University of Engineering and

Technology Lahore

Environment and Safety

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

 Learning objectives

❖ To study about hazard identification

❖ To learn about risk assessment

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 Introduction
❖Safety management leads to
❑Avoiding injuries/casualties
❑Increased productivity
❑Avoiding costly, time consuming, stressful
and inconvenient incidents

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Fatality data, 2010

Courtesy: International association of Oil and Gas 4

Producers, Safety Performance Indicators-data 2010
Fatality data, 2010

Courtesy: International association of Oil and Gas 5

Producers, Safety Performance Indicators-data 2010
Safety Pyramid

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 Safety Pyramid
❖ At Risk behavior: Risks are there as by disobeying traffic
rules, no proper maintenance of vehicles, equipments but
no incident occurs.
❖ Near Misses: incident occurs but there is no damage.
❖ Recordable injuries: Injuries are reported but with these
injuries working is not disturbed.
❖ Last workday cases: No work can be done with these
injuries or damages.
❖ Fatality: Death occurs with the incident.
❖ Ratio of fatality to at risk behaviors is:

1 fatality : 300,000 at risk behaviors

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 Continue…..
❖At-risk behaviors: At-risk behaviors are due to lack of
safety programs, training, bypassing safety
components on machinery and eliminating safety
steps to save time

❖ At-risk behaviors can be reduced with proper

training

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 Hazard, Incident
❖Hazard means a chemical or physical condition
that has potential to cause damage to people,
property or, environment.
❖Hazard is a scenario, which is a situation
resulting in an incident.
❖Incident means loss of or contamination of
material or energy. All incidents do not
propagate to accidents.

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 Risk, Hazard analysis
❖Risk is a realization of hazard. Incident becomes
an accident.
❖Hazard analysis is the identification of
undesired events that lead to materialization of
a hazard.
❖It includes analysis of the mechanisms by which
these undesired events could occur.
❖It also includes estimation of the extent,
magnitude, and chance of any harmful effects.

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 Hazard Analysis
❖ Some of the frequently asked questions,
which lead to hazard identification are:
1. What are hazards?
2. What can go wrong and how?
3. What are the chances that it can go wrong?
4. What are the consequences, if it goes wrong?

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 Hazard Analysis
❖Answer to the question (1) can be obtained by
doing HAZID (Hazards Identification).
❖The answer to the question (2) can be obtained
by doing risk assessment which will
subsequently lead to the assessment of
probability of failure.
❖Answers to questions (3) and (4) will
actually lead to a detailed risk assessment.

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 Hazard Evaluation
❖Hazard evaluation is a combination of
HAZID(hazard identification) and risk assessment.
❖Hazard evaluation can be performed at any stages
of operation.
❖ During the initial design stages, hazard evaluation is
done using Failure Mode Effective Analysis (FMEA).
❖During the ongoing operation stages, it is done using
HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study).
❖HAZOP includes hazards investigation techniques,
detailed/standard industrial techniques and safety
inspection.
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Flow chart of Hazard Evaluation

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 Hazard Identification
❖ Hazard identification is the first step in all risk
assessment.
❖ The purpose of hazard identification is to
identify all hazards associated with the
planned operations or activities.
❖ It provides an overview of risk, which is useful
in planning further analysis of risk assessment.
❖ It also provides an overview of different types
of accidents that may occur in the industry.

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 Continue…
❖ Hazard identification deals with the
engineering failure assessment.
❖ Fault tree analysis is one of the common forms
of engineering failure assessment.
❖ It is essential to identify the hazards if one
wants to reduce risk.

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 Hazard Identification Methods
❖Process hazard checklists: Refers to a list of
items and possible problems in the process that
must be checked periodically.
❖Hazard surveys: Refer to the hazardous
materials.
❖HAZOP: Refers to Hazard and Operability
Studies, which is carried out generally to
identify the possible hazards present in any
given process plant.
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HAZOP study on an exothermic reactor
Consider the reactor system
shown in Figure 10-8. The
reaction is exothermic, so a
cooling system is provided to
remove the excess energy of
reaction. In the event that the
cooling function is lost, the
temperature of the reactor
would increase. This would lead
to an increase in reaction rate,
leading to additional energy
release. The result would be a
runaway reaction with pressures
exceeding the bursting pressure
of the reactor vessel. The
temperature within the reactor
is measured and is used to
control the cooling water flow
rate by a valve. Perform a HAZOP
study on this unit to improve the
safety of the process. 18
 Some other Methods
❖Safety review: Refers to a less‐form altype of
HAZOP study. The result depends upon the
experience of the person conducting the review
and hence the outcome of the review can be
highly subjective.
❖What‐ifanalysis: This is a less‐form alm ethod
that applies what‐iflogic to a number of
investigations.
❖For example, the question would be what‐ifthe
power stops? Answers to such questions yield a list
of potential consequences and solutions.
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 Hazard Identification Methods
❖Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis
(FMECA): This method tabulates the list of
equipment and their possible mechanical
failure under working conditions. This study is
capable of identifying the possible failure
modes of each component present in the
system and their effects of failure on the
overall performance of the process system.

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Hazards Identification in various
activities

Courtesy: OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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 Rigging Up
❖ Rigging up… is placing and assembling the
various parts of equipment.
❖ Here we focus on the common hazards and
solutions that many rig design.

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 Continue….
❖Potential Hazards:
❑ Being hit by the crane, load, truck, or forklift
truck tipping(tilting).
❑ Pinched fingers when assembling equipment.
❑ Burns from cutting and welding.
❑ Temporary eye irritation from welding light flash.
❑ Falling from heights.

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 Continue….
❖Possible Solutions
❑ Instruct all workers about safety procedures and
ensure that they are knowledgeable about job
hazards.
❑ Instruct workers to stand clear and keep hands
and other body parts away from pinch points.
❑ Wear proper long sleeve clothing to protect from
burns.
❑ Wear proper welding eye/face protection.
❑ Avoid looking directly at the flame or arc when
welding.
❑ Wear fall protection when working at heights.
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 Starting Drilling
❖Potential Hazards:
❑Being hit by the tongs(tools for lifting), or pipes.
❑Being caught between collars and tongs, spinning
chain, and pipe.
❖Possible Solutions:
❑Implement an effective pipe handling, make-up, break-
out procedure:
❑Stand outside the tong swing radius when breaking pipe.
❑Use proper tong latching(catching) techniques and use proper
hand and finger placement on tong handles.
❑Stand clear of the rotary table when it is rotating.
❑Use a tail rope on the spinning chain to keep hands
away.
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 Continue…..
❖Potential Hazards:
❑Receiving strains(injury by overexertion) and
sprains(injury by sudden twist) during lifting or
controlling movement of drill collars, bit breaker,
pipe, and tongs.
❖Possible Solutions:
❑Use proper lifting technique.
❑Hoist(lift up) slowly to limit pipe momentum.
❑Use mechanical lifting aids such as a rig floor
winch.
❑Use tail rope to guide as necessary.
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 Summary
❖ Safety pyramid
❖ Hazard, risk
❖ Hazard identification
❖ Some hazards examples from drilling
operation

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