FUNDAMENTAL OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING AND MECHATRONICS

By
Mayank Kumar Tiwari
Mechanical Engineering Department, AKGEC
 Introduction of Students
Name

Branch

Residence Place/ 12 th

PCM %

Hobbies
How to join Google Class Room
Google Classroom app from play store

Akgec email id

Code for joining class -

Rules and Regulation of class

 Mode of class
Online

Notes, assignment- within period

You should attend all the classes

Notes from your side, notebook

Bilingual - English and Hindi

Notes will be provided in English

Tests in Eng mode

 Points to be discussed today
Basic Mechanics

Force

Co-planer, Non Co Planer, Co linear

Equilibrium of Two Force, Three forces and Many Forces

Component of Forces and their resultant

Equilibrium Condition
 Points to be discussed today
Law of Transmissibility

MOMENT OF A FORCE

COUPLE

TRANSFER OF A FORCE TO PARALLEL POSITION

 Points to be discussed today
Stress

Strain

Hookes Law
Problem
A cord supported at A and B carries a load of 10 kN at D and a load of W at C .
Find the value of W so that CD remains horizontal.
Simple Stresses and Strains
Assumptions:

1. For the range of forces applied the material is elastic i.e. it can regain its
original shape and size, if the applied force is removed.
2. Material is homogeneous i.e. every particle of the material possesses
identical mechanical properties.
3. Material is isotropic i.e. the material possesses identical mechanical property
at any point in any direction
Strain
● No material is perfectly rigid. Under the action of forces a rubber undergoes
changes in shape and size.

● The change in length per unit length is known as linear (longitudinal) strain.

Linear (longitudinal) Strain = Change in Length / Original Length

● The lateral strain may be defined as changes in the lateral dimension per unit
lateral dimension. Thus,

Lateral Strain =Change in Lateral Dimension / Original Lateral Dimension

HOOKE’S LAW
Stress is proportional to strain up to elastic limit.

σ∝ε

σ=Eε

E is the constant of proportionality of the material,

known as modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus

HOOKE’S LAW
Experiments have shown that for mild steel the Hooke’s law holds good up to the
proportionality limit which is very close to the elastic limit.

For other materials, Hooke’s law does not hold good.

However, in the range of working stresses, assuming Hooke’s law to hold good,
the relationship does not deviate considerably from actual behaviour.

Accepting Hooke’s law to hold good, simplifies the analysis and design procedure
considerably. Hence Hooke’s law is widely accepted.
The Tensile Test Diagram
The Tensile Test Diagram
Beyond A the deviation from Hooke's law becomes marked; hence the stress at A
is the limit of proportionality.

Upon loading beyond this limit the elongation increases more quickly and the
diagram becomes curved.
The Tensile Test Diagram
At B a sudden elongation of the bar takes place without an appreciable increase in
the tensile force. This phenomenon, called yielding of the metal.

The stress corresponding to the point B is called the yield point.

The Tensile Test Diagram
Upon further stretching of the bar, the material recovers and, as is seen from the
diagram, the necessary tensile force increases with the elongation up to the point
C, at which this force attains its maximum value. The corresponding stress is
called the ultimate strength of the material.
The Tensile Test Diagram
Beyond the point C, elongation of the bar takes place with a diminution of the load
and finally fracture occurs at a load corresponding to point D of the diagram.
The Tensile Test Diagram
It should be noted that the stretching of the bar is connected with the lateral
contraction but it is an established practice in calculating the yield point and the
ultimate strength to use the initial cross sectional area A.
The Tensile Test Diagram for Cast Iron (Brittle)
This material (cast iron) has a very low limit of proportionality and has no definite
yield point.
The Compression Test Diagram
Diagrams analogous to those in tension may be obtained also for compression of
various materials.

Such characteristic points as the limit of proportionality, the yield point, in the case
of steel, and the ultimate strength for compression can be established.
Working Stress
Knowing the limit of proportionality, the yield point and the ultimate strength of the
material, it is possible to establish for each particular engineering problem the
magnitude of the stress which may be considered as a safe stress. This stress is
usually called the working stress.
Factor of Safety
Usually the yield point or the ultimate strength of the material as a basis for
determining the magnitude of the working stress.

Denoting by σw, σYP, and σu respectively the working stress, the yield point and the
ultimate strength of the material,

n and n1 are factors usually called factors of safety (FoS) which determine the
magnitude of the working stress.
 Poisson's ratio

Experiments show that such axial elongation is always accompanied by lateral

contraction of the bar.

Unit lateral contraction is constant for a given bar within the elastic limit.
Unit axial elongation

This constant will be called and is known as Poisson's ratio,

Factor of Safety
In case of structural steel, it is logical to take the yield point as the basis for
calculating the working stress because here a considerable permanent set may
occur, which is not permissible in engineering structures.

In the cases of suddenly applied loads, or variable loads, and these occur
very often in machine parts, a larger factor of safety becomes necessary.

For brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete, various kinds of stone and for
such material as wood, the ultimate strength is usually taken as a basis for
determining the working stresses.
Problem
A specimen of steel 20 mm diameter with a gauge length of 200 mm is tested to
destruction. It has an extension of 0.25 mm under a load of 80 kN and the load at
elastic limit is 102 kN. The maximum load is 130 kN. The total extension at
fracture is 56 mm and diameter at neck is 15 mm. Find

(i) The stress at elastic limit. (ii) Young’s modulus.

(iii) Percentage elongation. (iv) Percentage reduction in area.

(v) Ultimate tensile stress.

VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
When a member is subjected to stresses, it undergoes deformation in all
directions. Hence, there will be change in volume.

The ratio of the change in volume to original volume is called volumetric strain.
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
It can be shown that volumetric strain is sum of strains in three mutually
perpendicular directions.

ev = e x + e y + e z
ELASTIC CONSTANTS; Modulus of Rigidity
Modulus of elasticity, Modulus of rigidity and Bulk modulus are the three elastic
constants.

Modulus of Rigidity: It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain

within elastic limit and is usually denoted by letter G or N.
Bulk modulus
The ratio of change in volume to original volume has been defined as volumetric
strain (ev ). Then the bulk modulus, K is defined as
Bulk modulus
Bulk modulus may be defined as the ratio of identical pressure ‘p’ acting in three
mutually perpendicular directions to corresponding volumetric strain.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) AND MODULUS OF
RIGIDITY (G)

Consider a square element ABCD of

sides ‘a’ subjected to pure shear ‘q’.
AEC′D shown is the deformed shape
due to shear q.

Drop perpendicular BF to diagonal DE.

Let φ be the shear strain and G
modulus of rigidity.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) AND MODULUS OF
RIGIDITY (G)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) AND MODULUS OF
RIGIDITY (G)

We know that the above pure shear gives rise to axial tensile stress q in the
diagonal direction of DB and axial compression q at right angles to it. These two
stresses cause tensile strain along the diagonal DB.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) AND BULK MODULUS (K)

Now the stress p in x direction causes

Tensile strain p/E in x direction while the
stress p in y and z direction cause
compressive strains μ(p/E) in x direction
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) AND BULK MODULUS (K)
Topics to be covered
BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS

BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS