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Lecture-2 Channel Capacity and Modulation

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11 views27 pages

Lecture-2 Channel Capacity and Modulation

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mkazmi.bee21seecs
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LECTURE-2: CHANNEL CAPACITY,

POWER AND MODULATION


SALMAN GHAFOOR
PULSE–CODED MODULATION – A
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Pulse Code Modulation – 4 Level
Pulse Code Modulation
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
If amplitudes of the message signal m(t) lie in the range (-mp,
mp), the quantizer partitions the signal range into L intervals
Pulse Coded Modulation
Once the A/D conversion is over, the original analog message is
represented by a sequence of samples, each of which takes on
one of the L preset quantization levels

The transmission of this quantized sequence is the task of digital


communication systems

For this reason, signal waveforms must be used to represent the


quantized sample sequence in the transmission process

Pulse-coded modulation (PCM) is a very simple and yet common


mechanism for this purpose
Pulse Coded Modulation
One information bit refers to one binary digit of 1 or 0

The idea of PCM is to represent each quantized sample by an


ordered combination of two basic pulses: p1(t) representing 1 and
po(t) representing 0

Because each of the L possible sample values can be written as a


bit string of length log2L, each sample can therefore also be
mapped into a short pulse sequence that represents the binary
sequence of bits

For example, if L = 16, then each quantized level can be


described uniquely by 4 bits
Pulse Coded Modulation
We can use two basic pulses,
p1(t) = A/2 and po(t) = -A/2

A sequence of four such pulses


gives 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 distinct
patterns

We can assign one pattern to


each of the 16 quantized
values to be transmitted

Each quantized sample is now


coded into a sequence of four
binary pulses
BANDWIDTH AND POWER
Signal Bandwidth and Power
 In a communication
system, the
fundamental
parameters and
physical limitations
that control the rate
and quality are the
channel bandwidth B
and the signal power
Ps

 The bandwidth of a
channel is the range of
frequencies (in Hertz)
that it can transmit
with reasonable
fidelity (or quality)

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00578-7_16
Signal Bandwidth and Power
Similarly, each signal also has a bandwidth that measures the
maximum range of its frequency components

The faster a signal changes, the higher its maximum frequency is,
and the larger its bandwidth is

A signal can be successfully sent over a channel if the channel


bandwidth exceeds the signal bandwidth
Signal Bandwidth and Power
If a channel of bandwidth B can transmit N pulses per second,
then to transmit kN pulses per second by means of the same
technology, we need a channel of bandwidth kB

To reiterate, the number of pulses per second that can be


transmitted over a channel is directly proportional to its
bandwidth B

For example, compressing a signal in time by a factor of 2 allows


it to be transmitted in half the time, but the frequency or
bandwidth is doubled, so there is trade-off
Signal Bandwidth and Power
Signal power Ps is related to the quality of transmission

Increasing Ps strengthens the signal pulse and diminishes the


effect of channel noise and interference

The quality of either analog or digital communication systems


varies with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

A certain minimum SNR at the receiver is necessary for successful


communication

Thus, a larger signal power Ps allows the system to maintain a


minimum SNR over a longer distance, thereby enabling successful
communication over a longer span
CHANNEL CAPACITY AND DATA RATE
Channel Capacity and Data rate
Channel bandwidth limits the bandwidth of signals that can
successfully pass through

Signal SNR at the receiver determines the recoverability of the


transmitted signals

Higher SNR means that the transmitted signal pulse can use more
signal levels, thereby carrying more bits with each pulse
transmission

Higher bandwidth B also means that one can transmit more pulses
(faster variation) over the channel
Channel Capacity and Data rate
 Hence, SNR and bandwidth B can both affect the underlying channel
throughput

 The peak throughput that can be reliably carried by a channel is defined


as the channel capacity

 One of the most encountered channels is known as the additive white


Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel

 The AWGN channel model assumes no channel distortions except for the
additive white Gaussian noise and its finite bandwidth B

 This ideal model provides a performance upper bound for more general
distortive channels
Channel Capacity and Data rate
 The band-limited AWGN channel capacity was proposed by Shannon's
equation:

 Channel capacity C is the upper bound on the rate of information


transmission per second

 Shannon's equation clearly brings out the limitation on the rate of


communication imposed by B and SNR

 If there is no noise on the channel, then the capacity C would be infinite

 The minimum pulse amplitude separation can be arbitrarily small, and


for any given pulse, we have an infinite number of fine levels available
MODULATION AND DETECTION
Modulation
 Analog signals generated by the message sources or digital signals
generated through A/D conversion of analog signals are often referred to
as baseband signals because they typically are low pass in nature

 Baseband signals may be directly transmitted over a suitable channel


(e.g., telephone, fax)

 However, depending on the channel and signal frequency domain


characteristics, baseband signals produced by various information
sources are not always suitable for direct transmission over a given
channel

 When signal and channel frequency bands do not match exactly,


channels cannot be shifted - messages must be shifted to the right
channel frequency bandwidth
Modulation
The conversion process, known as modulation - baseband signal is
used to modify (i.e., modulate), some parameter of a radio-
frequency (RF) carrier signal

A carrier is a sinusoid of high frequency

Through modulation, one of the carrier sinusoidal parameters-


such as amplitude, frequency, or phase is varied in proportion to
the baseband signal m(t)

Accordingly, we have amplitude modulation (AM), frequency


modulation (FM), or phase modulation (PM)
Modulation
(a) Carrier

(b) Modulating (baseband) Signal

(c) Amplitude modulated wave

(d) Frequency modulated wave

 To reconstruct the baseband signal


at the receiver, the modulated
signal must pass through a reversal
process called demodulation
Modulation Benefits - Radiation
For efficient radiation of electromagnetic energy, the radiating
antenna length should be on the order of a fraction or more of
the wavelength of the driving signal ≈ half wavelength
Modulation Benefits - Radiation
 For many baseband signals, the wavelengths are too large for reasonable
antenna dimensions

 Example, the power in a speech signal is concentrated at frequencies


100 to 3000 Hz or wavelength 100 to 3000 km - an impractically large

 By modulating a high-frequency carrier, we effectively translate the


signal spectrum to the neighborhood of the carrier frequency that
corresponds to a much smaller wavelength

 For example, a 10 MHz carrier has a wavelength of only 30m -


transmission can be achieved with an antenna size on the order of 3m –
FM signal is around 100 MHz
Modulation Benefits - Multiplexing
 Modulation allows multiple signals to be transmitted at the same time in
the same geographical area or same cable without direct mutual
interference

 Multiple FM or TV channels over the same geographical area or cable are


possible due to modulation

 Without modulation, multiple baseband signals will all be interfering


with one another because all have almost the same bandwidth

 Without modulation, we would be limited to one station at a time in a


given location - a highly wasteful protocol because the channel
bandwidth is many times larger than that of the signal
Modulation Benefits - Multiplexing
 Various baseband signals modulate different carrier frequencies, thus
translating each signal to a different frequency

 If the various carriers are chosen sufficiently far apart in frequency, the
spectra of the modulated signals (known as TV channels in case of Cable
TV) will not overlap and thus will not interfere with each other

 At the receiver (TV set), a tunable bandpass filter can select the desired
station or TV channel for viewing

 This method of transmitting several signals simultaneously, over


nonoverlapping frequency bands, is known as frequency division
multiplexing (FDM)
Modulation
 Modulation: modification of a high frequency carrier w.r.t.
baseband / message signal for facilitation of transmission

Viability of radiation Efficient Channel bandwidth


utilisation
−Baseband signal (low 𝑓)
Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
𝑐 3 × 108
𝜆= = = 100km
𝑓 3 × 103
𝜆
Antenna size ≈ = 50km
2

−Passband signal (high 𝑓)


𝑐 3 × 108
𝜆= = = 1m
𝑓 300 × 106

𝜆
Antenna size ≈ = 0.5m
2
SUMMARY
Pulse coded modulation

Signal bandwidth and power

Channel capacity and data rate

Modulation

Radiation of modulated signals

Multiplexing of modulated signals

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