THE

DEVELOPMENT
OF VISUAL ARTS
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF ARCHITECTURE
 The beginning of architecture
must be placed within the
Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age,
which lasted roughly from 8000
to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic
Age (during Paleolithic and
Mesolithic periods), man used
caves for shelter and most
probably for religious
ceremonies.
 The oldest traces of early man are
tools made of stone. Some of these
tools are more than 200,000 years
old. One of the earlier pieces of
sculpture is the Venus of Willendorf
made between 30,000 and 25,000
BC and found in Krems, Austria. The
cave paintings of Altamira in Spain
were dated between 15,000 and
10,000 BC.
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN
ARCHIECTURE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR
FORMAL PERIODS

ANCIENT MEDIEVAL
1 WORLD 2 PERIOD

MODERN CONTEMPORARY
3 WORLD 4 WORLD.
ARCHITECTURE IN THE
ANCIENT WORLD
 IN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
ARCHITECTURE CAN BE CATEGORIZED
INTO FOUR (4) AREAS:

1 2
Architecture of Architecture of
Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt
3 4
Aegean and Ancient Etruscan and Ancient
Architecture Roman
ARCHITECTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA
The temple became the predominant building type
in Mesopotamia. Since there was no local supply of
stone, mud bricks and fired bricks were the
principal building materials
1.ARCHITECTURE OF THE SUMERIANS
-The typical building of the Sumerians was the
ziggurat. The architectural emphasis is a
centralized arrangement of the structure
which has a vertical axis that conveys a sense
of stability and order. The temple on top of the
ziggurat represent the god-centered structure
of the society and this society’s dependence on
God.
2.ARCHITECTURE OF THE ASSYRIANS
-The palace of King Sargon II stood as a
representative of the Assyrian sculpture. It was built
above the ground level of the city to impart the idea
that the King stood between the gods and his people.
3.ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEO-BABYLONIANS (575
BC)
-The Ishtar-Gate in Babylon was built for King
Nebuchadnezzar II. This gate is lined with several
beasts done in brightly colored glazed bricks and
dedicated to the goddess Ishtar.
4.ARCHITECTURE OF THE PERSIANS
-The Royal Palace at Persepolis is a representative of
Persian architecture. The repetitve vertical line
represented by columns and ceremonial figures is the
overriding element of form displayed in the Royal
Palace.
ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT
EGYPT
Ancient Egyptian architecture in the
Valley of the Nile used readily available
materials such as seeds, papyrus, and
palm branch ribs. Timber and wood
were utilized more than stone. The two
types of Egyptian architecture are the
simple steriometric shape of mass and
rhythmically articulated columnar hall.
Tombs, pyramids, and temples
displayed these types of architecture.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE OLD KINGDOM (3000-
2130 BC)
The mastaba (Arabic for "bench"), the Step
Pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo), and the
pyramids at Giza (near Cairo) are examples of
architecture built during this period.
The mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone
structure with slopping flat or recessed
sides, erected over subterranean tomb
chamber. The simple steriometric and solid
form of the mastaba expressed the Egyptian
aspiration for permanence, security, and
concern for afterlife.
 The Step Pyramid of Zoser is a complex
structure consisting of an enclosed
rectangle of 545 x 278 outlets
surrounded by a 10-meter high wall of
limestone. The architectural form of this
pyramid conveys the supremacy and
power of the king even after his death.
The pyramids at Giza signify the height of
the pharaonic power. The form
symbolizes permanence, stability, and
transcendence.
2.ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE
KINGDOM (2130-1580 BC)
Among the characteristic remains
of the Middle Kingdom are the
rock-cut tombs at Beni-Hasan.
Frosted by a shallow columned
portico, the tombs contained the
fundamental units of Egyptian
culture: portico or vestibule,
columuned ma'l, and chamber.
3.ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEW
KINGDOM (1580-322 BC)
If the most impressive monuments
of the Old Kingdom are its
pyramids, those of the New
Kingdom are the grandiose temples.
An example of an architectural
masterpiece in this period was the
Mortuary Temple of Queen
Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri.
It was constructed in 1500 BC.
The mortuary temple represents another
version of the combination of the horizontal
and vertical axes. The structure arises from the
valley floor in three colonnaded terraces
connected by ramps. Queen Hatshepsut wanted
it to be the symbol of peace on earth. This
temple provided adequate setting for the
religious services to a deified queen. The
architectural style and form in this period was
focused on sequences, progression, symmetry,
balance, and harmony with the natural setting.
Other temples established at this time were
the Mortuary Temple of Ramses II, the Temples
of the Ancient Gods, the Temple of Amun-Re at
Karnak and the Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu at
Luxor.
AEGEAN AND ANCIENT GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
1.AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE (1600-1400 BC)
The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) is an
example of Aegean architecture. The oblong shape
of the court and the general layout of the palace
shows a centralized arrangement. The rigid layout
of the storage magazines puts forward the values
of efficient administration and order. It was a
setting of harmonious living. The arrangement of
the storage jars and the drainage system testifies
to efficiency and practicality.
THE MYCENACAN ARCHITECTURE (1400-
1200 BC)
The Citadel of Tiryns was a
representative architecture of this
era. The citadel consisted of heavy
walls that reveal a defensive
character. Through the walls, at
intervals, run corbeled galleries, which
probably served defensive purposes.
The architectural form of this era
signified security and safety; perhaps
also dominance and power.
2.ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Ancient Greek Architecture is essentially
columnar and trabeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a muscular-like
human quality of the columns. The spacing of
the columns towards the corners is sometimes
narrower, which also makes for a better,
dynamic visual appearance.
In elevation, the Greek temple consists of
three parts: the platform or base, the columns,
and the superstructure or entablature. The
combination of the three parts is called an
architectural order.
Doric order was the earliest of the Greek
architectural orders. The columns rest on a
three-stepped platform or base. The capital
consists of two elements, a lower, called
echinus (circular and cushion-like) and an
upper, the abacus (square) that provides the
immediate support of the entablature.
The Doric order is massive and severe in
appearance. It is a muscular order. The
Corinthian order was developed much later, a
variant of the Ionic order. It does not consist
of volutes but of stylized acanthus leaves. The
Ionian and Corinthian orders were regarded
as feminine. The Corinthian and Ionic orders
form an inverted bell shape
 ETRUSCAN AND ANCIENT ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
The Etruscan house was a simple rectangular structure
which grew progressively more complex. The Etruscan temple
was intended to function primarily as an interior space. It
was a place of shelter protected by the wide overhang of its
roof.
Ancient Roman architecture is a combination of axis and
center. The Romans were the first to develop interior
architectural space on a large scale. The typical Roman
values of order, persistence, tenacity in reaching the goal,
superiority over the barbarians, and the outgoing conquering
mentality are all embodied in the Roman apartment house,
the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70-83 AD),
the Basilica Ulpia in Rome, the Pantheon, the Baths of
Caracalla, and the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome.
ARCHITECTURE IN THE
MEDIEVAL WORLD
 THE ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND
STYLE IN THIS ERA ARE CLASSIFIED:

1 2
Early Christian and Islamic Architecture
Byzantine Architecture

3 4
Carolingian, Ottonian, and Gothic Arhitecture
Romanesque Architecture
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Early Christian architecture consisted of
two building types: the Christian Basilica, a
rectangular building with an apse for the
altar at one end, and as far as the form is
concerned, based on the straight line,
interpreted as path; and the martyrium, a
circular building, interpreted as center.
Example of this type are the architectured
form of Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old
St. Peter's Basilica, and the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
 Byzantine architecture is represented
by San Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia.
Byzantine architects created a totally
spiritualized space. The dome of heaven
served as a point of departure. The
spiritualized space of the dome of
heaven is reached only after passing
through some preparatory low and
difficult spaces, symbolizing the
necessary persistent effort a Christian
must exert to reach his final
destination.
 ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
(850-1600 AD)
The most important contribution of
Islamic architecture is the development
of a new kind of interior space, using the
Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of
departure. Besides the mosque as the
principal building types of Islam, there
were the palace, the tomb, and the fort.
Examples of these types of Islamic
architecture are the Great Mosque of
Samarra on the Tigris River, the
Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and
the Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India
 CAROLINGIAN, OTTONIAN, AND
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (800-900
AD)
Carolingian architecture was characterized by an
emphasis on the westwork, on the temporal power
of the emperor. The Pope and the emperor join
hands in perfect quality. This architecture was
exemplified by S
t. Michael Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany. Ottonian
architecture is an architectural style which flourished
during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-975).
The style was developed in the mid-10th century and
lasted until the mid-11th century. The Ottonian
preserves the Carolinian double ended feature with
apses at either end of the church.
 Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was
characterized by the bay system, cross- or groin-
vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the
walls, massive enclosing walls, and the
incorporation of towers into the church building
proper. Three types of church buildings were
established during this period: pilgrimage churches,
monastic churches, and imperial cathedrals. The
prevailing type of Romanesque church was the
elongated basilica-type design along the path.
Examples of Romanesque akchitecture were the
cathedral Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage
church), Cluny Abbey in France, Imperial Cathedral
of Germany, St. Mark's Basilica in veche, tary
Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, Italy, and
Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (1150-1500 AD)
The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type,
the city cathedral. The features of the Gothic style are:
the pointed arch, the flying buttress, and the rib vault
that reflects the transcendental character of Gothic
culture. The outside of the cathedral is related to the
interior space. Towers and spires express the
transcendental character as well. Gothic architecture
is a carved or moulded architecture-the press, door
jambs, and window frames of Gothic structure are
carved or moulded. Examples of Gothic architecture
were the choir of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Laon
Cathedral in Paris, Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres
Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral in
France, Salisbury Cathedral in England, and St.
Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany.
ARCHITECTURE IN THE
MODERN WORLD
ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN
WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO:

1 Renaissance Architecture

2 Baroque Architecture
 THE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
IN ITALY (1420-1600 AD)
The dome is a double shell structure built according to
Gothic style. Spaces and enclosing surfaces are on
simple proportional relationships. Basic module
utilized the paneling of white and colored marbles.
Structures follow the system of rectangles and
circles. Renaissance architecture makes man standing
in the center of the dome, revealing self-sufficient
individuality of man, acting not by the grace of God,
but more by the power of his own agency. The
structures established during this time were the
Santo Spirito, Pazzi Chapel, Palazzo Medici Riccardi,
and Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy and Basilica of
Sant'Andrea in Mantua, Italy.
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE (1600-1750
AD)
The original meaning of the term "baroque" was
odd, irregular, and grotesque. In 1880, the term lost
its derogatory flavor and became assetregular,
and grotesque. In hitecture of Barromini and
Guarini. Baroque art grew out of Renaissance art.
The architecture form of the Baroque architecture
consists of two centers and a path connecting
them. One center, the interior, is located under the
tomb and is occupied by pemain altar. The other
center, the exterior is made up of the oblisk. The
path connects the exterior and interior space of
the facade.
 ARCHITECTURE IN
THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
 Contemporary architecture is characterized by
the use of industrial material especially steel,
glass and concrete deprived of ornamentation
and assembled so as to form simple geometrical
volumes freely laid out in space.
The development of architecture prior to the
international style includes Romanticism (1750-
1850 AD) and beyond; Architecture of the
Engineers (1800-1900 AD); Architecture of the
Chicago School; Architecture of Art Nouveau;
Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism; and
Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.
ARCHITECTURE OF ROMANTICISM
The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more linear,
stiffer, geometrically more regular, and more academic
than its Italian counterparts. Romantic Naturalism
expressed freedom from rules and an escape from the
harsh rigor of reason into the world of intuition and the
natural. The forms of the architecture of Romantic
Naturalism is not linear but spatial, more painterly, and
picturesque. The use of natural materials was favored.
The architecture of Romanticism remained essentially
lifeless. The indiscriminate use of forms from the past
without concern for function and technique made these
forms devoid of meaning. Examples of Romantic
architecture are the Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, and
German Embassy in Petersburg, and the Street Facade of
Altes Museum.
The architecture of the Engineers such halls
for work and exhibitions were the first to
exhibit new ideas and paved the way as
bridges, railroad stations, and large for
contemporary architecture. This new
architecture was made possible through the
builability of new building materials, iron and
steel, that revolutionized the whole building
industry.
Examples of the architecture of Engineers
are the Severn Bridge of England and Wales
and the bridges over the Mena Strait.
The Eiffel Tower proved that the
new materials-iron and steel-
produced by industry could convey
architectural meanings and values
better than the old traditional
materials of stone and wood.
The Eiffel Tower embodies the
triumph of man over the forces of
nature. It symbolizes high
achievement of man-that he can
conquer, subdue, and control nature
using these new materials.
 Contemporary architecture comes to a
first climax and synthesis in the
Architecture of the International Style,
which some call the Architecture of
Rationalism and Functionalism.

The architecture of the International Style

was, above all, characterized by the the
spirit of functionalism which believed that
architectural forms expressed the
functions well, and as such, were good
forms.
The architects of the International Style
showed a seemingly genuine concern for
the emotional and physical well-being of
men. Urban planning was intended to
provide a healthy city environment.
Famous architects from this period
were Walter Gropius, LeCorbusier, and
Mies. Some of the buildings constructed
during this era are the Bauhaus Building
in Germany, Tugendhat House in Czech
Republic, the Villa Savoye in France, and
Centennial Hall and Einstein Tower in
Germany.
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