Chapter

Technical Requirements for Cadastral

Survey

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Contents:
Technical requirements for Cadastral Survey:

 Approach of cadastral survey

 Sporadic vs systematic
 Free sheet vs trigonometrically controlled sheet
 Isolated vs seamless cadastral data
 Projection System
 Geodetic Network, Control points,
 Map sheet numbering system,
 Technical specifications,
 Standards
We already know Cadastre, Cadastral Survey, and Cadastral system.

Four essential elements of cadastral surveying and mapping:

I. Adjudication of rights in land

ii. Legal delineation and monumentation of property boundaries

iii. Surveying all relevant data

iv. Preparation of descriptions of the properties, usually in map form

Approaches of cadastral survey
1. Sporadic vs Systematic
2. Free sheet vs Trigonometrically controlled sheet
3. Isolated vs Seamless cadastral data
 Approach of Cadastral Survey
 Cadastre is a system of registering land properties based on a cadastral plan, ownership

documents, and a fair tax system.

The cadastral registration has 2 types now:

• Sporadic

• Systematic

 There are similarities and differences related to technical procedures and legal

document registration between the two types.

 When introducing new systems of land registration or land titling it is usual to consider

whether the most appropriate approach is for systematic or sporadic registration.

 Sporadic Registration

 Sporadic registration of land is the process of registering land on a case-by-case basis

usually as the result of a specific trigger such as the sale of the property.
 Sporadic registration is usually based on a specific action or actions of the owner of the
property to trigger bringing it into the registration system.
 The most common action used to trigger sporadic registration is the sale of the property.
 This was, for instance, used as the main trigger for compulsory registration in defined
registration areas in England and Wales after 1925.
 Sporadic Registration
 Sporadic registration has the advantage that it may be less expensive in the short term than
systematic registration and that it tends to target the most economically active property
first.
 It has the disadvantage that it will take much longer to achieve complete coverage of all
titles within the jurisdiction (FIG, 1995).
 If the intention is to register all (or even most) parcels, then sporadic registration cannot be
cheaper, and will likely be more expensive because of lack of economies of scale (e.g.,
neighbors all having to survey their parcels separately.)
 Sporadic registration can also be criticized because the claims of each case are determined
separately.
 Typically, public notice of the claim is a legal notice published in a newspaper.
 The process is not always very transparent.
 In contrast, systematic registration brings all claims in an area to light at the same time.
 It allows the population at large to examine the claims being made.
 Systematic Registration
 Systematic registration is the systematic approach to adjudicating, surveying and
registering parcels on an area-by-area basis.
 Systematic registration is relatively expensive in budgetary terms because of the typically
large numbers of parcels being dealt with, although on a per parcel basis the average cost
per parcel may be significantly lower than with sporadic registration as a result of
economies of scale.
 Systematic registration has the advantage that it will provide more comprehensive land
information within a given time frame.
 It will also give more people improved rights more quickly, thus supporting the general
development impact of increased security of ownership and reduced transaction costs (FIG,
1995).
Sporadic or systematic approaches to cadastral surveying and
land registration.
 When introducing cadastral surveying and new systems of land registration (land titling) in
the jurisdiction, the work can be undertaken area by area in a systematic manner or
sporadically, for instance, whenever there is a new land transaction.
 The methods can also be used simultaneously.
 A major disadvantage of the sporadic approach is that it will generally take a much longer
time to obtain complete coverage within the jurisdiction.
 A major advantage is that it requires fewer new resources and is therefore less expensive in
the short term.
 If the objective is to extend the Cadastre to a more comprehensive land information system
within a reasonable time frame, the systematic approach is generally more effective.
 The time factor can be influenced markedly by the choice of technical methods used and by
the standards for accuracy and data quality.
 In general, the systematic approach will reduce the time required to begin reaping direct
benefits from the new systems
 Sporadic Approach of Cadastral Survey:
⮚The survey is carried out for updating or gathering up-to-date cadastral information on a
particular parcel or group of parcels when a transaction occurs or during land development
activities(i.e. land Reform, land consolidation, redistribution, acquisition, plotting, etc.)

⮚It is only conducted at a specific time(not continuous) when required in part wise survey.

⮚It cost effective( at low cost), timeliness( less time).

⮚Few human resources are required.

⮚Convenient for adopting new technology in cadastral surveys but takes more time.

⮚Based on new technology

⮚Effective for updating LIS

⮚First registration is not required since the parcel has been already registered.

⮚E.g. survey for parcel subdivision( by transaction, inheritance etc)

⮚Survey for parcel plan of urban area.

 Systematic Approach of Cadastral Survey:
⮚Survey is carried out thoroughly area by area to cover the whole country( concept of
Goswara survey in Nepal)
⮚ Sometimes may be conducted for a district or Zone or Such region(Concept of Achham and
Arghakhanchi survey)
⮚It is used when the cadastral document of the whole area is required for adopting a new
registration system.
⮚ E.g.. when Nepal undergoes in title registration system, it would require a systematic
cadastral survey under a fixed boundary system.
⮚It is a more expensive and time-consuming method
⮚More human resources are required at once
⮚New organization or new structuring of an existing organization may required
⮚First registration is done in cadastral system
⮚This was initially adopted for taxation purposes
⮚The enhancement of the survey is based on the need for technology development;
increasing the rate of land valuation; improving land management and development
activities.
 Free sheet vs Trigonometrically controlled
sheet
• Cadastral Survey with local control points(Free sheet)
• Cadastral Survey with a national network of geodetic control points(Grid
sheet)
⮚Initially, the cadastral survey was carried out with a local control system and
this system was applied for 38 districts.
⮚The maps thus produced are termed island maps and were in the scale of 1 inch
to 100 feet.
⮚Mainly, Plane tabling methodology with the chain was used to prepare
cadastral maps.
⮚After the establishment of the Trigonometrical Survey Branch in 2026 B.S., a
geodetic control network having different orders has been established
throughout the country by triangulation method.
⮚The cadastral survey was commenced based on national geodetic control
points.
⮚Cadastral maps are prepared in a controlled sheet using fourth-order control.
⮚A total of 37 districts have cadastral maps based on national geodetic control
networks.
 Free sheet and Grid Sheet
 A local control point method of making a cadastral map called a freesheet map (Island map)
method was applied to 37 districts of Nepal.
mapping scale of 1’’=100’
 The scale of the map was 1 inch to 100 feet.
 Another method called a grid sheet based on the national control system this method was
adopted for 38 districts of Nepal.
 National trigonometric points are used for grid sheet mapping scales of 1:2500,
1:1250; and 1:500. The 1:500 was designed for urban areas and 1:2500 was designed for
rural areas depending upon land value ( Adhikary, 2002)
 The first time Kirtipur adopted the numerical cadastre was by using theodolite and
distomat in this method they calculated the coordinates of every parcel corner manually.
 The program has been implemented in two municipalities (Banepa and Dhulikhel) since
2006 AD (cadastral survey finished in Banepa).
 Free sheet and Grid Sheet

 Recently, a resurvey of one district among 38 has been completed in a controlled sheet.
Preparation of a series of cadastral maps of the whole of Nepal has been completed with
mapping of villages as single blocks (Adhikary, 2002).
 The total number of parcels is 24,300,000 (approx. including village blocks).
 Approximately, 9000 ha of village blocks remain to be surveyed.
 A concept has been developed to carry out the survey using Total Station so that it reduces
the number of disputes, increases the accuracy of mapping, and supports the
establishment of a land information system (parcel-based cadastral information system).
 Isolated Vs Seamless Cadastral Data

 Isolate data: Numbering system based on individual maps (map sheet), analogue
system maps
 Seamless data: Numbering system of parcels based on administrative coverage
(ward, VDC), digital system map
Real world
Curved Surface

Cadastral Map
Plain Surface
 Projection System

 Process of transforming the curved surface of the Earth into a plain

surface of a map or computer screen

 It is done with the help of some well-known geometrical surfaces:

 Plain surface
 Conical surface
 Cylindrical surface
Projection Class
Projection Aspect

• Normal
• Transverse
• Oblique
 Projection property

• Conformal
• Shapes/angles are correctly represented (locally)
• Equivalent or Equal-area
• Areas are correctly represented
• Equidistant
• Lengths of certain lines are correctly represented
 Conformal, Cylindrical

Equivalent, Cylindrical

Equidistant, Cylindrical
 Projection system used for Cadastral Survey of
Nepal
 For the Cadastral
Survey in Nepal, the
Modified Universal
Transverse Mercator
(MUTM) projection
system is used
• Projection surface is
Cylinder
• Aspect is Transverse
• Projection plane is
Secant
Instead of 6 degree zone,
3 degree zone is used for
mapping
Projection system used for Cadastral Survey of Nepal
 Cylindrical
 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
 Modified Universal Transverse Mercator(MUTM)
 Central meridians 81, 84 and 87 degree
 Scale factor = 0.9999
 False easting= 500000m
 Origin Nagarkot
 Spheroid Everest 1830
 Datum Everest Bangladesh
Geodetic Network of Control Points for Cadastral
Mapping
Projection System Followed by Cadastral System of Nepal
• Geodetic Coordinate System:
Spheroid--- Everest
1830 a=6377276.345
b=6356075.413
• Projection System (aka Projected Coordinate System)
• Projection--- Modified
Universal Transverse
Mercator(MUTM)
 Origin-- Longitude 810,840,870 East and Latitude 00 North at the equator
 False Co-ordinates of origin 500000m easting at central meridian
 0 m northing at equator
 Scale factor at Central meridian 0.9999
 Map Sheet Numbering System
DOS specification for cadastral mapping:

⮚Sheet format: 50cm X 50cm

⮚Sheet type : permatrace(75micron)
⮚Scale : 1:2500 for open area( agriculture land)
1: 1250 for the rare village
1: 500 for a dense village or urban area Plotting Error
0.25mm *500= 12.5cm
0.25mm*1250=31.25 cm
⮚Projection: MUTM 0.25mm*2500=62.5cm
⮚Method: PT/ TS for digital survey
⮚Plotting error: 1/4th of 1mm of the corresponding scale
⮚Pencil for plotting: Hard( 4H)
⮚Color: black and white
⮚Control: National grid-based
Sheet
Sheet Numbering For Large Scale Map
Geographic location of Nepal is extended from
8+ degrees East_West
4+ degrees North_South
For convenience, a region of
9 degree east-west and 5 degree north-south is taken
 81 84 87

According to MUTM criteria, Nepal (9 degree east-west) is divided into three 3 degree zones
Each 3 degree zone has a central meridian, located at 81, 84, and 87 degree east
1 2 3 4 5 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 121 122 123 124 125 126

7 8 9 10 11 12 67 68 69 70 71 72 127 128 129 130 131 132

13 14 15 16 17 18 73 74 75 76 77 78 133 134 135 136 137 138

19 20 21 22 23 24 79 80 81 82 83 84 139 140 141 142 143 144

25 26 27 28 28 30 85 86 87 88 89 90 145 146 147 148 149 150

31 32 33 34 35 36 91 92 93 94 95 96 151 152 153 154 155 156

37 38 39 40 41 42 97 98 99 100 101 102 157 158 159 160 161 162

43 44 45 46 47 48 103 104 105 106 107 108 163 164 165 166 167 168

49 50 51 52 53 54 109 110 111 112 113 114 169 170 171 172 173 174

55 56 57 58 59 60 115 116 117 118 119 120 175 176 177 178 179 180

• Each 3 degree zone is further divided into 30 minutes grids, resulting 6 grids east-
west and 10 grids north-south,
• altogether 60 grids per zone and 180 grids all over Nepal
• Numbering is done as 1 to 60 in first zone, 61 to 120 in second zone and 121 to 180
in third zone
 81 84 87

1 2 3 4 5 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 121 122 123 124 125 126

7 8 9 10 11 12 67 68 69 70 71 72 127 128 129 130 131 132

13 14 15 16 17 18 73 74 75 76 77 78 133 134 135 136 137 138

19 20 21 22 23 24 79 80 81 82 83 84 139 140 141 142 143 144

25 26 27 28 28 30 85 86 87 88 89 90 145 146 147 148 149 150

31 32 33 34 35 36 91 92 93 94 95 96 151 152 153 154 155 156

37 38 39 40 41 42 97 98 99 100 101 102 157 158 159 160 161 162

43 44 45 46 47 48 103 104 105 106 107 108 163 164 165 166 167 168

49 50 51 52 53 54 109 110 111 112 113 114 169 170 171 172 173 174

55 56 57 58 59 60 115 116 117 118 119 120 175 176 177 178 179 180

Each grid sheet represents an area of

50 km * 50 km on the ground
 1-114-2

625 m*625 m

128-46-02
Scale
10-1146
1:1250
250 m*250 m

1.25 km*1.25 km

Scale Scale
1:2500 1:500
 1 2 1250/2=625 *625m

102-1146-2
102-1146

3 4 625 m*625 m
1.25 km*1.25 km

Scale Scale
1:2500 1:1250
 Geodetic Network and Control points
 Fourth-order control points carried out with traversing ( Major and Minor Traversing)

 Use of 3rd order GPS or Triangulation reference for densification of fourth order control
network

 Now there is the use of Fifth order control points, which are carried out from fourth-order
control points.
 Chapter
5

Cadastral Survey Methods

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of Contents

 Annotation on existing map/image,

 chain/tape, compass, Plane table alidade, Total station,
 Photogrammetry,
 GPS method,
 Hybrid method,
 comparison of different methods
 Annotation on existing map/image
⮚Marking or annotating in photographs.
⮚Participatory approach.
⮚Example printed Google Earth images or aerial photographs or high-
resolution satellite images are taken to the field and demarcation of the
cadastral boundary can be made in the field with close consultation
with the local people.
⮚This approach is more people-centered than technological as it focuses
on incorporating community views.
⮚Since local people are directly involved in cadastral demarcation, cases
of land dispute also decrease.
⮚The technology may not be suitable for a cadastral survey of the urban
area but could be very efficient where quick rehabilitation or re-
establishment of land records are required like that of a destroyed area.
 Mapping techniques
• Ground Survey
• Chain survey
• Carrying out surveying
with the help of chain/ tape
• Less accurate

• Plane table survey

• Carrying out surveying
With the help of plane table,
Telescopic alidade

• More accurate than chain survey

47
Mapping techniques

• Ground Survey
• Total station Survey
• Carrying out survey with a special
instrument Called total station
• Accurate

– GPS
• Carrying out survey by
GPS, with the help of
signals from satellite

48
Mapping techniques
• Aerial Survey
– Photogrammetry/orthopho
to
• Making maps with the help
of aerial orthophoto
• Less accurate than ground
survey but very fast and
cheap
• Remote Sensing Imagery
• Making map with the help of
images taken from satellites
• Less accurate than ground survey
• Cheap and fast technique

49
Mapping techniques

• Hybrid method
• Combination of two or more methods

50
Chain/tape survey

 Carrying out surveying with the help of chain/ tape

 Less accurate.
 The principles of chain surveying methods are followed.
 The area to be surveyed is covered by a
network of several triangles and sides are measured.
 Well-conditioned triangles are formed.
 Best suited when the area to be surveyed is
small, plain, and simple details.
 A large-scale plan of a relatively small area is prepared in less time and
less budget.
 Should be avoided for large areas, forest areas, undulating terrain, dense
settlements, and crowded details.
 Plane table survey
⮚Carrying out surveying with the help of plane table, and telescopic
alidade.
⮚ More accurate than chain survey
⮚Its graphical method of survey where the positions of corners of parcel
boundary and other details are graphically located in the mapping sheet.
⮚ PT survey follows the principle of parallelism.
⮚ Field work and plotting carried out simultaneously.
⮚Plain alidade or telescopic alidade is used to locate the details and
boundary.
 Total Station
• A Total station instrument is a high-precision Theodolite equipped with EDM ( electronic distance
measurements) and a data logger (external data recorder for temporary storage) is used to capture the
coordinates of each boundary monument accurately in digital form.
• A cadastral survey is carried out with this instrument.
• Very accurate

• Application of total stations in cadastral survey is increasing. This is highly efficient and accurate for parce
cadastral surveys.

• The technology can be applied to urban as well as rural areas.

• The major limitation of the application in Nepal is the lack of professionals with limited knowledge in
handling this technology.

• It provides positional accuracy in centimeters and can be applied for measuring fixed boundaries.

• It provides better accuracy compared to other traditional techniques. By using this technique, the
required accuracy (12.5 cm or less) can be achieved.

• Trained manpower is required to adopt this technology.

 Photogrammetry
 Making maps with the help of aerial photographs/orthophoto

 Less accurate than ground survey but very fast and cheap.

 Following is the photogrammetric procedure/workflow for cadastral map

preparation
 Project definition
 Flight planning
 Ground control and signalization
 Aerial flight/Aerial Photography
 Film processing and scanning or taking photos with a digital camera
 Orientation/Aerial triangulation and block adjustment
 Convetional Rectification
 DTM generation
 Orthophoto production
 Interpretation of object of interest
 Identifying and digitizing objects of interest and parcel boundaries
 Field verification
 Final cadastral map/database preparation

 Maps and databases thus prepared is termed as orthophoto cadastre.

Figure: Orthophoto Cadastre
Remote Sensing

 Following are the main steps while preparing cadastral maps

through the remote sensing method.

 Image acquisition
 Orthoimage preparation
 Extraction of cadastral data

9
 Remote Sensing

 The use of high-resolution remote sensing data like Quickbird, Geo Eye, and IKONOS
can greatly enhance the on-map generation and verification.
 The use of satellite images is considerably less expensive than the aerial
photographs.
 It can be used mostly for rural areas where land value is low and small-scale
(1:2500) cadastral map is sufficient.
 Use of remote sensing may give relatively rapid, cost-effective, and mass production
in comparison to field survey techniques and further advantages are the provision
of historical records.
 In the case of Nepal since the cadastral survey of the whole country is already
finished the technology can be used more focusing on updating the existing
cadastral maps.
 Extraction of the parcel cadastral can be done more easily in multi-spectral bands
and the spatial objects such as buildings, roads, rivers, and other physical objects
are easily extracted from both multi-spectral and panchromatic bands.
 GPS Method
⮚Global Positioning System Method
▪ Carrying out survey by GPS, with
the help of signals from satellite
▪ Accurate
▪ Efficient
 Basic Concept of GPS:
 The basic concept of GPS positioning technique is a space-based satellite navigation system
that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth,
where there is an unobstructed line of sight to GPS satellites.

 It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver.

 Basically, a receiver on the earth tracks signals transmitted from orbiting satellites.

 Using these signals, the range or distance, to each satellite is determined by multiplying the
measured transit time of the satellite signal by the speed of light.

 Thus each GPS receiver on the earth uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional
location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.

 GPS-derived positions are related to a mathematical representation of the earth based on the
WGS84 datum.

 In practice, at least four satellites must be observed to estimate the users’ location.

 GPS has been designed in such a way that generally there will be 5 to 12 satellites available
above a user’s horizon at any point on the earth.
 Major advantages of using GPS in Cadastre are as follows:
⮚Traverse stages in the field for providing control points as required in total station
surveys (including reconnaissance, demarcation, establishment, observations, and
adjustment) are not needed.

⮚Not requiring inter-visibility between observing stations

⮚Ground control stations can be provided even for isolated areas.

⮚It is more accurate and simpler for establishing control points for cadastral surveys.

⮚The destruction of control point problems can be solved readily as the coordinates of the
control points can be restored digitally.

⮚GPS observations are not hampered by day/night or weather.

⮚Realistic accuracy (with position accuracy of ±1 cm and area accuracy of ± 2 cm 2 ).

⮚Simple field operation and appropriate.

⮚Economically viable

⮚Save time.
Hybrid Method

⮚Combination of two or more methods.

Eg Using the Total Station field survey method in an urban and dense
area and using the GPS method in a relatively open area where there is
no obstruction to GPS satellites or use of high-resolution satellite images
in rural areas.
Assignment 5:
 Chapter
6

Cadastral Survey procedure and

Workflow

-Dr Niraj K.C.

Errors in Surveying and Mapping
• Sources
– Personal: Because of human limitation
– Instrumental: because of the limitation of
instrument
– Natural: Because of the natural and
environmental changes
Errors in Surveying and Mapping
• Types
– Mistake: because of carelessness, inattention,
inexperience, poor judgment
– Systematic: follows well established
mathematical rule
– Accidental: does not follow any particular law,
random in nature
 Errors in cadastral Surveying
• Errors in Control points
– In observation
– In recording
– In computation
– In plotting
• Errors in Cadastral Surveying/ mapping
– In observation
– In recording
– In plotting
• Errors in preparing documents
– Area computation
– registration
– Making deeds/titles
Errors in cadastral Surveying
• Errors in Instrument
• Inconsistency
– Different system
– Different parameter
– Different observer
– Different period
• Errors due to different reference system
• Errors in Coordinate Transformation
• Errors in Projection System
• Limitation of Scale
• Limitation of human observer
 Errors in Margin of sheets
• Actual situation should be like this
• Area accurately represented in the map

178-0782-24 178-0782-25
 Errors in Margin of sheets
• Real case of Biratnagar
• Overlap of about 5 m
• Consequence is an area of the parcel less on the
map whereas more in the ground

178-0782-24 178-0782-24
 Errors in Margin of sheets
• Real cases of many places
• Gaps of a few meters
• Consequence is an area of parcel is more on map
whereas less on ground

178-0782-24 178-0782-25
 81 84 87

1 2 3 4 5 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 121 122 123 124 125 126

7 8 9 10 11 12 67 68 69 70 71 72 127 128 129 130 131 132

13 14 15 16 17 18 73 74 75 76 77 78 133 134 135 136 137 138

19 20 21 22 23 24 79 80 81 82 83 84 139 140 141 142 143 144

25 26 27 28 28 30 85 86 87 88 89 90 145 146 147 148 149 150

31 32 33 34 35 36 91 92 93 94 95 96 151 152 153 154 155 156

37 38 39 40 41 42 97 98 99 100 101 102 157 158 159 160 161 162

43 44 45 46 47 48 103 104 105 106 107 108 163 164 165 166 167 168

49 50 51 52 53 54 109 110 111 112 113 114 169 170 171 172 173 174

55 56 57 58 59 60 115 116 117 118 119 120 175 176 177 178 179 180

500000m E 500000m E 500000m E

0mN 0mN 0mN
One point may have more than one coordinates
More than one point may have one coordinate
 Conclusion
• Maps are representations of ground reality, not
the reality in itself!
• Representation may have errors! No maps are
error-free
• Errors can be reduced, but can not be
eliminated!
• Maps are solutions to some problems but not
to all problems
• Therefore, the map should be taken as a
reference, not as reality, reality is always on
the ground.
 Table of Contents
⮚ Establishment of Control Points

⮚ Notification and Awareness

⮚ Interaction with local community

⮚ Adjudication

⮚ Demarcation

⮚ Measurement, Recording, Map preparation, Documentation

⮚ Cadastral data modeling and database preparation

⮚ Land parcel registration

⮚ Preparation of ownership documents (Analogue and digital methods)

 Cadastral Survey Procedure and Workflow
⮚Area selection
⮚Notice published in gazette
⮚Planning
⮚Notification and awareness/Interaction with the local community
⮚Establishment of control points
⮚Adjudication, Boundary delineation, and monumentation, Surveying, and Land
Classification at once
⮚Preparation of records
⮚7 days notification and Registration
⮚Descriptive document preparation(terij/shresta/purja)
⮚Land owner certificate(purja) distribution
⮚Handover map and records to the District Survey Office

⮚Shresta to District Land Revenue Office

 Area selection
Cadastral survey area selection criteria:
▪ Condition of cadastral maps and land records: If those map documents
and attribute documents are not intact and are in deteriorated condition,
then there is a need for a new set of cadastral documents.
▪ If maps are prepared in a free sheet(island maps) based on local control
points. Then to prepare a new cadastral map based on a national
network of control points of that district/area, the cadastral survey is
carried out.
▪ Some areas have been hugely urbanized and there is lots of change in
natural and artificial details. And if maps are on a small scale, then to
account for urbanization and changed details, large-scale cadastral maps
need to be prepared.
▪ When the value of land in a certain place has increased highly, a tiny
portion of land matters a lot and there would be lots of land dispute
cases, then cadastral maps need to be prepared with very high accuracy.
▪ Other government policies and programs.
• Based on these criteria, the Government of Nepal decided to perform a
cadastral survey of a certain district/area.
 Notice published in gazette
Cadastral mapping notification is published in the gazette.

The intention of publishing government decisions in a gazette is to

make those decisions legal and official. After the decision is
published in the gazette, the respective organizations and people
would cooperate to carry out the cadastral survey successfully.
Figure: Examples of Nepal gazette
 Planning

⮚Survey office and survey team establishment on the project site.

⮚ The survey office held a meeting among local stakeholders and
discussed the surveying and land use classification categories.
⮚Gathering old existing records from (the land revenue office, land
reform office, trust, forest, etc)
⮚Survey teams are formed (team leader-1,inspector-2,amin-9)
⮚Team specified for particular VDC or Ward
⮚Preparation(instruments, sheets and other accessories)
⮚Starting date for the survey is declared
 Notification and awareness/Interaction with local
community

⮚Publication of 15 days notice.

⮚Local people and local government units are informed about the
cadastral survey/mapping.
⮚Awareness about cadastral mapping.
⮚Interaction with local community.
 Establishment of control points
⮚The geodetic survey branch of the Survey Department designed the
sheets(of scale 1:500, 1:1250, 1:2500) for an area for which cadastral
surveying is intended. The sheet generally contains 3-4 control points.
The control points that are plotted on the sheet are found in the actual
field with the help of D-card details.

⮚Provision of control points:

Based on trigonometrical points (control points) that are already in the
sheet, further additional control points(temporary) are established in
the area to be surveyed. The additional control points make the
cadastral survey easy and fast.

The following method is used to establish the temporary control

points:
▪ Intersection method
▪ Resection method
▪ Traversing
 Adjudication
⮚Adjudication is the process of legally recognizing the ownership over a particular
unit of land. The ownership is then formally documented in the land register and will
be the legal evidence that the owner owns that tract of land.
⮚In the adjudication process, the landowner, tenants, notary, adjacent parcel owners,
a representative from the local government unit aged and experienced people, and
the survey team formalized the ownership over the property land based on their
mutual understanding. The agreement between adjoining parcel neighbors with
their signature is recorded on paper, termed as muchulka.
⮚It’s a systematic ascertainment of rights in land.
⮚According to FIG definition “ Adjudication is the formalization of unwritten evidence
of ownership into sworn written statements to be legally recognized as documentary
proof of ownership.”
⮚Parcel boundary adjudication is the main cadastral process of land registration.
⮚According to PF Dale, “The function of land adjudication is to resolve disputes and
uncertainties about who owns what property, it may focus solely on problems that
exist when property is first formalized but in some jurisdictions, it is also involved in
many problems that arise after formalization.”
⮚Adjudication of public and government land in the presence of municipality and
district cadastral office representatives is done first. Then only the private parcels
and other lands are adjudicated.
 Boundary demarcation, monumentation, and
Surveying
•The result of adjudication is:
1. the proof of ownership is made
2. the demarcation of parcel boundary

•Then the defining corners of the parcel boundary are identified

and those corners are monumented using wooden pegs, iron
pipe, etc.

•The parcel boundary is surveyed using a Plane Table (PT) or Total

Station (TS).
Land classification
Preparation of records: (cadastral maps, field books)
 The plotting work is done in the field in case of a plane table
survey i.e. the map is prepared in the field.
 Along with plotting, the preliminary Terij and sketch are prepared
in the field.
 The preliminary terij contains all the firsthand information
collected on the field. This information is:
• Description of owners and tenants
• Description of a legal document of land registration
• Land classification, land type, crops, irrigated or non-irrigated
land, etc.
 After the fieldwork completion of a single sheet of that ward or
the whole ward, the map is inked. And parcel numbering is done.
Preparation of records: (cadastral maps, field
books)
Field Book:
⮚Prepared in the field after being inking and numbering the parcel.
⮚The area of each parcel is computed and filled up in the field book.
⮚It is prepared with the help of preliminary Terij and sketch(map)
⮚Only black ink pen is used
⮚No overwriting
⮚Schema as specified by DOS
⮚There is a linking mechanism between the plan and field book by
parcel number.
 7days notification and Registration
After completion of the cadastral map and field book preparation, 7
days’ notice is published. This 7 days notice has the following details as
shown:
 7 days notification and Registration
⮚Within these 7 days, If there are any corrections to be made on land
records by the survey team or survey office, the respective parcel
owner can file complaints. The corrections should be done within the
next 7 days after the 7-day notification deadline.

⮚From the 8th day of 7 days of notification, the first registration process
is commenced for those parcels without complaints. Registration is
being started(land owners come to sign in the field book and confirm
every entity(information about his parcel) of the parcel.

⮚Registration work is continued for a few days.

⮚For full and final registration 15 days’ notice is published, within this
period land owner or his representative would be fined Rs 5 per parcel.
⮚Survey office/team gives a written document as your parcel becomes
registered.
Descriptive document preparation(terij/shresta/purja)

⮚Terij document is prepared for all the registered parcels. Terij

contains all the landowners within the particular VDC or
municipality in an alphabetical manner.
⮚Two copies of the landowner certificate are prepared. One copy is
the official copy termed as Jagga Dhani Dara Shresta and another
copy is given to the landowner termed as Jagga Dhani Darta Purja.
⮚Land owner certificate (Jagga Dhani Darta Purja) Distribution
⮚Hand over map and records to the District Survey Office and
District Land Revenue Office
After 60 days of Land owner certificate distribution Map:

⮚Field books, Cadastral maps, terij, and area forms prepared by

the Survey Goswara are handed over to the District Survey Office
and

⮚Land owner shresta to Land Revenue Office (DLRO).

7 days notification and Registration
 Assignment: 6
1) List out the criteria for selecting an area for
cadastral survey.
2) Describethe planning part of the Cadastral
Survey Procedure and workflow.
3) Write short notes on:
 7 days Notification
 15 days notification
 Cadastral Data Modeling and database
creation
 Chapter
7

Land Registration process

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of contents

• Oral agreement

• Conveyancing

• Registration of deed

• Registration of title

• Registration process
 Land Registration

⮚Process of official recording of rights in land.

⮚Land registration is the process of recording legally recognized interests
(ownership and/or use) in land through deeds or as title on properties.
⮚“Land Registration systems provide the means for recognizing formalized
property rights, and for regulating the character & transfer of these
rights”.
⮚It gives an answer to the question “who” & “how”.
⮚Since a system of land registration aims at recording interests, the
system will also consist of information collections (e.g. land register,
index map, etc.)
Entities of Land Registration

The entity 'person' represents an individual or a group of people,

and answers the question 'who'.

The parcel represents a certain part of the land and answers to

the questions 'where' and 'how much'

The right represents a certain legal relationship (ownership, leasehold, or

another form of land tenure) and answers the question 'how'.

For the system to be effective, each of these three entities

has to be identified correctly and unambiguously.

Entity: an object about which information is stored.

 Type of Land Registration Systems

⮚Informal Conveyancing
⮚Private Conveyancing
⮚Deed Registration (Registration of Deeds)
⮚Improved Deed Registration System
⮚Title Registration
 Informal Conveyancing

• Conveyance:
⮚Document affecting a property transfer.
⮚Act of transferring property title from one person to another.
⮚Also called conveyance of title, conveyancing, or conveying.

• Informal Conveyancing
• Transactions are made informally, without any written evidence.
 Private Conveyancing

• Transaction is not legally recorded/registered.

• In such a system, land transactions are handled by private arrangements.

• Interestsin the land are transferred by the signing, sealing, and delivery of
documents between private individuals with no direct public notice, record, or
supervision.

• The documents are held either by the individuals or by a notary.

• In such a system, the state has little control over the registration process.
• Little security of ownership in case of errors and fraud cases.
Private Conveyancing
 Deed Registration
• Deed: a legal document signed and sealed and delivered to effect a transfer of
property and to show the legal right to possess it.
• In such a system, a public repository is provided for registering documents associated
with property transactions.
• There are 3 basic elements in the deed registration
system:
1. The logging time of the entry of a property
document,
2. The indexing of the document, and
3. The archiving of the document thereof.
• The transaction is officially recorded but does not ensure its legal consequence.
• Deed registration system means that the deed itself, being a document that describes an
isolated transaction, is registered.

• This deed is evidence that a particular transaction took place, but it is in principle not in
itself proof of the legal rights of the involved parties and, consequently, it is not evidence
of its legality.

• Thus before any dealing can be safely effectuated, the perceived owner must trace his
ownership back to a good root of title”.
Deed Registration
 Principles of deed registration

• There are many types of deed registration systems, these are all based
on the following 4 core principles:
1. Booking principle: the transaction will not have the intended effect
unless registration does not take place (for security purposes).
2. Consent principle: consent/ permission to the owner before disposal
of interest in land.
3. Speciality principle: identification of object and subject (as evidence).
4. Publicity principle: the transactions are published.
 Improved Deed
Registration System
⮚The system has some facilities that improve accessibility to the information.
⮚The system has better object specialty by clear description of boundaries using
parcel or index maps with unique parcel identifier
⮚The system has improved in the completeness of legal data through legal
mechanisms such as making the registration of the deed a prerequisite for the
transfer of title
⮚Improving reliability by assuring that the registered information is as good as
possible.
⮚The system has quick acceptance by checking formal requirements.
 Improved Deed Registration System

⮚ The Nepalese land registration system is an Improved Deed Registration System.

⮚The important aspect of this system: the provision of land ownership certificate and
parcel measurements information is kept in the form of a parcel plan or cadastral map.

⮚But this system lacks the guarantee of the register and parcel measurements with precise
boundary monuments with coordinates.
 Title Registration
 Registration of title was designed to overcome the defects of deed registration and to simplify the
process of executing property transactions.
 In such a system, the register describes the current property ownership.

 The transaction is officially recorded, legal consequences are ensured and state guarantee is
ensured.
 Registration is compulsory and the state plays an active role in examining and warranting
transactions.

 Registration of titles is generally supported by parcel indexes and precisely delimited property
boundaries.

 A title registration system means that not the deed, describing e.g. the transfer of rights is
registered but the legal consequence of that transaction i.e. the right itself.

 So the right itself together with the name of the rightful claimant and the object of that right with
its restrictions and charges are registered. With this registration, the title or right is created.

 In this system, each land parcel is unambiguously defended on a map, and rights along with the
name of the land owner associated with the parcel are mentioned on the register.
 Title Registration
⮚Each right is recorded once and incompatible rights are excluded. For
the transfer of the whole parcel, only the name of the owners is
required to be changed. However, for the cases of subdivision, a new
parcel plan is required and a new title is issued.

⮚The land owner possesses the title, a copy of which is archived in the
land registry agency. People rely on the information mentioned in the
register.

⮚In case of losing ownership due to the malfunctioning of the register,

the landowner is compensated.

Three types: English, German, Torrance

 Principles of Title Registration
⮚The mirror principle: registration reflects the correct and complete current legal
situation and no need to look elsewhere for proof of title.
⮚The curtain principle: the register is the sole source and no need for investigations in
the past

⮚Insurance or guarantee principle:

▪ the state guarantees what is registered is true for third parties in good faith and the
state is responsible for providing compensation in the case of errors.
 Cadastre and Land Registration

Owner Who?

Land Registry

Right
How?
(Title)

Where? Cadastre
Parcel
How much?
 Cadastre and Land Registration

⮚Land registration and cadastre (who and how along with where and how much)
complement each other to obtain authoritativeness, completeness, and legal
validity of the system.

⮚ The land registration system is exclusively concerned with ownership.

⮚Where as Cadastre may support records of property rights,/ taxation of land
/recording of land use.
 Cadastre and Land Registration

⮚Informal/ Private Conveyancing

• No mapping
⮚Deed
• Mapping can be
⮚Improved Deed
• Mapping required
⮚Title
• English System
• German System
• Torrance System
 Land registration process in Nepal

Legal provision:
⮚Responsibility for the registration of deeds is assigned to the LROs
(Article 8 of Malpot Ain, 2034).
⮚Different Chapters of Muluki Ain have been provisioned to register
different types of deeds.
⮚Only the license-holder law professionals have the right to write deeds
or applications to be submitted in any offices except written by the
applicant him/herself (Nepal Law Professionals Council Act, 1993).
⮚ The Electronic-Business Act, 2005 has provisioned for electronic
business and digital signature.
 Land registration process in Nepal

Types of deeds according to Muluki Ain

⮚Deeds hand over rights by sale or otherwise
⮚Mortgage document of any type
⮚Deeds of exchange
⮚Deeds of property division (Amshabanda, Chhodpatra
and Amsha Bujheko Bharpai)

⮚Deeds of severance or unification of severed immovable

property (hak chhadi diyeko likhat)
⮚Halaiko bakaspatra, Danpatra
⮚Deeds of Adoption
 Land registration process in Nepal

Documents to be included with the deed:

• Joint application of the vendor and buyer
• Original land ownership certificate
• Receipt of land revenue of the current year
• Citizenship of vendor and buyer
• Recommendation letter about house and road, valuation report of the
building (if any)

• Birth certificate and the citizenship of the father (in case of children below
16), recommendation from the local bodies (if the owner is a foreign citizen)
• Deeds
Land registration process in Nepal
 Land registration process in Nepal
Registration Process ...
1. Preparation and signing of deeds
2. Checking deed and documents
3. Checking records
4. Registration of application (tokan lagaune)
5. Order for parcel sub-division (if any other go-to sub-section 14)
6. Registration of parcel-sub division order
7. Order to the concerning section
8.

Activities in the
Checking deeds

Survey Office
9. Parcel identification and area check
10. Field verification
11. Parcel sub-division and temporary update
12. Checking parcel sub-division plan
13. Submission of parcel sub-division plan
 Land registration process in Nepal

Registration Process ...

14.Identification of vendor and buyer (Sanakhat Garaune)
15.Checking price
16.Collection of the registration fee
17. Registration in deed register
18.Registration
19.Updating records and preparation of ownership certificate
20.Issuing ownership certificates and registered deeds
21.Archiving deeds
22.Inking order
23.Inking and updating cadastral records (plot register maintained)
24.Payment of purchase sum
Supporting Slides
Assignment 7

 What do you understand by Land Registration? Describe the

Entities of Land Registration in detail.
 List out and Describe different types of Land Registration in
detail.
 Describe the core principles of Deed registration in detail.
 Describe the advantages of the Improved Deed Registration
system over the Deed Registration system.
 Describe the relationship between Cadastre and Land
Registration in detail.
 Describe the Land Registration process in Nepal .
 Chapter 8

Updating and archiving Cadastral Documents

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of Contents:

 Map Tracing
 Parcel subdivision
 Parcel history maintenance
 File map
 Parcel map
 Plot register maintenance
 Database maintenance
Cadastral documents includes:
1. Cadastral maps
Online application

Parcel ID. is 136.

Can you show my record
details please?

128
Parcel Subdivision (I)

77
Parcel Subdivision (II)
File
maps
Map Tracing
2. Parcel plans/Parcel map
Plot registers
Ownership certificates/title documents
Assignment 8

1. Write short notes:

⮚Parcel Subdivision
⮚File Map
⮚Map Tracing
⮚Index Map
⮚Plot register maintenance
⮚Database maintenance
 Chapter
9

Land Information
System(LIS)

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of Content

⮚Land Information System(LIS)

⮚Components of LIS
⮚Role of LIS
⮚Establishment of LIS in Nepal
⮚Digital Cadastre
▪ Data acquisition
▪ Data preparation
▪ Cadastral data modelor database preparation
⮚Modern approach to cadastral System
162
 LIS

⮚Stands for Land Information system(LIS)

⮚Mainly computer-based system enables to acquisition, manage, retrieve,
analyze, and display of land records efficiently.

⮚Efficient, effective and economic

⮚LIS is a component of GIS

163
 LIS Definition
⮚A geographic information system having, as its main focus data containing land
records. Land records are broadly defined to include resource, land use,
environmental impact, and fiscal data.

⮚Similar to a GIS, an LIS is designed specifically to create, visualize, analyze, report,

and publish land-based data such as parcel information zoning, land use,
ownership, and general property ownership.

⮚Specialized GIS systems most commonly found among municipal agencies geared
toward legal administrative and economic spatial analysis, known as Land Records
Information System (LRIS).

⮚A GIS-based system concerned with capturing, storing, analyzing, and retrieving

land and cadastral information.

⮚Manual or computer-based information system used to store, retrieve, display,

and plot spatial and textural data relating primarily to land features and
characteristics.
164
 Several formal definitions of LIS have been proposed.
⮚Best known is one adopted by FIG.
⮚A land Information System is a tool for legal, administrative, and economic
decision-making and an aid for planning and development which consists on
the one hand of a database containing spatially referenced land-related data
for a defined area, and on the other hand of procedures and techniques for
the systematic collection, updating, processing and distribution of the data.

⮚The base of a land information system is a uniform spatial referencing

system for the data in the system, which also facilitates the linking of data
within the system with other land-related data.
165
 A. Parcels

B. Zoning

C. Floodplains

D. Wetlands

E. Land Cover

F.
Soils
G. Reference
Framework

H. Composite
Overlay
166
 LIS
A typical LIS:
⮚cadastre as a primary component
⮚maintained by a unit of government responsible for tracking land
ownership, and control;
⮚Parcel based (PBGIS)
⮚hard copy maps and/or CAD or GIS software for spatial
representations

167
Maps Registers
(Spatial data) (Attribute data)

Computer System (LIS)

168
 LIS

⮚Relatively large (cartographic) scale (e.g., 1:2500 in rural

areas, 1:1250 in developing areas and 1:500 in urban areas)

⮚Bridge between legal (e.g., deeds) and technical (e.g., maps,

GIS coordinates) land descriptions

⮚May incorporate other technologies

▪ Parcel indexing systems (relational database management

systems)

▪ Surveying
169
 LIS

⮚Improved concept of multipurpose cadastre

⮚Parcels as one component of the layer-based system

⮚Oriented to integration and analysis of data

⮚geodetic reference framework as organizing principle

170
LIS

171
172
 Importance of cadastral records and land
information systems
⮚Fundamental to life food, fiber, habitation, recreation, and so forth
⮚Land parcel is the basic unit for access and control of land, land use decisions

⮚Current, reliable land information necessary for many public programs, for
example:
▪ Land planning
▪ Infrastructure development and maintenance,
▪ Environmental protection and resource management
▪ Emergency services
▪ Social service programs
173

⮚Basis for land markets, development, and other economic activity

 Components of LIS

⮚The PBGIS is an branch of the land information system.

⮚A PBGIS(LIS) consists of the following components that enable it
to function well within land administration

 Data sets (related to both spatial and non-spatial data)

 Process or functions related to data acquisition, data processing and
storage, data maintenance, data analysis, and data dissemination.

 Hardware and software including communication networks.

 Well-trained people.
174
 1. Data sets

⮚Two categories of data sets are generally stored in a PBGIS

I. Basic Cadastral Data

▪ There are three main cadastral data types (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988):
⮚Cadastral land parcel: land parcels represent the locations of legally
defined boundaries (e.g. district, village/municipality, informal or
customary areas, subdivisions and lots, and individually owned parcel
boundaries)
⮚Cadastral records- identifying land rights and persons who hold rights
⮚Parcel identifier
175
 Data sets
⮚Cadastral records:
▪ These generally describe three kinds of information concerning basic
objects (land parcels, land rights, and persons)
▪ However, to deal with with the particular country requirements,
formal or informal tenure and extended land objects of different
types of land rights (e.g. group rights, individual ownership)
▪ Copies of survey records, land ownership certificates, and deeds
should also be stored for future reference. The latest technique for
archiving these documents is to scan them and store them in a
database 176
 Data sets

Parcel identifier:

▪ The objects with unique identifiers serve to link the cadastral records with

many other records or information systems

▪ In other words, they facilitate data sharing among different users of the

information system

▪ Three important forms of identifier can be distinguished: name-related

identifiers, abstract or alphanumeric identifiers, and location identifiers

▪ The choice may depend on their uses 177

Parcel identifier

178
 Data sets
II. Additional Data

⮚It is important to relate the following data in the system in addition to the basic cadastral
data, as the users (municipalities, utilities, etc.) always expect topographical objects
together with cadastral parcels for their multipurpose uses

⮚These additional data as references provide quick and easy access to the area and
information.e.g
▪ National geodetic control points(geo-referencing)
▪ Topographical information(admin boundary, hydrographical, transportation, cultural and
DTM)

▪ Ortho-photos or images(high-resolution images (such as IRS, IKONOS, or Quick bird)can be

extremely effective as backdrops for the cadastral data, enhancing reliability

▪ Thematic (natural resource) information: This includes land use, vegetation,

179
soil, geological
and geophysical information for the users
 2.PBGIS Processes or Functions

⮚Information from a PBGIS can be used for juridical, fiscal, and many other purposes
(McLaughlin, 1975; McLaughlin and Palmer, 1996).

▪ The juridical aspect mainly concerns property rights and the mechanisms for land
transactions and specifies the boundaries of homogeneous spatial units. It also
describes the restrictions and claims on the property

▪ The fiscal part deals mainly with the valuation and taxation of property, usually
through mass valuation
▪ In the multi-use environment of land administration, the PBGIS is used for many
purposes, such as land reform, land consolidation, land pooling, land-related
statistical analysis, environment protection, utilities development and management,
the analysis of changing land use, the schedule of maintenance activities, and the
180

management of watersheds
 3.Hardware and Software

⮚The organizational functions, the applications, and the data content usually drive the
type of hardware and software needs in all information system development projects

⮚The organizational functions normally determine the system configuration, ranging

from a simple system to an advanced and networked system environment

⮚The database content defines the size, source, and update volumes of the data storage
components

⮚The applications define the software capabilities that are needed and it is the software
that defines which types and mixture of hardware components must be installed,
including network infrastructure

⮚Currently, the software capabilities are numerous, ranging from simple GIS functions to
181
most advanced functions, including Web GIS in a client/server environment
 4. People

⮚The human resources needed to develop, implement, and support the

operations of a PBGIS are a critical component of the organization and
eventually become the large ongoing cost of the system

⮚Careful selection, assignment, and management of the people responsible

for the system are important activities in the development or improvement
of the system in the organization

⮚The mixture and number of staff required are dependent on the roles and
responsibilities they have to perform, and on the size and complexity of the
system and the stage of the project
182
 Role of LIS
⮚The primary aim of a PBGIS is to support the administration of land,
such as the disaffection, transfer, valuation, development, and
utilization of land

⮚Geo-information(PBGIS) can also be used and analyzed for

formulating, implementing, and monitoring land policies, such as those
concerning land redistribution, land consolidation, land acquisition,
land allocation, and land markets

⮚The successful PBGIS should provide support for tenure security on

land in formal and non-informal environments by supplying current and
reliable information at the lowest possible cost 183
Role of LIS

184
 Benefits of LIS
⮚Guarantee of land ownership and security of tenure
⮚Support for land and property taxation
⮚Provide security for credit
⮚Develop and monitor land markets
⮚Protect state and public land
⮚Reduce land disputes
⮚Facilitate rural land reform
⮚Improve urban planning and infrastructure development
⮚Support environmental management
⮚Produce statistical data
185
 LIS Activities in Nepal

⮚First endorsed by the government in the 8th periodic plan.

⮚It was stated that a nationwide LIS established within two years
⮚Unrealistic and almost impossible mission
⮚ The LIS project was established under MoLRM
⮚Pilot work of establishing LIS was started in Bhaktapur District
⮚Software was designed to acquire non-spatial data

186
 LIS Activities in Nepal
⮚ Non-spatial (attribute data) were entered into the computer but the
performance of the software was not satisfactory
⮚The project could not be run smoothly
⮚A Separate Department was established in 2057 named DoLIA by
merging two components, the LIS project in MoLRM and the Archive
Section in SD
⮚New software was designed named DLIS to manage non-spatial data
⮚Spatial data were also acquired in Bhaktapur District, (partially) by
developing application software

⮚ The program was extended to the Kathmandu, Lalitpur, andKaski 187

Districts
 Present Status of LIS
⮚Mainly 3 institutions trying to develop LIS
⮚DoS, DoLIA, and DoLRM are trying their own
⮚DoS conducted a numerical survey to establish a digital cadastre to develop
nationwide LIS e.g. in Banepa, Dhulikhel, Panauti

⮚Digitizing existing cadastral maps for effective and efficient service delivery
and developing cadastral databases and establishing LIS e.g. In Kathmandu
(Dillibazar)

⮚DoLIA is capturing nonspatial data of Land Revenue Offices of Kathmandu,

Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, and Kaski District

⮚Similarly DoLIA is digitizing Maps and preparing spatial databases of

Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and districts
188

⮚DoLRM is also trying its best for the betterment of the situation.
 Evaluation
⮚Positive and Negative aspects can be pointed out
⮚Positive Aspect:
▪ All 3 agencies are trying to develop LIS
▪ All agencies are within the same ministry
▪ Increasing awareness
▪ Government commitment
▪ Interest in private institutions
▪ Possibility of International cooperation and help
189
 Evaluation
⮚ Negative aspect:
▪ No clear vision and policy on LIS
▪ Lack of scientific organization structure
▪ No mutual cooperation among 3 departments
▪ Lack of clear mandate and assignment of tasks (programs
are overlapping)
▪ Government commitments are seen only in words and
documents
▪ Lack of human, financial, and physical resources
190
 Future Strategy

⮚Clear long-term vision and policy

⮚Suitable Organizational structure

⮚Human Resource Development

⮚Coordination and Cooperation among the stakeholders

191
 Future Strategy

Cadastre
National Cadastral
District 1
Search database

District 2

Enter in digital (computer)

Authenticated
User Meta-Data
clearinghouse
District 3

District ... ...

environment
Find

Nationwide LIS District 75

192
Future Strategy

193
Assignment 9

1. What is LIS? Describe its component in detail.

2. What are data sources? Evaluate the negative and
positive aspects of the LIS situation in Nepal. Describe the
Future strategy of LIS in Nepal in detail
3. What is a parcel identifier? Describe the development of
LIS in Nepal in detail.
4. List out different layers of LIS.
5. What are the benefits of LIS? Describe the data acquisition
technique in LIS in detail.
 Chapter
10

Cadastral System of Nepal

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of Content

 Analogue cadastral system

 Digital cadastral system

 Maintenance of cadastre

 LIS in Nepal

 Organizations involved in the cadastral system

 Legal framework for cadastral system

 Land administration

Use Determination

Land Information
Value Recording

Ownership Dissemination
Relationship between land administration and political
objectives

Source: Adapted from van der Molen and Lemmen (2005:3) and van der Molen et al. (2008:6)
 Global Scenario

• Around 6 billion land parcels or ownership units worldwide

• Currently only 1.5 billion parcels are formally registered and have security of

tenure

• 1.1 billion people live in the squalor of slums

• With urbanization predicted to increase from the current 50% to 60% in 2030

• Further 1 billion being added to the world’s population in this time frame

• The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) currently represents 350,000

land professionals worldwide

• The current LAS paradigm cannot be scaled up quickly enough to meet the

demand
 Cadastral Surveying in Nepal

• Cadastral Surveying in Nepal is generally carried under Survey

Department by District Survey Offices
• The main functions of Survey Offices
– Cadastral Surveying
– Documentation
– Maintenance
– Land survey-related services
– Technical services related to land administration
 Cadastral Surveying and Mapping

• Adjudication of parcel boundary and ownership of it

• Determining the position of the land parcel based on parcel boundary survey

• Preparing a map showing the parcel position and other necessary supporting details

• Recording the details of the parcel regarding type and ownership in a register

• Preparing the title of ownership

• The complete set of documents prepared from the cadastral survey is cadastre

• Complete set of records regarding land parcel and its ownership, output or result of
cadastral survey: Cadastre
 Analogue Cadastral System
• Traditional method

• Chain surveying/Tape surveying

• Compass surveying

• Plane table surveying

• Mostly human effort

• Large-scale maps are prepared.

• Usually maps are prepared on the field.

• Hard copy maps and registers separately prepared. (maps and

field book)

• Records analyzed, stored, maintained, and disseminated manually

• Hardcopy ownership certificates, hardcopy Christmas.

• Example: Current Nepalese cadastral system.

 Digital Cadastral System
• Digital cadastre is that system in which the co-ordinate of every corner of
parcel is recorded and it is managed by a computer
• It is also said to be a digital cadastre when data are captured and processing
of these data in digital environments. Eg orthophoto cadastre

• Digital cadastre is a parcel-based land information including ownership,

tenure, right, restriction, land use, and land valuation acquired, stored,
managed, analyzed and disseminate the information in a digital
environment
Digital cadastre process in Nepal
 Registration

Within these 7 days, If there are any corrections to be made on land records by
the survey team or survey office, the respective parcel owner can file complaints.
The corrections should be done within the next 7 days after the 7-day notification
deadline.
From the 8th day of 7 days notification, the first registration process is commenced
for those parcels without complaints. Registration being started(land owner comes
to signature in the field book and confirms each and every entity(information
about his parcel) of the parcel
 Registration

Figure: Second Registration in District Land Revenue Office

 Data and information sharing

• Nepalese cadastre is a decentralized system.

• The local-level LA offices are District Survey Offices and District Revenue Offices.

• DSO deals with spatial data collection, maintenance, and edit, updating, and
dissimilation tasks.

• There is no data-sharing mechanism between LA organizations.

• They have a standalone system. Therefore, the people have to come to DSO and
DRO if they need any LA services.
Comparative Study of Some of International Cadastral
and Land Registration Organization
 Organization Structure of MoLCP

Ministry of Land
Management, Cooperatives and
Rehabilitation
Poverty Alleviation
Programme

Trust
DoS DoLRM LMTC
Corporation

83 Land Revenue and 21

Land Reform Offices

Cadastral Geodetic Topographic 83 Survey

NGIIP
Survey Survey Survey Offices
 Scope of MoLCP

• Policy formulation, planning, programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of activities regarding land
reform and management

• Land Registration (deed)

• Land (first) Registration and land administration

• Protection of state and public land

• Study, research, training, workshop, seminar (National/International) related to land

• National/International Boundary survey and mapping

• Land Reform

• Geodetic, topographic, cadastral survey

• Land information system design, archive

• National Geographic information infrastructure

• Land use planning, zoning, mapping

• Management of trust land

• Rehabilitation of landless, Ex Kamaiya people

• Management of Engineering/Survey service sector

 Legal Provisions

• More than 60 acts and regulations concerned in some way to land

• Most prominent ones are: Civil Code, Land Related Act & Rule, Land
Measurement Act and Rule, Land Revenue Act and Rule, Trust
Corporation Act, Land and Building Act and Rule, Forest Act and Rule,
Ownership of Joint Residence Related Act and Rules, Local Governance
Act and Rules, Land Acquisition Act etc.

• These many acts and rules have created overlapping and evading
accountability and responsibility making cadastre more complicated.
 Organizational provisions
Licensing
• Government Organizations
First attempt in Land (survey &
83 Survey Offices in 75 districts, 9 measurement) Acts 1999 (Eight
mobile Survey parties called
Goswaras. Amendments) has a provision to award
• Private Sector Involvement License to qualified Surveyors, but it is not
yet applied due to lack of rules and
Private Sector such as consulting
firms regulation regarding the process,
• Professional Organization or
qualification of the surveyor, terms and
Association conditions to honour the license, etc. It is
At present, there are two expected to start the system as early as
professional organizations related possible.
with the cadastral system in Education
Nepal namely Nepal Surveyor Land Management Training Centre
Society and Nepal Surveyor's conducts 3 levels of training, namely:
Association, Nepal Geomatics
Society. Basic Survey (SLC Candidates), Junior
Himalayan Democratic Republic of Nepal Surveyor (I. Sc. candidates) and Senior
entered into licentiate surveyor system on 4 Surveyor (B. Sc. candidates).
February 2008. Nepal Government Survey
Department provided “Surveying & Mapping CTEVT, TU, KU
License” for the first time to twenty seven legible
Surveyors amidst a function
 Property Rights

• A property right is the right to use a particular item of property in a particular

way (Needham, 2001:12205).
• Ancient Roman law describes ownership as consisting of usus (right to use),
fructus (right to the fruits) and abusus (right to dispose).
 CONTROL

• Reform of the land tenure system in Nepal was carried

forward a step by Land Act and Rules enacted in 1964.
• The Act has made provision to:
1. Impose a ceiling on land ownership, acquire land in excess of
ceiling and allot such land to others
2. Abolish Jimindary System
3. Give security to tenants-farmer and to regulate the rent payable
by them, andcollect savings compulsorily and make
arrangements for loans and credit operations.
 OWNERSHIP

The ownership of land has been established by the following means:

A. Primary Registration: Land recorded in the official register by land related laws from the
customary tenure such as Raikar, Public, Guthi.

B. Judicial decisions Sometime conflicts or differences arises the ownership of different kinds
of land. The cases may be filed to the court and the court order establishes the status of
ownership of the particular land by its judicial decisions.

C. Decisions by the Commissions or Committees: Several times the Government formed the
Committees based on Land Revenue Act and sometimes cabinet decisions for Commissions
to provide land right to the landless, squatters, bonded labor, displaced from natural
disaster, political victims and like others.

D. The government sometime decides to transfer its land right to others.

 Challenges
Disputes over land holdings, displacement and landlessness, and lack of documentation
and records.

1. Disputes over land holdings In Nepal, the number of disputes over land is high with
almost 47.5 per cent of all civil cases pending in the courts related to land (Chhatkuli,
2013).

2. Earthquakes or any other natural disasters generally increase the number of disputes
because of the lack of documentation.

3. Displacement and landlessness Households with informal tenure (informal and non-
formal) face the greatest impact from natural disasters. This impact may result in
displacement, resettlement or even eviction.

4. Lack of documentation and records The loss of documents through a natural disaster
can increase vulnerability extensively, especially when the land administration system is
only paper based.
नापी कार्ाालर् भक्तपुरको लापरबाहीले से वाा्ाहीला
मकाा
 भतिजले काकाबाट अं श पाउँ छन् तक पाउँ दैनन् ?

• मेरो सम्पत्ति म आफैँ ले कमाएको हो तर मेरो भत्ततजले अंश चात्तहर्ो भनेर

मुद्दा हालेछ। अब कानुनी प्रत्तिर्ा के कसो हुन्छ ?
•
मुलुकी दे वानी संतििा, २०७४ को परिच्छे द ३ कोेे दफा २०५ ले एकै
परिवािका पति, पत्नी, बाबु, आमा, छोिा, छोिीलाई अंतशयाि मानेको छ।
अंशको भागबण्डा लगाउँ दा सगोलको सम्पति ि सगोलको सम्पतिबाट बढे
बढाएको सम्पतिको मात्र अंशबण्डा लगाउनु पछछ ।
जग्गा तकिाकाट जनिाकै सुतवधाका लातग िो : भू तम व्यवस्था मन्त्रालय**

िीन वर्छदेखि िोतकएको जग्गाको तकिाकाट िुल्यो

साउनदे खि जग्गा तकिाकाटमा लागेको प्रतिवन्ध फुकुवा हुने , २० िोपनी जग्गामा प्लतटङ गनछ तमल्ने

जग्गा त्तकिाकाटमा स्थानीर् तहको 'दक्षता'मात्तथ प्रश्न

जग्गा तकिाकाट िुला : तवचौतलयाको दबाब पुति गनछ मन्त्रीको चुनौिी

• तीन वार्ादेखि रोत्तकएको जग्गा त्तकिाकाट िुला गरे पत्तछ भूत्तम व्यवास्था,
सहकारी तथा गररबी त्तनवाारण मन्त्रीले आफ्नो मन्त्रालर्ले "पत्तहले गरे को
त्तनणार् त्रुत्तटपूणा" रहे को बताएकी छन्।

तत्काल जग्गा त्तकिाकाट फुकुवाा नगनूा : सवाोच्च

असोज ८ गते छलफलमा बोलाइर्ो
कानुन नबन्दै जग्गाको तकिाकाट िुला

'िेिीयोग्य भूतम बाँझो िािे जरिवाना गरिने '

स्थानीर् तहको त्तसफाररसमा जग्गा त्तकिाकाट
िेतीर्ोग्य जत्तमनको त्तनर्ाारण स्थानीर् तहले गने
 Government will reclaim public land

• “As per the data received from the land registration offices where we have
introduced the online services, the government owns 3,454,603 bighas of
public and government land across the country,”.

• The latest report showed that around 4,300 bighas of land was encroached
across the country.

• Recently, around 19 bighas of government land registered in an individual’s

name in Barahathwa in Sarlahi district was cancelled.
Assignment 10

1. Describe the Organization Involved in Cadastral System and their

responsibilities.
2. Describe the legal framework for cadastral system and their roles and
responsibilities in detail.
3. Describe the analog and digital cadastral system of Nepal in detail.
What are limitation and challenges of Analog cadastral system of
Nepal? Why there is need of full digital cadastral system in Nepal?
4.. What do you understand by SAEx? Name the organization who
developed SAEx. List out features of SAEx.
https://studylib.net/doc/5387518/dlis-and-saex--and-digital-cadastre-pilot-in-
nepal
Chapter
11

International Practices

-Dr Niraj K.C.

 Table of Content

1. Examples of modern cadastral system implemented around the world

2. International professional organization in Cadastral Surveying

3. International conventions and declarations in cadastral surveying

4. Ethics, professionalism and code of conduct.

 International practice of cadastral system
Bhoomi online system

 is an Indian project based on online delivery and management of Land records.

 The Bhoomi project established for keep millions of parcel records to facilitate the farmer in

the state of Karnataka.

 The digital maps are created using free sheet hard copy maps and dense national level

ground control points (GCP) to geo-reference the maps by digitization methods.

 This data is stored in a database which was predefined as per national standards such as data

standards, specifications and data sharing arrangements, data model and infrastructures to

reduce redundancy.

 The key requirements are well defined for the security of e-documents against damage, loss,

and also save from corruption and misuse by any person using biometric login facility.

 The main feature of this system is users friendly for the farmers.
 International practice of cadastral system
• The cadastral system in Sweden originates from the 16th century, when the

king Gustav Vasa imposed tax on landholders around the country

• The first registers were made in the 16th century and land has been registered

since this time

• The National Land Survey was established at 1628 and aimed to create nation

wide geometric map

• The computerization of the Property Register and the Land Register did

however start around 1970

• After pilot projects, the gradual implementation of the so called Land Data bank

System (LDBS) began in 1976

 The Cadastral Map

• An index map of all current properties, showing their unique designations and
boundaries at scale of 1:10000 (rural) and 1:2000 (urban)

• It is now converted into digital form

• Information about topographic details, rights to land and land use plans, are
being linked to the data base

• Municipalities, the National Road Administration and the National Rail

Administration are, besides the Cadastral Authorities, some major users of the
cadastral map

• The National Land Survey is responsible for maintaining the cadastral map
database, but various233information is provided and updated by different parties
 Cadastre in Sweden

• The two ministries most directly involved in land-related issues are the
Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Sustainable Development.

• The Ministry of Finance is responsible for different issues of taxation

• Ministry of Justice mainly registers rights to land, including titles and

mortgages.

• The Ministry of Sustainable Development heads the National Land Survey

of Sweden (Lantmäteriet), which in turn supervises all cadastral actions,
more or less directly.
 3D Cadastre in Sweden

• A legislation for 3D real property formation (3D

Cadastre) came into force in Sweden on January 1st
2004.

• The purpose of introducing 3D cadastre in Sweden

 For a more efficient management of property

units containing different types of activities
where large capital investments are made

 to overcome the difficulties connected with buildings

located partly on top of each other, for instance
houses along hill slopes.

 make it possible to build new structures on and

above existing buildings, hence facilitating an
increased development of accommodations and
dwellings in the cities

• As of 15th November 2006, a total of 112 3D property units Fig: Extract of digital cadastral map showing
property designation and approximate boundaries
had been registered
 State Government

Environment Planning Land Administration

• State’s digital cadastral map,

• land registry and titles office,
• Crown lands management office,
• Surveyors Board, and
• business units for land information and resources

236
 Current Cadastral Systems

• Cadastral system in Australia are historically based on registering land

transactions generated by a land market.

• Role of cadastral system is to support the registration of land for

1. legal ownership,

2. registering the rights,

3. restrictions and responsibilities pertaining to land through precise surveying

methods regulated by government licensing.
 Administration
• At the time of settlement, in principle, land was to be separated and occupied after
survey thus surveying activities headed by the Surveyors General were given high
precedence in the colonies.

• Settlement surveys were hampered by harsh terrain, unrecognisable land, rapid

settlement and a shortage of professional surveyors and rigid and technical standards

• Each state and territory has significant uniqueness and complexities in its law governing
land and the cadastral system.
• There are four main arguments for retaining government control over the functions of
cadastral surveying and land registration:
1. Systematic and accurate records of boundary definition and ownership of land
2. Government guarantee of indefeasibility of title (but not boundaries) to private land
3. Need for systematic and accurate recording for land taxation purposes
4. Government needs to protect and administer Crown and other public land to ensure
against encroachment
 Advancement of Cadastral Survey

traverse methods using

Total Station GPS
Magnetic Compass theodolite

23
9
 Development of Cadastral System

• For about the first seventy years of European settlement, all the states relied on the
English general law and a deeds conveyancing system and its back-up of deeds
registration.
• Required each change of title to be made by a deed or other legal document such as a
will and probate.
• Documents formed a chain of title causing more expensive system.
• Fragments of the deeds system remain in the four states: New South Wales, Victoria,
Tasmania and Western Australia.
• Couldn’t solve predictable problems caused by failure to convey title through
unintentional or deliberate falsification of a document or loss of a document.
 Development of Cadastral System

• In mid 1850s Robert Torrens introduced his now famous system to

simplify land transfer, which had become expensive.
• The Torrens system as conceived had four qualities:
• Speed
• Simplicity
• Cheapness
• Suitability to the needs of the community.

24
1
 Principles of Torrens registration
1. The mirror principle:

• The register reflects accurately and completely current state of title; hence there is no need to
look elsewhere for proof title.

• It ensures that the register reflects legal interests in the land

2. The Curtain principle:

• The register is the sole source of title information. In effect a curtain is drawn blocking out all
former transaction; there is no need to go beyond the current record to review historical
documentation.

• It states that once a registration occurs unregistered interests affecting the land are not
enforceable against the registered owner

3. The insurance/indemnity principle:

• The state is responsible for the veracity of the register and for providing compensation in the case
of errors or omissions, thus providing financial security for the owners.
Computerization of spatial and textual data establishes the cadastre as an
integral tool in many areas.

These include facilitating:

• in a legal capacity, the registration of ownership of land;

• in a fiscal capacity, valuation of land sales and taxation; and

• more widely, in multipurpose functions in land management and planning

for local government, emergency response, Australian Bureau of Statistics
data capture, environmental risk assessment, and business planning.
 Content of Cadastral System

 Srilanka is divided into nine provinces which are divided into all 25 districts.

 There are over 8.5 million parcels of land that have to be brought into cadastre
(350000 parcels per districts)

 Proposed Sri Lankan Cadastral Systems typically comprises the following

components:
 Textual component - the land register, maintained in each Title Registry, identifies
real property parcels, which includes all land parcels and identifies owners' rights,
restrictions, and responsibilities, ownership, easements, mortgages etc.

 Spatial Component - Cadastral maps, prepared by Survey Department, show all land
parcels graphically corresponding to the registered title with plan numbers and
unique identifiers and accompanied by a schedule. The boundaries of the different
parcels unless such form permanent features on ground are defined by landmarks
as provided for in the State Land Marks Ordinance.
 Existing Cadastral System: Srilanka
• Governmental Organizations

• Government Agent:

• the custodian of state land in the District a variety of registers under different statutory
provisions are maintained.

• Survey Department:

• the plans in respect of state lands are prepared.

• Records pertaining to proceedings under the partition Act and those for declaration of title is
filed in the courts.

• Registrar General:

• Records pertaining to the Registration of Deeds (and the areas surveyed under the act passed in
1877) are maintained in the Land Registries.

• The system under Act 21 of 1998 for registration of Title to land, now it is being implemented
for three areas support legal land parcel identification of public and private rights.

• All parcel information will be computerized to facilitate wider land management and
environmental planning.
 Existing Cadastral System

Private Sectors Involvements:

• Cadastral survey of private lands are done by the Private Licensed Surveyors
• There are 890 Private Licensed Surveyors
• Surveyor General Certifies all the maps and plans prepared by them.

Professional Organization or Associations

• The Surveyors' Institute of Sri Lanka (SISL) is oldest professional body representing the
Surveying profession in Sri Lanka for over 75 years.
• It is well established in the international professional community
• It deals with the subjects of Land Resources Management and Surveying, being a Founder
Member of the Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land economy (CASLE), and a
member of the International Federation of surveyors (FIG).
• Nationally, it is a founder member of the Organization of Professional Associations (OPA).
• The SISL was incorporated by Act of parliament No. 22 of 1982.
 Existing Cadastral System:Srilanka

Licensing:
 Under the Survey Act 17 of 2002, Land Survey Council has been established.
 The Major functions of the Land Council are;
• Registration of surveyors,
• Issue of Annual Practicing Licenses to Surveyors,
• Maintaining standards and procedures relating to land surveying and inquiries relating to
professional misconduct and related matters of registered surveyors.
• Survey Acts and Regulations in each jurisdiction identify guidelines for licensing and
• registration of cadastral surveyors and the undertaking of cadastral surveys
Education:
• Formal training of surveyors began in 1896 at Technical college in Colombo until 1910
• In 1992 the Survey Department started Department Training School
• Later it was upgraded to the Institute of Surveying and Mapping(ISM) in 1967
• In 1990, the Ministry of Higher Education upgraded the ISM to award the degree in Surveying Sciences
• the Institute conducts several Continuous Professional Development programs for departmental and
licensed surveyors.
• Now the Government commenced a degree course in Surveying Sciences at the University of
Sabaragamuwa.
• Hence today there are two institutions awarding the degree in surveying.
 Thailand cadastral system
1. Civil and Commercial Code(1932) has been dealing in private land under the Land
Code(1954).

2. Under this code the Department of Land (DOL) conducts all cadastral surveys (e.g.
subdivision, maintains land registers and issues land title document.

3. Private land can be divided into 3 categories(Angus- Leppan and Williamson) as:

 Land held by title deed (NS4) based on full survey and adjudication.

 Land held by certificates of utilization which can be used for mortgages. The
plan consists of sketch based on rudimentary(basic or simple) survey (NS3).

 Undocumented land which some of this land is held on the claim certificates,
some without any documentation, though the occupiers may have a legal claim
to the land.
 Thailand cadastral system
• Torrens title registration system

• A system for recording land titles under which a court may direct the issuance
of a certificate of title upon application by the landowner.

• Land ownership is transferred through registration of title instead of using

deeds.

• The registration authorities must verify the application of the registration

including the document presented and legal registration to transfer the land.

Compulsory registration, all land must be initial registration, afterward each land
rights transfer must be registered as the transfer registration.

Mirror principle
If a person sells an estate, the new title has to be identical to the old one in terms
of description of lands, except for the owner's name.
Curtain principle
Ownership need not be proved by long complicated documents that are kept by
the owner since all of the necessary information regarding ownership is on the
Certificate of Title.
Indemnity principle
Provides for compensation of loss if there are errors made by the Registrar of
Titles.
 Land registration Process:Thailand

1. Transfers and dealing of land titles are

carried out & recorded in province land
office for each province. Various records
supporting registration system are:
 A proprietorship index showing, the
proprietor of all land titles or certificate
listed alphabetically in the province.

 A survey file giving all survey & subdivision

information for each parcel.

 A dealing file for each parcel, joining all

dealing documents for initial adjudication
Fig: Front title document shows proprietorship
on wards, in chronological order. index, survey file & back title document shows
dealing file
Fig: Digital cadastral Base map or sheet
 Cadastral Management System

• Functions includes the collection, storage, processing, analysis,

administration to provide the rapid and accurate services for the society
and governments.

• In the recent years, the cadastral information construction in China has

obtained great achievements, and the cadastral information has
become the important technological supporting of the information of
the national land resource, especially the information of the land
management.
 Property Rights

• Ownership rights- right to possess, utilize, dispose of and obtain profits from the real

property

• Usufructuary rights -right to possess, utilize and obtain profits from the real properties

owned by others

• security rights -rights include mortgages, pledges and liens.

 Land Registration

1. Land registration is the process of recording legally recognized interests

(ownership and/or use) in land (McLaughlin/Nichols 1989).
2. The modern land registration system of China was established at the end of
1980’s last century.
3. According to “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China” there is
• state-owned land and
• collective-owned land.
System and user requirement for cadastral system
S.NO Requirements Implementation/Design

1 A simple and user friendly interface Design a web based system

2 Remote data access capability Design and implement client server

approach database, data server,
data view, edit function and
download facility.

3 Simultaneous data access and query from Data view, edit function and
several Authorized offices download facility

4 Capabilities of handling both spatial and Spatial part handled by QGIS and
attribute data concurrently attribute edit facility in web based
system

5 Data security and user management Password protection and role

management
6 Basic working principles should match the Matching with basic LA practice and
existing land administration practices, with process
some modifications and improvements
 Cadastre vision 2014:FIG commission VII

1. Complete legal situation of land, including public rights and

restrictions

2. The separation between maps and registers will be abolished

3. The Cadastral mapping will be dead, long live modeling

4. ‘Paper and pencil – cadastre’ will have gone

5. Public and private sector are working closely together

6. Cadastre 2014 will be cost recovering

 Cadastre vision 2034

• Move from approximate boundary representation towards survey-accurate

boundary representation

• Focus shift from purely parcel-based systems towards systems of layered

property objects

• Expansion from 2D approaches to include the third (height) and fourth (time)
dimensions

• Updating and accessing of cadastral information in real time

• Making national and state-based cadasters interoperable at regional and global

levels

• Inclusion in property interests, now designed around strict bearings and

distances or Cartesian coordinates, of modeled organic natural environment by
enabling fuzzy and dynamic boundary definitions.
 Professional

1. Following an occupation as a means of livelihood or for gain: a

professional Surveyor.

2. Relating to, or connected with a profession: professional studies.

3. Appropriate to a profession : professional objectivity.

4. Engaged in one of the learned profession: A lawyer is a professional

person.

5. Following as a business an occupation ordinarily engaged in as a

pastime: a professional golfer.
 Who is a professional
• Expert and specialized knowledge in field which one is practicing professionally.

• Excellent practical and literary skills in relation to profession.

• High quality work in (examples): creations, products, services, presentations,

consultancy…

• A high standard of professional ethics, behavior and work activities while carrying out
one's profession (as an employee, self-employed person, career, enterprise, business,
company, or partnership/associate/colleague, etc.).

• The professional owes a higher duty to a client, often a privilege of confidentiality, as

well as a duty not to abandon the client just because he or she may not be able to pay
or remunerate the professional.

• Often the professional is required to put the interest of the client ahead of his own
interests.
 Professionalism

1. Professional character, spirit, or methods.

2. Standing, practice, or methods of a professional, as distinguished
from an amateur (unprofessional).
3. Methods, character, status, etc, of a professional
 Ethics

• Ethics, also known as moral

philosophy, is a branch of philosophy
that addresses questions about
morality — that is, concepts such as
good and evil, right and wrong, justice
and crime, etc

• "Ethics has to do with what my feelings

tell me is right or wrong.“

• "Ethics has to do with my religious

beliefs.“

• "Being ethical is doing what you think is

right “

• "Ethics consists of the standards of

behavior, our society accepts."
 Code of conduct
1. A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the
responsibilities of or proper practices for an
individual, party or organization.

2. "Principles, values, standards, or rules of

behavior that guide the decisions, procedures
and systems of an organization in a way that:

(a) contributes to the welfare of its key

stakeholders, and

(b) respects the rights of all

constituents affected by its
operations."
 Surveyor’s work

1. A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and

technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;

• Determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects,

point-fields and trajectories;

• Assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,

2. Use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land,
the sea and any structures there on; and,

• Conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.

 Surveyor’s work (FIG)

1. The surveyor’s professional tasks may involve one or more of the following
activities which may occur either on, above or below the surface of the
land or the sea and may be carried out in association with other
professionals.
• The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurement of all
data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth
and monitoring any change therein.

• The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and
monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or
below the surface of the earth.
 Surveyor’s work (FIG)
3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems
for the above-mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes.
4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and
satellite imagery and the automation of these processes.
5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land,
including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those
lands with the appropriate authorities.
6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information
systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and
dissemination of data.
7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in
GIS, including the visualisation and communication of such data in maps, models
and mobile digital devices.
 Surveyor’s work (FIG)

8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine
resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and
regional areas.

9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and
whether land or buildings.

10. The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and
whether land or buildings.

11. The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the
estimation
Assignment 11

1. List out the examples of at least 4 modern cadastral system implemented

around the world and mention their organization structure, database and
services, Land Transaction process and Capacity Building in detail.
2. List out and describe roles and responsibilities of International professional
organizations in Cadastral Surveying in detail.
3. What do you understand by Professionalism and professional code of Conduct?
List out and describe the ethical principal of code of conduct followed by
surveyor.
4. Describe Model Code of Professional Conduct recommended by FIG for all
Professional surveyors.
5. . Describe the Cadastral system of Denmark, Netherlands and Canada in detail.
Compare the Cadastral system of Netherland with Cadastral system of Nepal.
Evaluate the positive and negative points of Nepalese cadastral system in
comparison with Netherland Cadastral system.