Introduction to Computer Programming (CSCI 112)

Chapter 5
Control Statements: Part 2

Dr. Ali Alnoman

Spring 2023

Reference: C++ How to Program, 10th edition, P. Deitel and H. Deitel

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Objectives
• To use for and do…while looping statements
• To implement the switch selection statement
• How break and continue alter the flow of control statements
• To use logical operators to form complex conditional expressions in control
statements
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Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition

• Counter-controlled repetition requires

▫ the name of a control variable (or loop counter)
▫ the initial value of the control variable
▫ the loop-continuation condition that tests for the final value of the
control variable (i.e., whether looping should continue)
▫ the increment (or decrement) by which the control variable is modified
each time through the loop.
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Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition

• The next program prints the numbers from 1 to 10. The declaration in
line 8 names the control variable (counter), declares it to be an
unsigned int, reserves space for it in memory and sets it to an initial
value of 1
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for Repetition Statement

• The for repetition statement specifies the counter-controlled repetition details in a
single line of code
• To illustrate the for loop, let’s rewrite the previous program using for
• The initialization occurs once when the loop is encountered
• The condition is tested next and each time the body completes
• The body executes if the condition is true
• The increment occurs after the body executes
• Then, the condition is tested again
• If there is more than one statement in the body of the for, braces are required to
enclose the body of the loop
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for Repetition Statement

for Statement Header Components
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for Repetition Statement

• The general form of the for statement is
for (initialization; loop_Continuation_Condition; increment )
{
statements
}
• In most cases, the for statement can be represented by an equivalent while
statement, as follows:

initialization;
while ( loop_Continuation_Condition )
{
statement
increment;
}
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for Repetition Statement

• If the initialization expression declares the control variable, the control
variable can be used only in the body of the for statement—the control
variable will be unknown outside the for statement
• This restricted use of the control variable name is known as the
variable’s scope
• The scope of a variable specifies where it can be used in a program
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for Repetition Statement

Expressions in the for Statement’s Header are Optional
• The three expressions in the for statement header are optional (but the
two semicolon separators are required)
• If the loop_Continuation_Condition is omitted, C++ assumes that
the condition is true, thus creating an infinite loop
• One might omit the initialization expression if the control variable is
initialized earlier in the program
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for Repetition Statement

Increment Expression Acts Like a Standalone Statement
• The increment expression in the for statement acts like a standalone
statement at the end of the for statement’s body
• The expressions
counter = counter + 1
counter += 1
++counter
counter++
are all equivalent in the increment expression (when no other code
appears there)
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for Repetition Statement

for Statement: Notes and Observations
• The initialization, loop-continuation condition and increment
expressions of a for statement can contain arithmetic expressions
• The “increment” of a for statement can be negative, in which case it’s
really a decrement and the loop actually counts downward
• If the loop-continuation condition is initially false, the body of the for
statement is not performed
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Examples Using the for Statement

• Vary the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1
for ( unsigned int i = 1; i <= 100; ++i )

• Vary the control variable from 100 down to 0 in decrements of 1. Notice that we used
type int for the control variable in this for header. The condition does not become false
until control variable i contains -1, so the control variable must be able to store both
positive and negative numbers
for ( int i = 100; i >= 0; --i )

• Vary the control variable from 7 to 77 in steps of 7

for (unsigned int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7 )

• Vary the control variable from 20 down to 2 in steps of -2

for (unsigned int i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2 )
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Examples Using the for Statement

• Vary the control variable over the following sequence of values: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17
for (unsigned int i = 2; i <= 17; i += 3 )

• Vary the control variable over the following sequence of values: 99, 88, 77, 66, 55
for (unsigned int i = 99; i >= 55; i -= 11 )

• The control variable accepts formulas as well:

for (j=x; j<=4*x*y; j+=y/x)
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for Repetition Statement

for Statement UML Activity Diagram
• The for repetition statement’s UML activity diagram is similar to that of
the while statement
• The diagram makes it clear that initialization occurs once before the
loop-continuation test is evaluated the first time, and that incrementing
occurs each time through the loop after the body statement executes
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Example 1
Summing Even Integers from 2 to 20
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for Repetition Statement

Comma-Separated Lists of Expressions
• The commas, as used in these expressions, are comma operators, which
guarantee that lists of expressions evaluate from left to right
• Although the for statement here is correct, it is more complicated (not
recommended). See the example below:
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for Repetition Statement

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
unsigned int sum = 0; // initialize sum

for (unsigned int number = 2; number <= 10; sum += number, number += 2)
; // empty statement

cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // output sum
}
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Example 2
Write a program to calculate the values of a as shown in the formula:
a =(0.8) p

Use the for loop and vary the value of p from 1 to 10

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#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ double a;
cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
cout << setw( 4 ) << "p" << setw( 21 ) << "a\n" << endl;

for ( int p = 1; p <= 10; ++p )

{
a = pow( 0.8 , p );
cout << setw( 4 ) << p << setw( 21 ) << a << endl;

} // end for

}
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CMATH header file

• C++ does not include an exponentiation operator, so we use the
standard library function pow
▫ pow(x, y) calculates the value of x raised to the yth power
▫ Takes two arguments of type double and returns a double value

• This program will not compile without including header file <cmath>
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setw() Statement
Using Stream Manipulators to Format Numeric Output
• Parameterized stream manipulators setprecision and setw and the nonparameterized
stream manipulator fixed
• The stream manipulator setw(4) specifies that the next value output should appear in
a field width of 4—i.e., cout prints the value with at least 4 character positions
▫ If less than 4 character positions wide, the value is right justified in the field by default
• To indicate that values should be output left justified, simply output nonparameterized
stream manipulator << left <<
• Right justification can be restored by outputting nonparameterized stream manipulator
<< right <<
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setprecision Statement
• Stream manipulator fixed indicates that floating-point values should be
output as fixed-point values with decimal points
• Stream manipulator setprecision specifies the number of digits to
the right of the decimal point
• Stream manipulators fixed and setprecision remain in effect until
they’re changed—such settings are called sticky settings
• The field width specified with setw applies only to the next value output
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for vs while
What is the output of the code on the left? Re-write the code using the
for statement to show the same result.
Using FOR statement:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; #include <iostream>
int main () using namespace std;
{ int main ()
int k, sum; {
sum = k = 0; OUTPUT: 5 10 int k, sum;
while (k < 5) { sum = 0;
sum += k; for (k=0; k < 5;k++) {
++k; sum += k;
} }
cout << k << " " << sum << endl; cout << k << " "<< sum << endl;
} }
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do…while Repetition Statement

• Similar to the while statement
• The do…while statement tests the loop-continuation condition after
the loop body executes; therefore, the loop body always executes at
least once
• The following program uses a do…while statement to print the numbers
1 to 10
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do…while Repetition Statement

do…while Statement UML Activity Diagram

• The following figure contains the do…while statement’s UML activity

diagram, which makes it clear that the loop-continuation condition is not
evaluated until after the loop performs its body at least once
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do…while Repetition Statement

Braces in a do…while Statement
• It’s not necessary to use braces in the do…while statement if there’s only
one statement in the body; however, most programmers include the
braces to avoid confusion between the while and do…while statements
• If there are more than one statement, it is important to add the braces
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do…while Repetition Statement

• A do…while with no braces around the single statement body
appears as
do
statement
while ( condition );

which can be confusing!

• You might misinterpret the last line—while( condition );—as a
while statement containing as its body an empty statement
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do…while Repetition Statement

• Thus, the do…while with one statement often is written as follows to
avoid confusion:
do
{
statement
} while ( condition );
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

• The switch multiple-selection statement performs many different
actions based on the possible values of a variable or expression
• The switch statement consists of a series of case labels and an optional
default case
• When the flow of control reaches the switch, the program evaluates the
expression in the parentheses
▫ The controlling expression
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

switch Statement Details
• The switch statement compares the value of the controlling expression
with each case label
• If a match occurs, the program executes the statements for that case
• The break statement causes program control to proceed with the first
statement after the switch
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

• Each case can have multiple statements
▫ The switch selection statement does not require braces around multiple
statements in each case
• Without break statements, each time a match occurs in the switch, the
statements for that case and subsequent cases execute until a break
statement or the end of the switch is encountered
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Exercise: Use the switch statement to count how many times a user
entered the letters ‘A’ and ‘B’

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int grade; // one grade
unsigned int aCount = 0; // number of As
unsigned int bCount = 0; // number of Bs
cout << "Enter the letter grades" << endl;
cout << "Enter the EOF character to end input" << endl;
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// loop until user types end-of-file key case '\n': // ignore newlines,
sequence case '\t': // tabs
while ( ( grade = cin.get() ) != EOF ) { case ' ': // and spaces in input
switch ( grade ) { break; // exit switch
case 'A': // grade was uppercase A
case 'a': // or lowercase a default: // catch all other characters
++aCount; // increment aCount cout << "Incorrect letter grade
break; // necessary to exit switch entered." <<endl ;
cout << " Enter a new grade." << endl;
case 'B': // grade was uppercase B break;
case 'b': // or lowercase b } // end switch
++bCount; // increment bCount } // end while
break; // exit switch
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// output summary of results

cout << "Totals for each letter grade are:" << endl;
cout << "A: " << aCount << endl; // display number of A grades
cout << "B: " << bCount << endl; // display number of B grades

} // end function main

EOF means End of File:

EOF key in windows CTRL+z ,then, press ENTER
in MAC CTRL+d
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

Reading Character Input
• The cin.get() function reads one character from the keyboard
• Normally, characters are stored in variables of type char; however, characters can be
stored in any integer data type, because types short, int , long and long long are
guaranteed to be at least as big as type char
• For example, the statement
cout << "The character (" << 'a' << ") has the value “ << static_cast< int > (
'a' ) << endl;

• prints the character a and its integer value as follows:

The character (a) has the value 97

• The integer 97 is the character’s numerical representation in the computer

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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

• EOF stands for “end-of-file”. Commonly used as a sentinel value
▫ However, you do not type the value –1, nor do you type the letters EOF as the sentinel
value
▫ You type a system-dependent keystroke combination that means “end-of-file” to
indicate that you have no more data to enter

• EOF is a symbolic integer constant defined in the <iostream> header file

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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

Providing a default Case
• If no match occurs between the controlling expression’s value and a case
label, the default case executes
• If no match occurs in a switch statement that does not contain a default
case, program control continues with the first statement after the switch
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

Ignoring Newline, Tab and Blank Characters in Input
• Reading characters one at a time can cause some problems
• To have the program read the characters, we must send them to the
computer by pressing the Enter key
• This places a newline character in the input after the character we wish
to process
• Often, this newline character must be specially processed
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

switch Statement UML Activity Diagram
• The following figure shows the UML of switch statement
• Most switch statements use a break in each case to terminate the switch
statement after processing the case
• Without the break statement, control would not transfer to the first statement after
the switch statement after a case is processed
• Instead, control would transfer to the next case’s actions
• The diagram makes it clear that the break statement at the end of a case causes
control to exit the switch statement immediately
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Notes on Data Types

Notes on Data Types
• C++ has flexible data type sizes
• C++ provides several integer types
• The range of integer values for each type is platform dependent (e.g. 32-bit. 64-bit systems)
• In addition to the types int and char, C++ provides the types short (an abbreviation of
short int),long (an abbreviation of long int) and long long (an abbreviation of long
long int)
• The minimum range of values for short integers is –32,767 to 32,767
• For the vast majority of integer calculations, long integers are sufficient
• The minimum range of values for long integers is –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
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Notes on Data Types

• On most computers, int is equivalent either to short or to long
• The range of values for an int is at least the same as that for short
integers and no larger than that for long integers
• The data type char can be used to represent any of the characters in
the computer’s character set
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break and continue Statements

break Statement

• The break statement, when executed in a while, for, do…while or

switch statement, causes immediate exit from that statement
• Program execution continues with the next statement
• Common uses of the break statement are to escape early from a loop
or to skip the remainder of a switch statement
• The following program demonstrates the break statement to exit a for
repetition statement
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break Statement: Exercise

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned int x; // counter
for ( x = 1; x <= 10; ++x ) {

if ( x == 5 ) {
break; // break loop only if x is 5 The code prints the
} // end if numbers from 1 to 4
cout << x << endl; // display value of x
because the break
} // end for statement exits the
cout << "Broke out of loop at x = " << x << endl; loop when x equals 5
} // end function main
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break and continue Statements

• The continue statement, when executed in a while, for or
do…while statement, skips the remaining statements in the body of
that statement and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
• In while and do…while statements, the loop-continuation test
evaluates immediately after the continue statement executes
• In the for statement, the increment expression executes, then the loop-
continuation test evaluates
• The following program demonstrates the continue statement to exit a
for repetition statement
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continue Statement: Exercise

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned int x; // counter
for ( x = 1; x <= 10; ++x ) {

if ( x == 5 ) {
continue; // break loop only if x is 5
} // end if The code prints the
numbers from 1 to 10
cout << x << endl; // display value of x
} // end for
but skips printing the
cout << “Number 5 is skipped" << endl; number 5
} // end function main
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Logical Operators
• C++ provides logical operators that are used to form more complex
conditions by combining simple conditions
• The logical operators are && (logical AND), || (logical OR) and ! (logical
NOT, also called logical negation)
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Logical Operators
Logical AND (&&) Operator
• The && (logical AND) operator is used to ensure that two conditions are both true
before we choose a certain path of execution
• The simple condition to the left of the && operator evaluates first
• The simple condition to the right of the && operator evaluates next
• The right side of a logical AND expression is evaluated only if the left side is true

if ( gender == 1 && age >= 18 )

i++;
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Logical AND (&&) Operator: truth table

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Logical Operators
Logical OR (||) Operator
• The || (logical OR) operator determines if either or both of two conditions are true
before we choose a certain path of execution
• The && operator has a higher precedence than the || operator
• Both operators associate from left to right

if ( semesterAverage >= 90 || finalExam >= 90 )

cout<< "Student grade is A“ << endl;
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Logical OR (||) Operator: truth table

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Logical Operators
Logical Negation (!) Operator
• C++ provides the ! (logical NOT, also called logical negation) operator to “reverse” a
condition’s meaning
• The unary logical negation operator has only a single condition as an operand
• You can often avoid the ! operator by using an appropriate relational or equality
operator
if ( !( grade == sentinelValue ) )
cout << "The next grade is “ << grade << endl; OR ..
if ( grade != sentinelValue )
cout << "The next grade is “ << grade << endl;
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Logical Negation (!) Operator: truth table

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Logical Operators
Logical Operators Example
• The following program demonstrates the logical operators by producing
their truth tables
• The output shows each expression that is evaluated and its bool result
• By default, bool values true and false are displayed by cout and the
stream insertion operator as 1 and 0, respectively
• Stream manipulator boolalpha (a sticky manipulator) specifies that the
value of each bool expression should be displayed as either the word
“true” or the word “false”
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Exercises
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Exercise 1
Write a program that uses for statement to print the following shape.

*
** #include <iostream>
*** using namespace std;
****
***** int main()
{
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for (int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{cout << "*";}

cout << endl;

} // outer for loop
} // end main
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Exercise 2
What is the output?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{ for ( int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i )
{
for ( int j = 1; j <= 3; ++j )
{
for ( int k = 1; k <= 4; ++k )
cout << '*';
cout << endl;
} // end inner for
cout << endl;
} // end outer for
}
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Exercise 3
What is the output? for ( int i = 1; i <= y; ++i ) // count from 1 to y
{
for ( int j = 1; j <= x; ++j )
#include <iostream>
cout << '@'; // output @
using namespace std;

cout << endl; // begin new line

int main()
} // end outer for
{
} // end main
int x; // declare x
int y; // declare y

// prompt user for input OUTPUT:

cout << "Enter two integers in the range 1-20: "; Enter two integers in the range 1-20:
3
cin >> x >> y; // read values for x and y
2
@@@
@@@
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Exercise 4
Find the error(s), if any, in each of the following: c) The following code should output the odd integers from 19
a) for ( x = 100, x >= 1, ++x ) to 1:
cout << x << endl; for ( x = 19; x >= 1; x += 2 )
cout << x << endl;

b) The following code should print whether integer value is

odd or even: d) The following code should output the even integers from 2
switch ( value % 2 ) to 100:
{ counter = 2;
case 0: do
cout << "Even integer" << endl; {
case 1: cout << counter << endl;
cout << "Odd integer" << endl; counter += 2;
} } While ( counter < 100 );
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Exercise 5
Write a program that uses a for statement to calculate and print the sum of the odd
integers from 1 to 6

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int sum=0; OUTPUT:
for (int i=1; i<=6; i++) 9
{ Now, write another
if ( (i % 2) != 0) program to calculate and
{sum = sum + i ;}
} print the product of odd
cout << "The sum of odd numbers is " << sum << endl; numbers from 1 to 6
} // end main In this case the result
should be 15