Fiber Optics

1. A silica glass optical fiber has core of refractive index 1.50 and the cladding of refractive index 1.45. Calculate the
critical angle for core cladding interface, the acceptance angle in air, corresponding angle of obliqueness, the
numerical aperture of fiber and percentage of light collected by fiber w.r.t. the incident light. Ans.75º,23º,
15º,0.3841,14.75%
2. Calculate the refractive indices of the core and cladding materials of a fiber from following data. NA=0.22 and
fractional refractive index change=0.012. Ans. 1.42, 1.40
3. Calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of fiber, given µcore=1.62 and µcladding=1.52.
Ans. 34.1º
4. The light ray enters from air to a fiber. The refractive index of air is 1.0 The fiber has refractive index of
core equal to 1.5 and that of cladding equal to 1.48. Calculate the critical angle, the refractive index change,
the acceptance angle and the numerical aperture. Ans.
80.63º,0.013,0.2441, 14.13º
5. An optical fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. The cladding has the r.i.1.48. Calculate the acceptance
angle in water with r.i.4/3. Also calculate the critical angle at core cladding interface.
6. A glass clad fiber is made with a core glass of r.i.1.5 and the cladding is doped to give a fractional index
change 5x10-4. Determine a) cladding index b) critical internal reflection angle c) external critical
acceptance angle and d) NA Ans.
7. Find the core diameter necessary for single mode operation at 450µm in step index fiber with n1=1.48 and
n2=1.47. What is NA and maximum acceptance angle of this fiber? Given V-number=2.405.
8. A step index fiber in air has NA of 0.16, a core refractive index of 1.45 and a core diameter of 60cm. Determine
the normalized frequency for the fiber when light at a wavelength of 0.9µm is transmitted. Ans. 3.35x105

Electric Field & Potential

1. If a copper coin has mass 3.11g, what is the number of atoms and total charge on the nucleus of the atoms in
the coin? (Z=29,M=63.5gm/mol for copper and Na=6.02x1023 atom/mol) Ans:18.56x1023,1.37x105C
-8 -8
2. Two charges 2.1x10 C and -8.4x10 C are placed at a separation of 50cm. Find the point along the straight line
passing through the two charges at which electric field is zero. Ans:50cm from first charge
3. Two point charges 6 𝝁C and -24 𝝁C are 18cm apart. Locate the position of zero potential on the line joining
between them.
4. Two similar balls of mass m are hung from silk threads of length 1m and carry similar charges q. Prove that the
𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝒍
separation of the balls is x= √ .
𝟐𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒎𝒈
5. An electric dipole consists of charges +2e and -2e separated by 0.78nm. It is in electric field of strength 3.4x106
N/C . Calculate the magnitude of the torque on the dipole when the dipole moment is (a) parallel, (b) at right
angle and (c) opposite to the electric field. Ans:0,8.486x10-22Nm,0
0
6. How much work is required to turn an electric dipole 180 in a uniform electric field of magnitude 46N/C if
dipole moment is 3.02x10-25Cm and the initial angle is 640?
7. For the system of two positive charges separated by a distance d, find an expression for an electric field along
𝟏 𝟐𝒒
its axial line at a distance r from the center and prove that E=𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟐 for r>>d.
8. Calculate the electric field due to a uniformly charged rod of length l at a point along its long axis at a distance
𝟏 𝒒
a from its nearest end. Ans: 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒂(𝒍+𝒂)
9. At what distance along the central axis of a uniform charged plastic disk of radius a is the electric field
strength equal to half the value of the field at the center of the disk. Ans: a/√3
10. If a disk of radius 2.5cm had a surface charge density 5.5𝜇Cm-2 on its upper surface, what is the electric field (i)
at a point on the central axis at a distance 12cm from the disk and (ii) at the surface of the disk.
Ans: 6300N/C,300000N/C
11. Four charges 12nC,-24nC, 31nC and 17nC are placed at the corners of a square of side 1.3m. Calculate the
potential at the center of the square. Ans:350V
12. If the electric field intensity of a charged disk of radius a at point P at a distance x along its axis from the center is
𝜎 𝑥 𝜎
E=2𝜖 [1 − ]. Find the electric potential at point P. Ans: 2𝜖 [√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑥]
0 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 0
13. Two large parallel plates are separated by a distance of 5cm. The plates have equal but opposite charges that
create an electric field in the region between the plates. An alpha particle (q=3.2x10-19,m=6.68x10-27kg) is
released from the positively charged plate, and it strikes the negatively charged plate 2x10 -6s later. Assuming
that the electric field between the plates is uniform and perpendicular to the plates, what is the strength of
electric field?
14. Calculate the electric potential at a point due to a uniform line of charge of length L at a distance D from its
one end which lies in perpendicular line.
15. A spherical drop of water carrying a charge of 30pC has a potential of 500V at its surface. (a) What is the
radius of the drop? (b) if two such drops of the same charge and radius combine to form a single spherical
drop, what is the potential at the surface of the new drop? Ans:5.4x10-4m, 790V
16. What is the magnitude of electric field at point (3i-2j+4k) m if the electric potential is given by V=2xyz2, where
V is in volts and x, y, and z are in meters. Ans:150N/C
17. The potential in a region between x=0m and x=6m is V=a+bx2 where a=10 and b = -7v/m. Determine (i) the
potentials at x= 0m, 3m and 6m and (ii) the magnitude of electric fields at x:=0m, 3m and 6m.
18. What is the magnitude of the electric field at point (3,2) m if the electric potential is given by V= 2x-5xy+3y2
volts. What acceleration does an electron experiences in the x-direction.
19. Over certain region of space, the electric potential is V=5x-3x2y+2yz2. Find the expressions for the x, y and z
components of the electric field over this region. What is the magnitude of the field at the point P that has
coordinates (1,0,-2)m? Ans:7.07N/C
20. A particle of charge –q and mass m is placed midway between two equal positive charges q0 of separation d. If
the negative charge –q is displaced in perpendicular direction to the line joining them and released, show that
𝝅𝟑 𝒅𝟑 𝒎𝝐𝟎
the particle describes a SHM with a period T=√ 𝒒𝒒𝟎
𝒒 𝟐𝒅
21. For the system of charges as shown in fig, prove that the potential at point p for r>>d is V=𝟒𝝅𝝐 [𝟏 + 𝒓
]
𝟎

22. A plastic rod contains uniformly distributed charge –q. the rod has been bent in 1200 circular arc of radius R as
𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝒒
in fig. Prove that the magnitude of electric field E produced at the center of the bent rod is E=𝟒𝝅𝝐 𝟐.
𝟎𝑹
Capacitors
1. Into a parallel plate capacitor of separation d and plate area A, an uncharged copper plate of thickness b is
𝝐 𝑨𝒃
𝟎
inserted, midway between plates. Find the change in capacitance. Ans:𝒅(𝒅−𝒃)
2. A parallel plate capacitor is filled with is filled with two dielectric having dielectric constant k 1 and k2 in the
𝟐𝝐𝟎 𝑨 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝝐 𝑨 𝒌 +𝒌
way as in fig. prove that the capacitance is given by (a) 𝒅
(𝒌 +𝒌 ) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝐛) 𝟎𝒅 ( 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐)
𝟏 𝟐

3. An air filled parallel plate capacitor has an capacitance of 1.32pF. The separation of the plates is doubled and
wax is inserted between them. The new capacitance is 2.57pF. Find the dielectric constant of the wax.
Ans:3.89
4. If a parallel plate capacitor is to be designed to operate in an environment of fluctuating temperature, prove
𝒅𝑪 𝟏 𝒅𝑨 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
that the rate of change of capacitance C with temperature T is given by 𝒅𝑻=C[𝑨 𝒅𝑻 − 𝒙 𝒅𝑻].
5. The space between two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii 1.7cm and 1.2cm is filled with a
substance of dielectric constant K=23.5. A potential difference V=73V is applied across the inner and outer
shells. Determine (a) the capacitance of the device, (b) the free charge q on the inner shell, and (c) the charge
q’ induced along the surface of inner shell. Ans:0.107nF,7.79nC,7.45nC
2
6. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacitance of 100 pF, a plate area of 100 cm and a mica dielectric. At 50 volts
potential difference calculate (a) E in the mica (b) the free charge on the plates and (c) the induced surface
charge, if dielectric constant for mica, k = 5.4]
7. A long cylindrical conductor has length 1m and is surrounded by a co-axial cylindrical conducting shell with
inner radius double that of long cylindrical conductor. Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor assuming
that there is a vacuum in space between cylinders. Ans:80pF
8. Two capacitors having capacitance 25 𝝁𝑭 and 5 𝝁𝑭 are connected in parallel and charged with a 100V power
supply. Calculate the total energy stored in the two capacitors. Ans:150mJ
9. A cylindrical capacitor has radii a and b. Show that the half the stored potential energy lies with a cylinder of
radius r=√𝒂𝒃.
10. A parallel plate capacitor each of area 100cm2 has potential difference of 50V and capacitance 100pF. If a mica
of dielectric constant 5.4 is inserted between the plates, find the magnitude of
i) Electric Field intensity
ii) Displacement vector
iii) Polarization vector
11. When a dielectric slab of thickness 0.5cm and dielectric constant 2.5 is inserted between the plates of a
parallel plate capacitor of area 100 cm2 and separation 1.5cm. Calculate the resultant capacitance.
 12. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area 115 cm2 and separation 1.24 cm is charged by a p.d. 85.5V. The battery
is disconnected then a dielectric slab of dielectric constant 2.61 and thickness 0.78mm is inserted between the
plates. Calculate (a) the capacitance before the slab is inserted (b) the induced electric field and (c) the
capacitance when the slab is inserted. Ans.:8.20pF, 4253V/m, 8.53pF

Electromagnetic Induction
1. A solenoid 1.3m long 2.6cm in diameter carries a current of 18 A. The magnetic field inside the solenoid
is 23mT. Find the length of the wire forming the solenoid and self inductance of the solenoid. Ans:108m
2. A toroid has number of turns 1250, intenal radius 52 mm, external radius 95 mm and thickness of the
ring 13 mrn, calculate the inductance.
3. A circular loop of wire of radius 5cm carries a current of 100A. What is the energy density at the center of
the loop? Ans:0.63J/m3
4. Calculate the energy required to set up in a cube of 10cm edge (a) a uniform electric field of 10 5V/m (b) a
uniform magnetic field of 1T. Ans:4.5x10-5J,400J
5. A loop of wire of radius r is placed in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to its plane. The magnitude of
the field varies with time according to 𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 where 𝐵0 and 𝜏 are constant. Find the emf in the loop
𝐴𝐵0
as a function of time. Ans: 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏
𝜏
6. A helicopter has blades of length 3m extending out from a central hub and rotating at 2rev/s. If the vertical
component of earth’s magnetic field is 50𝜇𝑇, what will be the induced emf between the blade tip and
central hub. Ans: 2.83mV
7. An inductance L is connected to a battery of emf E through a resistance R. Show that the potential
𝑹𝒕
difference across the inductance after time t is VL=E𝒆− 𝑳 . At what time is the p.d. across the inductance
equal to that across the resistance such that i=i0/2.
8. A solenoid having an inductance of 6.3𝝁H is connected in series with a 1.2 kΩ resistor. (a) If a 14V
battery is connected across the pair, how long will it take for the current through the resistor to reach
80% of its final value? (b) What is the current resistor at time t=𝝉L?
Ans:8.45x10-9Sec, 7.37x10-3A
9. A series circuit has 25ohm resistance and 0.1henry inductance. What will be the initial rate of increase of
current if the circuit contains a 12V steady source? What time is required for the current to attain a
value of 100mA?
10. A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates of radius R be charged, prove that the induced magnetic
field at radius r in the region between the plates is
𝟏 𝒅𝑬
B=𝟐 𝝁0𝝐0r 𝒅𝒕 for r≤ 𝑹 and
𝟏 𝒅𝑬
B=𝟐𝒓 𝝁0𝝐0R2 𝒅𝒕 for r≥ 𝑹
11. Calculate the displacement current between the circular plates of area 1.5x10-2 and rate of electric field
change is 1.5x1012 V/ms. Also calculate the displacement current density and induced magnetic field for
r=R=69mm. Ans:199mA,
12. The induced magnetic field at radial distance 6mm from the central axis of a circular parallel plate
capacitor is 2x10-7T. The plates have radius 3mm. At what rate is the electric field between the plates
changing? Ans:2.4x1013V/ms
13. As a parallel plate capacitor with circular plates 20cm in diameter is being chatged, the current density
of the displacement current in the region between the plates is uniform and has a magnitude of 20A/m 2.
(a) Calculate the magnitude B of the magnetic field at a distance r=50mm for the axis of symmetry of this
region. (b) Calculate dE/dt in this region.
Ans:63x10-7T,2.3x1012V/ms
14. A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates of 10cm radius is charged by varying electric field of
1.5x1012V/ms. Evaluate induced magnetic field if the radius of the plate is 55mm and displacement
current in this situation.
Ans:459nT, 126mA
15. A circular parallel plate capacitor of area 154cm2 is being charged has a uniform current density of a
displacement current, having magnitude 20 Am-2. Calculate (a) the magnitude of magnetic field at a
distance r=50mm about the central axis between the plates. (b) dE/dt in this region.
16. A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates is charged by current i. (a) what is the magnitude of ∮ 𝑩. 𝒅𝒔
in terms of µ0 and i between the plates if r=a/5 from the center? (b) What is the magnitude of induced
magnetic field for r=a/5 in terms of displacement current. µ0i/25, µ0i/10𝝅𝒂
17. If a test charge revolves round a circular path of radius 8.5cm where the magnetic field increases at
steady rate 0.13T/s, calculate the magnitude of induced electric field at a point 12.5cm and 4cm.
18. A long solenoid of radius 2cm has 1000 turns/m and carries a sinusoidally varying current 𝑰 =
𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 , where 𝑰 is in Ampere and t is in second. Determine the magnitude of induced electric field
at a radius r=1cm and r=3cm from its central axis.
19. An air cored solenoid with length 25cm, area of cross-section 30cm2 and number of turns 490 carries a
current of 20A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10-3 sec. How much is the average
back emf induced across the ends of the open switch in the circuit?
20. An LR circuit having inductance 4H, resistance 1 ohm and applied D.C. emf of 6V is switched at t=0. Find
the power dissipated in the circuit at t=4sec.
21. In a certain cyclotron, a proton moves in a circle of radius 0.5m. The magnitude of magnetic field is 1.2 T. (a) What
is the oscillator frequency? (b) What is the K.E. of the proton, in eV? Ans:1.83x107Hz,1.72x107eV
22. A physicist designed a cyclotron to accelerate protons to 1/10th the speed of light. The magnet used will produce a
field of 1.4T Calculate (a) the radius of the cyclotron (b) the corresponding oscillator frequency. Ans:22cm,21MHz
23. A cyclotron is operated at an oscillator frequency of 12MHz and has radius 53cm. (a) What is the magnitude of
magnetic field needed for deuterons to be accelerated in the cyclotron? (b) What is the resulting K.E. of
deuterons? Ans:1.6T,17MeV
24. Deuterons in a cyclotron describe a circle of radius 0.32m just before emerging from dees. The frequency of the
applied emf is 10MHz. Find the flux density of the magnetic field and the velocity of deuterons emerging out of
the cyclotron. Mass of deuteron=3.32x10-27Kg, charge=1.6x10-19C. Ans:1.303T,2.01x107m/s
25. What radius is needed in proton synchrotron to atom particle energy of10GeV, assuming that a guide field of
1.8wb/m2 is available? Ans:20.3m
26. An electron with kinetic energy 2.5KeVcircles ina a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. The radius of
the orbit is 25cm. Calculate(i) the speed of the electron(ii) the flux density of magnetic field (iii0 the number of
revolutions per second.
27. A 10eV electron is circulating in a plane at right angles to a uniform field of magnetic induction 1x10 -4 Wb/m2.
Calculate the orbital radius, cyclotron frequency, and period of revolution.

Electromagnetic Waves
1. The earth’s mean radius is 6.37x106m and mean earth-sun distance is 1.5x108km. What fraction of the
radiation emitted by the sun is intercepted by the disk of the earth? Ans:4.51x10-10
2. The intensity of direct solar radiation that is not absorbed by the atmosphere on a particular summer
day is 100W/m2. How close would you stand to a 1KW electric heater to feel the same intensity for
uniform distribution of heater radiation? Ans:89cm
3. A space probe 2x10 m from a star measures the total intensity of em radiation from the star to be 5x10 3
10

W/m2. If the star radiates uniformly in all directions, what is the total average power output?
Ans:2.5x1025J
4. Sunlight just outside the earth’s atmosphere has an intensity of 1.4KW/m 2. Calculate the magnitude of
pointing vector, maximum electric field and maximum magnetic fields for sunlight, assuming it to be a
plane wave.
Ans:1.4KW/m2,1.03KV/m,3.43𝝁𝑻
5. Sunlight strikes the earth outside its atmosphere with an intensity of 2cal/cm2-min. Calculate the
magnitudes of electric and magnetic fields.
6. The maximum electric field 10m from an isotropic point source is 2V/m. What are (a) the maximum
value of magnetic field (b) average intensity of light and (c) power of the source? Ans:6.7x10-9T,5.3x10-
3W/m2,6.7W

7. A certain radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 10 20 Hz. At a point some distance from the
transmitter, the maximum magnetic field of the em wave is 1.6x10-4T. (a) What is the speed of the
propagation of the the wave (b) What is the wavelength? (c) What is the maximum electric field?
Sns:3x108m/s,294.12m,4.8x104V/m
8. A certain plane wave emitted by a microwave antenna has a wavelength of 3cm and maximum magnitude
of electric field 2x10-4V/m.(a) What is the frequency of wave? (b) What is the maximum magnetic field?
(c) What is maximum energy density? (d) What is intensity of wave? Ans:10 10Hz,0.67x10-10T,1.77x10-
15J,5.33x10-7W/m2

9. An isotropic point source emits light at wavelength 500nm at the rate of 200W. A light detector is
positioned 400m from the source. What is the maximum rate at which magnetic component of the light
changes with time at the detector’s location? Ans:3.44x106T/s
10. What is the radiation pressure 1.5m away from a 500W light bulb? Also calculate the amplitudes of
electric and magnetic field there. Ans:5.9x10-8Pa
11. The sun delivers about 103W/m2 of energy to the earth’s surface through EM radiation. Calculate (a) the
total power incident on a roof of dimensions 8mx20m. (b) radiation pressure and force exerted on the
roof, assuming roof is perfect absorber.

Photons And Matter Waves

1. Find the de-Broglie wavelength of a 15KV proton. Ans:0.0023A0
2. Prove that the group speed of a wave packet is identical to the speed of a particle.
3. An electron and a photon have a wavelength of 0.2nm. What is the momentum of the (a) electron and (b)
Photon? What is the energy in eV of (c) electron and (d) Photon?Ans:3.3x10-24kgm/s,3.3x10-24kgm/s,38eV,6.2KeV
4. A non relativistic particle is moving three times as fast as an electron. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength of
the particle to that of electron is 1.813x10-4. By calculating its mass, identify the particle. Ans: Neutron
5. Calculate permitted energy levels of an electron in one dimensional potential well of width 2A 0. Ans:1.5x10-
8 2
nJ
6. An electron is confined to an infinite height box of size 0.1nm. Calculate the ground state energy of the
electron and radiation frequency. How this electron can be put to the third energy level? Ans:37eV
7. An electron is confined to an one dimensional region in which its ground state energy is 2eV. (a) what is the
length of the region? And (b) how much energy is required to promote the electron to its first excited state?
Ans:0.43nm,6eV
8. Write down the expression for the energy level of a 1gm particle in the infinite potential well of width 1cm. If the
energy of the particle is 1J, what is the value of quantum number at that state? Ans:1.3x1030
9. A football of 500gm is confined between two impenetrable walls of DasharathRangashala that can be modeled
as a box of length 100m. Calculate the minimum speed of the ball. Ans:6.63x10-36m/s
10. A beam of electrons having energy of each 3eV is incident on a potential barrier of height 4eV. If the width of
the barrier is 20A0, calculate the percentage transmission of the beam through the barrier. Ans:3.82x10-9
11. A beam of electrons having energy of each 3eV is incident on a potential barrier of height 4eV. If the width of
the barrier is 10A0, calculate the probability of reflection and interpret your result.
12. For an electron confined to an infinite potential well of width 0.1nm, determine the uncertainty in measuring
momentum and kinetic energy. Ans:1.054x10-24kgms-1, 3.81eV
13. A proton is confined to a nucleus of radius 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 m. Calculate the minimum uncertainty in its momentum.
Also calculate the minimum kinetic energy of proton should have. 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟎 kgm/s ,
0.206MeV
14. The uncertainty in the location of a particle moving with a velocity 7.28x107m/s is double of its de-Broglie
wavelength. Find out the uncertainty in measuring the velocity. Ans:5.96x106ms-1
15. Calculate the smallest possible uncertainty in the position of an electron moving with 3x107m/s. Ans:3.8x10-12m
16. The position and momentum of a 1 keV electron are simultaneously determined. If its position is located to
within 1A0, what is the percentage of uncertainty in its momentum?