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Subject Skills Development (310)

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INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

What is Information?
Information is a data or form of communication that provides
understandable and useful knowledge for the person receiving it.
Information is considered real if it meets certain criteria, as under: -
1. It must be communicated to the recipient;
2. It must be in a language that is understood;
3. It must be in a suitable form;
4. It must be for achieving some purpose.
Information Technology: It is a technology which uses computers to
gather, process, store, protect, and transfer information. IT includes a
combination of computer technology (hardware and software) and
telecommunication technology (data, image etc). Computer is very
important component of information technology.
Importance of IT: IT has enabled the globalization of the economy and
competition, and caused large scale changes in many industries. It also
bringing a major shift in job market; resulting in a more polarized
occupational structure. Information technology plays an essential role in
almost every field including business, education, management etc. In
business it aids the companies to operate their function s using software,
keeps the companies aware of the changes in global markets, solving
mathematical problems and calculations, and mainly for communication
and administration purpose, online business and shopping at any time. It
has made its presence in educational sector too including helping the
students and teachers In their course work enabling easy and faster
access to information on different topics, using online libraries and
dictionaries, and many more. Thus, the IT sector is expected to grow at an
even faster pace in the coming years, thereby creating ample
opportunities for deserving candidates, improving the different processes
and procedures, and further enriching our lives.
Computer: Computer is derived from a Latin word “computare” which
means to “to calculate”, “to count”, “to sum up” or “to think together”.

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So, more precisely the word computer means a "device that performs
computation".
Computer is an electronic device that is programmed to accept data,
process data into full useful information and store it for later use.
Computer accept input (data), then the data is translated into binary
numbers and processed and finally results in output (information).
Following are the ingredients of computer:
1. Hardware: Hardware consists of all the tangible machinery and
equipment in a computer system. It if further classified as under:-
a. Input Devices: The devices which input or feed raw data to
computer, such as keyboard, mouse, webcam, microphone,
scanner etc.
b. Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the heart of computer.
Processing is the core function of computer where raw data is
transformed into information. During processing period, the
data is stored temporarily in processor cache and primary
memory.
c. Output Devices: The components that disseminate and display
both processed data and information. It has further two
devisions, softcopy and hardcopy outputs. Softcopy output is
intangible such as sound, a message, display on LCD etc.
Hardcopy outputs are tangible such as LCD, printer, etc.
d. Memory/ Storage Devices : These are the component which
retain/ store data. It is further divided into primary memory
and secondary memory and is either volatile or non -volatile.
i. Primary memory is referred to RAM and all other
memories that work in tandem with processor and is
volatile memory, which means that primary memory
retains data only when the computer is powered on.
Primary memory includes RAM, SRAM, ROM etc.
ii. Secondary memory refers disk drives for storing data
and is non-volatile memory, which permits long time
storage. Secondary memory is subdivided into Internal
and external devices.
1. Internal devices are designed to be placed inside
the computer i.e. hard disk, solid state disk, etc.

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2. External devices are plug and play media used to

transfer filed between computers i.e. optical
disks, flash disks, and external disk drives, etc.
2. Software: A computer program which is intangible part written to
perform a single or multiple tasks on computer using the built -in-
hardware. Software is the set of commands that are understandable
to the computer. In other terms these are the instructions to the
physical components of computer. It is used in giving orders what to
do. Software can be classified as under:-
a. Operating Software: This class of software manages and
controls the internal operations of a computer system. Such
as windows, linux etc.
b. Application Software: Application software is designed to
help the user to perform specific tasks. Such as Microsoft
office, photoshop, etc.
c. Utility Software: Utility softwares are small, powerful
programs with a limited capability, they are usually operated
by the user to maintain a smooth running of the computer
system. Such as, antivirus, backups softwares, disk cleanup,
etc.
3. Data: Data is a set of raw facts and figures that are processed into
information for some purpose.
4. User: Computer needs to be instructed or programmed by human
being using computer for some purpose.
KINDS OF COMPUTERS: Computer is basically classified as under:-
1. Supercomputer: It is the most powerful computer in terms of
performance and data processing. These are specialized and task
specific computers used by large organizations. The supercomputers
are very expensive and very large in size. It can be accommodate d
in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an
entire building. They are used for space exploration, earthquake
studies, weather forecasting, nuclear weapon testing, etc.
2. Mainframe: These computers are not as powerful as
supercomputers, but certainly they are quite expensive. Mainframes
can also process & store large amount of data. The Mainframe
computers can be accommodated in large air -conditioned rooms

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because of their size. Many large firms & government organizations

use Mainframes to run their business operations. For example,
banks, educational institutions & insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students
& insurance policy holders.
3. Minicomputer: Minicomputer is smaller, less expensive, an d less
powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer. Minicomputers are
also called as “Midrange Computers”. These are used for scientific
and engineering computations, business transaction processing, file
handling, and database management.
4. Microcomputer: Microcomputers are less in prices and designed for
general usage like entertainment, education and work etc. these
widely used and fastest growing computers. For example, desktop,
laptops, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), tablets, smartphones,
gaming consoles, notebooks, calculators, etc.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

Advantages of computer: Following are some advantages of computer:
1. Multitasking: Multitasking is one of the major advantages of
computer. A person can perform multiple tasks, multiple
operations, calculate numerical problems within few seconds.
2. Speed: Nowadays computer has very important role in human life
due to its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their
task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast
just because of its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform
the task.
3. Stores huge amount of data: We can save huge data within a low
budget. Centralized database of storing information is the major
advantage that can reduce cost.
4. Accuracy: One of the root advantage d of computer is that can
perform not only calculations but also with accuracy.
5. Data Security: Protecting digital data is known as data security.
Computer provides security from destructive forces and from
unwanted action from unauthorized users like cyber attack or
access attack.

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Disadvantages of Computer: The use of computer has created some

problems in society which are as follows.
1. Unemployment: Nowadays different tasks are performed
automatically by using computers which has reduced the need of
people and thus increased unemployment in society.
2. Wastage of time and energy: Many people use computers without
positive purpose like in playing games, chatting for a long period of
time, spending much time on social media and it has adverse effects
on the health and social life.
3. Data Security: The data stored on a computer can be accessed by
unauthorized persons through networks. It has created serious
problems for the data security.
4. Computer Crimes: People use the computer for negative activities.
They hack the credit card numbers of the people and misu se them
or they can steal important data from big organizations.
5. Privacy violation: The computers are used to store personal data of
the people. The privacy of a person can be violated if the personal
and confidential records are not protected properly.
6. Health risks: The improper and prolonged use of computer can
results in injuries or disorders of hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks
and back. It is recommended to take a couple of minutes break after
30 minutes of computer usage.
7. Impact on Environment : The computer manufacturing processes
and computer waste are polluting the environment. The wasted
parts of computer can release dangerous toxic materials.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IT

1. Communication: Communication is the basic advantage of IT. Wit h
help of information technologies the instant messaging, emails,
voice and video calls becomes quicker, cheaper and much efficient.
2. Globalization: By implementing information systems we can bring
down the linguistic, geographical and some cultural boundar ies by
sharing the information, knowledge, communication and
relationships between different countries, languages and cultures
becomes much easier.

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3. Availability: Information systems have made it possible for

businesses to be open 24×7 all over the globe. This means that a
business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from
different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that
you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with
having to move a single muscle.
4. Creation of new types of jobs: One of the best advantages of
information systems is the creation of new and interesting jobs.
Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware an d Software
developers and Web designers are just some of the many new
employment opportunities created with the help of IT.
5. Cost effectiveness and productivity: IT promotes more efficient
operation of the company and also improves the supply of
information to decision-makers spending less amount in
advertisements. IT has a mostly positive impacts on productivity.
Disadvantages
1. Unemployment: Implementing the information systems
alternatively increase unemployment as with improvement of
technology the tasks that were previously performed by hum
employees would be carried out by computers systems.
2. Security issues: Thieves and hackers get access to identities and can
target sensitive company data. Such data can include vendor
information, bank records, intellectual property and personal data
on company management. The hackers distribute the information
over the Internet, sell it to rival companies or use it to damage the
company’s image.
3. Implementation expenses: To integrate the information system it
require pretty good amount of cost in a case of software, hardware
and people. Software, hardware and some other services should be
rented, bought and supported. Employees need to be tr ained with
unfamiliar information technology and software.

What is Computer Network? What are its types?

A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more
computers in order to share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. Network can be classified as under: -

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1. Personal Area Network (PAN): It is a computer network organized

around an individual person. It can be constructed by using cables
or wireless. It generally consists of a mobile, a computer, cell
phone, or PDA.
2. Local Area Network (LAN): It is a network which is designed to
operate over a small physical area such as an office, factory, or a
group of buildings. In LAN all machines are connected to a single
cable. It is usually a private owned network.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN): When network spans over a large
distance or when the computers to be connected to each other are
at widely separated locations; then the local area network cannot
be used and a wide area network (WAN) is installed.
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network is between the
LAN and WAN technology that covers the entire city. It uses similar
technology as LAN. It can be a single network as cable TV network,
or a measure of connecting a large number of LANs.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS: Computer graphics refers to the creation, storage
and manipulation of pictures and drawings using digital computers.
Computer graphics are used in diverse fields to represent data including
scientific researches, engineering applications, medicine, business,
industry, government, art, entertainment, advertisement, education etc.
It enhances the communication between the computer and user.
Computer graphics can be two or three dimensional. Two-Dimensional
computer graphics are digital images that are computer based. They
include two dimensional geometric models having height and width only,
such as photographs, image composition, or text etc. Three-Dimensional
computer graphics are graphics that use 3D representation having length,
width and depth. These can be used for real time 3D viewing in
animations, videos, simulations, architectural visualization, etc.
COMPUTER SECURITY: Computer security refers to the protection of
computer systems and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized
use. Most computer security measures include data encryption and
passwords. Prevention of data theft such as bank account numbers, credit
card information, passwords, work related documents or sheets, etc. is
essential in today’s communications since many of our day to day actions
depend on the security of the data paths.

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Security Breach: A security breach or violation is any incident that

results in unauthorized access of data, applications, services, networks or
devices by bypassing underlying security mechanisms. A computer
security is breached or violated by many ways, among them virus ,
spyware or adware are the common one.
Computer Virus: A Computer Virus is a malicious software program
“Malware” that can infect a computer by modifying or deleting data files,
boot sector of a hard disk drive or causes a software program to work in
an unexpected manner. Virus attaches itself to files stored on floppy
disks, USBs, email attachments and hard disks. If an infected file is copied
to a computer, virus is also copied to the computer. Virus can steal user
data, delete or modify files & documents , records keystrokes & web
sessions of a user. It can also steal or damage hard disk space and it can
also slow down computer’s performance. It can be avoided by not
installing pirated softwares usually infected with malware, installing
antivirus or anti-malware and opening e-mails and web pages from
recognized senders and authors.
INTERNET BROWSERS: Internet or web browser is a software program
that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages on the
internet, as well as other content created usi ng languages such as
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Markup Language
(XML). The main purpose of internet browser is to translate the code /
language that computers use to create websites into human readable
content i.e. text, graphics, etc.
Law is made easy with internet browsing: Internet browsing is an
easementry tool for human in many ways, thus it has also benefited the
legal practitioners in many ways. It not only benefits the professionals but
also aids the students in many ways. Legal professionals can search any
law, law citations, judgments using internet. The students can learn in
many ways through internet as the professional teachers around the
globe publish their lectures on the internet, which assist the students in
their study, assignments, making handouts or notes, etc.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR GOOD ADVOCACY: Communication skills

play vital role and considered as spinal cord of good advocacy. If a lawyer
is good communicator he will embrace success more quickly. An advocate

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is pleading on behalf of his client, for that he must understand the matter
first. He not only needs to hear the words of client but must also pay
attention to his voice, tone and body language for ascertaining the real
facts. A good lawyer is capable of b uilding relationship with client easily
and quickly through his honesty and realistic explanations in the matter,
and clients hire lawyers because they have a rapport with them. Building
relationship expands clientage. A good lawyer knows how to act in
different situation and deal with the clients, thus it is important to
understand the situation and act accordingly. During pleading the matter
a good lawyer talks less but effective; because excessive explanation
dilute your arguments.
DATABASES: Database is the collection of data, or information, which is
specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer.
Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification,
and deletion of data. For example, Facebook needs to store, manipulate
and present data related to members, their friends, member activities,
messages, advertisements and lot more. Another example is of electricity
service provider that is obviously using a database to manage billing,
client related issues, to handle fault data, etc. A common example is of
our phone book where contacts are stored. In order to maintain and
access the database, a Database Management System (DBMS) is used. This
kind of system manages and protects data so that the database is safe and
secure.

INFORMATION SYSTEM: An information system is defined as the software

that helps organize and analyze data. It is the combination of people,
hardware and software, communication devices, network and data
resources that processes data and information for a specific purpose. The
purpose of an information system is to turn raw data into useful
information that can be used for decision making in an organization. Its
components are as under:
1. Hardware: Computer-based information systems use computer
hardware, such as processors, monitors, keyboard and print ers.
2. Software: These are the programs used to organize, process and
analyze data.

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3. Databases: Information systems work with data, organized into

tables and files.
4. Network: Different elements need to be connected to each other,
especially if many different people in an organization use the same
information system.
5. Procedures: These describe how specific data are processed and
analyzed in order to get the answers for which th e information
system is designed.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS: The word communication is derived from latin
word “communicare” and “communico” and French word “communis”
which means imparting, conveying or exchange of ideas. Thus
communication is the art and craft of transmitting information, ideas,
concepts and messages between two or more persons. Communication
holds great significance in our daily lives and human activities. It is
needed for making decisions. All human activities, business transactions
become possible because of communication. Communication cannot exist
in the absence of any of the following:
1. Sender: There is a person also known as encoder who intends to
pass some sort of information.
2. Message; Sender or encoder passes some idea, information or
message.
3. Medium: The sender sends the message through a particular mode,
the maybe air if there iv verbal communication or a letter if
communication is made in written.
4. Receiver: There is another person a lso known as decoder, who
receives the message and understands it.
5. Feedback: When the receiver confirms to the sender that he has
received and understood the message, communication is complete.
Modes of Communication: Following are the modes of communication:
1. Verbal Communication: Communication, in which words, spoken or
written, are used to transmit information is called verbal
communication. It can be done in two ways:
a. Oral communication: It includes spoken words. For example,
face to face conversation, telephonic conversation, lectures,
speeches, conferences, etc.

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b. Written communication: It includes written words. For

example, letters, emails, newsletters, SMS, etc.
2. Non-Verbal Communication: The communication between parties
other than words. Communication takes place non -verbally through:
a. Body language: E.g. Body movements, eye contact, facial
expressions, appearance, voice, space, time, etc.
b. Paralanguage: E.g. Pitch variation, tone, volume, speaking
speed, word stress, etc.
c. Sign language: E.g. Signs, symbols, signals etc.
d. Postures and Gestures: Posture is the way we hold ourselves,
the way we stand or sit; it is the indication of our feelings and
thoughts, attitudes and health. Gestur e refers to the
expression of feelings through significant movement of body
parts i.e. hands, head, etc.
e. Attire or Dressing: A person’s dressing describes culture,
season, time of the day, occasion and thus a kind of non -
verbal communication.

PRESENTATION SKILLS: The skills required for an effective presentation

and delivering information to the audience smoothly are called
presentation skills. It includes the following:
1. Facial Expressions: It is one of the basic elements of presentation.
No matter how great content we have, our audience will not be
engaged unless we use face expressions, such as movement of eyes,
lips, muscles, eyebrows etc.
2. Eye Contact: Eye contact is considered as essential element. We
must look into the eyes of audience rather than at the walls or on
ground. We also must not stare at the same spot as it might make
audience feel uncomfortable.
3. Posture: Posture is the way we hold ourselv es, the way we sit or
stand. It indicates our feelings and thoughts, attitude and health.
We must not slouch and get tense during presentation.
4. Gesture: Gesture refers to the movement of different body parts
such as hands, head, etc. For example, if you a re making a contrast
between big and small, you can use hand gestures to represent this.

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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF COMPUTER

POSITIVE IMPACTS:
1. Positive Effects on Learning: We have access to a wealth of
information on computers, without visiting the library for research
and exploring number of books. There are online dictionaries,
encyclopedias, softwares for learning math, reading, science and
history and many more.
2. Positive Effects on Social Behavior : Computers offer many
opportunities to meet new people through social media network.
3. Positive Effects of Computers on our Personal Life : It provides easy
and faster communications with friends, family, etc living at distant
places.
4. Positive Effects of Computers on our Professional Life : It is useful to
Train online, doing job work faster, easy access to information,
appearing in meeting through video call, monitoring officer using
cameras etc.
5. Positive Effects of Computers on our Academic Life : It helps the
students to study at any time at their home, enables to attend
foreign lectures, more resources of information, helpful in making
assignments etc.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS:
1. Negative Effects on Physical Health : Spending more time on
computer makes unable to participate in physical activities, which
can result in weight gain, eye and back strain and possibly repetitive
injuries, etc.
2. Children and Exposure to Adult Material : Many people, especially
children and teenagers, are vulnerable to finding highly explicit
adult material. Pornography is easily acc essible to children, and this
can affect their attitude. Children who use the Internet also are at
risk of learning about different type of drugs.
3. Vision Problems: Computer use can result in vision problems called
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).
4. Exposure to Radiation: Many computers have Cathode Ray Tube
monitors that give off X-ray radiation that can affect your health
and can cause cancer, tumors, miscarriage and birth defects,
headaches and insomnia.
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5. Addiction: Computers also give you access to a wide variety of

information and entertainment. People who use computers for this
reason, which develop a computer addiction. This may cause a
person to become addicted to online activities like reading articles
and researching for fun, playing online games, visiting chat rooms,
gambling etc.
E-Banking: E-Banking or electronic banking refers to use of electronic
means for transfer of funds directly from one account to another, rather
than by cheque or cash. Basically E-banking includes Internet Banking,
Tele-Banking and many more electronic methods.
Internet banking let us handle our account is personal computer or even
cell phone using the internet. It may be used for transferring funds,
checking account statement, and payments of utility bills etc. In this
system of internet banking, a personal computer is connected to a host
computer of bank system over network, thus proceeds automatically
without need for intervention by customer ser vice representatives.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM): An ATM is a computerized
telecommunication device that allows a financial institution’s customers
to directly access their account, for the purpose of cash withdrawal,
checking account statement, cash transfer, payment of ut ility bills and
many other functions. For using this modern device, a customer is
provided with plastic smart card (ATM Card or Debit Card) adhered with a
machine readable magnetic stripe or chip containing his or her account
number. The customer identifies himself by entering a Personal
Identification Number (PIN) of four or more digits and upon successful
entry of the PIN, the customer is given access of his account. If the PIN is
entered incorrectly for several consecutive times, the card is retained in
the ATM as a security precaution.
Tele-Banking: Tele-banking is used by dialing a bank’s given Tele -banking
number through a landline or a mobile, and a customer can access his
account following a user-friendly menu through Interactive Voice
Response (IVR). The system is bi-lingual (two languages). It offers many
facilities including balance inquiry, requesting a cheque book, payments
of utility bills, etc.
E-Cheque: An electronic cheque is used in place of paper cheque . The
account holder writes an e-cheque using a computer or other electronic

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device and transmit it to the payee electronically after digitally signing it.
It is a form of payment made via internet designated to perform the same
function as of paper cheque. Electronic cheques were developed in
response to the transactions that arose in the world of e -commerce.
Importance: The costs associated with issuing an electronic cheque
are lower as compared to paper cheque. Electronic cheques come with a
lower risk of the associated funds being stolen, as there is no tangible
item to intercept. A common example of electronic cheque is sending an
employee’s wage directly into his account.
Smart Card: A smart card contains an embedded 8-bit microprocessor as
opposed to a magnetic stripe present on a credit and a debit card. The
microprocessor is for security, the host computer and card reader actually
to the microprocessor and thus access to data on the card. A smart card
can be used to make purchases from their credited account, debit account
or any other.
Debit Card: A debit card also known as “cheque card” makes transactions
directly from the available amount in customer’s linked account. It is
embedded with a machine readable magnetic stripe containing the
customer’s account number and protected by a Personal Identification
Number (PIN). If the required amount is not available in the account, the
transaction is not complete due to insuffic ient amount. This card can also
be used in ATM Machines for the purpose of cash withdrawal, balance
enquiry, transfer of funds and payment of bills, etc. Debit cards are
accepted at many locations including grocery stores, retail stores,
gasoline stations and restraints, etc. It is an alternate to carry cheque
book or cash.
Credit Card: A credit card is a substitute of cheque or cash and used to
make transactions on limited credit to be paid for annually. It is
embedded with magnetic stripe holding a machine readable code. It is the
essential component of e-commerce.
Microsoft Word: Microsoft word also called winword is a word processor
developed by Microsoft used to create professional quality documents,
reports, letters and resumes. It has various features including plain text
editor, spell check, grammar check, text and font formatting, page layout
and many more. Its default file use “.docx” extension.

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Microsoft Powerpoint: Microsoft powerpoint is presentation software

program that creates a slide show of important notes to display during a
presentation. It is mostly used for business and school presentations.
Powerpoint slides can be plain with only text, or they can include pictures
and even animations, including moving texts and images. Its file is saved
as “.ppt” or “.pptx” file extension.
Microsoft Excel: Microsoft Excel is a software program capable of
creating spreadsheets consisting of columns and rows, and their
transactions forming cells. Each of these cells can contain either text or
numerical values that can be calculated using formula s. General uses of
Excel include cell based calculation, pivot tables, graphing tools, creating
a monthly budget, tracking business expenses, or organizing large amount
of data. Its file is saves as “.xls” or “.xlsx” file extension.
Microsoft Access: Microsoft access is a Database Management System
(DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the rational Microsoft Jet Database
Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools.
Microsoft Access stores information which is called a Database. Its
standard file extension is “.accdb”.

Importance of Communication in Business:

Communication is business may be provided within several channels
of communication, such as email, internet, social network, radio,
television, public speeches and personal communication. Effective
communication is a vital tool for any business owner. With effective
communication one can be able to clearly explain company policies to
customers and clients and answer their questions about products or
services. Effective communication can help to foster a good working
relationship between you and your staff, which can in turn improve
morale and efficiency.

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