine the fall in temperature produced by adiabatic demagnetization of a paramagnetic
material at initial temperature of 3 K when the magnetic field is switched off from 10,000
oersted to zero. Given : heat capacity at constant magnetic field = 0.2 J g -1 k-1 and Curie constant
per gram mole per cm3 = 0.042 erg k-1 g-1 Oe-2. (2020)

6. Calculate the critical constant for CO2 for which the van der waals constants are given by a =
0.0072 and b = 0.002. Also calculate the Boyle’s temperature of CO2. The unit of pressure is
atmosphere and the unit of volume is that of a gm-mole of the gas at NTP. (2021)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
41
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 24
Specific heat of solids
1. The Einstein theory of specific heart of solids given the expression

Where
i. Mention Einstein’s assumptions in deriving it and obtain low and high
temperature limit expressions for it.

ii. Give schematic plot of Versus and comment on the validity of

expression in compassion with experiments (2012)

2. Einstein’s molar specific heat capacity of a solid is given by

2 𝜃 /𝑇
𝜃 𝑒𝑖 𝐸
𝐶𝑉 = 3𝑅 ( 𝑇𝐸 ) 𝜃 /𝑇 2
(𝑒 𝑖 𝐸 −1)
ћ𝜔
Where 𝜃𝐸 = 𝑘𝐵
Obtain the expressions for the cases:
(i) When T >> 𝜃𝐸
(ii) When T<< 𝜃𝐸

What is the discrepancy of Einstein model to explain the variation of specific heat
capacities of solids with the temperature?
The molar specific heat capacity of a solid at constant volume is 2.77 𝐽𝐾 −1 at 36.8 K.
Determine the Debye temperature of the solid. (2019)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
42
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET : 25
Maxwell- Boltzmann’s Statistics

1. N particle obeying classical statistics are distributed among three energy states
If the total equilibrium energy of the system is 1000 KT,
calculate the value of N. (2013)

2. Using Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law prove that there cannot be any negative absolute
temperature. (2014)

3. Consider a system of free gas particle having f degree of freedom. Use equipartition theorem

to establish the relation

Where Cp and Cv are molar specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume
respectively. Obtain the values of for diatomic and triatomic gases. (2014)
4. The molecules of a gas obey Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Calculate the fraction of
molecules of the gas within 1% of the most probable speed at STP. Interpret your result?
(2016)

5. Consider a system of N particles and a phase space consisting of only two states with
energies 0 and 𝛜 (> 0). Obtain the expressions for the partition function and the internal
energy of the system. If it obeys M-B statistics. (2016)

6. The molecules of a gas obeying Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, move with an average

speed of 450 ms-1. If the coefficient of viscosity of the gas η is 16.6 x 10 -6 Ns m-2, density of
the gas ρ is 1.25kg m-3and number density is 2.7 x 1025m-3. Calculate the mean free path and
diameter of the gas molecules. (2016)

7. The viscosity in a liquid arises due to friction between adjacent layers. What causes viscosity
in a gas? Explain. (2016)

8. If the partition for a perfect gas is given by

𝑉
Z = ℎ3 (2𝜋 𝑚𝑘𝑇)3⁄2
Calculate (i) average kinetic energy per molecule and (ii) specific heat of the gas. (2019)

9. The energy level of a quantum harmonic oscillator with frequency ѵ is

given by
1
En = (𝑛 + 2) hѵ, where n = 0, 1,2,….

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
43
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

Calculate its partition function .

(ii) Calculate the partition function of a two level system. (2020)

10. Starting from Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for a free particle in 3-dimension, obtain the
expression for root mean square (rms) speed of a particle. Calculate the rms speed of nitrogen
(N2) molecule at room temperature (27oC). (2020)

11. A historic failure of Classical Physics is its inability to describe the electromagnetic
radiation emitted from a black body. Consider a simple model for an ideal black body
consisting of a cubic cavity of side L with a small hall on one side.

(i) Assuming the classical equipartition of energy, derive an expression for the average
energy per unit volume and unit frequency range. In what way does this result deviate from
actual abservation ? What is this law Called ?

L O

(ii) Repeat the Calculations now using quantum idea to obtain an expression that properly
accounts for the observed spectral distribution .
Find the temperature dependence of the total power emitted from the hole. (2020)

12. Eight indistinguishable balls are to be arranged in six distinguishable boxes. Calculate the
total number of ways in ways in which the above can be done. (2021)

13. What do you understand by negative temperature? Write and explain various restrictions on a
system for the concept of negative temperature to be meaningful. (2022)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
44
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

TUTORIAL SHEET: 26
F-D & B-E Statistics

1. Consider the following statement:

“The Fermi energy of a given material is the energy of that quantum state which has the
1
probability equal to of being occupied by the conduction electrons.”
2
Is the above statement correct? Give reasons for your answer. (2010)

2. Show that both FD and BE distributions reduce under certain conditions in a from which

gives the total number of particles as , where A is a constant and

Further show that this expression is just the same as obtained from the Maxwellian
speed distribution (2012)

3. Show that both Fermi – Dirac and Bose – Einstein distribution functions at an energy E are

given by , Where is much smaller than unity, M and KBT are the
chemical potential and thermal energy of the atom. (2014)

4. A gas has only two particles, a and b. With the help of a diagram, show that how these two
particles can be arranged in the three quantum series 1, 2, 3 using (i) Maxwell-Boltzmann,
(ii) Fermi-Dirac, and (iii) Bose-Einstein statistics. (2019)

5. (i) Write the expression for the Fermi-Dirac distribution. Plot the Fermi-Dirac distribution at
T= 0 and for T1>T2>0. Now from the plot propose two alternative definitions of the Fermi
level.
(ii) Calculate the probability of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02 eV above the
Fermi level at T=300 K. (2021)

6. Write down the expressions for the Fermi-Dirac distribution and the Bose-Einstein
distributions as a function of the energy. (2023)

7. Use the Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution to find the number of oxygen molecules whose
velocities lie between 195 m/s and 205 m/s a5 0°𝐶. The given mass of oxygen gas is 0·1 kg.
(Assume mass of proton to be 1·66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 ) (2023)

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
45
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
46
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

Michelson’s Interferometer
M2

 whole apparatus moved 

 V
 2 
 with velocity V wrt ether 

M1
1
 and velocity of light wrt ether = C
Source
2'
1'

Time interval between (1) and (2)  t2  t1

 
2C 2  1 
t1     2  t1   
C V C V C V 2
C  V2 
 1 2 
 C 
2  V 
2
 t1  1  2 
C C 
2L 2 L  1V 2 
t2  2t2'   1  
C2 V 2 C  2C 2 

t2

vt2

Ct 
' 2
 L2  Vt2' 
2
2

L
C 2t22  V 2t22  L2 , t2' 
C V 2
2

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
47
 Delhi Institute for Administrative Services
DIAS INDIA EDUTECH (PVT) LTD

2L  V 2 1 V 2  2L 1 V 2
t1  t2   1   1    
C  C2 2 C2  C 2 C2
LV 2
t1  t2  3 [time difference between the 2 rays hence corresponding there must be path
C
difference]
LV 2
Path difference   C t  2 [Non zero some]
C
 some order fringe must be formed.
 Now we rotate the device by 90°, fringe and then fringe shift should have been observed
[keeping the source fixed]
So according to the experiment, first fringe and then fringe shift should have been observed. But
there was no fringe and fringe shift observed  null result.
1 1

2L  V 2  2L  V 2 
2

t1   1   , t 2  1  
C  C2  C  C2 
If no fringe  t1  t2
 1st explanation by Fitzgerald: In the direction of motion, there will be length contraction by factor
1 1 1

2L  V 2   V 2  2L  V 2 
2 2
2
of 1  V t
from this 1   1    1     1  
C2 C  C2   C2  C  C2 
This gives t1  t2
But by this the presence of either was not negated.
 Explanation by Einstein: There no such medium to ether velocity of light is an absolute constant
C

18, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005

Ph: 011-40079000, 35002599, 9350934622
Website: www.diasindia.com Email: diasindia123@gmail.com
48