GRACELAND COLLEGE, ENUGU

Megs close, off Onoh Crescent GRA, Enugu

TERM: FIRST TERM

SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS

CLASS: 10TH GRADE

INSTRUCTOR: ORJIH-ANIH,LAZARUS (B.ENGR., PGDE)

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

Weeks Topics Contents

1-2 Sets  Definition of set, Set notation
methods, Types of set, Set operations,
Venn diagrams and applications of 3
set problem,
3 Binary Operations  Definition of Binary operation, laws of
binary operations, Multiplication
tables of binary operations.
4 Indices  Laws of indices, application of indices,
solution of indical equations up to
quadratic equation.
5 Logarithms  Laws of logarithms, change of base of
logarithms, application of logarithms in
calculations involving product,
quotients, power, Drawing and
interpreting graphs of logarithmic
functions.
6–8 Surds  Definition of surds, rules for
manipulating surds, rationalization of
the denominator.

1
7 MID – TERM BREAK MID – TERM BREAK

9 – 10 Mappings and Functions  Definition of functions, types of

functions , application of functions and
solutions of problems of functions.
11 Revision Revision

12 - 13 Examination Examination

14 Closure Closure

WEEK ONE AND TWO

TOPIC: SET

Learning goals:

1. Definition of set
2. Set notation methods
3. Types of sets: Null, Singleton, Finite, Infinite, Universal Power and Sub sets.
4. Set operations: Union, Intersection, Complement and number of elements in a set.
5. Venn diagram and applications up to 3 set problem.
Definition: SET

A set is a collection of distinct objects, things, objects or numbers. Examples includes:

1. A collection of books in public or private library

2. A collection of tools in a carpentry workshop
3. A collection of books in your school bag

Basically we can conclude that any clearly defined collection of things, objects or numbers
constitutes a set.

SET NOTATION METHODS

Each member of a set is called an element of the set. Capital letters (X , Y , Z , …) are used to
denote sets while small letters(x , y , z ,…) will be used to denote the elements of a set.

When an element x , belongs to a set X , we write x ∈ X and say that x is a member or element
of X . If x is not a member or element of X , we write x ∉ X and say that x does not belong to X

Example:

If X is the set of all prime numbers and p=7 then p ∈ X . If a=6 , then a ∉ X .

2
A set is completely specified in the following ways:

a. By lising all the members of the set;

b. By describing the elements of the sets;
c. By enclosing the members or elements in curly bracket or braces: {}or ∅ .

TYPES OF SET

i. Null or empty set: When a set contains no element or member is said to be null or
empty set.
Examples:

(a) A={Human beings with tails} ¿ {}∨ ∅

(b) B=¿ {all prime members of SS1 class divible by 4}¿ ∅ ∨{}.
ii. Singleton or unit set: A set which consists of only one element or member is called
unit or singleton set.
Example: A={x }is a unit or singleton set because it contains only one element.

iii. Finite set: When the number of elements in a given set is finite can be be list or
stated.
Example:
A={ positive integers greater than1 but less than 10 }is finite.

The members of the set A={2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 ,8 , 9 }

iv. Infinite set: It the type of set where the number of element in a set is not finite or
can not be list or stated.
Example:
B={all positiveintegers }, since we can not list all the element in the set B .

v. Subset: if all the elements of the set A are members of a set B , the set A is a subset
of B . We denote this by a set notation' ⊆ ' . Thus, A ⊆ B means A is a subset of B .
vi. A proper subset of B: If the set A is a subset of B and there is at least one element
in the set B which is not in A , then the set is called a proper subset of B or B is
superset ofset A . Thus A ⊂ Bmeans A is a proper subset of B . Thus B⊃ A means is
a superset of A .
vii. Universal set:The set which contains all the possible elements under consideration.
The universal set is denoted by μ∨ε .
viii. Power set: The set of all subsets of a set X . The power set X is usually denoted by
P ( X ) .If |A|is the cardinality of the set A, then the power set P(A)consists of 2|A|

elements. Thus if |A| = n, then P(A) consists of 2n elements. Note ∅ (empty set) is
subset of every set.
Example 1.1
Given that A = {1, 2, 3}, Find P(A) and the number of elements in P(A).

3
 Solution
P(A) = {∅ ,{1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3},{2,3}, {1,2,3}}
The number of elements in P(A) = 23 = 8 .

Cardinality of a Set
The number of elements in a set is called its cardinality. If a set has n distinct elements, then its
cardinality is n. The cardinality of a set is denoted n(A) or |A|
The complement of a set
The complement of a set A is a set which consists of all the elements in the universal set but not
in A. The complement of the set A is denoted A’. Thus A’ = {x: x∉ A} For example, if

A ’means A complement

¿’¿ A c is the blue shaded part).

Example 1.2
Given that μ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k, l, p, q}, B = {b, e, g, k, p}, L = {a, b, d, g, k, p}. Find

(i) n( μ) (ii) n(B) + n(L’); (iii) n(B’) + n(L); (iv) n(B) – n(L’)
Solution
First list all elements in each Subset
Cardinality is the number of elements in a set (i) n( μ) = 12
L’ = {c, e, f, g, h, l, q}, so n(L’) = 6 and n(B) 5 (ii) n(B) + n(L’) = 5 + 6 = 11
B’ = {a, c, d, f, h, l, q}, so n (B’) = 7, and n(L) = 6 Therefore (iii) 7 + 6 = 13
(iv) = n((B’) – n(L’) = 7 – 6= 1

Activity 1.2
μ = {all positive integers less than or equal to 30}: M = {all even positive numbers less than or equal
to 20}; N = { all odd numbers less than or equal to 19}; S = {all integers x: 10 ≤ x ≤ 30}
Find (i) n( μ); (ii) n(N’) (iii) n(N) + n(S); (iv) n(M’) + n(S’) (v ) n(M) + n(S)

Assignment 1.1
Section A

1. (a). What is an element of a set? (b). Write out another name for element of a set
2. What is the meaning of the following signs in set notations:
(a) .∈ (b). ∉ (c) ∅
3. Mention the types of sets you know.

4
 4. Explain with example a universal set.
5. What is a subset?
6. Explain the difference between a proper subset and superset.

Section B: Objective Test:

1. ………………is a collection of distinct objects,things or numbers

A. Set B. elements C. members D. universal E. notation
2. Each member of a set is called an……………..
A. Subset B. superset C. elements D. finite E. singleton
3. Which bracket is use in enclosing the elements of a set?
A. Big bracket B. small bracket C. open bracket D. curly bracket E. set bracket.
4. The sign of subset is………… A. ⊆ . B. ⊂ . C.⊃ D. μ E. ε
5. …………….set is a set which contains all the possible elements under consideration?
A. Universal B. power C. finite D. singleton E. null

SET OPERATONS

UNION OF SETS:Theunon of set A and B is the set which consists of elements that are either in
A or B or both. The set notation for the operation of union ∪ . Thus, A union B is written as
A ∪ B .In set theoretical notation: A ∪ B= { x : x ∈ A∨x ∈ B∨x ∈ both A∧B } . it can be a union of
more than two sets. Like A ∪ B∪ C

Example:

Given that μ : { all thenletters of the English alphabet }

X ={ a , e ,i , o ,u } Y ={ e ,b ,c , d , f , h }

Then , X ∪ Y ={a , b , c , d , e , f ,i , o , u} This is union set of set X and Y.

INTERSECTION OF SETS:The intersection of two sets A∧B , is the set which consists of the
elements that are in A as well as in B .The set notation is written as ∩.Thus, A ∩ Bmeans A∩B .
In set theoretical notation, the set A ∩ B= { x : x ∈ A∧x ∈ B } . it can also be intersection of more
than two sets, like A ∩ B∩ C

Example:

Given that μ : { all thenletters of the English alphabet }

X ={ a , e ,i , o ,u } Y ={ e ,b ,c , d , f , h }

X ∩Y ={e } this is element that is in both set X and Y.

Activity 1.2

1. If P = {3, 5, 6} and Q = {1, 2, 4} then P∩Q equals

2. Given that X = { e, f, g}, Y = {e, f, h} and Z = {g, h, k}, find X ∪ Y ∪ Z

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3. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, T = { 2, 4, 5, 7}, R = {1, 4, 5}, find (S ∩) ∪R

4. If A = {b, c, d, e, f, g}, B = {a, e, i, o, u} C = { n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v}; find (i) A ∩ B (ii) A ∪B

(iii) A ∪B ∪C (iv) A ∩ B ∩C

Sets can be represented digrammatically by closed figures. This method of set

representation was developed by John Venn. A venn diagram is therefore a pictorial
representatioon of sets. The operations of intersection, union, complement of sets can
easily be demonstrated by using Venn diagrams.
A B
1. A∩B∨ A ∩ Bis the shaded part

2. A∪B orA∪ B is the shaded portion.

A B

3. B is a subset of A or B⊆ A
A
B

4. A complement or A ' is the shaded part.

A’

5. A∩B complement ∨(A ∩B)'

6.

A B

6
 7. A∪B complement ∨( A ∪ B )' is the coloured portion .
8.

A B

9. A∩B complement ∨ A ∩ B' is the coloured portion shown below .

A B

10. A complement ∩B∨ A ' ∩ Bis the shaded part shown below.

A B

APPLICATION OF VENN DIAGRAMS INVOLVING TWO SETS.

Examples 1.3

1. In an examination, 18 candidates passed Mathematics, 17 candidates passed Physics, 11

candidates passed both subjects and 1 candidate failed both subjects, find:
i. The number of candidates that passed mathematics only;
ii. The number of candidates that passed Physics only;
iii. The total number of candidates that sat for the examination.

Solution

Let
μ= { all candidates that sat for the examination } M ={ number of candidates that passed Mathematics only } P={num

Then, n ( M )=18 , n ( P )=17 , n ( M ∩ P )=11, n ( M ∩ P ) '=1

Let n ( M ∩ P' )=x∧n ( M ' ∩ P ' ) = y

Then, x +11=18 ; x=7 also , y +11=17 ; y=6

n ( μ )=n ( M ∩ P ) +n ( M ∩ P' ) +n ( M ' ∩ P ) + ( M ∩ P ) . n ( μ )=11+7+6+ 1=25

'

7
The solution can be represent in Venn diagram thus:

M P
7 11 6
1
Example 1.4
A survey carried out on 25 adult showed that 18 of them ate fried rice, while 20 of them ate
jollof rice. Find the number that ate fried rice and those that ate jollof rice, if each of them did
eat least one of the two food.
Solution:

Let ¿ { all adult that ate food } ; F= { all adult that ate fried rice } ; J ={all adult that ate jollof }.

n ( μ )=25; n ( F )=18 ; n ( J )=20.

Let, n ( F ∩ J )=x ; n ( F ∩ J ' ) =18−x ; n ( F ' ∩ J ) =20−x ; n ( F ∩J )' =0.

Then, ( 18−x )+ ( 20−x ) + x=25 ; 18+20+ x−x−x =25 ; x =13.

n ( F )=18−13=5 ; n ( J )=20−13=7

Class Activity: represent the solution of example 2 in a Venn diagram.

Evaluation

1. In a class of 40 students, 25 speaks Hausa, 16 speak Igbo, 21 speak Yoruba and each of
the students speaks at least one of these three languages. If 8 speak Hausa and Igbo, 11
speak Hausa and Yoruba and 6 speak Igbo and Yoruba.

(a) Draw a venn diagram to illustrate this information, using x to represent the number of
students who speak all three; (b) calculate the value of x.

2. A survey conducted recently showed that of the 100 final year science students of
International school, Accra-Ibadan, 63 entered for Agricultural science, 47 entered for
Biology and 40 entered for Chemistry, 25 entered for Agricultural science and Biology,
18 entered for Agricultural science and Chemistry, while 22 entered for Biology and
Chemistry. If 10 students entered for the three subject combinations, use Venn diagram
to find: (i). the number of students that entered for agricultural science only; (ii). the
number of students that entered for Biology only; (iii). the number of students that
entered for Chemistry only; (iv). The number of students who did not enter for any of
the three subject combinations.

REFERENCE TEXTS:

1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et

al 5th revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited

8
 3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co
5. Additional Mathematics for W. A by J. F Talbert and Co

WEEK THREE
TOPIC: BINARY OPERATIONS
Learning goals
1. Definition of binary operation

2. Laws of binary operations: Associative law, Commutative Law, Distributivelaw, Laws of

complementation as in a set:

3. Understanding Identity elements and Inverse of an element

4. Multiplication tables of binary operations

DEFINITION OF BINARY OPERATION:

A binary of operation is any rule of combination of any two elements of a given non-empty set.
Asterisk symbol (¿) is used to denote binary operation. Other symbols used are: ∇ ,Ѳ or zero
symbol(o) to denote binary operation.However, the most commonly use is Asterisk symbol (¿).

In binary operation, the most common operations includes:

Addition of real numbers ¿

Subtraction of real numbers ¿

Multiplication of real numbers (×)

Division of real numbers (÷).

LAWS OF BINARY OPERATIONS:

The laws of binary operations is also known as properties of binary operations.

i. Closure Property:
Given a non-empty set S is said to be closed under a binary operation ¿if for all
a , b ∈ S , a∗b ∈ S . Where a and b are elements in (belonging to) to set Sand ∈ means
belong.

For example, the set Z of all integers is closed under addition¿, sub-traction¿ and multiplication
(×) except for division(÷).

9
To illustrate non-closure of real numbers under division operation(÷), lets consider this
1 1
example: Given 2 , 4 ∈ Z , then 2÷ 4= , but is not Z . Hence, the Z is not closed under the
2 2
divisionoperation( ÷ ) .

Example 2.1:

An operation ¿ is defined on the set of real numbers R , the set of real numbers by
a∗b=a+ b+2 ab . a, b ∈ R evaluate:

(a) 1∗2
(b) 3∗4
(c) (3∗4 )∗5
(d) 3∗(4∗5)

Solutions:

(a) 1∗2=1+2+2 ( 1 )( 2 ) =7
(b) 3∗4=3+ 4+2 ( 3 ) ( 4 )=31
(c) ( 3∗4 )∗5=3+4 +2 ( 3 ) ( 4 )∗5
¿ 31∗5

¿ 31+5+2 ( 31 ) (5 )

¿ 36+310 ¿ 346

(e) 3∗( 4∗5 )=3∗{4 +5+2 ( 4 ) (5 ) }

¿ 3∗{ 9+ 40 }=3∗49

¿ 3+ 49+2 ( 3 )( 49 )

¿ 52+294 ¿ 346

Example 2.2:

Supposed D={odd integers } and ¿ is defined on such that for every a , b ∈ D ,a∗b=a+ b . Is D
closed under ¿?

Solution:

For every a , b ∈ D

a∗b=a+ b ∈ D since when two odd integers are added the result is an even number. Hence D is
not closed under. in other words D is not closed under addition.

Activity 2.1

The operation ¿ on the set Q of rational numbers is defined by:

10
 1
p∗q=¿2+q−3 pq ¿ ; p , q ∈Q .
2
1
∗4
Determine: (a) 2∗1(b) −4∗5 (c) 2
3

ii. Commutative Property:

A binary operation ¿is said to be commutative if for each x , y ∈ S , x∗y = y∗x .The
operations addition and multiplication are commutative since x + y= y + x and
x . y=y. x

Example: 2+3=5∧3+2=5.

Also,2 .3=6∧3 .2=6

However, the operations ‘subtraction’ and ‘division’ are not commutative. For instance,
x− y ≠ y−x∧x ÷ y ≠ y ÷ x .

Example: 2−3=−1∧3−2=1 ;−1≠ 1

2 1 1
Similarly, 2 ÷3= ∧3 ÷2=1 ;3 ≠ 1
3 2 2

iii. Associative Property:

A non- empty set S which is closed under a binary operation ¿is said to be
associative if for every a , b , c ∈ S , ( a∗b )∗c=a∗(b∗c) .The operation of addition and
multiplication of real numbers are associative if R is the set of real numbers and
a , b , c ∈ R then:

a+ b ¿+c=a+ ( b+ c )

( ab ) c=a(bc)

Example 2.3:

1. The operation∇ on the set R of real numbers is defined by:

x ∇ y=3 xy , for x , y ∈ R . Determine whether or not :

a. ∇ is commutative in R ?
b. ∇ is associative in R ?

Solution:

a. x ∇ y=3 xy
y ∇ x=3 xy

11
 Hence, the operation ∇ is commutative in R .

b. ( x ∇ y ) z=( 3 x y ) ∇ z

¿ 3 (3 x y ) z

¿ 9 xyz

x ∇ ( y ∇ z )=3 x ( y ∇ z )

¿ 3 x ( 3 yz )

¿ 9 xyz

∴ ( x ∇ y ) z=x ∇ ( y ∇ z ) . Hence ,the operation ∇ is associative∈ R .

iv. Distributive Property:
Given a non-empty set S that is closed under two binary operations ¿and ∇ , if for all
a , b , c ∈ S , a∗( b ∇ c )=( a∗b ) ∇ ( a∗c ) , then the operation ¿is said to be left-
distributive over the operation.

Similarly, if (b ∇ c)∗a=( b∗a ) ∇ ( c∗a ), then the operation ¿ is said to be right-

distributive over ∇ .

Example 2.4

Consider ordinary multiplication and addition on the the set R of real numbers:

3 × ( 4+2 ) =( 3× 4 ) + ( 3 ×2 )

But 3+ ( 4 ×2 ) ≠(3+ 4)×( 3+2)

So, while multiplication is distributive over addition in R , the set of real numbers,
addition does not distribute over multiplication.

From the above example, we can generalize that; if p , q , r ∈ R , then :

p × ( q +r )=( p × q ) + ( p ×r )

But p+ ( q × r ) ≠( p+q)×(p +r )

Example 2.5

Consider multiplication and subtraction on the set R of real numbers:

2 × ( 7−4 )=( 2 ×7 )−( 2× 4)

but 2−( 7 × 4 ) ≠ ( 2−7 ) ×(2−4)

From example 2 above, we can also generalize that, if a , b , c ∈ R then:

12
 a × ( b−c )=( a × b )−(a × c)

but a−( b × c ) ≠ ( a−b ) ×(a−c )

Hence, while multiplication distributes over subtraction, subtraction does not distribute over
multiplication.

Example 2.6

The operations ¿∧∇ are defined on the set R of real numbers by:
a+b
a∗b= for all a , b ∈ R and a ∇ b=ab for a , b ∈ R .
3

Does the operation ∇ distribute over the operation ¿?

Solution:

b+c a ( b+c )
Let a , b , c ∈ R Thus, a ∇ ( b∗c )=a ∇ =
3 3
ab+ ac
¿
3

( a ∇ b )∗(a ∇ c )=ab∗ac
ab+ ac
¿
3

∴ a ∇ ( b∗c ) =( a ∇ b )∗(a ∇ c). Hence, the operation ∇ distributes over ¿in R .

The identity elements:

A non-empty set S that is closed under a binary operation ¿ is said to have an identity element
if there exists an element(e ) that belong to the set S, that is e ∈ S :e∗x=x∗e=x for all e ∈ S.

The identity element is also called neutral element. Following the uniqueness of identity
elements, a set S can not have more than one identity element under the operation ¿if it exists.

Example 2.7
pq
An operation ∆ is defined on the set R of real numbers by: p ∆ q= for all p , q ∈ R . Find the
3
identity element.

13
solution:

let the identity element in R be e .

ae ae
If a∈ R then, p ∆ e=e ∆ q=a ∴ a ∆ e= =a ∴ =a
3 3
∴ e=3

Hence, the identity element in R under ∆ is 3.

Example 2.8
4 m+ 4 n−2
The operation ¿ on the set S of real numbers is defined by m∗n= for all m , n∈ R.
4
Find the neutral element in S under the operation¿.

Solution:
4 m+ 4e-2
Let the neutral element sought for be e . m∗e=e∗m=m ∴ m∗e=
4
4 m+ 4e-2
but m∗e=m So m=
4
4 m+ 4 m−2=4 m then 8 m−2=4 m = 8 m−4 m=2 4 m=2 =
4m 2 2 1
= = m= ¿
4 4 4 2

The inverse elements:

Given a non-empty set S, that is closed under a binary opeartion ¿, if x ∈ S , and an element x '
can be found in S (i.e. x ' ∈ S . ¿: x∗x ' =x '∗x=e . Wheree is the neutral element in S under ¿, then
x ' is called inverse element of x in S.

Example 2.9

The operation ¿ on the set R of real number is defined by: p ∈q= p+q for all p , q ∈ R , find the
inverse of p .

Solution:

We first look for the neutral element in R under ¿. If the neutral element in R under ¿ ,

Then: p∗e= p+e= p

p∗e= p
p+e= p
e=0

14
Let the inverse of p be p-1

Then: p∗p -1¿ e

p+ p-1¿ 0

p-1 ¿−p

Activity 2.2

1. If a binary operation ¿is defined on the set Q of rational numbers by x∗y =5 xy , for all
x , y ∈Q , find its identity element.
2. An operation ¿ is defined on the set of real numbers by x∗y =x+ y−2 xy . If the identity
element is 0, find the inverse of element under ¿.

BINARY OPERATION TABLE

The tables of the rule of binary operation for any modulo can be drawn for addition and
multiplication using the appropriate rule of combination. The table helps to detect, whether or
not a particular set is closed under a binary operation.

Example 2.10

The tables below shows is an addition and multiplication in modulo 7.

Solution:

In modulo 7, the set of numbers to be considered is: S7¿ {0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 , 6 }

Modulo 7 addition operational able. Modulo 7 Multiplication Operational Table

¿ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (×) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 0 2 4 6 1 3 5
3 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 0 3 6 2 5 1 4
4 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 0 4 1 5 2 6 3
5 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 3 1 6 4 2
6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 6 5 4 3 2 1

EVALUATION

p3 +q−3 pq
¿ p∗q=
1. The operation on the set Q of rational numbers is defined by: 2 ;
p , q ∈Q , determine: (a) 2 ¿1 (b) 3 ¿- 1 (c) -4 ¿5

15
 2. A binary operation ¿ is defined on the set R of real numbers by: a∗b=a+ b−2 ab , where
a , b ∈ R . (i) Is the operation ¿ closed on the set R? (ii) Find the identity element of R
under the operation ¿. (iii) Determine the inverse under ¿of a general element a ∈ R
stating which element has no inverse.
3. (a) Copy and complete the tables for addition⊕ and multiplication ⊗ in module 5.

⊕ 1 2 3 4
1 2 4 0
2 3 4 1
3 4 2
4 1 2

⊗ 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 4
2 2 4
3 3 4
4 4 1

(i)Using the table evaluate: (3⊗ 3) ⊕ (2⊗ 2). (ii) Find m such that m⊗ m = m⊕ m.
(b) Find the least integral value of n such that 4n + 3 ≡1 (mod 6)

4. (a) Draw the ; (i) addition ⊕ (ii) multiplication⊗ tables for the set {2, 3, 5, 6} modulo 7.
(b) From your table in (a) (i) Evaluate (6⊗ 5) ⊕ (3⊗ 2) (ii) Find the truth set of n ⊗ 6.

REFERENCE TEXTS:

1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et

al 5th revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited
3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co

16
WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: INDICES
Learning goals:

1. Laws of Indices
2. Application of indices linear equations
3. Application of quadratic equations

INDICES
Activity: Write the following in standard form

(a) 200 (b) 0.125 (c) 0.0035 (d) 4 (e) 30000

You learnt in time past that the standard form of the above are

(a) 2.0 x 102 (b) 1.25 x 10-1 (c) 3.5 x 10-3 (d) 4.0 x 100 (e) 3.0 x 104

The numbers on top of the 10 are called power or indices. i.e 2, -1, -3, 0 and 4. When referring
to one of them, it is called index. In this 10 is called base.

When you have a × a ×a , the short form is a 3. a is the base, 3 is the index or power.

LAWS OF INDICES
There are laws governing the use of indices. These are useful in other subjects.

a3 xa3 = a x a x a x a x a x a = a6 i.e 3 + 3 = 6
2 3 2+3 5
.e.g a ×a =( a×a ) ×( a×a×a )=a =a .
m n m+n
1. a ×a =a
7 4 a7 a×a×a×a×a×a×a
m n m−n
a ÷a = 4
= =a×a×a=a 3
2. a ÷a =a . e.g a a×a×a×a

3. ( am )n =a mn
o
4. a =1 any number raised to power zero is 1.
1
a−m= m
5. a
m 1
n m
=√ a =( √ a ) e.g 64 =( √ 64 ) =4
n m n 3 3
6. a

Example 3.1
2 1 4
3
(iv) ( 0 . 001 ) (v) 32
1 .5 0
(ii) 16 (iii) 625 (vi) 13
3 4 5
Evaluate each of the following: (i) 27
Solution:

17
 2 3 1
2 3
=( √ 27 ) =3 =9 =( √ 16 ) =4 =64 (iii) 625 =( √ 625 )=5
3 3 2 1 .5 2 2 3 4 4
(i)27 (ii) 16 =16

3 1
( 0 . 001 )3 =( 10−3 ) =10−9 = =0. 000000001 4
4
(v) 32 =( √ 32 ) =2 =16 (vi) 13 =1
9 5 4 0
(iv) 10 5

Example 3.2
1

Solve ( 2 ÷2 ×2 )
6 7 4 3

Solution
1 1 1 1
( 26 ÷27 ×2 4 ) 3 =( 26−7+4 ) 3
rearranging the indices, gives us ( 2 ) = ( 23 ) 3 =2
6+ 4−7 3

Activity 3.1
Solve the following:
8 a6 b5
( )
1 6
4
3
(i)( x y )×( x y )
3 5 4 2 2
(ii) 4 a b (iii) x (iv) 3 (v) 19 (vi) 216 (vii)(0 . 00001) (viii) 25
5 −4 0 3 1 .5

−3
4 −3
(ix) 4 2
(x) (6 x )(3 x )

EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
In solving indical equations, we compare the base on left hand side with the base on right hand side as
well as the indices.
Example 3.3

x
Solve (i) 3 =243 (ii)
5 x +1
=
1
x+1
1 x
625 (iii) ( 0 . 25 ) =16 (iv) 2
=8 ()
Solution:
x 5 x +1 −4
(i)3 =243⇒ 3 ∴ x=5 (ii) 5 =5 , so x +1=−4 ∴ x =−5

()
x +1
1 1
( 0 . 25 )= =4 2 ⇒ 4−x −1 =4 2
(iii) 4 , so 4 therefore,

= −x−1=2⇒ x=−3

(iv)
() 1 x
2
=8

2− x=2 3

18
 −x=3 ∴ x=−3
Some exponential equations can be reduced to quadratic forms as shown below
Example 3.4
Solve the following exponential equations

(a) 5 −26 ( 5 ) +25=0 (b) 2 +2 −8=0

2x x 2x x +1

Solution

x 2
(a) 5 −26 ( 5 ) +25=0 = ( 5 ) −26 ( 5 x ) +25=0 let p = 5 x then
2x x

p2 −26 p+25=0
( p−1 )( p−25 )=0
∴ p=1 or p=25 therefore, 5 x=1=50 ⇒ x =0
x 2
Or 5 =5 ⇒ x=2 Hence x = 0 or 2

2
(b) 22 x +2 x +1−8=0 ⇒ ( 2x ) +2×2x −8=0

Let p=2x
∴ p 2 +2 p−8=0 ⇒ ( p−2 )( p+ 4 )=0
Therefore, p = 2, or p = - 4
P=2

⇒ 2x =2
∴ x=1

or p=−4 ⇒ 2x =−4 (no solution)

Hence, the only solution is x=1

Activity 3.2

1.2 −6 ( 2 ) +8=0
2x x

2x x
2. 7 −2×7 +1=0

EVALUATION

19
 1
2 x=
1.solve (a) 256 (b) 4 x=0 . 0625
2. Solve each of the following

(a) 3 −24 ( 3 )−81=0

2x x

(b) 2 −5 ( 2 ) +4=0
2x x

REFERENCE TEXTS:

1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et

al 5th revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited
3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co
5. Additional Mathematics for W. A by J. F Talbert and Co

WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: LOGARITHMS
Learning goals:

1. Understanding logarithm
2. Laws of logarithms
3. Change from indices to logarithm and vice versa
4. Solving logarithmic equations.

Logarithms
The logarithm to base a, of a number P, is the index x to which a must be raised to be equal P.
Thus if P = ax then x is the logarithm to the base a of P. We write this as
x=log a P . The
log a P=x and a x =P are equivalent to each other. The form P=a x is called index
relations
form while the form
log a P=x is called the logarithmic form. We should be able to change
from the index form to the logarithmic form and vice versa.

20
Example 4.1
Write each of the following index forms in their logarithmic forms:
1
3 0
(a) 125=5 (b) (d) 1=49
2
(c) 8=64

Solution:

(a)If 125=5 then

3 log 5 125=3
2
(b) If 81=9 then
log 9 180=2

1
1 log 64 8=
(c ) If 8=64 then
2 2

then
log 49 1=0
(d)If

Example 4.2

Write each of the following logarithmic forms into their index forms:

(a)
log 5 125=3 (b)
log 2 ( 12 )=−1 (c)
log 10 1000=3 (d) log 10 0 . 01=−2
Solution

(a) If
log 5 125=3 then 125=53

(b) If
log 2 ( 12 )=−1 1 −1
then 2
=2
solve (c) and (d) as class work.

LAWS OF LOGARITHM

1.
log b PQ=log b P+log b Q

2.
log b ( QP )=log P−log Q
b b

n
3. log b P =n log b P

4.
log b b=1

21
 5.
log b 1=0

Example 4.3

1. Simplify Log39 + Log321 – Log37

2. Simplify 2 log 2 8−3 log 2 5
3. Simplify
log 9 3+log 9 243+2 log 9 3

Solution

1. Log39 + Log321 – Log37 = Log3(9x21÷7)

= Log3(9x21/7) = Log327

= Log333 = 3 Log 33

But Log33 = 1

Therefore 3 x 1 =3

Log39 + Log321 – Log37 = 3 . questions (2) & (3) to be done in the class.
Activity 4.1

1.
log 3 27+2 log 3 9−log 3 54

2.
log 10 40+log 10 2 . 5

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Example 4.4
Solve the following Logarithmic equations

1. log 2 ( x 2−2 x+ 5 )=2

( 2 )
2. log 10 x −5 x +50 =2

Solution

( 2 )
1. log 2 x −2 x+ 5 =0 therefore, x −2 x +5=2
2 2

22
 x 2 −2 x +5=4 ⇒ x2 −2 x+ 1=0
( x−1 )2 =0
∴ x=−1 (twice)
( 2 ) ( 2 )
2. log 10 x −5 x +50 =2⇒ x −5 x +50 =10
2

x 2 −5 x +50=100⇒ x 2−5 x−50=0 we factorize the quadratic equation.

( x +5 ) ( x−10 )=0 Either x=−5 or x=10

Activity 4.2
Solve the following logarithmic equations

( 2 )
1. log 10 x −3 x +12 =1
1
log 8 ( x 2−8 x +18 ) =
2. 3

Common Logarithms
Generally logarithms with base 10 are universal. This is why we have the table of logarithms in
base ten. The logarithm of any number have two parts.

(a) The integral part which is called the characteristic

(b) The decimal part which is called the mantissa.

The characteristic is determined either by inspection or by writing in the standard form.

Consider the Log10530, Log1053 and Log105.3.

The mantissa of all of them are the same. The difference is in the characteristics.
530 = 5.3 x 102, The characteristic is 2.

53 = 5.3 x 101 , the characteristic is 1.

5.3 = 5.3 x 100, the characteristic is 0.

No Log

530 2.7243

53 1.7243

5.3 0.7243

23
From above the mantissa is the same 7243
This is useful to evaluate problems of multiplication and division. To check from table of
logarithms, you will need to follow the examples

Example 4.5

Use tables to evaluate the following

(a) 65.43 x 1453 (b) 86.31 x 0.6218 (c) 0.07304 ÷ 0.8931

Solution:

No Standard form Log

65.43 6.543 x 101 1.815

1453 1.453 x 103 3.1623

4.9781

-we look up 65 under difference 3

8 1 5 6 Add the difference

+ 2

8 15 8

14 under 5 difference 3

16.14 + 9 = 1623

--For multiplication we add

--Look up the antilog table

0.97 under 8 difference 1

9506 + 2 = 9508

The characteristic is used to determine the decimal point location.

Antilog of 0.9781 = 9.508, Hence 9.508 x 104 = 95080 Thus 65.43 x 1453 = 95080

2. 86.31 x 0.6218

No Standard form Log

86.31 8.631 x 101 1.9361

24
 0.6218 6.218 x 10-1 1.7937

1.7298

-note: 1 is called bar 1.

Mantissa is always positive but characteristic can be negative or positive; we put the
negative sign on it. When there is no sign then, it is positive.

9360 + 1 = 9361

7931 + 6 = 7937

From Antilog table

.7298 = 5358 + 10 = 5368

5.368x 101 = 53.68 therefore 86.31 x 0.6218 = 53 .68

For more example and details on this topic, check in your textbook pages 38 – 44.

Assignment 4.1

Use tables to solve the following

1. 23.82 x 142.8
2. 0.03167 x 102.8 x 0.325
3. 14.87 ÷ 2.314
4. (12.31)2
5. (33.28) ÷ 4.689

Evaluation
In your text book solve exercise 3B, (i) no 4 (a), (b) and (d) (ii) no 5 (d) and (e)
Exercise 3C (iii) no 17 (iv) no 10

REFERENCE TEXTS:

1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et

al 5th revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited
3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co
5. Additional Mathematics for W. A by J. F Talbert and Co

25
WEEK SIX AND EIGHT
TOPIC: SURDS
Learning goals

1. Definition of Surds
2. Rules for manipulating surds
3. Rationalization of the denomination

SURDS
A rational number is a number which is either an integer or can be expressed as a quotient of two
integers. Rational numbers include all proper and improper fractions, mixed numbers, integers,
terminating and recurring decimal fractions. A number which is not rational is called an irrational

number. Examples of irrational numbers include √ 3 , √ 5 , 4√ 7 , π and the number e . The square roots
and other roots of prime numbers are all irrational.

Therefore, Surds are irrational numbers which are roots of rational numbers. Examples of surds are √3,
√ 2 , √3 4 , √ 3 , 2 √5 , √ 2+ √ 7 etc. A mixed surd contains both rational and irrational terms, examples
are 1+ √ 3 , 4 + √3 5 , 2− √7 etc.
Rules for Surds

1. √ a×b=√ a×√ b e.g. √ 15= √3×√5 ,

2. √ a √a √144 =12
b = √ b e.g. √ 9 3 = 4,
144
9 √
=√ 16=4

3. √n ab=√n a× n√b

26
 4.
√
n a n√ a
=
b n√ b

5. √ a+ √b≠√ a+b
Basic Forms
If the rational number under the square root sign contains a factor which is a square of a number, the
surd can be reduced to a simpler form. Such a simpler form is called its basic form.
Example 5.1
Reduce the following their basic forms

(i) √ 50 (ii) √ 98 (iii) √ 162 (iv) √ 48

Solution

(i) √ 50 applying the first rule of Surd, we have √ 50= √2× √25 = 5 √ 2
(ii) √ 98 , it contain 49 as square of 7. We have √ 98=√ 49× √ 2=7 √ 2

(iii) √ 162=√ 81× √ 2=9 √ 2

(iv) √ 48=√ 16× √ 3=4 √ 3

Surds can also be converted from basic form to their single form.
Example 5.2
Write each of the following in their single surd forms:

(i) 3 √ 2 (ii)2 √7 (iii) 5 √ 5 (iv) 4 √3

Solution:

(i) 3 √ 2=3×√2 = √ 9× √2=√ 9×2=√18

(ii) 2 √7=2×√7 = √ 4×√ 7=√ 4×7=√28
(iii) 5 √ 5=5×√ 5=√ 25× √ 5 = √ 25×5=√ 125

4 √3=4× √3=√16×√ 3 = √ 16×3=√ 48

(iv)

Activity 5.1

1. Reduce the following to basic form

(a) √ 96 (b) √ 90 (c) √ 24 (d) √ 512 (e) √ 80

27
 2. Write each of the following in their single form

(a) 4 √5 (b) 2 √ 6 (c) 2 √11 (d) 11 √ 2 (e)5 √3

Similar Surds

These are surd which are multiples of the same surd. 2 √ 2 , 3 √ 2 , 7 √ 2 and 9 √ 2 are similar surd since
they are multiple of √ 2 . Similar surds can be added together or subtracted from each other.

Example 5.3
Simplify the following

a. √ 20+ √ 45+ √125−2 √80

b. 3 √ 2−√ 32+ √50 + √ 98

Solution

a. √ 20+ √ 45+ √125−2 √80=√ 4×5+ √9×5+√ 25×5−2 √16×5

= 2 √ 5+3 √ 5+5 √ 5−8 √ 5=10 √ 5−8 √ 5

= 2 √5

b. 3 √ 2−√ 32+ √50 + √ 98=3 √ 2− √16×2+ √ 25×2+ √ 49×2

= 3 √ 2−4 √ 2+5 √ 2+7 √ 2=15 √ 2−4 √ 2

= √
11 2

Activity 5.2

(i)2 √12+3 √ 48−√ 75 (ii) 3 √ 18+4 √72−5 √50 (iii) 4 √ 8−2 √ 98+√ 128
(iv) 4 √ 200−40 √ 2+ √ 8
Conjugate Surds:

28
Two surds are said to be conjugate of each other if their product give rise to rational numbers. Thus

( √ a+ √b )( √ a−√ b )=( √ a )2 −( √b )2=a−b , while √ a+ √b and √ a−√ b are not rational, their
product a−b is rational. Hence √ a+ √b and √ a−√ b are conjugate of each other. e.g. the
conjugate of 3−4 √5 is 3+4 √ 5 .
Find the conjugate of the following

(i)1+ √2 (ii)2 √3+4 √7 (iii) 3 √ 2−5 (iv) 5 √ 2−3 √ 5

Rationalizing the denominator:

a
To rationalize the denominator of the fraction is to remove the radical (the square root sign) from
√c
the denominator. This is accomplished by multiplying the fraction by
√c = 1
√c

a a √c a √c
Thus √ c = √ c x √ c = c

Application of rationalization of the denominator

Example 5.3

5 6 7
Given that √ 2=1 . 414 and √ 3=1 . 732 , simplify: (a) √ 2 (b) √ 3 (c) √ 2

Solution

5 5 √ 2 5×1. 414 6 6 √3
= = =3 .535 = =2 √ 3=2×1. 732=3 . 464
(a) √ 2 2 2 (b) √3 3
7 7×√ 2 7×1. 414 9 .898
= = = =4 . 949
(c) √ 2 2 2 2 .

However, using similar methods, surds with denominators of the form √ a+ √b or √ a−√ b can also
be simplified.

Example 5.4
By rationalizing the denominator, simplify each of the following.

29
 3+ √ 2 2 √ 2+3 √3
(a) √ 5+ √ 3 (b) 4 √ 3−2 √ 2

3+2 √3
= p+q √ 3
(c) If 3−2 √ 3 , where p and q are constants, find the values of p and q.
Solution

3+ √ 2 3+ √ 2 √ 5− √ 3 ( 3+ √ 2 ) ( √ 5−√ 3 )
× =
(a) √ 5+ √ 3 = √ 5+ √ 3 √ 5− √ 3 5−3
1
( 3 √ 5−3 √ 3+ √ 10−√ 6 )
=2

(b) & (c ) to be done together in the class.

Assignment 5.1
1.Using rationalization of the denominator, simplify the following

2 3+ √ 2
(i) √ 2−1 (ii) 3−√ 2

8−3 √6
2. Express 2 √ 3+3 √ 2 in the form m √ 3+n √ 2 , where m and n are rational numbers.

3. Simplify the following (i) ( 2 √ 3−1 )( 2 √ 3+1 ) (ii) ( 6 √ 3+2 √ 3 ) ( 6 √ 3−2 √ 3 )

4. If √ 2=1 . 414 , √ 3=1 . 732 and √ 5=2 . 236 , evaluate each of the following correct to 3 significant
figures. (i) √ 12 (ii) √ 18 (iii) 3+ √ 20

Equality of Surds
The concept of equality of two surds can be applied in determining the square root of a mixed surd.
Example 5.5

Find the square root of 5+2 √6.

Solution:

Let the square root of 5+2 √ 6 be √ a+ √b then

( √ a+ √b )2=5+2 √6

30
a+2 √ ab+b=5+2 √6 ⇒ a+b+2 √ ab=5+2 √ 6
From equality of two surds
a+ b=5 …………………………………………………………(1)

2 √ ab=2 √ 6 , …………………………………………………………(2)

therefore ab=6

From equation (1), b=5−a

Substituting 5−a for b in (2), we have

a ( 5−a ) =6 ⇒5 a−a2 =6
a 2−5 a+ 6=0⇒ ( a−3 ) ( a−2 )=0
∴ a=3 or a=2

∴ b=2 or b=3 , Hence the square roots of 5+2 √ 6 are √ 2+ √ 3 (twice)

Activity 5.3

Find the square roots of (i) 8−2 √15 (ii) 10+2 √ 21

Evaluation
Exercise four of your text book page 58, (i) no 2 (a) & (g) (ii) no 5(c) & (e) (iii) no 6(b) & (c) (iv) no 12
(v)no 18

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et al 5 th
revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited
3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co
5. Additional Mathematics for W. A by J. F Talbert and Co

WEEK SEVEN

31
MID – TERM BREAK MID – TERM BREAK

WEEK NINE & TEN

TOPIC: MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS
Learning goals:

a. Define a mapping or function;

b. Distinguish between different types of mappings or functions;
c. Solve problem involving mapping or functions and their inverse.

DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF MAPPING (FUNCTION)

A mapping, f , is a rule which assigns every element in a set A to a distinct element in a set B, given that
A and B are two non- empty sets. In set notation form, the rule which assigns an element x in A an
unique element y in B, is called a mapping. The set A is called the Domain of the mapping while the set
B is called the Co-domain.

The operative rule in all such assignment must be that “no child can have two fathers”, meaning, no two
element in the domain should be mapped to two co-domain.

If the rule which associates each element x in A, a unique element y in B is denoted by f , the mapping
between the set A and the set B can be represented by any of the following notations:

f B or f :A–––>B or f ( x )= y
A→

Where y is the unique element in B which corresponds to the element x in A.

A Subset of the co-domain, which is a collection of all the images of the elements of the domain is a set
of numbers is called range.A mapping whose co-domain is a set of numbers is called a function.

Example 6.1:

Given that P¿ { w , x , y , z } and Q¿ { a , b , f ,e , g }. Let the mapping f : P → Q be defined by the arrow

diagram below:
f
P Q
b
f
e 32
g
 As f ( w )=b , f ( x )=g , f ( y )=a∧f ( z ) =b . b is the image of both w∧z , g is the image of x while a is the
image of y under the mapping f . We observe that although every element of P has a unique image in Q,
not all the elements of Q are images of P. This is one property of mapping.

The set P= { w , x , y , z } is called the domain of the mapping, the set Q= { a , b , f , e , g } is the co-domain,
while the set { a , b , g } is the range. If we denote the set { a , b , g } by R ,then R={ a , b , g }∧R ⊂Q .
Domain is also called pre-images and co-domain is also called the images.

Note the following about mapping: (i) it can be represented by any of the following graphical form;
arrow diagrams, parallel axes, and Cartesian graph. (ii) A mapping may sometimes be regarded as a set
of all ordered pairs f ={ ( a , y ) , ( b , z ) , ( c , x ) } . The set which consists of all the first elements of the
ordered pairs is called the domain, while the set of the second elements of the ordered pairs is called
the range(co-domain).

Example 6.2:

Consider the relation shown in the arrow diagram shown below:

X f Y

p
e
q
f
r
g

The relation f is not a mapping, not because g is not an image of any element in X but because qϵX has
no image in Y .

A function of a variable x is a rule that describes how a value of the variable x is manipulated to
generate a value of the variable y . The rule is often expressed in the form of an equation y=f ( x ) with a
condition attached that for any input x there is a unique value for y .Consider the mapping (function)
below;

X f Y

2
3 5 33
4 7
6 9
13
Lets discover the rule which associates an element from X , a unique image in the set Y. It appears that
when 1 is added to twice an element in X, it produces the corresponding image in the set Y.

Hence, if y ∈Y is t h e f −image of x ϵ X , then we can write this as

f : x →2 x +1∨ y =2 x +1.

Note that, though functions are rules, not all rules are functions. Consider the equation y=x 1 /2 which is
the same as y=± √ x

The rule ‘take the positive and negative square roots of the value x ’ is a rule that is not a function
because to each value of the input x >0 , there are two different values of output y .

TYPES OF MAPPING

(i) One - One – Mapping : This is a mapping where different elements in the domain have
different images in the co-domain. Thus given a mapping f : X → Y , if f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 )
implies that x 1=x 2∨x 1 ≠ x 2 implies that f ( x 1 ) ≠ f ( x 2 ) then the mapping f is called a
One-One mapping.

Examples of One – One mapping includes; the mapping which associates each state in
Nigeria with its Governor, the mapping which assigns each university in west Africa with
its Vice-Chancellor and the mapping which assigns each class in GLC with its form
teacher.

(ii) Onto Mapping :Given a mapping f : X → Y , if every element of the co-domain is an

image of at least one element in the domain, then the mapping f is called an Onto
mapping. This implies that the Range of an Onto mapping is equal to the co-domain.

Example :Let the mapping h : A → B be defined by the arrow diagram below;

Ah B

34
 -1 9
0 0
1 1
3

Example 6.3: Let R R be defined by ( x )=x 2 +2 , where R is the set of real numbers. Find the
domain and range of f and state whether f is One – One or Onto.

Solution: The domain of f are all the set of real numbers, while the range are real numbers ≥ 2
because given x = negative integer, x 2+ 2 will give a positive solution > 2 and x=0 will make x 2+ 2
to be equal to 2. f is neither One – One nor Onto. It is not Onto because the range of f is not equal
to the co-domain as it excludes negative integers, 0 and numbers≤ 1. It is not One – One the
negative and positive value of a given digit e.g. -2 and 2 when raised to power 2 will give the same
result thereby making x 2+ 2 give the same solution (image); hence some elements in the domain
would have the same image in the co-domain, which is not a property of a One - One mapping.

iii. Identity Mapping: The mapping which takes an element Onto itself is called the identity mapping.
The mapping f shown in the arrow diagram below is an identity mapping.

f
X Y

a c
b a
c b

It is both One – One and onto. It has a unique property that the domain, the co – domain and the range
are equal.

iv.Constant mapping: A constant mapping g : A → B is a mapping in wich all element in the domain of g
are mapping into a single element in the co – domain. The range of a constant mapping consists of only
one element.

35
 A g
B

Example 6.4

Determine the domain D of the mapping f ; x →2 x−3 if C={−3 ,−1, 5 } is the range and f is
defined on D.

Solution:

Mapping each element in the domain into co-domain, we have

2 x−3=−3⇒ 2 x=0
∴ x=0

2 x−3=5 ⇒ 2 x=8
x=4

However, the domain D={ 0,1,4 }

Activity 6.1

1. Determine the domain D of the mapping g : x →2 x

2
−1 , if R={ 1,7 ,17 } is the range and g is
defined on D.

2. Find the range of of f : x → x 2−1 if the domain is {−2,−1,0,1,2 } .

COMPOSITE MAPPING

Let f : X → Z and g : Z →Y be two ,mapping such that the co-domain of f is domain of g .

X f Z g Y

P q r s a b c d x
y
z

36
The mapping f takes an element in X and produces an image in Z. The mapping g takes an element in Z
and produces an image in Y. The mapping gof takes an element in X and produces in via Z and it is
called composite mapping. It is sometimes written as gf .

Therefore,

gof ( p) = g(a ) = x

gof (q ) = g(c ) = x

gof (r ) = g(d ) = y

gof (s ) = g(b ) = z

Example 6.5

Let f : R →R be defined by f ( x )=x 2 and g : R→ R be defined by g( x )=2 x +5 , then find :

(i)( gof ) ( x ) (ii) ( fog )( x ) (iii) ( gof ) ( 2 ) (iv) ( fog )( x )

Solution:

f ( x )=x 2 , g ( x )=2 x+5

(i) ( gof ) ( x ) = g (f ( x ))

= 2 [ f ( x ) +5 ] =2 f ( x ) +5

= 2 x 2 +5

(ii) ( fog )( x ) = f ( g ( x ))
2
= f [ g ( x ) ] = ( 2 x +5 )2

= 4 x 2 +20 x+ 25

(iii) ( gof ) ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 )2 +5=8+5

= 13

(iv) ( fog )( x ) = 4 ( 3 )3 +20 ( 3 )+25=36+60+25

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 = 121

We can conclude that from the example above ( gof ) ( x ) ≠( fog ) ( x ) . Thus composite mapping is not
commutative in general.

Example 6.6

If R is the set of real numbers and if f : R →R is a function defined by

f ( x )= ¿ { 2 x + 3 ¿ { 4 x −3 ¿ ¿
2 x >5
−3≤x≤5
x <−3
Find

(i) f (6 ) (ii) f (3) (iii) f (1) (iv) f (−2 ) (v) f (−4 )

Solution

(i)Since 6 is in the interval if x >5 we shall use

f ( x )=2 x 2 +3
f ( 6 )=2 ( 6 )2 + 3⇒ 72+3=75

(iii) Since 1 is in interval −3≤x≤5 we shall use

f ( x )=4 x−3

f (1)=4 ( 1 )−3
=4−3=1
Students should solve (ii), (iv) and (v).

INVERSE MAPPING (FUNCTION)

Inverse function: The inverse of a function, f : A → B is usually written as f -1: B → A , meaning it is a

mapping from B ¿ A . The inverse f -1need not be a function. The only occasion where f -1 is a function
occurs when f -1is both one – one mapping and Onto mapping. Suppose f : x →2 x +3 on the set
A={−2 ,1 , 3 } into set B={−1 , 5 , 9 } illustrated in set of ordered pairs and arrow diagrams below.

f
A B

-2 9
1 5
3 -1
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If we consider the relation which reverses f i.e. f -1: B → A , f -1¿ {(−1 ,−2 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 9 ,3 ) } then f -1 is a
function because it is both one – one and onto. This is so because f itself is both One – One and Onto.
Hence, a function f has an inverse, f -1, if it is both One – One and Onto.

In the illustration above, the rule which reverses the function f ,(i.e 2 x+3 ¿ i.e the inverse function can
be derived as follows:

y−3 1
x= f −1 ( y )= ( y−3 )
Let 2 x+3= y ; 2 x= y−3 ; x= 2 . Hence,
2 . The variables x and y are
often interchanged in the inverse function, so in this case, we have that

1
f −1 ( x )= ( x−2 )
2 as the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +2

Example 6.7
3
Let f : R →R where R is the set of real numbers be defined by f ( x )=2 x −4 , find:
−1 −1
(i) f (x) (ii) f ( 12 )

Solution
3 3
(i) Let y=f ( x )=2 x −4 ⇒ y + 4=2 x

y+ 4
= 2
=x3 ⇒ x=
3 y+ 4
2 √
=
x=f −1 ( y )=
√3 y +4
2
∴ f −1 ( x )=
√3 x+4
2

(ii)
f −1 ( 12 )=
√
3 12+4 3 16
2
=
2 √
= 3 √ 8=2

Activity 6.2

39
 1. The function f and g are defined by f ={ ( a , m) , ( b , n ) , ( c , p ) } and g= { ( m, x ) , ( n , y ) , ( p , z ) }
respectively.

(a) Determine

(i) The domain of f (ii) The range of f (iii) The domain of g (iv) The range of g ,
(b) Hence determine

(i) g [ f ( a ) ] (ii) g [ f ( b ) ] (iii) g [ f ( c ) ]

2. The function f and g on the set of real numbers are defined by f ( x )=3 x−1 and
g ( x )=5 x+ 2 respectively. Find:

(i) f
−1
( x ) (ii) g−1 ( x ) (iii) f −1 ( g ( x )) (iv) g−1 ( f ( x ))

Evaluation

From spectrum new further mathematics scholastic series 1, exercise 6, page 84, solve the following
questions (i) 1 (ii) 3, (iii) 5 (iv) 14 (v) 25

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Further mathematics project 1 by M. R. Tuttuh-Adegun and D. Godspower Adegoke et al 5 th
revised edition, Bounty Press Limited.
2. New Further Mathematics Scholastic Series by T. R Moses; Spectrum Books Limited
3. NPS Further Mathematics Project by Tuttuti-Adegun M. R
4. Further mathematics by Egbe E and Co
5. Additional Mathematics for W. A by J. F Talbert and Co

WEEK ELEVEN

TOPIC: REVISION

WEEK TWELVE AND THIRTEEN

TOPIC: EXAMINATION

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WEEK FOUTEEN

TOPIC: CLOSURE

GOOD LUCK AND MERRY CHRISTMAS

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