Explanation Video for 0x0A.

C - argc, argv
0-whatsmyname.c
This is a simple C program that prints the name of the program to the standard
output. Let's go through the code step by step:
#include < stdio.h >
#include "main.h"
This code includes the standard input/output library and a custom header file
main.h. The custom header file may contain function declarations or other
preprocessor directives.
/**
* main - prints the name of the program
* @argc: number of arguments
* @argv: array of arguments
*
* Return: Always 0 (Success)
*/
This code defines the main function, which is the entry point of the program. The
function takes two arguments: argc, an integer representing the number of arguments
passed to the program, and argv, an array of strings containing the arguments
passed to the program. The function returns an integer value (in this case, 0) to
the operating system indicating whether the program terminated successfully or not.
int main(int argc __attribute__((unused)), char *argv[])
The __attribute__((unused)) is a GCC attribute that suppresses the "unused
parameter" warning when compiling with -Wunused-parameter flag. In this case, argc
is not used in the function body, so this attribute is used to prevent the warning.
{
printf("%s\n", *argv);
return (0);
}
This code prints the first argument in the argv array (which is the name of the
program itself) to the standard output using the printf function. The "%s\n" format
specifier in printf is used to print a string followed by a newline character. The
argument passed to printf is *argv, which is a pointer to the first element of the
argv array, which contains the name of the program.
Finally, the function returns 0 to indicate that the program has terminated
successfully.

Main.h
This is a header file main.h that contains function declarations for the _putchar
and _atoi functions. Let's go through the code step by step:
#ifndef MAIN_H
#define MAIN_H
These two lines of code are called include guards. They prevent the file from being
included more than once in the same compilation unit. The #ifndef directive checks
whether the macro MAIN_H is not already defined. If it is not defined, the #define
directive defines the macro MAIN_H. If it is defined, the preprocessor skips the
entire file until the #endif directive.
int _putchar(char c);
This line declares the _putchar function, which takes a single char argument and
returns an int. This function is often used to print individual characters to the
standard output.
int _atoi(char *s);
This line declares the _atoi function, which takes a char pointer as an argument
and returns an int. This function is used to convert a string of characters
representing an integer into an actual integer value.
#endif
This line closes the #ifdef directive started earlier. It tells the preprocessor to
stop processing the file when it encounters this directive. The #endif directive
matches the #ifndef directive, and the include guards are closed.
In summary, this header file main.h is used to declare the function prototypes of
_putchar and _atoi, so that other source files can use these functions by including
this header file in their source code.

_putchar.c
This is a C function definition for the _putchar function. Let's go through the
code step by step:
#include < stdio.h >
#include "main.h"
These lines of code include the standard input/output library stdio.h and the
custom header file main.h. The custom header file may contain function declarations
or other preprocessor directives.
/** * _putchar - writes the character c to stdout
* @c: The character to print
*
* Return: On success 1.
* On error, -1 is returned and errno is set appropriately.
*/
This block of comments is called a function documentation or function header. It
provides information about the _putchar function. It includes the function name,
its purpose, and its parameter description. In this case, _putchar writes the
character c to the standard output and returns 1 on success. If an error occurs, it
returns -1 and sets the errno variable.
int _putchar(char c)
{
return (write(1, &c, 1));
}
This code defines the _putchar function, which takes a single character c as an
argument and returns an integer. Inside the function, the write function is called
to write the character c to the standard output. The write function takes three
arguments: the file descriptor (in this case, 1 for standard output), a pointer to
the character c, and the size of the buffer (in this case, 1 for a single
character). The function returns the value returned by write, which is the number
of bytes written on success or -1 on error.
In summary, this function definition for _putchar provides an implementation for
writing a character to the standard output. This function can be used by other C
programs by including the main.h header file that contains the function prototype.

1-args.c
This is a C program that prints the number of arguments passed to the program.
Let's go through the code step by step:
#include < stdio.h >
#include "main.h"
These lines of code include the standard input/output library stdio.h and the
custom header file main.h. The custom header file may contain function declarations
or other preprocessor directives.
/** * main - print the number of arguments passed to the program
* @argc: number of arguments
* @argv: array of arguments
*
* Return: Always 0 (Success)
*/
This block of comments is called a function documentation or function header. It
provides information about the main function. In this case, the main function
prints the number of arguments passed to the program. It takes two arguments: argc,
the number of arguments passed, and argv, an array of character strings
representing the arguments. The function returns 0 on success.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
(void) argv; /*Ignore argv*/
printf("%d\n", argc - 1);
return (0);
}
This code defines the main function, which takes two arguments: argc and argv. The
(void) argv; statement is used to explicitly ignore the argv argument and avoid a
compiler warning. The printf function is used to print the value of argc - 1 to the
standard output, followed by a newline character. The argc variable stores the
number of arguments passed to the program, and subtracting 1 gives the number of
arguments excluding the name of the program itself. Finally, the function returns 0
to indicate success.
In summary, this C program uses the main function to print the number of arguments
passed to the program. It takes two arguments, argc and argv, and ignores argv. The
program then subtracts 1 from argc to get the number of arguments excluding the
program name and prints it to the standard output.

2-args.c
This is a C program that prints all the arguments it receives. Let's go through the
code step by step:
#include < stdio.h >
#include "main.h"
These lines of code include the standard input/output library stdio.h and the
custom header file main.h. The custom header file may contain function declarations
or other preprocessor directives.
/**
* main - prints all arguments it receives
* @argc: number of arguments
* @argv: array of arguments
*
* Return: Always 0 (Success)
*/
This block of comments is called a function documentation or function header. It
provides information about the main function. In this case, the main function
prints all the arguments it receives. It takes two arguments: argc, the number of
arguments passed, and argv, an array of character strings representing the
arguments. The function returns 0 on success.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
{
printf("%s\n", argv[i]);
}
return (0);
}
This code defines the main function, which takes two arguments: argc and argv. It
declares an integer variable i that will be used to iterate through the array of
arguments. The for loop is used to iterate through the argv array, starting from
the first element (i = 0) and ending at the last element (i < argc). Inside the
loop, the printf function is used to print the value of the argv[i] array element,
which is a character string representing one of the arguments passed to the
program. The %s format specifier is used to print the string followed by a newline
character. Finally, the function returns 0 to indicate success.
In summary, this C program uses the main function to print all the arguments passed
to the program. It takes two arguments, argc and argv, and iterates through the
argv array using a for loop. Inside the loop, it prints each array element using
the printf function. The program then returns 0 to indicate success.

3-mul.c
This code is written in the C programming language and it multiplies two numbers
passed as command line arguments. Let's break down the code into smaller parts and
explain each step:
Include necessary libraries:
#include < stdio.h >
This is a preprocessor directive which includes the standard input/output library
in the program.
Define function prototype:
int _atoi(char *s);
This is a function prototype which tells the compiler that there is a function
called _atoi that takes a pointer to a character as its argument and returns an
integer.
Define function _atoi:
int _atoi(char *s)
This is the definition of the _atoi function, which takes a pointer to a character
as its argument and returns an integer.
Define variables:
int i, d, n, len, f, digit;
These variables are used in the _atoi function to keep track of the current
position in the string, the number of minus signs encountered, the length of the
string, the flag for the start of the number, and the current digit being
processed.
Initialize variables:
i = 0;
d = 0;
n = 0;
len = 0;
f = 0;
digit = 0;
These variables are initialized to their starting values.
Calculate length of string:
while (s[len] != '\0')
len++;
This code calculates the length of the string pointed to by s by counting the
number of characters until the null terminator is reached.
Parse string:
while (i < len && f == 0)
{
if (s[i] == '-')
++d;
if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
{
digit = s[i] - '0';
if (d % 2)
digit = -digit;
n = n * 10 + digit;
f = 1;
if (s[i + 1] < '0' || s[i + 1] > '9')
break;
f = 0;
}
i++;
}
This code iterates through the string pointed to by s and parses out the integer
value. It checks for minus signs and keeps track of their count, and it converts
digits to integers by subtracting the ASCII value of the character '0'. It also
takes into account negative numbers by flipping the sign if there are an odd number
of minus signs. The flag f is set to 1 when the first digit is encountered, and it
is set back to 0 if a non-digit character is encountered before the end of the
number.
Check if parsing was successful:
if (f == 0)
return (0);
This code checks if the parsing of the string was successful by checking if the
flag f is still 0 at the end of the loop. If it is, it means no digits were found
and the function returns 0.
Return the integer value:
return (n);
This code returns the integer value parsed from the string.
Define main function:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
This is the definition of the main function, which takes two arguments: argc, the
number of command line arguments passed to the program, and argv, an array of
strings containing the command line arguments.
Declare variables:
int result, num1, num2;
These variables are used in the main function to store the results of the program.
Check for correct number of arguments:
if (argc < 3 || argc > 3)
{
printf("Error\n");
return (1);
}
This code checks if the number of command line arguments passed to the program is
not equal to 3. If it is not, it prints an error message to the console and returns
1 to indicate that the program failed to run correctly.
Parse arguments and perform multiplication:
num1 = _atoi(argv[1]);
num2 = _atoi(argv[2]);
result = num1 * num2;
This code uses the _atoi function to convert the two command line arguments to
integers, and then multiplies them together to get the result.
Print result:
printf("%d\n", result);
This code prints the result to the console.
Return success:
return (0);
This code returns 0 to indicate that the program ran successfully.
To write this code step by step, you would start by writing the necessary
preprocessor directive and function prototype. Then, you would define the _atoi
function and write the code to parse the string and return the integer value. After
that, you would define the main function and write the code to check for the
correct number of command line arguments, parse the arguments, perform the
multiplication, and print the result. Finally, you would add the return statement
to indicate success or failure.

4-add.c
This code is a C program that takes in command-line arguments, checks if they are
all integers, sums them up, and prints the result to the console. Let's go through
the code step by step to understand how it works:
#include < stdio.h>
#include < stdlib.h>
#include < ctype.h>
#include < string.h>
This code starts by including the necessary header files. stdio.h is used for
input/output, stdlib.h is used for memory allocation, ctype.h is used for character
type checking functions, and string.h is used for string manipulation functions.
int check_num(char *str)
{
unsigned int count;
count = 0;
while (count < strlen(str))
{
if (!isdigit(str[count]))
{
return (0);
}
count++;
}
return (1);
}
The check_num() function checks if a given string str contains only digits. It does
this by iterating over each character in the string using a while loop, checking if
each character is a digit using the isdigit() function from ctype.h. If any non-
digit characters are found, the function returns 0. Otherwise, it returns 1.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int count;
int str_to_int;
int sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count < argc)
{
if(check_num(argv[count]))
{
str_to_int = atoi(argv[count]);
sum += str_to_int;
}
else
{
printf("Error\n");
return (1);
}
count++;
}
printf("%d\n", sum);
return (0);
}
The main() function is the entry point of the program. It takes two arguments:
argc, the number of command-line arguments passed to the program, and argv, an
array of strings containing the command-line arguments.
The function starts by declaring three variables: count, an integer used to iterate
over the argv array; str_to_int, an integer used to store the converted value of
each argument; and sum, an integer used to accumulate the sum of all converted
arguments.
The function then enters a while loop that iterates over each element in the argv
array, starting from index 1 (since the first argument is always the name of the
program). For each argument, the check_num() function is called to determine if it
is a valid integer. If it is, the atoi() function is called to convert the argument
from a string to an integer, and the result is added to sum. If it is not a valid
integer, an error message is printed and the function returns 1.
Finally, the function prints the value of sum to the console and returns 0 to
indicate success.
100-change.c
This is a C program that calculates the minimum number of coins required to make
change for an amount of money.
Let's go through the code step by step:
#include < stdio.h>
#include < stdlib.h>
#include "main.h"
The code includes the necessary header files: stdio.h, which provides input/output
functionality, stdlib.h, which provides memory allocation and other functions, and
main.h, which is a user-defined header file.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
The main function takes two arguments, an integer argc and an array of character
pointers argv. argc is the count of the command-line arguments passed to the
program, and argv is an array of strings representing the command-line arguments.
int num, j, result;
int coins[] = {25, 10, 5, 2, 1};
Three integer variables are declared: num, j, and result. The array coins is also
declared and initialized with values representing the different coin denominations.
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Error\n");
return (1);
}
The program expects one argument, the amount of money, and if the number of
arguments passed is not equal to two, the program returns an error message and
exits with a status code of 1.
num = atoi(argv[1]);
result = 0;
if (num < 0)
{
printf("0\n");
return (0);
}
The atoi function is used to convert the string argument passed to the program into
an integer, which is stored in the variable num. If num is less than zero, the
program prints 0 and exits with a status code of 0.
for (j = 0; j < 5 && num >= 0; j++)
{
while (num >= coins[j])
{
result++; num -= coins[j];
}
}
A for loop is used to iterate over the coins array. For each coin denomination, the
program checks if the amount of money is greater than or equal to that
denomination. If it is, the program subtracts that denomination from the amount of
money and adds one to the result counter.
printf("%d\n", result);
return (0);
Finally, the program prints the result, which is the minimum number of coins
required to make change for the given amount of money, and returns 0 to indicate
successful execution of the program