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Chapter 2
Kinematics
Kinematics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion without discussing its causes is
called kinematics.
Rest
Definition:
“A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings.”
Example:

A book kept on table

A stationary car
Motion
Definition:
“A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surrounding.”

Example:
A moving car
A falling ball
Types of motion
Types:
1. Translatory motion (linear motion, circular motion, random motion)
2. Rotatory motion
3. Vibratory motion

Translatory Motion
Definition:
“Motion of a body along a line without any rotation is called translatory motion.”
Examples:
 A ball falling vertically
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 A car moving on a road

 Riders in a Ferris wheel
Types:
1. Linear motion
2. Circular motion
3. Random motion
Linear Motion
“Motion of a body along a straight line is called linear motion.”
Examples:
 A ball falling down
 Aeroplanes flying in a straight line
 A car moving in a straight line
Circular Motion
“Motion of a body in a circular path is called circular motion.”
Example:
 A car moving on a circular track
 Earth revolving around Sun
 Moon revolving around earth
 A toy train moving on a circular track
 A stone tied at the end of a string
Random Motion
“The disordered or irregular motion of a body is called random motion.”
Example:
 Motion of dust particles
 Motion of birds
 Motion of insects
 Random motion of gas molecules called Brownian motion
Rotatory Motion
Definition:
“The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called rotatory motion.”
Example:
 Motion of a top
 Motion of a wheel
 Motion of a spinning football on a finger
 Motion of steering wheel
Vibratory Motion
Definition:
“To and fro motion of a body about a fixed position is called vibratory motion.”
Example:
 Motion of a swing
 Motion of pendulum of a clock
 Motion of a see-saw
Difference between Circular and Rotatory motion
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Circular Motion Rotatory Motion

Motion of a body along a circular path. Spinning motion of a body about its axis.
Axis of rotation is outside the body. Axis of rotation passes through the body.
Example: Example:
Revolution of Earth around Sun. Motion of steering wheel.
Motion of a toy train on a circular track.

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars:
“The quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are called scalars.”
Examples:
 Distance
 Speed
 Time
Vectors:
“The quantities which are completely described by their magnitude and direction are called
vectors’”
Examples:
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
Magnitude:
“Magnitude refers to a numerical value along with a suitable unit.”
Examples:
 2.5kg
 40s
 1.8m
Representation of a Vector
Methods:
 To represent vectors we use bold letters such as F, a, d or with a bar or an arrow over their
symbols.
 Vectors can also be represented graphically with a line segment having an arrow head.
B

A
The length of line segment AB represents the magnitude of vector and arrowhead gives the
Direction of vector.
Position
Definition:
“Position described the location of a place or a point with respect to some reference point.”
Example:
The position of your school with respect to your school.
Distance and Displacement
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Distance Displacement
Length of a path between two points is called The shortest distance between two points is called
distance. displacement.
It is completely described by its magnitude only. It is completely described by its magnitude and
direction.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
It is represented by S. It is represented by d.
Its unit is meter. Its unit is meter.
Its formula is: Its formula is:
S=vt d=vt
Speed and Velocity

Speed Velocity
Rate of change of distance of a body is called Rate of change of displacement of a body is called
speed. velocity.
It is completely described by its magnitude only. It is completely described by its magnitude and
direction.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
Its formula is: Its formula is:

Its unit is m/s. Its unit is m/s.

Uniform Speed:
“Speed is said to be uniform if a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.”
Uniform velocity:
“Velocity is said to be uniform if a body covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time.”
When the velocity of a body is uniform acceleration is zero.
Acceleration
Definition:
“The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration.”
Formula:
a=
❑
❑
Unit:
Its unit is m/s2.
Nature:
It is a vector quantity.
Direction:
 If the velocity of a body is increasing, its acceleration is parallel to velocity i.e. they have same
direction.
 If the velocity of a body is decreasing, its acceleration is anti-parallel to velocity i.e. they have
opposite direction.
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Uniform Acceleration
Definition:
“The acceleration of a body is uniform if it has equal changes in its velocity in equal intervals of
time.”
Magnitude:
 The acceleration is positive if velocity of a body increases i.e. acceleration and velocity
have same direction.
 The acceleration is negative if velocity of a body decreases i.e. acceleration and velocity
have opposite direction.
Retardation or Deceleration
Definition:
“Negative acceleration of a body is also called retardation or deceleration.”
When the acceleration is negative final velocity is greater than initial velocity.
Direction:
Its direction is opposite to the velocity of a body.
Graph
Definition:
“A pictorial way of representing information about the relation between various quantities is
called graph.”
Variables:
“The quantities between which a graph is plotted are called variables.”

Type of variables:
 Dependent variable
 Independent variable
Dependent variable:
“The quantity whose value varies with independent variable is called dependent variable.”
Its always plotted on x-axis.
Independent variable:
“The quantity whose value is independent of the other variable is called independent variable.”
Its always plotted on y-axis.
Distance-time Graph
Definition:
“The graph in which distance is plotted at y-axis and time is plotted at x-axis is called distance-
time graph.”
Slope of distance time graph:
Slope of distance time graph gives velocity of a body.
Graphs
Object at rest:
When the object is at rest no distance is covered with time. Its graph is given below:
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Distance-time graph of an object at rest is a horizontal line parallel to x-axis.

Object moving with constant speed:

A body has constant speed if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time. When a body has
constant speed its distance-time graph is a straight line. Its graph is given by:

Object moving with variable speed:

If a body does not cover equal distance in equal intervals of time its speed is uniform. Distance-
time graph of an object is not a straight line. Its graph is given by:

Velocity-time Graph
Definition:
“The graph in which velocity is plotted at y-axis and time at x-axis is called velocity-time graph.”
Area of velocity-time graph:
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Area of velocity-time graph gives displacement covered by a body.

Slope of velocity-time graph:
Slope of velocity-time graph gives acceleration of a body.
Object moving with constant velocity:
Velocity of a body is said to be constant if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time.
Velocity-time graph of an object moving with constant speed is a straight line. Its graph is given below:

Object moving with uniform acceleration:

If an object moves with uniformly changing velocity, then its acceleration is uniform. Velocity-
time graph of an object moving with uniform acceleration is a straight line. Its graph is given below:

Object moving with uniform deceleration:

If the velocity of an object decreases uniformly with time its deceleration is constant. Its graph is
given below:
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Equations of Motion
Definition:
“The equations which relate initial velocity, final velocity, time, acceleration and distance
covered by a moving object are called equations of motion.”
Number:
There are three basic equations of motion.
Assumptions:
To simplify the derivations following assumptions are made:
 Motion is along a straight line
 Acceleration is uniform
 Only magnitudes of displacements, velocities and acceleration are considered.
Explanation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity vi along a straight line with uniform acceleration a.
After time t its velocity becomes vf.
Acceleration:
Acceleration of the body is given by slope AB.
Total distance:
Total distance covered by the body is equal to the area under the velocity-time graph.
Graph:

1st Equation of Motion:

Slope of line AB gives acceleration of body. Its slope is given by:
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Slope of line AB = a =
❑
❑

a=
❑ eq(i)
❑

As: BD = vf , CD = vi, OD = t
Eq(i) becomes:
a=
❑
❑
Rearranging above equation:
at = vf - vi
at + vi = vf
vf = vi + at
nd
2 Equation of Motion:
In a speed-time graph total distance covered is equal to area under the graph OABCD.
Total distance = S = Area of rectangle OACD + Area of triangle ABC
Area of rectangle = AO x OD
=Vi x t
Area of triangle =
❑ (AC x BC)
❑
As:
AC = t
a=
❑
❑
a= BC/t
at = BC
Area of triangle becomes:
Area of triangle =
❑ (t x at)
❑
❑
Total distance = S = Vit + (t x at)
❑
❑
Total distance = S = Vit + at2
❑
❑
S = Vit + at2
❑

3rd equation of Motion:

Total area = S = ½ (sum of parallel sides) x height
S = ½ (AO + BD) x AC
2S = (AO + BD) x AC
2S = (AO + BD) x OD (AC = OD)
Multiplying both sides by
❑
❑
2S x
❑ = (AO + BD) x OD x
❑
❑ ❑

2S x
❑ = (AO + BD) x BC
❑
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As BC = BD – CD and AO = CD
❑ = (CD + BD) x (BD – CD)
2S x
❑
2S x
❑ = (BD + CD) x (BD – CD)
❑
Now BD = vf, CD = vi,
❑
❑
2aS = (vf + vi) (vf + vi)
2aS = vf2 – vi2
Motion of Freely Falling Bodies
Gravitational acceleration:
“The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration.”
Representation:
It is represented by ‘g’.
Value:
Its value is 10m/s2.
Positive and negative value of ‘g’:
 It is positive for bodies falling downwards.
 It is negative for bodies moving upwards.
Equation of Motions for Objects Falling Freely
st
1 equation of motion:
vf = vi + gt
2nd equation of Motion:
h = Vit +
❑ gt2
❑
3rd equation of Motion:
2gh = vf2 – vi2