INDEX:

SPEAKING
Read Aloud ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 04

Repeat Sentences ………………………………….…………………………………………………………….…… 17

Describe Image …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 23

Retell Lecture…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………. 45

Answer Short Questions ………………………………………………………………………….….………….... 58

Writing
Summarise Written Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 66

Essay ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 78

Reading
Reorder Paragraph ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drop - Down): ……………………………………………………………… 123

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop): …………………….………………………………………… 154

Listening
Summarise Spoken Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 168

Listening: Fill in the Blanks …………………………………………………………………………………. 201

Highlight Incorrect Words …………………………………………………………….…………………………… 221

Write from Dictation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 270

Read Aloud:
1) Technological advances are eliminating the need for bank tellers, threatening an entry
point for women into the male-dominated industry which has sought to promote more
females to leadership roles. While the climb remains steep. Some financial companies have
managed to improve the gender balance in their executive ranks. As teller jobs dwindle.
There’s a risk that banks will raise the educational requirements for that job.

2) The survey found that the statistical chances of someone from a poor background being
accepted at one of the country’s most respected universities are far lower than those of a
student from a wealthy family. This means that the inequalities in society are likely to be
passed down from one generation to the next.

3) There is every reason to believe that effective regulations are not merely a luxury that
only the rich can afford, but an important foundation for a thriving private sector and
economic growth. But the broad pattern of the past five years has been that the main
reform efforts taking place in rich countries.

4) The advantage of the great European and American orchestra is that they were able to
establish their iconic status in an age when their identity could become entrenched, there
was less competition and it was easier to create a brand. Not only did they have the best
halls, they attracted the best musicians, who tended to stay put.

5) Quite obviously, a significant rise in the number of people in a given area or country will
affect the demand for a whole host of goods and services. Note that a change in the
structure of the population will increase the demand for some goods but reduce the
demand for others.

6) Most of us spend on average 18 hundred hours per year in our jobs and will work for about
40 years before retirement. When you consider the amount of time spent in the office,
you soon realize how important it is to feel a sense of achievement at the end of the day,
rather than just meeting financial objectives.

7) Extroverts tend to move quickly and try to influence situations directly, while introverts
give themselves time to develop their insights before exposing themselves to the world.
Extroverts are happy making decisions in the thick of events, while introverts want to
reflect before taking action.

8) A level of competence in chemistry is essential to the professional practice of material

conservation. An understanding of scientific concepts and a basic scientific vocabulary
enables the conservator to understand conservation problems, treatments, and material
techniques in a systematic and quantifiable way, which can be communicated not only to
colleagues in the profession also to those from other disciplines.

9) For graduates looking to give something back, volunteering, either in the UK or overseas,
is a popular option. Voluntary projects can cost anything from nothing up to a few
 thousand pounds, and with that in mind, it is essential to look into the project carefully
before signing on the dotted line.

10) Tissues are grouped together in the body to form organs, These include the brain, heart,
lungs, kidneys, and liver, Each body organ has a specific shape and is made up of different
types of tissue that work together, For example, the heart consists mainly of a specialized
type of muscle tissue, which contracts rhythmically to provide the heart’s pumping action.

11) The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature,
‘solitary, poor nasty, brutish, and short’. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through
the jungle bagging monkeys may be preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.

12) At an early stage in the examination of the domicile of dependency rule in so far as it
related to married women it seemed to the Commission that it would be better to examine
the whole concept of domicile, particularly as dependent domicile arises in the case of
minors (children under the age of majority) and mentally disordered persons as well as in
the case married women.

13) The Assembly also decided that, at that special session, it would adopt a concise and
action-oriented political declaration, agreed upon in advance by consensus through
intergovernmental negotiations under the auspices of the Conference.

14) Plato often explores the father-son relationship and whether a father’s interest in his sons
has anything to do with how well his sons turn out. A boy’s social identity in ancient Athens
was determined by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of
their parental and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man and considered
himself as his mother’s son.

15) Charlie Parker noticed that the solos were only improvised through the melodies, but that
he could also improvise them through the chords, thus creating new variations over the
structure of the songs, and also playing more notes and faster.

16) Children as young as 14 months old will spontaneously help others for no reward. But a
study of 3 to 5-year-olds found that, although they would spontaneously draw pictures, if
they were given a reward for drawing pictures, they later wouldn’t make any drawings
unless a reward was offered.

17) The colonial institution has a lengthy and illustrious history that dates back over 200 years.
Many of the persons who have worked here are scientists themselves, such as Albert
Einstein. He produced breakthroughs that made it simpler to produce and use electricity,
allowing us to do things like switch on lights, cook dinner, and play video games on
consoles.

18) Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish,
crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves the cultivation of
freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions.
19) Yet this landscape, which appeared so alien and confronting to the white settlers and
explorers, had been home for thousands of years to indigenous Australians for whom the
plains, ranges and deserts were a sustaining, spiritual and integral part of their existence.

20) The term “voice and text”; are multifaceted, Both have a wide range of meanings in
everyday speech and academic usage. You may encounter the two verse in a variety of
ways. In connection with different subjects, they won’t always mean exactly the same
thing.

21) The majority of early pictures in the Gallery’s care are by unknown artists, and
fundamental question, such as when, where andwhy they were painted still reamin to be
answered. Through the application of scientific methods, this has potential to unlook key
that will allow us to determine answers to these question.

22) With a population of only just over 30 million living in the world’s second largest country,
Canada is justly renowned for vast tracts of wilderness untroubled by pollution either from
industry or from intensive farming methods. A major conservation issue is the battle to
stop the logging of virgin forest in northern Ontario and on the west coast.

23) The question is asked: “How is understanding possible?” The technique for thinking of this
approach is that, while Scripture is “ something past a standard substance,” Scripture is
in the principle examination “of content” which individuals eendeavour to apprecite; in this
sense, the benchmarks of seeing any substance applied to the Bible additionally paying
little regard to whatever other additional, especially philosophical gauges are considered.

24) Most countries are affected by labor migration. In many rural places, the traditional
extended family has been undermined by the need for family members to migrate to towns
as an economic necessity. Migration, therefore, presents a major challenge everywhere to
social and economic policy.

25) Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a renewable source of energy and a form of
hydropower used generate electricity from the energy of the tides. Though not currently
widely utilized, due to high costs and limited availability, it can be called the energy
resources of the future given the current rate of depletion of energy resources.

26) In attempts to understand the very nature of our reality, physicists sure have some mind-
bending theories. Like what if information is a tangible and fundamental aspect of physical
reality itself – alongside matter and energy? Or, alternatively, what if information is the
fifth state of metter?

27) Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weigh
vary from one account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached
lengths of 100 feet and weights of over 150 tons before stoks were severely depleted by
whaling operations. North Atlantic blue whales may be expected to reach lengths of 80-
85 feet.
28) Calcium plays an extremely important role in the production of plant tissues and enables
plants to grow better. It is responsible for keeping the cell walls of plants together. It is
also crucial in activating signals that coordinate certain cellular activities. Calcium also
increases the resistance to external attacks and increases the feed value of forage crops
to livestock.

29) Conscientiousness is a fundamental personality trait. A conscientious person is good at

self-regulation and impulse control. This trait influences whether you will set and keep
long-range goals, deliberate over choices, behave cautiously or impulsively, and take
obligations to others seriously.

30) The defining question about global order for this generation is whether China and the
United States can escape Thucydides’s Trap . The Greek historian’s metaphor reminds us
of the attendant dangers when a rising power rivals a ruling power—as Athens challenged
Sparta in ancient Greece, or as Germany did Britain a century ago.

31) When a major disaster strikes, the first people on the scene are often local organizations,
residents and volunteers, They are often faced with the retrieval and immediate
management of dead bodies before forensic experts can arrive.

32) It’s projected that, over the next hundred years, temperatures on Earth could rise an
average of nearly five degrees Celsius. While some animals might be able to migrate north
to escape the brunt of the heat, plants can't uproot themselves quite so easily.
Researchers wondered whether the creatures that disperse plant seeds might be able to
help.

33) Artificial intelligence has been one of the most controversial domains of inquiry in
computer science since it was first proposed in the 1950s. Defined as the part of computer
science concerned with designing systems that exhibit the characteristics associated with
human intelligence understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems.

34) Whether you’re climbing your way up the corporate ladder or overwhelmed with the
organizational tasks of home and kids, a luxurious vacation to an exotic paradise may
seem like an impossible dream. You can only fantasize about an outdoor massage among
fragrant island flowers or a nap after enjoying a brunch ripe with fruits fresh from the vine.

35) Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must hae a distinctly
green color that falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green.
To be an emerald, the specimen must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation
or light tone should be called”green beryl.” If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor. “ This
color definition is a source of confusion.

36) Permafrost is ground that is frozen year-round. In the Arctic, ice-rich permafrost soils can
be up to 260 feet thick. Due to human-caused warming of the atmosphere from
greenhouse gas emissions, a steady thawing of the permafrost is currently taking place
where the upper layer of seasonally thawed soil is gradually getting thicker and reaching
deeper into the ground.
37) As the Delta variant of coronavirus sweeps the U.S. businesses, universities and cities
such as New York and San Francisco have introduced vaccine mandates to boost uptake
of jabs, but vaccine hesitancy remains high and a cottage industry for bogus inoculation
cards has emerged to help people get around the rules.

38) Optogenetics is a research tool in neuroscience that uses light to alter the activity of
genetically engineered light-sensitive nerve cells to better understand the function and
behavior of clusters of neurons in animals. Now, a team led by researchers from the Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology has developed an implantable optogenetic
light-emitting device that can be wirelessly recharged.

39) Many employers outside of the military cannot comprehend the myriad of acronyms
soldiers may initially struggle to stop using in their daily work. Some veterans may also
struggle to explain how their experience can be applied in a non-military environment.
One potential solution comes in an unlikely form: virtual reality (VR).

40) An inclined plane is a simple machine with no moving parts. It is simply an even sloping
surface. It makes it easier for us to move objects to higher or lower surfaces than if we
lifted the objects directly upwards. It is believed that ancient Egyptians used inclined
planes to carry heavy stones to build pyramids.

41) The root systems of vegetative cover hold soils in place and prevent wind and water
erosion. It also ensures its supply of organic matter from dead leaves and the dropping of
animal waste. The vegetative cover also shelters the soils from excessive heat from the
sun. It helps to reduce evaporation and retain soil moisture needed for the breakdown of
organic matter.

42) Relish the fall colors while you can. Scientists think that the rich reds. Oranges and yellows
of fall may be one of the many casualties of global warming. Leaves change color in part
because of cues taken from dropping temperatures. As temperatures remain warmer
through fall and winter nights, they could delay the beloved fall color shift.

43) Travel planning is all about the details. But while you may be a master at uncovering the
cleanest hotels and practicing proper airplane etiquette, there’s an element of being a
guest that stumps even the savviest of traceless. Tipping etiquette—who to tip and how
much of a tip to give be confusing.

44) The shorter days are a sign to trees to begin to prepare for winter. During winter there is
not enough light for photosynthesis to occur, so as the days shorten throughout autumn,
the trees begin to close down their food production systems and reduce the amount of
chlorophyll in their leaves.

45) Misinformation is everywhere. It can be spread inadvertently if people make a genuine

mistake. Inn today’s environment, people get much of their news from social media, which
lack gate-keepers and therefore allows misinformation to spread fast and wide. People are
 being bombarded with information and it has become difficult for them to separate fact
from fiction.

46) “Despite the fact that every woman goes through menopause, there’s not enough
research, “Anna says, “Our scientific understanding of menopause is vastly limited due to
the lack of data. Menopausal changes are correlated with women’s cardiovascular,
cognitive, and overall health, so a database will allow us to better understand these
connections.”

47) Many scientists examining human impacts on coastal ecosystems have focused on
agricultural runoff, because fertilizers that wash into the sea carry massive amounts of
nutrients and pathogens that can harm marine environments. But the impacts of human
sewage reveive far less attention. Part of the reason may be that, unlike trash or oil spills,
sewage can be invisible in the water.

48) Minerals are important for your body to stay healthy. Your body uses minerals for many
different jobs. Including keeping your muscles, heart and brain working properly. Minerals
are also important for making enzymes and hormones. Most get the amount of minerals
they need by eating a wide variety of foods. If the intake is not enough, doctors may
recommend a mineral supplement.

49) The world’s poorest countries tend to have the largest family sizes and fertility rates. When
people have no economic security and cannot rely on their government, they often have
children to ensure they will be looked after when they’re older. Where child mortality is
high, ther is an even greater impetus to have more children.

50) The magnetic field is a vector field-at each point it has a magnitude and direction. The
direction is defined as the direction of the force that a magnetic north pole would feel at
that point. Since like poles repel and opposite poles attract, this means that the magnetic
field goes away from the north pole of a magnet and towards the south pole.

51) Arm races may involve a more general competitive acquisition of military capability. This
is often measured by military expenditure, although the link between military expenditure
and capability is often quite weak. Such more general arms races are often observed
among countries engaged in enduring rivalries, which may sometimes appear to follow
each other’s military spending levels.

52) A young man from a small provincial town-a man without independent wealth, without
powerful family connections and without a university education - moved to London in the
late 1580’s and, in a remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his
age alone but of all time. How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?

53) Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was
caused by the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to
weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military
necessity.
54) Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language. It puzzles us in part
because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil
word, until recently almost invariably found in arms, akimbo, a posture in which a person
stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one that signals impatience
and hostility.

55) Yellow is considered as the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly, people lose their
tempers most often in yellow rooms and babies will cry more. The reason may be that
yellow is the hardest color for eyes to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused.

56) “The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly.” Says Avi
Loeb of the Harvard- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He’s proposing the idea in a
paper that’s been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

57) Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent
to which judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external
information. Positive moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while
negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up processing.

58) Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same
sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental
example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains
of antibiotic-resistant E coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the other to
chloramphenicol.

59) Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy
those of building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment.
However, these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and materials,
which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.

60) Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study,
exchange and display plants for research and for the education and enjoyment of the
public. There are major botanic gardens in each capital city. Zoological parks and
aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, study and display of native
and exotic fauna in captivity，and are accessible to the public.

61) The best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star with a powerful magnetic
field, the researchers said. Magnetars also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars
are thought to be young stars, the two flaring objects in this study reside near elliptical
galaxies, which contain older stars. So, the objects are likely too old to be magnetars, the
researchers said.

62) As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the
past, you must be like a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and
feel as they do. You are asked to imagine what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times,
asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the writer is saying is that a
historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
63) It is difficult to tell whether the speaker approves of Hemingway's lifestyle or not. He was
famously macho and spent a lot of time hunting wild animals, going to wars and getting
into fights. All these things got into his books, and the speaker thinks that this is not
necessarily a good thing as it means that too many people prefer to read about his life
than read his books.

64) The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or
political events, but for a whole new age of globalization – a ‘flattening’ of the world. The
explosion of advanced technologies now means that suddenly knowledge pools and
resources have connected all over the planet, leveling the playing field as never before.

65) The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during
rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can
perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular
activities." A useful thing to take a crack at.

66) Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people
have been producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems.
Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are most concerning, because of their
impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power stations and cars.

67) The border itself between Mexico and the United States is fraught with a mix of urban and
desert terrain and spans over 1,900 miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and
urban areas are where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is
prevalent in urban cities like El Paso, Texas and San Diego, California.

68) Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk about
ourselves when asked. Consider successful networking as little more than the process of
guiding a person to tell you about his life, what he's doing, the company that employs
him, and his current industry.

69) It’s not that human activities didn’t impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species,
like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less
often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species
didn’t avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.

70) Trade unions originated in Europe during the Industrial Revolution. Because of the
machinery that had become commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so
employers had nearly all of the bargaining power. Employers mistreated the workers and
paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised that would help in
the improvement of working conditions.

71) Tests of a drug known to stimulate brain activity have shown early success in reducing
symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo in 38 men and women with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. It also significantly corrected deficits in executive brain function,
with fewer episodes of procrastination, improvements in keeping things in mind, and
strengthened prioritization skills.
72) There are many reasons why water tastes stale when it is kept for a long time.
Microorganisms play a big role in this phenomenon . When they grow, they release
chemicals into the water from their metabolic activity. This evaporates over time, so the
absence of it from water left out for a long period brings about a change in taste.

73) Australian scientists say they have developed pain-free blood sugar testing for diabetics,
a non-invasive strip that checks glucose levels via saliva for diabetics. Managing their
blood sugar levels typically means pricking their fingers multiple times a day with a lancet
and then placing a drop of blood on a testing strip.

74) Just as the world's fifth-largest economy emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic,
the post- Brexit shortage of truck drivers and a spike in European natural gas prices has
left the UK grappling with the grim prospect of a potential food supply crunch and soaring
energy bills.

75) The interludes which break up the gameplay action, and which, because they can be made
to a higher level of animation, often provide the most visually arresting sequences of a
game. Combined with a taste for bizarrely complicated, recursive plots, and long
sequences of wordy explicatory dialogue, this turns the games into a bit of a drag.

76) In a landmark report published on Monday, the international financial institution called on
states to reduce global emissions and bridge the development gap to avoid the effects of
slow-onset climate change such as water scarcity, decreasing crop productivity , and rising
sea levels.

77) Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to
generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in
a specific dialect or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.

78) Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface, mostly created from weathered rock. It is made
up of varying amounts of minerals, humus, or decayed organic matter, and useful living
creatures like worms. The finest rock particles withinthe soil - forms sticky clay, the
medium particles become silt, and the coarsest constitute sand. While there is sufficient
moisture, soil supports vegetation, providing a habitat for a variety of animals.

79) Termites, the tiny creatures — have learnt to create a comfortable home in some of the
World’s toughest climates. Outside, in the African Savannah the temperatures vary from
forty degrees in the day to one degree at night. Yet, inside the mound, the temperature
stays constant.

80) It is very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food,
or drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking, etc.. The more we do a thing, the more
we tend to like doing it. In later stage, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy.
This is called the force of habit; and the force of habit should be fought against.
81) The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive
capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques
during and after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of
U.S. farmers and wage earners.

82) Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to
his study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my
mother, and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before
I realized that he did this for a living.

83) Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks
entirely at home on the banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp
woodlands. In the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests, but take these
away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading across Europe, New
Zealand, Canada and the US.

84) At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance
with the University's financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of
expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are
available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.

85) A young man from a small provincial town, a man without independent wealth, without
powerful family connections and without a university education, moves to London in the
fifteen eighties, and becomes a remarkable playwright of all time. How is an achievement
of magnitude made? How does Shakespeare become Shakespeare?

86) The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly
altered from the usual mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the
great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly
massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge body.

87) The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi
Loeb of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a
paper that's been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

88) The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average two thousand
and fifteen US university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition enters the
workforce with thirty-five thousand dollars in student debt. In the US, total student debt
exceeds one point one five trillion dollars, dwarfing, for instance, the nation's credit card
debt.

89) Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent
to which judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external
information. Positive moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while
negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up processing.
90) One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A, an elliptical
galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster
of stars found just outside NGC 4636, another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-
years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.

91) Certain types of methodology are more suitable for some research projects than others.
For example, the use of questionnaires and surveys is more suitable for quantitative
research whereas interviews and focus groups are more often used for qualitative research
purposes.

92) This study tracked about one thousand adults in the United States, and they ranged in age
from thirty-four to ninety-three, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress
have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "How much time have you spent
helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" And then they used public
records for the next five years to find out who died.

93) Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to describe
doing an MBA. Everyone's experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying
that it's hard and a demanding work whichever course you do. MBA is one of the fastest
growing areas of studying in the UK so that there must be a sustainable benefit to be
gained from such pain.

94) The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society.
It provides a basis for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral
boundaries and where to locate schools and hospitals. It allows businesses to know their
market, grow their business, and improve their marketing strategies by targeting their
activities appropriately.

95) The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the
subject. To bring out the salient points of an author's argument calls for skill and
experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be
used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of facilitating access to
information.

96) Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open
the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens
and children walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer
turned out to be that they had always been there, you just hadn't seen them?

97) Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in
small groups, something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many
officers would have to work together for thirty years but would not know each other's
strengths and weaknesses.

98) Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil
samples taken from all around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in
deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and prairies. Antarctica was the only area that
 had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park. Only a small
percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.

99) New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs did
not reduce their working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses.
A study found that the life of people who stayed with the same employer remained
relatively unchanged.
Repeat Sentences:
1) There is a point between chemistry and other side of subjects.
2) Reading widely is an important part of the undergraduate study.
3) Having snow means no flight can take off or land.
4) Modern computer memory is extended every year.
5) Fast food has become very popular with many students.
6) Journalism has undergone many changes in recent years.
7) The key witnesses of the event are factors of your convention.
8) Scientific experiments should be repeated in verifying the results.
9) Theatre study courses encourage students to exercise creativity.
10) The finding shows that dark chocolate can improve your immunity, mood and health.
11) Online courses allow students to work on their own paces.
12) Businesses must obey contemporary general regulations.
13) The university provides legislation for students and staff.
14) You shall be studying economies of several developing countries.
15) Every experiment should be repeated to validate it.
16) Literature can be classified in various ways.
17) The illnesses and the diseases are coming.
18) It is an integrated course with three different elements.
19) For the small businesses, making profit is the main priority.
20) Campus tours begin at the library this afternoon.
21) There is no reason to prove that boredom is necessarily bad.
22) There is no reason to prove that boredom is necessarily bad.
23) There are places where we can get milk.
24) I'm going to transform my mathematic skills to the classroom.
25) These researches, data and collections should be analyzed.
26) Many important policies need to be made.
27) The Internet has transformed the nature of publishing.
28) Family life is difficult for parents who have shift work.
29) When sentencing, the court will depend on whether the criminal is guilty or not.
30) Education is not just about learning skills for employment.
31) Art helps us to deepen the appreciation of our world.
32) All students have their own styles of learning.
33) The technology has transformed the nature of society.
34) Every living thing begins as a cell.
35) The university sent exchange students to other countries.
36) Career management is a very important subject.
37) It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of toddlers.
38) When the roots of a plant failed, foliage suffers.
39) These three separate resources are not enough for this assessment.
40) Urban planning emphasizes on efficiency and expansion of community.
41) Experts of the financial department will give the guests a lecture.
42) Students would develop confidence on their ability to think critically.
43) The school canteen sells a large variety of water and food.
44) We are researching on the most significant challenges we are facing today.
45) History of economics is a trick subject of research.
46) The rest of the material was deposited partway down the catchment.
47) The resources cited are not enough for this assessment.
48) It takes a long time to walk to the university.
49) Calculators allow us to add numbers without making mistakes.
50) Providers of higher education treat plagiarism extremely seriously.
51) The disease that was serious has now been eradicated.
52) There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.
53) An effective business manager is always open to new ideas.
54) Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers.
55) Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language.
56) Philosophy uses logic and reasons to analyze human experience.
57) The skills of great stage actors cannot be taught.
58) All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday.
59) Art and design is a competitive field to work in.
60) The history department is very active in research.
61) The article extrapolates a number of very interesting experiments.
62) She is an expert in the eighteenth century French literature.
63) Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how.
64) The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week.
65) The contest includes both land living history and the human history.
66) I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice.
67) The first few sentences of an essay should capture the reader's attention.
68) The medical center is located near the supermarket on North Street.
69) The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%.
70) The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
71) The part of the story is the story of my father.
72) The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning.
73) The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
74) The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology.
75) There are lots of students competing for the places in computer courses.
76) There will be a guest lecturer visiting the psychology department next month.
77) We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
78) We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
79) We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
80) You should raise your concern with the head of school.
81) A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
82) Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results.
83) Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.
84) We're constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
85) I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor's appointment.
86) I'm glad you got here safely.
87) Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president.
88) There are various approaches for plagiarism across different university departments.
89) Rules for breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another.
90) Student discount cards can be used on campus at the coffee house.
91) The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center.
92) The U.S. ranks the twenty second in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
93) What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography.
94) The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
95) Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my time table.
96) We should take gender into account when analyzing the data.
97) Companies exist to make money, not to change society.
98) To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.
99) If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts.
100) In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
101) Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow.
102) Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives.
103) Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
104) All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.
105) The genetic biology technology lab is located in the North Wing of the library.
106) The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion.
107) You can retake the module if your marks are too low.
108) It's within the framework that we carry out our survey.
109) Don't hesitate to email me if you have any questions.
110) The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
111) Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.
112) Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
113) The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
114) As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university.
115) We are required to submit the assignments before Friday.
116) I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
117) Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
118) Your tutor is there to help you, so do ask if you don't understand something.
119) I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.
120) Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative
relationships with government bodies.
121) Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
122) The program depends entirely on private funding.
123) Our brain is the central machine of our body.
124) The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
125) The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library.
126) Only those who are over eighteen years of age are eligible to open a bank account in
our bank.
127) Please be careful when using online translation programs.
128) Today, I'd like to talk a little bit about the other theories that can explain the variations
in climate.
129) Tuesday sessions will last for approximately two hours.
130) Students should take advantage of the online help system before approaching their
lecturers.
131) Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis.
132) The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday.
133) There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more.
134) The books are filled with drawings of machines he invented when he was a student.
135) Several students raised different examples.
136) If she doesn't speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a translator.
137) Don't forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday
138) 100.It is good for the environment, also good for your electricity bill.
139) 85% of people say they fear speaking in public.
140) I think we can all agree that being fluent in two languages is a good thing.
141) A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
142) The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center.
143) When demand for the course rose, university authorities took on additional academic
staff.
144) I’m glad you got here safely.
145) Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to the other parts of the body.
146) In our consortium, students have access to 13 libraries.
147) Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms.
148) I am pleased to report that many topics have been involved in this lecture.
149) If you need help maybe I can give you a hand.
150) You must go to the reception to pick up your student card.
151) A science-based approach is vital for effective advancements.
152) During the second term, you are supposed to submit one essay per week.
153) I would like to drink my coffee with sugar and milk.
154) You can find the students service desk located on the ground floor of the whole
building.
155) You should include your name and identification number in the registration form.
156) It is good for environment also good for your bill.
157) Vessels pump blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
158) Folk tales are passed orally from generation to generation.
159) A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
160) You should go to the reception to get your student card.
161) Being a vegan means not consuming other animal products.
162) We don’t accept assignments submitted after due day.
163) America is related to the chocolate industry.
164) Students need to finish their assignments during the next four weeks.
165) This part of the story is the story of my father.
166) The development is mainly included in Chapter 9.
167) There are no scheduled classes during the final exam weeks.
168) Doctor Green’s office has been moved to the second floor of the building.
169) A burglar broke into my hues while I was away on a trip.
170) A formal decision to call off the search was made on Wednesday.
171) A happy marriage is a long conversation that always seems too short.
172) A rapid transformation of existing conditions may lead to an economic crisis.
173) A remarkable shrine with fetish idols was also discovered.
174) A slow smile worked its way across his face and into his eyes.
175) A small French colony was established on east Falkland in 1764.
176) A warm current without which it would be much cooler.
177) Admission at an open university is not competitive.
178) advertisements are all around us wherever we go whatever we do.
179) Advertisements can occur in an unusual place even in the sea or in the sky.
180) After all that thinking, talking, and listening, I expect everyone will be a bit weary.
181) After three straight losing seasons, fans were just hoping for a win.
182) An attempt was made to ignore this brilliant and irregular book.
183) all the milk was drunk by the cat.
184) Books which are overdue will incur a daily fine.
185) Currents black smoke rose as demonstrators burned tires.
186) Corporations have to be more and more focused on instituting higher labor standards.
187) Currents work in the same way long thin wires have more, resistance than do short
thick wires.
188) Dense black smokes rose as demonstrators burned tires.
189) Despite the engineering difficulties buildings continue to get taller and taller.
190) Do you have any tickets for today's performance?
191) Do you know any family hat needs help?
192) Do you like tea or coffee?
193) Detoxification of the contaminated sites is expensive and time consuming.
194) Don't get alarmed but live taken the liberty to be a tad candid with him.
195) Brown's office has moved to level2.
196) Each statement or observation needs thorough investigation and verification.
197) Exercise isn't so important for survival in modern times.
198) Extraordinary merits have been offset by extraordinary defects.
199) First skim the exam paper, then read it carefully.
200) Handsome faces and corrupt hearts act a large portion of the drama of human life.
201) My favorite sports are soccer, tennis and basketball.
202) It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
203) It's time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar.
204) There are lots of students competing for the places in computer courses.
205) There will be a guest lecturer visiting the psychology department next month.
206) The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
207) I will be in my office every day from eleven o'clock to two o’clock.
208) If she doesn't speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a translator.
209) The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion.
210) Don't hesitate to email me if you have any questions.
211) The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to the next.
212) It seems that science can satisfactorily explain why the universe still exists.
213) Several documents must be supplied to the university to fulfill certain requirements.
214) Computer failure is not an excuse for not submitting assignments on time.
215) For further information, you need to contact a member of our administration team.
216) Most universities have libraries with digital and physical copies of journals.
217) Students may not use calculators in the final exams.
218) The first draft of the presentation is almost ready.
219) I have lectures on Tuesdays from nine o’clock until two o’clock.
220) In Russia, my colleagues said my written language is hard to understand.
 Describe Image:
1.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the comparison between Arctic and
Antarctic. According to this graph, at the central area, there is a blue globe with letters N, S
and VS on it. You can see from this graph that, in the upper area for Arctic, there is a
thermometer giving the average yearly temperature as zero degree. And in Arctic we see pole
bears, a human population but no penguins. You can see from this graph that, in the lower
area for Antarctic, temperature is minus fifty-eight degrees, and there are only penguins. In
conclusion, Antarctic is the coldest place on the Earth.

2.
 Answer: The following graph gives information about Bermuda Triangle in Atlantic.
Information of different areas are displayed on the map. In the central area, there is a light
blue triangle named Bermuda, whose points are at Florida peninsula, Puerto Rico, and
Bermuda islands. In the left area, there is Gulf of Mexico and Tropic of Cancer runs through it.
According to this graph, the largest area is the mainland of America. In comparison,
Caribbean Sea is south to Cuba. In conclusion, there are many seas and islands shown on the
map.

3.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the future of food. This is a very
beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, in the left area,
there is multiple line chart of food demand, including countries like Japan, India, and China.
You can see from this graph that, in the upper right area, there are a hand with a pair of
tweezers, some samples of meat in a glass tray and a hamburger. You can see from this
graph that, in the lower right area, there is man in blue standing in front of a wall of green
and purple vegetables. The weather is sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In conclusion, this
picture is very informative.

4.
 Answer: The following graph gives information about flood in the countryside. This is a very
beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, at the central
area, there is a large two-story house surrounded by garbage; the color of ceiling is sea-blue.
You can see from this graph that, at the right area, there is a flooding brook; the color of it is
brown. You can see from this graph that, at the background, there are patches of trees and
lawns, the color of those are green. The weather is sunny. The sky is blue and clear. In
conclusion, this picture is very informative.

5.

Answer: The following graph gives information about hospitalizations for schizophrenia in
general hospitals by age group. The age groups range from one year to ninety years old.
According to this graph, in fifteen to nineteen, the value of females is around thirty, and that
of males is higher, which is around seventy-five. You can see from this graph that the highest
value of females is in thirty-five to thirty-nine, which is one hundred and twenty. You can also
see from this graph that the highest value of males is in the same age group, which is one
hundred and eighty. In conclusion, hospitalizations vary with different age groups.

6.

Answer: The following graph gives information about Earth structure, According to this graph,
the outermost layer of the mantles a thin layer of earth and liquid. According to this graph,
graph, the asthenosphere is directly under the lithosphere and is part of the upper mantle.
You can see from this graph that core is divided into two layers, a solid inner core, and a
liquid outer core. You can also see from this graph that the crust is the very thin, outermost
solid layer of the Earth. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
7.

Answer: The picture gives information about different arm bones. As we can see from the
picture, the human has the largest upper arm bone. Following that, birds and bats have the
longest lower arm bone and they are almost the similar length. After that the bats have the
longest metacarpals, however, the seal limb has the longest fingers.

8.

Answer: The map shows us the annual sunshine hours for France. Acccording to the map,
more than 2750 hours, which is represented by dark red, is located in the southeastern part
of France. After that, 2250-2750 hours, which is represented by orange, is located in the
southern part of France. Noticeably, the 1750 – 2000 hours, which is represented by yellow,
is located in the middle and the majority areas of France. However, less than 1750 hours can
only be found in the northern part of France. In conclusion, France has relatively long hours of
annual sunshine hours generally.
9.

Answer: The following graph gives information about how to start a quiz. It shows how the
process is done. The steps include click the start button, question 1, right answer, wrong
answer and so on. According to this graph, the first step is to click the start button. According
to ths graph, the second step is to answer question 1. You can see from this graph that if
your answr is yes which is the wrong answer then go to question 5, and then go to question
2. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

10.

Answer: The following graph gives information about steel recycling process. It shows how
the process is done. The steps include collection, sorting by the magnet, steel slugging and so
on. According to this graph, the first step is the collection. According to this graph, the second
step is sorting by the magnet. You can see from this graph that the third step is steel
slugging. You can also see from this graph that the next step is grinding. According to this
graph, the next step is the furnace. According to this graph, the next step is forming.
According to this graph, the next step is flatter. The final step is the end product. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.
11.

Answer: The following graph gives information about absorbency chart. The items include
bounty, Scott, and big bertha. According to this graph, the absorbency average of bounty is
around 19. And that of Scott is higher, which is around 20. You can see from this graph the
highest number of absorbency average is in Billie Bob, which is around 27. You can also see
from this graph that the lowest number of absorbency average is Bounty. In conclusion, Billie
Bob has the highest number of Absorbency Average.

12.

Answer: The following graph information about poverty rates by age and by gender in 2012,
measured in percentage. In the age group of 65 and older, the poverty rate of the female is
11% while that of the male is 6.6%. In the age group of 18 to 64, the poverty rate of the
female is 15.4% and that of the male is 11.99%. In the age group under 18, the poverty rate
is much higher than other groups, with female 22.3% and male 21.3%. This graph is sourced
from the US Census Bureau, current population Survey, 2013 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement. In conclusion, this graph gives very thorough information.
13.

Answer: The following graph gives information about employment and unemployment rete.
The items include years, millions, and the per cent. The horizontal axis is years, ranging from
2003 to 2008. According to this graph in 2003 in January, the value of employment is around
16, and that of unemployment is lower, which is around 15. According to this graph, the value
of employment is higher than unemployment, from 2003 to 005. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.

14.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the life cycle of the apple. Ut show how
the process is done. The steps include bud swelling, bud opening, harvest and so on.
According to this graph, the first step is bud swelling. According to this graph, the second step
is the bud opening. You can see from this graph that the third step is the flower bud. You can
also from this graph that the next step is flowering. According t this graph, the next step is
the fruit set. According to this graph, the next step is the next step is the fruit development.
According to this graph, the next step is maturation. The conclusion, the process will repeat.
15.

Answer: The following graph gives information about circulation of heated and cold ari. This is
a very beautiful picture, and it shows a number of things. According to this graph, at the
central area, air is heated on the equator and rising, above South America and North
America. You can see from this graph that, above the north pole and the south pole, there is
air descending and the color of arrow is white. You can see from this graph that, at the
background, there are oceans and continents, and the color of those are blue and green. In
conclusion, this picture is very informative.

16.

Answer: The following graph gives information about plastic bottle recycling. The steps
include new bottles, refilling, used bottles and plastic processing. According to this graph, the
first step is newly-produced bottles, which are empty. According to this graph, the second
step is to fill the empty bottles with beverage. You can see from this graph that the third step
is to open the bottles and drink up it, followed by the forth step is to transport used bottles
back to the factory and use them as materials. The final step is the plastic materials turn into
new bottles waiting for refilling. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
17.

Answer: The following graph gives information about how tomatoes come to consumers. The
steps include a tomato tree, transportation, filtering, packaging. According to this graph, the
first step is the tomato tree, which grows many tomatoes on the branches. According to this
graph, the second step is to transport tomatoes by a green truck. You can see from this graph
that the third step is to filter bad tomatoes out on a conveyer belt, followed by a crate full of
good tomatoes as the fourth step. The final step is to fill the shopping cart with the good
tomatoes for consumers. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

18.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the age group. The items include female
and male. According to this graph, in eighty plus, the value of female age is around zero-point
four percent. You can see from this graph that the highest value of female age is in one to
fifteen, which is fifteen-point five percent. You can also see from this graph that the smallest
value of male age is zero-point eight percent. In conclusion, female and male have the almost
same percentage in any age group.
19.

Answer: The following graph gives information about favorite type of movie. The items
include comedy, action, romance, drama and science fiction. According to this graph, in
comedy, the value of fans is around four, and that of action is higher, which is around five.
You can see from this graph that the highest value of fans is in romance, which is six. You can
also see from this graph that the lowest value of fans is drama. In conclusion, romance has
the highest value.

20.

Answer: The following graph gives information about compositions of air. The items include
oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. You can see from this graph that, in oxygen, the value is
around 20 percent. You can see from this graph that, in other gases, the value is around one
percent, which is lower. You can see from this graph that, in nitrogen, the value is around
seventy-nine percent, which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in oxygen,
the color is pink. And other gases include carbon dioxide, argon and water vapour. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.
21.

Answer: The following graph gives information about a floor plan. The items include a main
hall, an office, a kitchen and toilets. You can see from this graph that there is a main hall,
which is in the upper area of the plan. You can see from this graph that there are toilets for
males and females, which are on the right of the plan. You can see from this graph that there
is a toilet for the handicapped, which is in the bottom right corner with a sign of wheelchair.
You can see from this graph that there are a kitchen in the bottom left corner and an office in
the middle of the plan. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

22.

Answer: The following graph gives information about different types of recycling. The items
include thermal recycling, chemical recycling, and material recycling. You can see from this
graph that, in unrecycling, the value is around one point eighty-five million tons. You can see
from this graph that, in material recycling, the value is around two million tons, which is
higher. You can see from this graph that, in thermal recycling, the value is around five point
two million tons, which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in chemical
recycling, the value is around zero point thirty-eight million tons, which is the lowest. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.

23.

Answer: The following graph gives information about renewable energy. The items include
heating and cooling, transport and power. You can see from this graph that there are two
thermometers in heating and cooling, which is fifty-one percent with ten percent renewable
energy in it. You can see from this graph that there are a ship and a plane in transport, which
is thirty-two with three percent renewable energy in it. You can see from this graph that there
is a plug in power, which is seventeen with twenty-six renewable energy in it. You can see
from this graph that there is an arrow below power, which means an increase of the share of
renewable energy. It's a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

24.

Answer: The following graph gives information about internet users who accessed via mobile
phone. The items include sixteen to twenty-four, fifty-five to sixty-four, and sixty-five plus.
You can see from this graph that, in forty-five to fifty-four, the value is around thirty-two
percent. You can see from this graph that, in thirty-five to forty-four, the value is around fifty,
which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in sixteen to twenty-four, the value is
around seventy percent, which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in sixty-
five plus, the value is around eight percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is
very informative.

25.

Answer: The following graph gives information about how a ship lock works. It shows how the
process is done. The items include a ship lock, a ship, dams, and pipes under the bottom. You
can see from this graph that the first step is that the upstream gate opens and the ship goes
into the lock. You can see from this graph that the second step is that the upstream gate
closes and the water level evens. You can see from this graph that the third step is that the
downstream gate opens and the ship moves out of the lock. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.

26.
Answer: The following graph gives information about a coffee house. The items include a sale
clerk, a customer and the counter. You can see from this graph that there is a wooden
counter, which is brown and has some glass coffee kettles and cups on it. You can see from
this graph that there is a female sale clerk in pink, who is smiling and has a POS terminal and
a paper bag in the hands. You can see from this graph that there is a male customer, who is
in a blue T-shirt and passing a blue card to the clerk. You can see from this graph that there
are a blackboard and some cupboards on the wall. It's a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of
things. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

27.

Answer: The following graph gives information about E-waste. The items include electronic
waste, electric waste, and their percentages. You can see from this graph that, in electronic
waste, the value of monitors is around ten percent. You can see from this graph that, in
electronic waste, the value of computers, telephones, fax and printers is around fifteen
percent, which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in electric waste, the value of
washing machines, dryers, air-conditioners, vacuum cleaners is around thirty percent, which
is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in electronic waste, the value of
televisions is around ten percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.
28.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the world population structure. The
items include developed countries, less developed countries, and developing countries. You
can see from this graph that, in developing countries, the value of age below forty-five is
around one billion. You can see from this graph that, in less developed countries , the value of
age above sixty-five is around one point two billion, which is higher. You can see from this
graph that, in less developed countries, the value of age below forty-five is around two billion,
which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in developed countries, the value
of age above sixty-five is around nine hundred million, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

29.

Answer: The following graph gives information about historic garden noticeboard. The items
include icons, characters and background. You can see from this graph that there is a notice
board, which is saying 'please respect and enjoy these historic gardens' with black characters.
You can see from this graph that there is a notice board, which has three red icons and one
green icon on it. You can see from this graph that there are forbidden icons, which say 'no
cycling', 'no drinking' and 'no football'. You can see from this graph that there is a permitted
activity on the board, which is a guide dog. It's a beautiful picture and it shows a lot of things.
In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
30.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the mosquito life cycle. It shows how
the process is done. The items include adult, eggs, larva and pupa. You can see from this
graph that the first step is the adult laying eggs into water. You can see from this graph that
the second step is eggs developing as the larva below the water surface. You can see from
this graph that the third step is the larva developing as the pupa. You can see from this graph
that the next step is the adult emerging on the water surface. The final step is a new fully
developed adult flying out of water. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

31.

Answer: The following graph gives information about minimal ice thickness guidelines. The
items include an adult, a kid, a car and a truck. You can see from this graph that, in the kid,
the value of ice thickness is around four inches. You can see from this graph that, in the sled,
the value of ice thickness is around five to seven inches, which is higher. You can see from
this graph that, in the green truck, the value of ice thickness is around twelve to fifteen
inches, which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in the adult, the value of
ice thickness is around zero, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
32.

Answer: The following graph gives information about women in the labor force. The items
include percentage, years, and marital status. You can see from this graph that, in nineteen
twenty, the value of married is around ten percent. You can see from this graph that, in
nineteen ten, the value of not married is around sixty percent, which is higher. You can see
from this graph that, in nineteen ninety, the value of not married is around eighty percent,
which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in nineteen hundred, the value of
married is around five percent, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this graph is very
informative.

33.
Answer: The following graph gives information about top US cities with the largest population
increase. The items include New York City, Houston, and Los Angeles. You can see from this
graph that, in San Diego, the value is around eighteen thousand and seventy-four. You can
see from this graph that, in Austin, the value is around twenty-five thousand four hundred,
which is higher. You can see from this graph that, in New York City, the value is around sixty-
seven thousand, which is the highest. You can also see from this graph that, in Forth Worth,
the value is around sixteen thousand three hundred, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

34.

Answer: The following graph gives information about wind power global capacity. The items
include years, gigawatts, wind mill and clouds. You can see from this graph that the value of
1997 is around seven point six gigawatts. You can see from this graph that the value of 1998
is around 10 gigawatts, which is higher. You can see from this graph that the value of 2012 is
around two hundred and eight-three gigawatts, which is the highest. You can see from this
graph that the value of 1996 is around 6.1 gigawatts, which is the lowest. In conclusion, this
graph is very informative.

35.
Answer: The following graph gives information about percentage of students from
disadvantaged backgrounds entering university in England. The items include years and
student percentages. You can see from this graph that the value of two thousand and seven is
around twelve percent. You can see from this graph that the value of two thousand and eight
is around thirteen percent, which is higher. You can see from this graph that the value of
twenty fourteen is around eighteen, which is the highest. You can see from this graph that
the value of two thousand and six is around eleven percent, which is the lowest. In
conclusion, this graph is very informative.

36.

Answer: The following graph gives information about the spider web. The items include
parties and value. According to this graph, in party A, the value of the green line is around
200, and that of the pink line is lower which is around 120. According to this graph, in party
E, the value of the green line is around 160, and that of the pink line is higher, which is
around 200. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.

37.
Answer: The following graph information about Australia inbound visitors. The items include
countries and years. According to this graph, in New Zealand, the value of two thousand and
five is around one thousand and ninety-nine. And in Japan, the value of two thousand and
five is around five hundred and seventy, which is lower. You can see from this graph that the
highest value in two thousand and sic is around one thousand and seventy-three.

38.

Answer: The following graph gives information about language college timetable. The items
include day, time, and courses. According to this graph, on day1, the courses from 9am to 12
noon are the tour of the college and welcome by head of college and morning tea. And on day
1, the courses from 1pm to 4pm are English language class and social activity n site. You can
see from graph that the Longest class is on day 6 and day 7, which almost tone day.

39.
Answer: The following graph gives information about backshot waterwheel. It shows how the
process is done. The steps include headrace, rotation and tailrace. According to this graph,
the first step is to abstract water to the headrace. According to this graph, the second step is
water push the waterwheel to rotate. The final step is the water to the tailrace In conclusion,
the process will repeat.

40.

Answer: The image is about the global mean sea level rise. On the x-axis there is year from
2000 to 2100. On the y-axis there is miles from 0.0 to 1.0. There are four categories: RCP
2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5. According to this graph, in 2080, the value of RCP8.5 is
around 0.4, and that of RCP4.5 is lower, which is around 0.2. According to this graph, the
highest value of RCP8.5 is around1, which is in 2100. According to this graph, the lowest
value of RCP2.5 is around 0, which is in 2000. In conclusion, this graph is very informative.
Retell Lecture:
1)
Otherwise we’d run into trouble. So, he discovered a limit. He built it into his theory. Something
that we can all agree on. The speed of light. Let’s think about Faraday’s candle again. If there
wasn’t a roof on this lecture theatre, then this would be sending out light into the universe. An
expanding sphere of light traveling outwards at 300,000 kilometers per second. In one and a
half seconds it would have passed by the moon. In eight minutes it would speed past the sun,
and in around 100,000 years, it would completely clear the Milky Way Galaxy. Now, I can draw
this onto my map. So, this is here and now in this lecture theatre at the Royal Institution. So, I
can draw a line on my map that represents the trajectory of a beam of light through space-time.
Of course, it expands in all directions, so I have another one of those lines going out there. A
pair of diagonal lines. Now, I could also draw lines on this map which represent the paths of
beams of light from the past, if they arrived here, now, in this lecture theatre. And here they’ll
be. They’ll look the same, but they’ll extend out into the past. Now, we all agree on these lines
because we all agree on the speed of light, so they must be important in some way. And they
are. This is how Einstein protects the past from the future.

2)
This simulation shows what you might see. If you are orbiting a black hole. The light and position
of background stars around the hole are distorted by its gravity and they seem to spin around.
On the right, the constellation Orion appears to approach the event horizon the boundary from
which nothing can escape. Orion stars look like they become separated and get spun around.
Once the hole has passed by Orion reappears on the left and looks normal again. Users can also
experiment with different scenarios. This is what you might see if you were traveling towards a
black hole with rocket engines slowing your descent. Another simulation mimics free fall into a
hole. In the middle, the light of the entire universe appears to be concentrated in a bright ring.
3)
Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of lecture,
the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior.
Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are internal and the
environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include people’s belief on certain
things and their individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature,
air pressure and the others’ thinking about them. In conclusion, one’s determinants are affected
by both himself and the environment.
4)
There are some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions because some
lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in
the future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing
countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are
many people living in hunger especially in Africa. Climate change has devastating effects on
world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for
food production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood
and hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline
in food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continued in the future
by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries
5)
For context, it’s a good idea to provide some previous results as well. Some media exaggerate
the truth while reporting, although some news happens globally they should be reported locally.
If you’re reporting on a campaign, look for a similar past campaign so you can compare what
you achieved. People from different countries have the different understanding about news,
which depends on whether they have relevant knowledge or not. If you’re creating a regular
weekly or monthly report, track your results compared to the previous several weeks or months
so you can start to see any ongoing trends. The specific data you’ll want to include in your social
media marketing report will depend on the goals and related metrics that you’re tracking, but
here are some of the most common numbers to include for each social network: Number of
posts, Net followers gain or loss, Number of likes, Post reach, Number of comments, Number of
shares.
6)
Australia’s location is important for the world to export and its international trade is also
important. since Australia has a broad territory, old towns scattered around. That is a huge
expense for transportation for trains and ferries. The government also pay large amounts for its
telecommunication to build up the connection among regions. Australian people are mainly living
in five cities and they are Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane, and so on. The most special
one is Perth which is one of the most isolated cities in the world. However, this does not affect
its states to be the largest city in Australia. The largest companies, like the two leading companies
Telstra and Qantas that based in Perth.
7)
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a rumor a form of description. We
use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual
description, particularly when we don’t have witness the scenario. I was born during the Second
World War, and my hometown is London, for example when I asked my mother about the war,
I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me. When asked her about
the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her
response, I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.
8)
Currently, one in three children and adolescents is either obese or overweight. Obesity affects
youth of all races, ethnicities, and income levels in all 50 states. Obesity has been labeled a
childhood epidemic, and unfortunately, it leads to serious health problems. We are seeing more
children and adolescents develop health problems that previously were seen primarily in adults,
such as: High cholesterol Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose levels High blood pressure Social
problems and poor self-esteem Sleep disturbances and sleep apnea Orthopedic problems
Children and adolescents who are obese have a 70% to 80% chance of becoming overweight or
obese adults. Overweight and obese adults are at greater risk for heart disease, cancer, and
stroke. These are leading causes of death among adults in the United States. A number of factors
contribute to obesity, including Lack of physical activity Sedentary lifestyle Unhealthy diet
Environmental factors The good news is that these factors are controllable and reversible.
9)
The result of the scientific research shows that all metals response to the heat. In recent years,
people used to think that metal is supposed to blend under the heat, but sometimes it doesn’t
behave, so because atoms in the metal have random processes. The heat can accelerate the
processes but won’t change the essence of random, so it could violate what we used to think.
Hydration heat characteristics of blended cement containing up to 50% steel slag were studied
at 25 °C, 45 °C and 60 °C by isothermal calorimeter. Kinetics equations were used to explore
kinetics of blended cement. Kinetics parameters, n, K, and Ea, were calculated and analyzed.
Results indicated that the activity of steel slag was very low. Steel slag accelerated the hydration
of aluminates but decelerated the hydration of silicates in cement clinker. Small amount of steel
slag affected little the hydration process of cement. Elevated temperature obviously promoted
the hydration of blended cement. The hydration of blended cement containing no more than 35%
steel slag was controlled by nucleation of hydrates in acceleration period and by diffusion of ions
in decay period. The hydration of blended cement containing 50% steel slag was mostly
dominated by phase boundary reaction, then directly by diffusion. Ea increased with increasing
steel slag content.
10)
But I am going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving
essentially gains losses and inversions of sequence. So showing here is a 30 in the simple
diagram. We have an example of some structural variation operationally defined as events
greater than a KB in size. So we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become deleted. We have
pieces of DNA that sometimes become duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in
fact inverted or turned around with respect to another orientation. So this very busy map here
represents probably about three years of work in my lab, just to kind of characterize the general
pattern of structural variation in eight human genomes. So shown here are different human
chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really aren’t that
important, but what I’m showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and inversions
as red as blue red and green and so each line here represents a different human genome that
has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size,
so a couple things you can maybe get from. this is you can see that there’s a lot of genetic
variation out there , that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events
that you’re seeing here are essentially inherited , but we now know based on studying roughly
about 2,000 human genomes, but there’s a significant fraction of very large events often
hundreds of KB in size that are either individually specific or specific to specific families , so this
is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of the human genome.
11)
Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of lecture,
the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior.
Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are internal and the
environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include people’s belief on certain
things and their individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature,
air pressure and the others’ thinking about them. In conclusion, one’s determinants are affected
by both himself and the environment
12)
There are some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions because some
lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in
the future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing
countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are
many people living in hunger especially in Africa. Climate change has devastating effects on
world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for
food production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood
and hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline
in food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continued in the future
by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.
13)
You know, without getting into the details of exactly how that happened or how she got it out,
let's just say it was a bad situation. And she panicked because, like for many of us, her phone is
one of the most used and essential tools in her life. But, on the other hand, she had no idea how
to fix it, because it's a completely mysterious black box. So, think about it: what would you do?
What do you really understand about how your phone works? What are you willing to test or fix?
For most people, the answer is, nothing. In fact, one survey found that almost 80 percent of
smartphone users in this country have never even replaced their phone batteries, and 25 percent
didn't even know this was possible.
14)
Perhaps you've seen pictures of the large array of, you know, those radio telescopes in New
Mexico, scanning the skies for intelligent life in the movie contact Well radiant astronomers have
caused to celebrate the first phase of a giant new Radio Telescope Array want operational in
Northern California, it's going to help astronomers study things like black holes and dark galaxies.
All the while scanning the stars for, who knows, radio signals coming from somewhere else in
the universe. Maybe ET is phoning home.
15)
The Earth is warning. Almost all the Arctic summer ice may have melted by the end of the
century, claims the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the IPCC. The upside Access to
an estimated quarter of the world's oil and gas resources and the opening of the fabled Northwest
Passage. The downside. The Arctic wilderness is lost as neighbouring countries, Denmark and
Greenland, Russia, Canada, Norway, and the United States all race to shares in the bounty.
16)
Environment problems caused by hard rock mining involve water pollution by metals themselves,
chemicals used in processing, acid drainage and sediment. Metals and metal-like elements in the
ore are toxic and prone to cause trouble by ending up in nearby streams and water tables as a
result of mining operations.
17)
These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the finest of several
depictions of the thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during
his time in Arles. The first is now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and the
second is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a
repetition of the London painting. But art historians and curators have long been curious to know
how different this “repetition” is from the first. Should it be considered a copy, an independent
artwork or something in between? An extensive research project conducted over the past three
years by conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh Museum has
concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy of the original example,”
said Ella Hendriks, a professor of conservation and restoration at the University of Amsterdam,
who was the lead researcher on the project.
18)
Working together, they figured out that if the government was going tp propose some kinds of
significant tax increases, which is a good strategy require me to at least lie something like getting
something for those big tax brackets, not seeing any results. So the result of that was in the
package of legislation that included the tax increases. There was awesome information to have
significant expansion of coverage families where they can buy into their private insurance.
19)
Rebuilding carbon-rich agriculture soils is the only real productive, permanent solution to taking
excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. She’s frustrated that scientists and politicians don’t
see the same opportunities she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes
of carbon. We can sequester 685 million tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a
percent on only 2% of the farms. If we increased it on all of the farms, we could sequester the
whole world’s emissions of carbon.
20)
Well, Alex, the National Association of Realtors is at least putting the champagne on ice. The
industry group says the slight rise in sales for previously owned homes shows the housing market
is finally stabilizing, which is the first sign of a recovery. Now, that of course is an interpretation
of the numbers. Alex, and one that’s coming from an organization known for being somewhat of
a cheerleader for the housing market, since its members are made up of realtors who’ve been
losing a lot of money in the slump. Now, for a more sober view, I talked to Wellesley housing
economist Karl Case, and he says the slight uptick in sales hardly offsets the fact that numbers
are down 20 percent from the year before.
21)
I think its really important for young people not to feel restricted in their choices and also to be
aware of the choices that are available to them and obviously the media has an
incredibly important role to play in that. I think we tend to talk about science as this big kind of
monolith but of course actually it's this beautiful multifaceted thing. You know, there's almost
something for everybody there. And there are so many different aspects of it. You know,
somebody that's going to be attracted to working in biology might be a very different person
from somebody who's attracted to engineering. I suppose it's about knowing the breadth of
opportunities that are out there and so anything that universities and broadcast media can do to
make sure that those opportunities are visible.
22)
Why do we need more entrepreneurs right now? The entrepreneurs who create and run our
businesses, who play by the rules, are in fact critical to our success as a nation. We need them
especially today. Business, not government, will end this recession. Government must help by
creating fair rules, sound monetary policy, and by protecting our fellow citizens in periods when
they are jobless. We have to make way for the new entrepreneurial firms that will push us to
frontiers of innovation.
23)
An economist sees the world basically through a typical micro- economic toolkit. That involves
things like thinking at the margin, rationality, opportunity cost, trade-offs. Economists like any
other discipline rules, and its own way of seeing the world. So basically economics, or economists
in general tend to apply micro- economic concepts like that to explain the way humans behave
and to make predictions about the future.
24)
Finally, we take a look at how to mix and unmix liquids at the flick of a switch. Sandrine tells us
more. Oil and water don't usually mix, but the new chemical sensitive to light has been added
here to blend them together. When exposed to UV light, the chemical changes its structure and
become soluble in water. This causes two layers to form with the oil floating on top of the water
chemical combo. This method should be cheaper than the current alternative which involves
using high energy centrifuges.
25)
To begin with, you should be standing in the main floor of the British Library. British Library
situated in the Euston road next to some pipe crustacean press, in the foyer to the left of the
information desk. It was a large white staircase. Follow this up towards the gallery at the top of
the stairs pause and look to your left for attention. This is Robert Cotton, born in 1570, and died
in 1631. Cotton was a member of parliament but he's mainly known as a great antiquarian
collector of manuscripts. It is the covenant we have a great depth and the survival of many
English manuscripts.
26)
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal
Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identifies two topics.
Nano-science is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular
and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale.
Nanotechnologies are the design characterization, production and application of structures,
devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit
more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
27)
So, a virus is something that you can't see by normal light microscopy, you need very
advanced techniques for electron microscopy to see it, but that virus is not able to reproduce
itself without a host and us as human beings are made up of lots of different cell types and we
are interested in understanding at the molecular level how that virus infects the liver and why
does it infect the liver and it doesn't infect the heart or it doesn't infect other tissues.
28)
Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further selling of
equities and fears about an unravelling of the global carry trade. At the same time trading in the
European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy as traders frantically reassessed
their appetite for risk-prompting wild swings in the prices of the key derivatives. It was the third
day of frenetic activity in the European credit markets, suggesting that equity market swings
were prompting a wider repositioning of investors in a host of asset classes.
29)
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the
central contract pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract
rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulse. A
simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between modes such as going from a
standstill to walking.
30)
Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict
Pend Lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, and also Salford
and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of
North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is
best known for his city landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as
matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the
unpublished "narionette" works, which were only found after his death.
31)
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards
to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works,
and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally,
there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

32)
The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by
passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern
the true interests of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to
sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen
that the public voice pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant
to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose."
33)
A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more than
one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released on Wednesday. The
survey of 81,000 students in twenty-six states found two-thirds of high school students complain
of boredom, usually because the subject matter was irrelevant or their teachers didn't seem to
care about them.
34)
Last year, astronomers observed two neutron stars collide. A crash transmitted in gravitational
waves to detectors here on Earth. Represented in sound, you can hear a small upwards sweep
in frequency, in the data, if you listen closely. Several seconds later, the first waves of
electromagnetic radiation arrived here on Earth - the first time a collision has been detected by
both light and gravitational waves. And it's in studying the electromagnetic echoes of the collision
that astrophysicists have gotten a far better glimpse of what really happened after those binary
neutron stars merged, 130 million light years away. "Oh yeah, absolutely, so it gives us an
understanding of basically all the nitty-gritty of what's going on after the merger takes place."
Kunal Mooley, an astrophysicist at Caltech. First, he says, the stars collided, creating a massive,
black hole like object, which started sucking up the cloud of neutron-rich cosmic debris left over
from the crash. But its appetite was limited. "It cannot eat all of it, so some bit of it basically
escapes." Those escaping leftovers spewed outward into space, as a powerful jet. But along the
way, Mooley says, the jet appears to have interacted with that cloud of neutron-rich material,
blowing up a sort of cocoon within the debris floating around the collision. Until finally, the jet
burst out and slammed into interstellar space releasing yet more radiation we could detect here
on Earth.
35)
To figure out these counterintuitive findings, the researchers conducted an experiment in a hotel
room. They rounded up some lizards, gave them a perch, and used a leaf blower to mimic the
effects of high winds. They set up a net to catch any lizards that lost their grip. As the artificial
wind blew, the lizards moved so the perch took most of the air flow. But their hind legs would
stick out, and if those rear limbs stuck out too far, they acted as sails. "Eventually those back
legs were blown off the perch, and the lizards were just holding on with their front two legs. And
they could only hold on like that for so long as the wind speed increased further and further,
until eventually they were blown off the perch and into the nets So shorter back legs gave a
survival advantage. A trait that might be passed on to the next lizard generation.
36)
Crows, she says, are what's known as "partial migrants." Every year, some members of the
population migrate between breeding grounds and their overwintering grounds--like parking lots.
But others just stay put. So Townsend and her colleagues wanted to know if that urge to migrate
was something individual crows can turn on and off. To find out, they captured 18 crows from
overwintering spots in California and New York. They fitted the birds with little backpack satellite
tags, and tracked them for several years. Overall, three quarters of the birds migrated, an
average of 300 miles. And more importantly, if they migrated once, they did it every year--
suggesting traveling is not a habit they switch on and off. The researchers also found that
migrating crows returned faithfully to the same breeding grounds every year--but were more
flexible on where to overwinter. Which could be a good thing.
37)
Abandoned Pueblos are scattered throughout the south-western U.S. And at many,
archaeologists have uncovered a curious artefact: the skeletons of scarlet macaws. The birds'
bright red feathers are known to have been an important status symbol, a signifier of prestige for
people throughout the American tropics and the southwest, both in the ancient world and today.
But macaws are a tropical bird, whose range never extended north of today's U.S.- Mexico
border. So how did the Pueblo people obtain the birds? To examine the birds' origin, scientists
sequenced mitochondrial DNA found within macaw bones from two sites in New Mexico: Chaco
Canyon and the Members region. Turns out, nearly three quarters of the birds had identical
mitochondrial genome sequences--meaning the ancient birds came from the same maternal line.
That suggests they were all the products of a breeding operation, perhaps in modern-day
northern Mexico, rather than a random collection of wild-caught birds.
38)
Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular
online dating platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using
PageRank, one of the algorithms behind search technology Essentially if you receive a dozen
messages from desirable users, you must be more desirable than someone who receives the
same number of messages from average users. Then they asked: How far "out of their league"
do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think people are optimistic realists In
other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more
desirable than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their
own relative position within this overall desirability hierarchy." And the study did have a few
more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages from this study
is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."
39)
For the first time, Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how
some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed the 22 vehicles on a single track,
and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometres an hour. At first,
traffic moves smoothly, but soon, the distance between cars started to vary and vehicles clumped
together at one point on the track, but the jams spread backward around the track, like a
shockwave at a rate of about 20 kilometres an hour. Real-life jams move backward at about the
same speed.
40)
Hi everybody, it's Joe Biden. I delivered a report to President Obama laying out how far we've
come since he put me in charge of the cancer Moon-shot that was back in January and lay out a
real vision for where we need to go in the immediate future to: to do in five years what would
otherwise take ten; to inject a real sense of urgency into the fight against cancer; and to change
the culture and reimagine our system in order to be able to win. When President Nixon
declared war on cancer in 1971, he had no army, he had no resources, and no clear strategy.
But after 45 years of progress, funding research, training scientists and physicians, and treating
millions of patients -- we now have the army. We now have tools, powerful tools. And with this
Moon-shot, we now have a clear strategy for the road ahead. It matters, folks, because there's
a consensus now that we're at an inflection point with science, medicine, and technology all
advancing faster than ever and offering real promise. We can't play by the rules of 1971 -- we
didn't have this working for us.
41)
Hi everybody. This weekend, we’ll dedicate the newest American icon on our National Mall - the
National Museum of African American History and Culture. It's a beautiful building, five stories
high and some 70 feet below the ground, situated just across the street from the Washington
Monument. And this museum tells a story of America that hasn't always taken a front seat in our
national narrative. As a people, we've rightfully passed on the tales of the giants who built this
country. But too often, wilful or not, we've chosen to gloss over or ignore entirely the experience
of millions upon millions of others. But this museum chooses to tell a fuller story. It
doesn't gauze up some bygone era or avoid uncomfortable truths. Rather, it embraces the
patriotic recognition that America is a constant work in progress; that each successive generation
can look upon our imperfections and decide that it is within our collective power to align this
nation with the high ideals of our founding.
42)
Here are a couple different stories you can tell about our economy. One goes like this. Eight
years after the worst economic crisis of our lifetimes, our economy has created jobs for 71
straight months. That’s a new record. Unemployment has fallen below five percent. Last year,
the typical household saw its income grow by about twenty-eight hundred dollars – the biggest
one-year increase ever. And the uninsured rate is at an all-time low. All that is true. What's also
true is that too much of our wealth is still taken by the top and that leaves too many families
still working pay check to pay check, without a lot breathing room. There are two things we can
do about this. We can prey on people's worries for political gain. Or we can actually do something
to help working families feel more secure in today's economy. Count me in the latter camp. And
here's one thing that will help right away: making sure more of our families have access to paid
leave. Today, having both parents in the workforce is an economic Necessity for many families.
But right now, millions of Americans don’t have access to even a single day of paid sick leave.
43)
When the time comes, its peers should follow suit. Of these, the European Central Bank faces
the trickiest challenge, because it has acted as, in effect, the backstop to euro-zone bond
markets, a mechanism that otherwise the currency bloc still lacks. But the main safety valve lies
elsewhere, with banks and investors. Bitter experience has shown that debt-funded assets can
magnify losses, causing financial crises. For this reason, banks must be able to withstand any
reversal of today's high asset prices and low defaults. That means raising bank capital in places
where it is too low, especially the euro zone, and not backsliding on strenuous “stress tests” as
America's Treasury proposes. In the end, however, there may be no escape for investors from
the low future returns and even losses that high asset prices imply. They and regulators) should
take a leaf out of “The Intelligent Investor”, and make sure that they have a margin of safety.
44)
So, a lot of the research on happiness starts with the basic question: How happy are you? And
we're psychologists, so tell us on a scale of 1 to 10, where 5 is average, 10 is super-duper. The
most common answers, interestingly enough, are high; they're 7 or 8. It turns out that most
people think that they're pretty happy. This question has been asked all over the world and it
turns out that there are slight differences depending on how old you are; there are slight
differences depending on your place within a country, California versus New York; there are
slight, subtle differences between men and women at different points. Somewhat paradoxically,
although women are more vulnerable to depression than men, still, on average, women are
slightly happier than men.
45)
Families are always related to the economy, the politics, the culture of the society. In
herding societies young people go out when they're 10 or 12 years old and they hang out with
the sheep or the goats - or whatever the herd is. That produces a kind of a(an) loose bond
between the preadolescences and their parents. In industrial societies, we tend to keep kids in
school for longer and then college is that point when they might break - or after college,
depending on what they're doing. In agrarian societies families have lots of kids and put them
to work. They structure themselves as large families and put them all together I one home. The
main point is that families are not separate from the society. Families and the economy and the
politics are all wrapped up all together.
46)
A really good illustrative example of the point I want to make is the book Journey Cake, Ho! by
Ruth Sawyer, based on a traditional folk tale. Teachers often read this aloud to their classes,
showing the pictures to the children as they do so. They are, of course, using the words of Ruth
Sawyer, and presenting the story just as the artist has visualised it. But other teachers do it
differently. Instead of reading, they tell the story from memory. This gives the children a much
richer experience - they can freely use their own imaginations, visualising the story, the
characters and the scenes in their mind's eye in any way they like. And, this is much closer to
the way in which folk tales were passed from generation to generation - orally, without any words
or pictures to restrict) the imagination.
47)
People rarely translate another person's unique way of saying things with any degree of
accuracy. This is because when we learn the meaning of words, we pick up their broad meaning
but we've added subtle shades of difference which we get from our personal experiences. If you
grew up in an aggressive household, the phrase 'I'm angry with you' had
different associations than for a person from a family where people talked through problems.
We're left having to work out meaning from our own experience. So despite the fact that, say,
Bob and Gina are both speaking English, Bob is really speaking 'Bob-English' and Gina is turning
that into 'Gina-English' and the translation is never going to be perfect.
48)
We miscommunicate more commonly than we communicate accurately. Often, the words we
have are at least somewhat inadequate to express how we feel. The first words we think of are
often poor reflections of what we really mean. We might at times even want to take our words
back for a second attempt. But once those words have left our mouths, our partners are already
replying to whatever we have just said. Most conversations happen too fast to allow us to
figure out what we really meant to say.
49)
It's been a challenging decade for the music industry, with a significant decrease in sales. For
years, little action was taken against illegal downloads, with few effects for down loaders.
However, two new approaches are seeing positive results. Firstly, the industry's working with
internet service providers to slow an illegal down loader's connection. Secondly, it's
working directly with digital music websites. In Sweden three out of five illegal file-sharers have
cut back or stopped, with half of these people moving to legal websites supported by
advertisements).
50)
Now, as you know already, there will be a midterm exam next week. The exam will be an open-
book, open-note, and open-internet resource exam. But you can't use a classmate or me during
the exam. Many of the questions on this exam don't have definitive answers. I wish to
assess your critical thinking ability and your ability to combine ideas. A poorly organized answer
will not get the same grades as a well-organized answer. Here are some good ways to study for
the exam. First of all, it would be better for you to organize and review your lecture notes. That
means you many need to compile notes and lab test results if you have not done that already. I
strongly suggest that you write trial outlines before the exam. I think it will make you feel more
comfortable. Just stop by my office.
51)
He about the same time was so much displeased with the performances of a nobleman's French
cook, that he exclaimed with vehemence, "I'd throw such a rascal into the river”, and he then
proceeded to alarm a lady at whose house he was to sup, by the following manifesto of his skill:
"I, Madam, who live at a variety of good tables, am a much better judge of cookery, than any
person who has a very tolerable cook, but lives much at home; for his palate is gradually adapted
to the taste of his cook; whereas, Madam, in trying by a wider range, I can more
exquisitely judge." When invited to dine, even with an intimate friend, he was not pleased if
something better than a plain dinner was not prepared for him. I have heard him say on such
an occasion, "This was a good dinner enough, to be sure; but it was not a dinner to ASK a man
to." On the other hand, he was wont to express, with great glee, his satisfaction when he had
been entertained quite to his mind.
52)
They who beheld with wonder how much he eats upon all occasions when his dinner was to his
taste, could not easily conceive what he must have meant by hunger. And not only was he
remarkable for the extraordinary quantity which he eats, but he was, or affected to be, a man
of very nice discernment in the science of cookery. He used to descant critically on the dishes
which had been at table where he had dined or supped, and to recollect very minutely what he
had liked. I remember, when he was in Scotland, his praising "Gordon's palates," (a dish of
palates at the Honourable Alexander Gordon's) with a warmth of expression which might have
done honour to more important subjects. "As for Maclaurin's imitation of a MADE DISH, it was a
wretched attempt.
53)
When at table, he was totally absorbed in the business of the moment; his looks seemed riveted
to his plate; nor would he, unless when in very high company, say one word, or even pay the
least attention to what was said by others, till he had satisfied his appetite, which was so fierce,
and indulged with such intenseness, that while in the act of eating, the veins of his forehead
swelled, and generally a strong perspiration was visible. To those whose sensations were
delicate, this could not but be disgusting; and it was doubtless not very suitable to the character
of a philosopher, who should be distinguished by self-command. But it must be owned, that
Johnson, though he could be rigidly ABSTEMIOUS, was not a TEMPERATE man either in eating
or drinking. He could refrain, but he could not use moderately. He told me, that he had fasted
two days without inconvenience, and that he had never been hungry.
54)
At supper Johnson talked of good eating with uncommon satisfaction. "Some people," said he,
"have a foolish way of not minding, or pretending not to mind, what they eat. For my part, I
mind my belly very studiously, and very carefully; for I look upon it, that he who does not mind
his belly will hardly mind anything else," He was, for the moment, not only serious but vehement.
"Yet I have heard him, upon other occasions, talk with great contempt of people who were
anxious to gratify their palates; and the 206th number of his Rambler is a masterly essay
against gulosity. His practice, indeed, I must acknowledge, may be considered as casting the
balance of his different opinions upon this subject; for I never knew any man who relished good
eating more than he did.
55)
This being acquired and established, silence would be more easy; and my desire being to gain
knowledge at the same time that I improved in virtue, and considering that in conversation it
was obtained rather by the use of the ears than of the tongue, and therefore wishing to break a
habit I was getting into of prattling, punning, and joking, which only made me acceptable to
trifling company, I gave silence the second place. This and the next, order, I expected would
allow me more time for attending to my project and my studies. Resolution, once become
habitual, would keep me firm in my endeavours to obtain all the subsequent virtues; frugality and
Industry freeing me from my remaining debt, and producing affluence and independence, would
make more easy the practice of sincerity and justice, etc. Conceiving then, that, agreeably to
the advice of Pythagoras in his Golden Verses, daily examination would be necessary.
Answer Short Questions:
1) Where does scientist do experiment? – Laboratory
2) What is the last paragraph of essay known as? – Conclusion
3) What do you call students in universities who have not yet graduated? – Undergraduate
4) What do you call the son of your sister or brother? – Nephew
5) How do we call the young horse? - Pony / foal
6) What do we call people who work on ship or plane? – Crew
7) What is the device that controls electrical appliances on and off? – Switch
8) Jack is having a presentation on Wednesday. Today is Tuesday. When will Jack his speech,
today, tomorrow or next week? – Tomorrow
9) What is the frozen type of water called? – Ice
10) Who is the Swiss greatest scientist in physics? – Einstein
11) What do we call famous people? – celebrity
12) What is the highest position in the embassy? – Ambassador
13) In the solar system, which heavenly body produces sunshine? – Sun
14) What do you call a notice of death in a newspaper? – Obituary
15) What do meter and millimeter measure, weight or length? – Length
16) What are the organs of the body that we can breathe with? – Lungs
17) What is at the top of an eyebrow? – Forehead
18) Which part of the hand do we use to pick up objects? - Finger / fingers
19) What thing do postgraduate students have that undergraduate students don’t？ -
Bachelor degree
20) What is the national flower of India? – Lotus
21) What is the process where the color becomes lighter and lighter when exposed to sunlight
for a long time- Fade
22) Which one would you most likely to see in the lake, a swan or a crocodile? – Swan
23) What is the thing used for sun protection in summer? - Sunscreen / sunblock / sun
cream / suntan lotion
24) Where does a king or a queen live? – Palace
25) What does a barometer measure? - Air pressure
26) What is the act of jumping into the water? – Diving
27) What is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another
in the same language – Synonym
28) What do we call the pen that receive its ink from its reservoir? - Fountain pen
29) What would a person do usually on sabbatical? - Study / Travel
30) What is the extreme fear from strangers? – Xenophobia
31) What do you call it when two or more people are speaking to each other using telephones?
– Teleconference
32) What do we call a tower which is designed to emit light to server as a navigational aid at
sea? – Lighthouse
33) What is the musical instrument which has both pedals and strings? - Harp / piano
34) Where can we find the page numbers of books? – Footer
35) What is the building for exhibitions of painting? - Museum / Art Gallery
36) What do we call the sound when people clap their hands? – Applause
37) How do you call the movements that the babies move by using hands and legs? -
Crawling / crawl
38) What do you call the line that the earth travels around the sun? – Orbit
39) What do we call the ceremony where people get married? – Wedding
40) What is a painting of a person's head called? - Portrait / portraiture
41) What is the force that draws objects toward a planet's center? - Gravity / gravitation
42) What's the last paragraph of an essay? – Conclusion
43) Where do people go to watch plays? - Theatre / theatre
44) What do we call the ship that runs underwater? – Submarine
45) What is the opposite word of subtraction in mathematics? – Addition
46) What is the name of male sheep? – Ram
47) How many years are there in a bicentennial? - Two hundred
48) What do we call the thing we use to put into the lock and open it? – Key
49) What do we call the tall buildings that stick into the sky? – skyscrapers
50) Who takes care of people who are sick and stay in hospital?
What do we call dollars, cents, pounds and euros? – Currency
51) How do you call the doctor who treats sick animals? - Vet / Veterinarian
52) What do we call the legal document that states how people’s property should be allocated
after their deaths? – Testament / Will
53) What do we call stop, comma or ellipsis? – Punctuation
54) What do you call the female partner in a marriage? – Wife
55) What document would doctors give patients for them to buy medicines? – Prescription
56) What is the room that is under the ground floor? – Basement
57) What is the opposite of ending in a film or movie? – Prologue
58) What do you call the horror of being trapped in a closed space? – Claustrophobia
59) When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? – Quick
60) What is the collection of maps called? – Atlas
61) If a car is not stationary, what it is doing？ - Running / Moving
62) Which systems do planets such as earth; moon belong to? - Solar system
63) Where can you find index in the book? - At the end of the book
64) Correlation is the relationship between cause and what? – Effect
65) What is a painting or photo of people especially when it include someone’s face, head and
shoulder? – Portrait
66) In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? – Doctor
67) Sea level rise or down due to climate change? – Rise
68) What is the opposite to ‘still’? - Moving / Active / Dynamic
69) Which one has more interactions between teachers and students, a lecture or a tutorial?
– Tutorial
70) What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic or passive? –
Enthusiastic
71) What is the opposite of artificial? - Natural
72) What kind of shoes do you wear to keep it comfortable when hiking? -
Hiking boots / hiking shoes
73) What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in rocks? – Paleontologists
74) If you want to find the map of U.S., what type of book should you use? – Atlas
75) In which subject can you see the tellurion? – Astronomy
76) What do we call the science that are concerned about the study of earth materials and
nutria nts, geology or geography? – Geology.
77) What is the 25th letter that we use to write English words? – Y
78) What does IT stand for? - Information technology
79) What is the color that refers to environmental protection? – Green
80) Which color do we make by blending black and white? – Grey
81) What do we call the liquid which is in a car? – Gasoline
82) Which sense of human relates to the Soft and roughness?- Touch
83) What is the opposite of stale?- Fresh
84) How do you call the movements that the babies move by using hands and legs? -- crawl
85) What do forks, spoons and knives belong to? cutlery
86) What do you throw underwater to keep ships staying on rivers or oceans without drifting
away? -- anchor
87) Apart from coffee and hot chocolate, what beverages also contain caffeine? - - Tea. /
Coke.
88) What is the book that you write to describes your own life story? - - Autobiography
89) What is the antonym of horizontal? --vertical
90) What identification document do most people carry to present their citizenship when
entering other countries?-- passport
91) Which one is renewable energy: solar energy or oil energy?- Solar energy
92) What do we call a place selling gold and silver?- Jewelry store or bullion market
93) What’s the material used to stick things together?- Glue
94) What department studies the human’s body part of eyes?- Ophthalmology
95) What is the best invention which changes farming in the last century?- tractor
96) If you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a particular topic, where to find
it?- Index
97) What do we call the content listed at the beginning or the end of a book?- Index
98) What Is the characteristic of the desert? Humidity or desiccation?- Desiccation
99) Is the desert weather known as an arid climate or a wet climate?- Arid
100) What is the name of the planet in our solar system that supports life?- Earth
101) What is the bone forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow?- Numerus
102) What is the material of the body’s skeleton?- Bone
103) What is the verb form of the noun Abstention?- Abstain
104) What do we call the “Times New Roman” in word?- Font
105) What instrument do you use when long-distance learning?- Computer
106) What is the body covering of a bird?- Feather
107) What materials are generally used in glasses and windows?- Glass
108) What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a
sporting event?- The Olympic Games
109) If you are happy with the agreement, what would you like to put at the bottom of the
contract with the date?- Signature
110) What is the line between countries?- Boundary or border
111) What do we call the person who can speak two languages?- Bilingual
112) What does the sun do during dusk?- Sunset
113) Why plants need bees?- Pollination
114) If a newspaper published in 7 days of a week, and a magazine published one day a week,
what is that journal which is published four months a year?- Quarterly
115) Today is Thursday; a person has a doctor appointment on Wednesday when he has an
appointment? Today, tomorrow, next week?- Next week
116) Who will give you drugs at the pharmacy?- Pharmacist
117) What is a government authority or license conferring a right for a set period?- Patent
118) What is document protecting people’s works?- Patent
119) What is green color meaning?- Nature Environment
120) What do we call twins that look exactly alike?- Identical
121) Sea levels rise or fall as a result of climate change?- Rise
122) How do you weigh yourself?- Weight scale
123) What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material?- Fracture
124) What do we call the restricted area of a library in a university, in which you can read
books, but you can’t borrow (or take them away)?- Archives or Reference collection
125) What is the location of the index within a book?- End of a book
126) What Do Vegans eat?- Vegetables
127) If the profit of a company is tripled, How manifold it means?- Three
128) What does the prefix ‘post’ mean as in post-graduate?- After
129) Colloquial phrases are not normally used in the academic language, is tolerate or put up
with more appropriate in the academic writing?- Tolerate
130) If there are 8 white balls and 1 black ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is most
likely to be picked?- White
131) If your teeth are in pain, who do you visit, dentist or psychologist?- Dentist
132) What is the list of chapters at the beginning of a book?- Table of contents
133) What is the altitude related to? Weight or height? - Height
134) How many people are involved in a trio contract? - Three
135) What are the first three letters of the English alphabet? - A B C
136) Which is the biggest one? - Left side
137) The surface of which material is soft? - Coca cola
138) According to the picture the car is stuck in what? - mud
139) Which category had the lowest percentage? - Dial up
140) Paying at the counter after shopping - check out
141) First story of the basement/building - basement
142) Who do you call in case of leaking pipeline - plumber
143) Microscope is used to see - Micro-organism
144) transfer quickly from computer to computer - virus, Downloading
145) What do you get when you buy something - receipt
146) Agriculture based country - farming economy
147) Dead remains of plants - fossils
148) Business and advertising PR means - public relation
149) Who to visit if you have fear of crowd - psychologist
150) Means of travelling in developed countries - public transport
151) Washing clothier - laundry
152) Who is more playing football - men
153) Thing most people use in their home - Bed
154) Main difference between a wrist watch and a clock - Size
155) Most important document while driving - Driving license
156) Where we can buy floor - Supermarket
157) wall clock and hand watch - their relative sizes
158) University courses - orally or written assessment
159) arrival at hotel - reception or check-in
160) hob title building designer - architecture
161) improve health n fitness - diet and more physical exercise
162) what is the name of ground military forces? - Army
163) what is someone that can't see called? - Blind
164) what do you call the middle of something? - Center
165) Whose job is it treat people that are ill or have an injury art a hospital? - Doctor
166) who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries - baker
167) what piece of equipment shows a person what direction they are traveling - compass
168) what is a series of events that happen in your mind while you are sleeping - dream
169) what is that person belongs to an organization called? - member
170) what is it called when two or more people are speaking to each other? - conversation
171) what do you call a person that can't - deaf
172) what plan shows how much money is available and how it will be spent? - budget
173) what is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums? - dentist
174) what is the time period before noon is called? - ante meridian
175) what is the afternoon called? - post meridian
176) What is H2O in chemical substances?- Water
177) Would it be better to use kilometers or kilograms to measure the distance between two
cities?- Kilometers
178) How many years do you study for an Undergraduate program?- Three years
179) What’s the fastest way to get from the 20th floor to the 1st floor?- by elevator or lift
180) At what ceremony, the students receive their degree or diploma at end of their study?-
Graduation day
181) What do we call a company or an organization that gives money to sporting events in
exchange of advertising?- Sponsor
182) What does the term otolaryngology mean?- Ear, Nose & Throat
183) What do ophthalmologist specialize in?- Eye operations
184) What do we call the date a piece of work must be finish by?- Deadline or Due date
185) What does a dermatologist specialize in?- Skin – Baldness & Hair
186) What do you call a very long essay that students have to write for a doctoral degree?-
Thesis or dissertation
187) Which section of the train timetable will tell you, what time the train leaves? – Departures
188) Name a country located in North America? – The United States of America/ Canada
189) What is the most important document you have to show if you wanted to hire a car? –
Your driver’s license
190) King George was the ruler of Spain in 1993, King Russell ruled Spain in 1996, King
Bernard ruled Spain in 200”. Who was the predecessor for King Bernard? – King Russell
191) What studies the structure of the earth, geology or geography? – Geology
192) Which kind of shop contains more kinds of products? – Supermarket
193) Which Animal is not a mammal, Butterfly, cow or Goat? – Butterfly
194) What is a destructive program that spreads from computer to computer? – Virus
195) On compass, what is the opposite of northwest? – Southeast
196) What is the solid form of water? – Ice
197) When ice is in the room temperature, does it become? – Water or liquid
198) Which ocean is located on the west of the US? – The Pacific Ocean
199) What do tons, ounces, and pounds refer to? – Weights
200) Who serves food in a restaurant? – Waiter or Waitress
201) What desk would you go to when you first arrive to the hotel? – Check in desk or
Reception
202) How many seasons are in a year? – Four
203) What is the source of solar energy? – Sun
204) The science which treats with life? – Biology
205) Who is the person in charge of a football match? – referee
206) What crime has someone stealing from a shop committed, Shop fitting or Shop lifting?
- Shop lifting
207) Where would you find an urban area, In the city or in the countryside? - In the city
208) Where would you most likely go to buy a flower, a bakery, a florist or a supermarket? -
florist
209) A specialist who repairs leaking water pipes is called a? - Plumber
210) If you sold your house for more money than you bought, did you make a profit or loss?
- profit
211) Which word is different from the others? (Decrease, Increase and Decline)? - Increase
212) Where is the habitat of this fish? - Sea water, ocean
213) A place or building where dead bodies are kept. Cemetery or Mortuary? - Mortuary
214) What is a man-made river called? - Canal
215) What do you call an individual musical sound? - Solo
216) Which is the best method of transportation, Bus, Plane or ship? - Bus
217) Which is not a way of public transportation, Train, Model car or Airplane? - Model car
218) What is the butterfly doing with its wings, Grasp, Flutter? - Flutter
219) The one who is unable to pay his debts. In debt or Insolvent? - Insolvent
220) A thing no longer in use. Obsolete, Out of date or both? - Both
221) What is the formula to find the area of a circle? - Pi r square
222) Scientists believe in subjective knowledge or objective? – Objective
223) Having a lot of fat in one’s body? - Obesity
224) Algebra, statistics are branches of which field? - Mathematics
225) Plants that are grown in between rocks? - alpine plants or Lithophytes
226) For killing bacteria which drugs are used?- Antibiotics
227) What do we use to launch space shuttle? - Rocket boosters
228) Medicine which induces sleep? - Sedative
229) Which kind of transportation involves human effort, horse riding or cycling? – cycling
230) How many hours in a day? - Twenty-four
231) The phrase used to describe the way that something repeatedly increases and decreases
or rises and falls? - Ebb and flow
232) Language which is confused and unintelligible. Jargon or vocabulary? - Jargon
233) A man whose wife is dead. Is he a Widow or Widower? - Widower
234) A woman whose husband is dead? - Widow
235) One whose business is to find out criminals. Detectives or police? - Detectives
236) The government runs by the dictator. Autocracy or Democracy? - Autocracy
237) A government where the power is concentrated in the hands of one person? - Autocracy
238) One who tests eyesight and sells spectacles? - Optician
239) What does an optic person deal with? - Spectacles
240) What do people wear, if they can’t see very well? - Spectacles
241) A disease which spreads by contact? - Contagious disease
242) A man who thinks only for himself? - Egoistic or Self-cantered
243) An animal living both on land in water? - Amphibian
244) A building for keeping and feeding horses in. Stable or Kennel? - Stable
245) A string of beads used for counting prayers. Rosary or Garland? - Rosary
246) Art and science dealing with rules of language. Grammar or Literature? – Grammar
247) Not limited by person or number. Infinite or Finite? - Infinite
248) Something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned. Flammable or Non-
flammable? - Flammable
249) The science of animal life. Biology or Zoology? - Zoology
250) Whose job is it to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital? - Doctor
251) A business doesn’t' t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? - Profit
252) A dozen is a grouping of which number? - Twelve
253) A lack of which kind of weather causes drought, dry weather or rainy weather? - Rainy
weather
254) A list of events placed in time order is usually described as what? - A chronology / a
timeline
255) A planet or a galaxy that is very distant can be seen with what device? - Telescope
256) At what ceremony do students receive their degree or diploma at the end of their period
of study? - Graduation
257) What is the name of xx' s older sister? - Flow Chart
258) From where can you have a full view of a building, the outside, inside or top? - The
outside
259) How do we call the people who work in companies? - Employee or officer
260) How do you describe the desert, humid or dry? – Migration
261) How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? - Two
262) How many days in a week? 7 days 2SHow many months are in a year? - Activate Windom
Go to Settings to ACTi Twelve
263) How many people are there in a quartet? - Four
264) How many seasons are there in a year? - Four
265) How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement? - Two
266) How many times a year is a quarterly journal published? - Four
267) How many years are there in a century? - 100 (years)
268) How many years are there in a millennium? - A thousand years
269) How many years does it take to finish undergraduate study? -Three or four years
270) If a parent have a couple of children, how many children does he have? Two
271) lf a person is doing an experiment, what would he wear to protect his eyes? - Glasses /
goggles
272) lf something such as fabric or medicine is artificially made, not natural, what do we say
it is? - Artificial or Manmade or Synthetic
273) If you are celebrating a biannual activity, how many years ago did you celebrate it last
time? – half a year
274) What gas will be generated from the boiling water? – water vapor steam
275) What is the line where the sky meets the land? – horizon
276) What clothing do people wear, such as students or nurses? – uniform
277) In what room do scientists usually do experiments? – laboratory
278) How do we call the people who study animals and plants? – biologists
279) What is the verb describing the process that water becomes ice? – freeze
280) What will students receive at the end of the term? – transcript
281) What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two halves? – equator
282) What is the nominal form of the wide? – width
283) What document does a students get when graduating from the university? – graduation
certificate
284) What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work experience? – cv
/curriculum vitae
285) What do you call a difficult time when economic activities slow down. And there are more
people unemployed? – recession
286) What is the description of events that is spoken with background music during a film or
a play? – narration
287) What device is used to measure the height of mountains? – altimeter
288) What is the long speech that is spoken by only one actor in a film or play? – monologue
289) What is the list that shows the names of actors and actresses in a movie? – cast
290) If you have a toothache, who will you go to? – dentist
291) which century is the year 1642 in? – seventeenth
292) what stellar system does the earth belong to? – solar system
293) what is the legal document protecting someone’s intellectual property? – patent
294) What do people hold overhead when it is raining? – umbrella
295) How do you call someone with no hair? – bald
296) If a species is described as venomous, what substance does it has? – venom / poison
297) What do we call counting people who are living in a state or country? – census
298) Apart from coffee and hot chocolate, what beverages also contain caffeine? – ten / coke
/ cocoa
299) Which part of our bodies do we use nasal spray in? – nose
300) What do forks, spoons and knives belong to? – cutlery
301) What is the name of the programs that run on a computer? - - Software.
302) What is the name of the government headed by a king or queen? - - Monarchy.
303) What do you call the activity of taking out weeds from the ground? - - Weeding.
304) What do you call the drawings or writing on a wall, especially in a public place? - - Graffiti
305) What is a person called whose job is to write news for newspapers? - - Journalist.
306) Where do marine animals live? - - Ocean / Sea.
307) What is the antonym of maximum? - - Minimum
308) What tool would you use to climb up to the roof of a house? - - Ladder.
309) A manufacturing process releases poisonous gases. What is the most important safety
measure for workers at this plant – ensuring good ventilation, or appropriate footwear?
- - Ensuring good ventilation
310) How many years does a centennial celebrate? - One hundred.
311) In addition to A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel letter? - – U
312) If you are celebrating a bicentennial event, how many years ago did this event happen?
- Two hundred.
313) What is another way to say the arrangement of musical notes in a tune? - - Melody.
314) What is a violent conflict between two or more countries? - – War
315) What is the joint that connects your hand to your arm? - – Wrist
316) What is the quickest way to get to the 21st floor? - Elevator (or Lift)
317) How many sides does an octagon have? - - Eight.
318) What do people cast in an election? - - Vote. Ballot
319) How many sides does a pentagon have? - - Five
320) What product do you apply to your skin to protect from sunburn? - Sunscreen.
321) What is the sound of lightning? - Thunder.
322) What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother? - Niece.
323) What is the term for the political body or organization that runs a country? - -
Government.
324) What is another name for religious study? - - Theology.
325) What is the barrier that can prevent floods from damaging our home? - - Dam.
326) Where do people stand in a train station when they are waiting for a train? - - Platform.
327) What do we call a person who repairs cars? - - Auto technician/mechanic.
328) What do we call the animals which eat meat? - - Carnivore/predator.
329) What is the top surface inside a room? - - Ceiling.
330) Who is the person who shares the same room with you? - - Roommate.
Summarise Written Text:
1)
The face, though better preserved than most of the statue, has been battered by centuries of
weathering and vandalism. In 1402, an Arab historian reported that a Sufi zealot had disfigured
it “to remedy some religious errors.” Yet there are clues to what the surface looked like in its
prime. Archaeological excavations in the early 19th century found pieces of its carved stone
beard and a royal cobra emblem form its headdress. Residues of red pigment are still visible on
the face, leading researchers to conclude that at some point, the Sphinx’s entire visage was
painted red. Traces of blue and yellow paint elsewhere suggest to Lehner that the Sphinx was
once decked out in gaudy comic book. For thousands of years, sand buried the colossus up to its
shoulders, creating a vast disembodied head atop the eastern edge of the Sahara. Then, in 1817,
a Genoese adventurer, Capt. Giovanni Battista Civilian, led 160 men in the first modern attempt
to dig out the Sphinx. They could not hold back the sand, which poured into their excavation pits
nearly as fast as they could dig it out. The Egyptian archaeologist Salim Hassan finally freed the
statue from the sand in the late 1930s. “The Sphinx has thus emerged into the landscape out of
shadows of what seemed to be an impenetrable oblivion,” the New York Times declared.

Answer: The face, battered by centuries of weathering and vandalism. Like a Sufi zealot
disfiguring it “to remedy some religious errors”, with pieces of its carved stone beard and a royal
cobra emblem form its headdress found in the early 19th century, and at some point painted
red, was once decked out in gaudy comic book, and in 1817, a Genoese adventurer attempted
to dig the Sphinx with statue freed from the sand.

2)
The evolution of the RAS (Royal Agricultural Society) fits into the wider Western trend of
promoting nationalism, progress and technology through exhibitory venues, which first became
popular in the 1850s. Various types of fairs, from local agricultural shows to Worlds Fairs, were
used as instruments of hegemony to support imperialism, to promote burgeoning capitalist
endeavors, and to shape class identities, social spaces and public spaces. Visual culture and the
art of display became essential in defining aspects of national distinction. Colonial nations in
particular, such as Canada and Australia, were attempting to develop distinct national identities
to differentiate themselves from British imperial power. Agricultural fairs in North America
originated at the beginning of the nineteenth century and were devoted to educating practicing
framers in ways of improving their cultivation of livestock and crops through the use of various
technologies.
In 1822, the RAS was created on the premise that was a dire need in Australia for the
development of improved farming skills to better support growing urban populations and export
markets. Organizations based on agricultural improvement, which were popular in Britain,
provided camaraderie as well as political and financial support for their members. Once
transferred to the colonies, in this case Australia, they played an integral part in converting and
organizing land for colonial purposes.

Answer: With the evolution of the RAS fitting into the wider Western trend of promoting
nationalism, progress, and technology through exhibiting venues in the 1850s, various types of
fairs were used to support imperialism, burgeoning capitalism and class identities in colonial
nations, and then the RAS was created in 1822 in Australia to better support urbanization and
export markets.
3)
Public figures include politicians and other public officials such as judges and civil servants as
well as celebrities such as film stars, musicians and sports stars. The very nature of these roles
opens these people to scrutiny by the press. The extent to which the media are legally free to
investigate and publish details of public figures’ private lives varies from country to country.
Countries like France are much stricter on protection personal privacy than, for example, Britain.
People have a right to know about those in power. Whether through taxes, in the case of
politicians and civil servants, or by revenue generated by films, TV, sports appearances or
concerts in the case of celebrities – these people’s income in dependant on the general public.
People have the right to make informed judgements about the kind of leaders they have.
Attempts to restrict what may be reported about public figures in the press could easily become
a conspiracy to keep voters in the dark and to manipulate them. All elections are to a greater or
lesser extent about the character of the leading politicians involved. Unless the voters are allowed
insights into their private lives they will lack the information needed to make a fair decision at
the polling booth. For example, some people believe that a politician who betrayed his wife in an
affair was equally capable of breaking his promises and lying to his country.
Exposing corruption and dishonesty on the part of public officials and businesses is a critical part
of the function of a free press, and it is essential to the functioning of a free-market economy. If
investigative journalists are prevented from scrutinising the private lives of public figures, then
corruption and crime will be much easier to hide.
Public figures know that with fame comes a price and that price is constant scrutiny. In fact,
many celebrities actively seek media exposure in order to advance their careers, revealing to the
median many aspects of their personal lives. Once success has been bought in such a fashion it
is then somewhat hypocritical to complain of “press intrusion” into those few aspects the star
would prefer to remain hidden.

Answer: Public figures’ very nature opens them to scrutiny by the press, with extent to which
media are legally free to investigate and publish details of public figures’ private lives varying
from country, and people have a right know about them to make informed judgements about
the kind of leaders they have, because exposing corruption and dishonesty of public figures is a
critical part of the function of a press.

4)
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations
Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work
that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us
what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore
doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labelled “one sided” and
containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea level rises over this
century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels
will rise between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being
about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for
the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting
would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no
notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are
today.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat related deaths. There’s
another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the
number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by
2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed,
according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world,
global warming will actually save lives.

Answer: While the Nobel Peace Prize winner IPPCC’s estimates and conclusions about climate
change are grounded in careful study, the other award winner AI Gore believes that 20-foot sea
level rises overs this century and the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the
sea level rise by the end of the century, but according to a survey, global warming will actually
save lives.

5)
A dowry – the money or property a bride brings to her husband at marriage – was common
throughout much of the ancient world, and also flourished in medieval Europe.
In many places around the world, weddings were formal occasions, accompanied by gift giving
and rituals. The practice of dowries apparently originated when a bride’s parents gave her
presents. As time went on, the dowry developed various functions. A dowry of household good
often helped the newly weds set up their own home. A dowry of property or jewelry would help
the wife support herself if her husband died. Generally, the husband returned the dowry to his
in-laws if he and his wife divorced or if his wife died childless.
Sometimes the groom’s family paid for the bride, often to compensate her family for the money
spent raising her. If the bride had been a valuable worker, her family was sometimes
compensated for the loss of her economic support.
Today, traditional wedding observances are losing ground all over the world. However, some
traditional cultures, including gypsies, many Hindus, and certain African societies, continue to
see dowries as a usual part of marriage.
In the African nation of Sudan, traditionally, the family of the groom has offered cattle, often as
many as 100 animals, to the family of the bride. A groom of the Roma people, or gypsies, pays
the bride’s family for the loss of their daughter. The bride price also ensures that the bride will
be well- treated by her new family. Negotiations between the families of the bride and groom
can become quite extensive, with the bride’s father calculation how much his daughter has cost
him since her birth, and how much she could be expected to earn during her lifetime.
During and after the Middle Ages, young girls in rural areas typically received a dowry bed when
she turned 12, followed by a wardrobe the next year. Furniture was often painted with designs
representing family history and specific regions. Brides often entered marriage with enough
goods to set up a household. Grooms received livestock and tools, so they could begin farming.

Answer: A dowry, common through much of the ancient world, and seen as a usual part of
marriage in some traditional cultures, which means the money or property a bride brings to her
husband at marriage as the extensive negotiations between the families of the bride and groom,
is losing ground all over the world.
6)
The feature of being “double blind”, where neither patients nor physicians are aware of who
receives the experimental treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being a virtue of clinical
trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain successfully double blind are regarded as providing inferior
evidential support. The rationale for this view is unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the
potential confounding influences of patient and physician beliefs.
Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily superior is problematic. For one, it leads
to the paradox that very effective experimental treatments will not be supportable by best
evidence. If a new drug were to make even the most severe symptoms of the common cold
disappear within seconds, most participants and investigators would correctly identify it as the
latest wonder drug and not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment. Any trial testing the effectiveness
of this wonder drug will therefore fail to remain double blind. Similar problems arise for
treatments, such as exercise and most surgical techniques, whose nature makes them resistant
to being tested in double blind conditions. It seems strange that an account of evidence should
make priori judgments that certain claims can never be supported by ‘best evidence’. It would
be different if the claims at issue were pseudoscientific – untestable. But so far as treatments
with large effects go, the claim that they are effective is highly testable and intuitively they
should receive greater support from the evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate
effects.

Answer: While double blind is a virtue of clinical trials because it rules out the potential
confounding influences of patients and physician beliefs, viewing double blind trial as necessarily
superior is problematic because it leads to the paradox that effective experimental treatments
will not be supportable by the best evidence, but claims treatments are effective is highly testable
and intuitively they should receive greater support from the evidence than do claims about
treatments with moderate effects.

7)
The Home Office’ s periodic British Crime Survey estimates that the true level of crime (the sorts,
anyway, which inform the official figures) is about four times that which is registered in the
annual statistics.
Quite often, especially in the financial services sector, businesses do not report crimes against
themselves for fear of lowering their public image. Many citizens today are not insured against
car theft or property loss (because they cannot afford the premiums) so they have no incentive
to tell the police if they become victims.
A steep statistical rise in crime can sometimes arise not from a real growth in a particular type
of conduct but from a new policing policy - offences of "lewd dancing" rose by about 300 per
cent during 12 months in the 1980s in Manchester, but only because the zealous Chief Constable
James Anderton had deployed a great many officers in gay night clubs.
Sometimes the enactment of a new range of offences or the possibility of committing old offences
in a new way (like computer offences involving fraud and deception) can cause an upward jolt in
crime levels. The figures just released show a startling jump in street robbery but much of this
seems to be a very particular crime: the theft of the now ubiquitous mobile phones.
Conversely, if crimes like joyriding and some assaults are kept out of the categories measured
in the annual statistics, as is the case, the official figures do not reflect even what is reported to
the police as criminal.
The way that criminal statistics are compiled by the Home Office is also relevant. From April
1998, police forces started to count crime in a way which, according to the government, will give
"a more robust statistical measure".
Answer: There are several reasons that contribute to a rise in crime rate including that businesses
do not report crimes against themselves for fear of lowering their public image, that citizens
have no incentive to tell police if they become victims, a new policing policy, the enactment of a
new range of offenses or the possibility of committing old offenses in a new way, and the way
that criminal statistics are compiled by the Home Office.

8)
Madeline Gannon is a researcher, teacher at the Carnegie Mellon University School of
Architecture and Ph.D. candidate in Computational Design — but that’s not all. She is on a
mission to open up the infinite design possibilities of 3D printing to the world. “Currently you
have to have a lot of technical background in order to participate in creating things for 3D
printers,” Gannon says. “There is still a huge knowledge barrier for how we create digital models.”
As the technology has advanced, prices have plummeted, and now anyone can buy a 3D printer
for a few hundred dollars, Gannon notes. However, not just anyone can create original designs
for 3D-printed artifacts. To put true creative power into the hands of any ordinary 3D printer
owner, Gannon has developed an innovative new system called “Tactum.” Tactum is a new type
of software that lets users create their own unique designs for 3D printers by simply touching a
projected image. Using their innate hand gestures, someone using Tactum can poke, rub and
otherwise manipulate the projected image that will become their 3D printed object, and see it
instantly change shape in response. In keeping with the goal of democratizing the process,
Gannon designed her first series of Tactum artifacts on a surface that everyone can access freely
and manipulate instinctively, that being the human body.
“My goal was to bring the digital out to the physical world and out onto your body,” says Gannon.
Along with a companion project called Reverb — which translates these user-created designs
into printable meshes — that impulse has resulted in a spectacular diversity of bracelet and
necklace designs, ranging from smooth landscapes, intricate textures and chaotic free forms to
delicate geometries derived from the 19th century art of chronography.

Answer: Although anyone can buy a 3D printer to participate in creating things, not just anyone
can create original designs for 3D-printed artifacts, so Madeline Gannon has developed an
innovative new system called Tactum, which lets users create their own unique designs for 3D
printers by simply touching a projected image, and that impulse has resulted in a spectacular
diversity of bracelet and necklace designs with a companion projected called Reverb.

9)
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of information about
those from the species of most interest to researchers: Homo sapiens. Only a quarter of known
protein structures are human. A majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a
problem, for in proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain of smaller
molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or thousands of links long. By a process
not well understood, this chain folds up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex
three-dimensional shape. That shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel,
say, to admit a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or as a
receptor, to receive chemical signals and pass them on to a cell's molecular machinery.

Answer: The lack of information about protein families is a problem, for in proteins form and
function are intimately related; proteins can have specific and complex three-dimensional
shapes, which determine what the proteins do: acting as a channel, say, to admit a chemical
into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive
chemical signals and pass them on to a cell's molecular machinery.

10)
Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions inbound circumstances as
compared to truck deliveries, a brand new study from University of Washington transportation
engineers finds. In a paper to be revealed in associate degree coming issue of Transportation
analysis half D, researchers found that drones tend to own CO2 emissions blessings over trucks
once the drones haven't got to fly terribly way to their destinations or once a delivery route has
few recipients. Trucks — which may provide environmental edges by carrying everything from
garments to appliances to the article of furniture in a very single trip — become a lot of climate-
friendly various once a delivery route has several stops or is farther off from a central warehouse.
For small, light-weight packages — a bottle of drugs or a kid's bathing costume — drones contend
particularly well. However, the carbon edges erode because the weight of a package increase
since these unmanned aerial vehicles have to be compelled to use extra energy to remain aloft
with a significant load.

Answer: Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions if the drones haven't got
to fly terribly way to their destinations, while the carbon edges erode because the weight of a
package increases, but trucks become a lot of climate-friendly various once a delivery route has
several stops.

11)
His product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its characteristics that mean
different things for businesses that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products.
Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching
a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low,
although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and
development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very
high, especially if it’s a competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically
characterized by strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit
from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit,
will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in promotional activity
to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the
product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share
they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses
need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product
modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive
advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is
what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming
saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because
the consumers are switching to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable,
it may still be possible for companies to make some profit by switching to less-expensive
production methods and cheaper markets.

Answer: The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, including the Introduction Stage,
the Growth Stage, the Maturity Stage and the Decline Stage, each with its characteristics that
mean different things for businesses that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular
products.
12)
They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table
facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you
can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating
the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general
competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate—
it’s also highly influenced by environment. Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and
one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for
the project—but then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better
stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to
waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got
their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers note that
experience factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been
hollow, why believe the next one.

Answer: The “marshmallow test” showed that the longer a child can resist the treat has been
correlated with higher general competency later in life, but now a study shows that the ability to
resist temptation isn’t strictly innate—it’s also highly influenced by environment and experience,
which can factor into a child’s ability to delay gratification.

13)
As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and have dinner
together rather than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of research in North America,
Europe and Australia back up my enthusiasm for family dinners. It turns out that sitting down
for a nightly meal is great for the brain, the body and the spirit. And that nightly dinner doesn’t
have to be a gourmet meal that took three hours to cook, nor does it need to be made with
organic arugula and heirloom parsnips. For starters, researchers found that for young children,
dinnertime conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being read aloud to. The researchers
counted the number of rare words – those not found on a list of 3,000 most common words –
that the families used during dinner conversation. Young kids learned 1,000 rare words at the
dinner table, compared to only 143 from parents reading storybooks aloud. Kids who have a
large vocabulary read earlier and more easily. Older children also reap intellectual benefits from
family dinners. For school-age youngsters, regular mealtime is an even more powerful predictor
of high achievement scores than time spent in school, doing homework, playing sports or doing
art. Other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner frequency and
teen academic performance. Adolescents who ate family meals 5 to 7 times a week were twice
as likely to get A’s in school as those who ate dinner with their families fewer than two times a
week.

Answer: Sitting down for a nightly meal is great for the brain, the body and the spirit, because
dinnertime conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being read aloud to, and kids who
have a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily; older children also reap intellectual benefits
from family dinners, and other researchers reported a consistent association between family
dinner frequency and teen academic performance.

14)

The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia. The San, the
original inhabitants of this land, were migratory people who lived in small groups of about 15 to
20 people. They survived by fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and other wild foods.
They did not build permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as temporary dwellings. Around
2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast. In the eastern part of present-day
South Africa, iron-working societies date from about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni
peoples arrived in this region around 1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming,
mined gold, copper and tin and hunted for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over the centuries,
these societies had diverse contacts with the Khoisan. Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi
developed over competition for game; eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples
lived in the western part of present-day South Africa and are known collectively as the Khoisan.

Answer: The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia, as the
San, the original inhabitants of this land, were migratory people and around 2,000 years ago
Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast; the Sotho-Tswana and Nguni people arrived in this
region around 1,200 AD, but eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant, and these people lived
in the western part of present-day South Africa and are known as the Khoisan.

15)
What Makes It Muggy? Like the heat index, muggy is a "feels-like" condition, except it has to do
more with how "breathable" the air feels than how hot it feels. The muggier the weather, the
less chance you'll feel cool because of decreased evaporation rates, which is why the following
weather conditions are notoriously linked to the muggiest of days and nights: Warm air
temperatures, generally of 70°F or above (the warmer the air, the more moisture it's able to
hold); High moisture (the more moisture there is in the air, the "heavier" it feels); and Low winds
(the less wind there is, the fewer air molecules there are passing over your skin evaporating and
cooling you off). Since mugginess expresses how moist the air feels, you might think that relative
humidity would be a good indicator of how muggy it feels outside. However, dewpoint
temperature is actually a better measure of mugginess. Why? Dew point not only gives you an
indication of how moist air is, but how warm it is as well (since dew point temperature can go as
high as, but never higher than the actual air temperature). So if the dew point is high, it means
both air moisture and temperature probably are, too.

Answer: Muggy is a "feels-like" condition, because the muggier the weather, the less chance
you'll feel cool due to decreased evaporation rates; dewpoint temperature is a better measure
of mugginess, as dewpoint not only indicate how moist air is, but how warm it is as well, which
means when the dew point is high, both air moisture and temperature probably are, too.

15)
A government is the organization, machinery, or agency, through which a political unit exercises
its authority, controls and administers public policy, and directs and controls the actions of its
members or subjects. The government makes laws, regulate economies, conduct relations with
other countries, provide infrastructure and services, and maintain an army and a police force
amongst others on behalf of the people of the country.
Democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule. The ancient Greeks
used the word democracy to mean government by the many in contrast to the government by
the few. The key to democracy is that the people hold ultimate power. Abraham Lincoln best
captured this spirit by describing democracy as a government of the people, by the people, for
the people. Democratic government is opposed to an authoritative government, where the
participation of its citizenry is limited or prohibited, and a state of anarchy where no form of
government exists.

Answer: A government is the organization, which controls the public policy, make laws, regulate
economies, conduct relations with other countries, also maintain an army and a police force,
while democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule, as a
government of people, as opposed to an authoritative government, where the participation of its
citizenry is limited or prohibited, and a state of anarchy where no form of government exists.

16)
After the 1905 flying season, the Wrights contacted the United States War Department, as well
as governments and individuals in England, France, Germany, and Russia, offering to sell a flying
machine. They were turned down time and time again -- government bureaucrats thought they
were crackpots; others thought that if two bicycle mechanics could build a successful airplane,
they could do it themselves. But the Wright persisted, and in late 1907, the U.S. Army Signal
Corps asked for an aircraft. Just a few months later, in early 1908, a French syndicate of
businessmen agreed to purchase another.
Both the U.S. Army and the French asked for an airplane capable of carrying a passenger. The
Wright brothers hastily adapted their 1905 Flyer with two seats and a more powerful engine.
They tested these modifications in secret, back at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina for the first time in
several years. Then the brothers parted temporarily -- Wilbur to France and Orville to Virginia.
In 1908 and 1909, Wilbur demonstrated Wright aircraft in Europe, and Orville flew in Fort Meyer,
Virginia. The flights went well until Orville lost a propeller and crashed, breaking his leg and
killing his passenger Lt. Thomas Selfridge. While Orville recuperated, Wilbur kept flying in France,
breaking record after record. Orville and his sister Kate eventually joined Wilbur in France, and
the three returned home to Dayton to an elaborate homecoming celebration. Together, Orville
and Wilbur returned to Fort Meyer with a new Military Flyer and completed the U.S. Army trials.
A few months later, Wilbur flew before over a million spectators in New York Harbor -- his first
public flight in his native land. All of these flights stunned and captivated the world. The Wright
Brothers became the first great celebrities of the twentieth century.

Answer: Although the Wrights were turned down time and time again to sell a flying machine
because government bureaucrats thought they were crackpots, they persisted before the U.S.
Army Signal Corps asked for an aircraft, and they hastily adapted their 1905 Flyer with two seats
and a more powerful engine, demonstrating Wright aircraft, which makes the Wright Brothers
became the first great celebrities of the twentieth century.

17)
Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were primary carers (475,000 people). That is, they
were the main carer of a person who was limited in carrying out the core everyday activities of
mobility, communication or self-care. Both primary carers and the larger group of other carers
(close to 2 million) contribute to the wellbeing of older people and people with disabilities.
However, because they care for people who otherwise would have difficulty carrying out basic
everyday activities, there is particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution they make,
their wellbeing, labour force experiences, motivations and the support they receive in caring.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting someone who lived in the same
household (81% compared with 76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of being a
primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55-64 years, where one in twenty people were
primary carers. However, rather than then declining, the likelihood of being a primary carer
remained at around this level among the older age groups. Consequently, primary carers had a
somewhat older age profile than other carers. The median age of primary carers was 52 years,
compared with 47 years for other carers.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be female (71% compared with 50%) and
less likely to be in the labour force (39% compared with 60%). Women not in the labour force
were by far the largest single group among primary carers (44%). In contrast, men employed
full-time were the largest single group among other carers (25%).
Consistent with their lower labour force participation, primary carers had lower personal incomes
than other carers (a median gross income of $237 per week compared with $327 per week) and
were more likely to have a government pension or allowance as their main source of income
(55% compared with 35%).

Answer: While primary carers, the main carer of a person who would otherwise have difficulty
carrying out basic everyday activities, have a somehow older age profile, they are more likely to
be a female who is not in the labour force, and they have lower personal incomes than other
carers.
18)
THE BOOKSELLERS OF HOOKHAM AND CARPENTER (hereafter referred to only as Hookham)
were located on New Bond Street in London, and their records span the most politically turbulent
decade of the eighteenth-centurythe 1790's. Clients who frequented Hookham were primarily
from the aristocratic or gentry classes. In fact, of Hookhams total buyers, 22% were aristocracy,
and 35% of the aristocracy purchased novels. We can also confidently assume that untitled
female customers were of gentry income because their addresses were primarily in London's
fashionable West End.
Hookhams ledgers not only reveal a dramatic increase in the proportion of female purchasers of
novels by comparison to earlier studies of provincial women, but they also reveal a remarkable
increase in the proportion of female purchases of novels authored by females. Such a marked
increase illustrates that Hookhams leisured female customers were able to buy more novels.
Furthermore, the fact that these female aristocrats and gentry have accounts under their own
name, not their husbands, demonstrates the greater degree of agency and independence that
these urban, moneyed women had relative to provincial women. However, because our study
does not include an examination of male customers, we are very limited in what claims we can
make about whether or not these women behaved according to the clich that women were the
predominant consumers of novels in the eighteenth-century.
Moreover, while more disposable income and leisure time certainly accounts for the significant
increase in female purchases of novels authored by women in the 1790s, this increase also
strongly suggests a desire on the part of women readers to engage in this politically charged
decade. Thus, novel-reading provided women readers with the means through which they were
able to participate in the male-dominated world of politics. The latter part of our paper will more
fully explore this hypothesis in the context of certain recent literary scholars claims that both
Gothic and sentimental novels are actively engaged in political debate and discussion.

Answer: According to the Hook ham’s found, there is a dramatic increase in the proportion of
female purchasers of novels and purchases of novels authored by females, and also, these female
aristocrats and gentry have accounts under their own names, and more disposal income and
leisure time certainly account for the significant increase, thus more female were able to
participate in the male-dominated world of politics.

19)
A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has been preserved in amber for 25
million years, a researcher said. If authenticated, the preserved frog would be the first of its kind
found in Mexico, according to David Grimaldi, a biologist and curator at the American Museum
of Natural History, who was not involved in the find. The chunk of amber containing the frog,
less than half an inch long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico’s southern Chiapas state in 2005
and was bought by a private collector, who loaned it to scientists for study.
A few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by ancient
tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to
be of the genus Craugastor, whose descendants still inhabit the region, said biologist Gerardo
Carbot of the Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the discovery this
week.
The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago, based on the geological strata where
the amber was found.
Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains in hopes of finding DNA that could
identify the particular species but doubts the owner would let him drill into the stone.
Answer: A miner in Mexico found a tiny tree frog preserved in amber for 25 million years, which
would be the first of its kind found in Mexico, with a few other preserved frogs found in chunks
of amber, and Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains to find DNA that
could identify the particular species but the owner may not allow.

20)
Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your
child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to
do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding
of how a business works. Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can
do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend
it by buying things they want. Or they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children
understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future.
Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and
investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.
A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.
Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two
percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money
will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But
over time it adds up.

Answer: Although many people say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the
home, it can provide an understanding of how a business works and give them a chance to
experience the things they can do with money because children can spend the money or
understand saving and investing, so that they can learn about the power of compound interest.
Essay:
1. University experience is more important than a university's degree. Some people argue that
university life is much more important than an educational degree in job market. Do you
agree or not agree?
2. Governments promise continuous economic growths, but it's actually an illusion. Some
people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk about validity and
implications.
3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The knowledge we gain from
personal experiences is more valuable than the knowledge we gain from books. Use specific
reasons and examples to support your answer. Do not use memorized examples.
4. Should animals be kept in Zoos or are they better living in natural habitat? Discuss and give
your opinion?
5. ‘In a war of ideas, it is people who get killed’. Does a common man suffer from a group’s
ideology? Express your opinion and support the same with reasons and examples.
6. In the 18th century due to industrialization, a lot of people migrated to developed countries.
This affected lifestyle and increased problems in developed countries. What is your opinion
about this?
7. Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. It is more positive for their
future prospects, though it can also have some adverse effects.
8. Many people choose to emigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of living in a foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.
9. Many workers like nurses and teachers should get more pay, especially in recent years
when people in finance, film actors and company leaders are paid a larger amount of money.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above statement and what’s your opinion?
10. Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating
news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your opinion about
this?
11. More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please give your opinions on a
personal level and a national level.
12. Some schools are very strict about their school uniforms and the appearance of their pupils,
while other schools have a very relaxed dresscode.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of children of having a school uniform?
13. Some famous people such as pop-stars and sportsman give up the right to privacy, because
this is the price of fame. To what extent do you agree/ disagree with this point of view?
Give your opinion with your experiences.
14. “In the future, people will work less hours at their jobs.” To what extent do you agree with
it? Please support your opinion with your own experience.
15. Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws, others think laws have little
effect. What is your opinion?
16. Hosting sporting events such as the Olympics and the World Cup can bring benefits to the
host countries. How far do you agree with this statement? Use your own examples to
support.
17. Business whether big or small is to maximize profit. Do you agree with that? Give your
opinion.
18. What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of the education system in your
country? Use your own experience to support your idea.
19. Do you think that young people should be restricted on certain things that they can do such
as driving or smoking until they reach the age of 25? What are your views on this?
20. Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in
formal education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you
think experiential learning can work well in high schools or colleges?
21. Should marketing for consumer goods companies like clothing and food focus on reputation
or on short term strategies like discounts and special offers? In what ways can this impact
on their reputation? Why?
22. It is important to preserve the beautiful buildings of the past, even if it will be expensive to
do so. To what extent do you agree or disagree with it.
23. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure
sports?
24. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area would you refer? Explain why you
picked this up the particular area of your study?
25. City are now expanding; the government should make better network for public transport
or should build more roads to facilitate car ownership? Agree or disagree?
Reorder Paragraph:
1)
A) Much fishing takes place unobserved, far from land, and once the boats move on,
they leave behind few visible traces of their activity.
B) But this week, the journal Science published some remarkable maps that help fill
that gap.
C) The fishing industry has long been hard to monitor. Its global footprint is difficult
even to visualize.
D) John Amos, president of an organization called SkyTruth, which helped produce
them, issued a statement calling the maps "a stunning illustration of the vast scope
of exploitation of the ocean.
Answer: CABD

2)
A) The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarlschild and his team at
Princeton University in the United States in collaboration with the United States
Navy.
B) The stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were
remarkably successful.
C) Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern
scientific balloon, which has by now become an important tool.
D) Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783. and within a few months of the first
flight a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon.
Answer: DCAB

3)
A) Mars is too dny and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer
planets
have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.
B) So the number of stars that we know exist is estimated at about 300 million million million.
C) But other suns, stars as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own,
and as
the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty.
D) Of all the planets in our solar system we are now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on
which
life can survive.
E) There are one hundred thousand million stars in our own Milky Way alone, and then there
are
three thousand million other Milky Ways, or Galaxies, in universe.
Answer: DACEB
4)
A) More likely, Ford Consul will be hub to hub with Renault or Mecedes, but rarely with bicycles
made for two.
B) That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated is an
entertaining paradox for the cynic, a brighter promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn
to get away from it all.
C) Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment,
or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.
D) But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the
greatest.
E) The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his five shillings worth of space at one of Europe’s
myriad permanent sites may find himself bumping a Bentley.
Answer: CDEAB

5)
A) First seen by government scientists in 1928, Illacme plenipes, the acme of plentiful legs,
keeps such a low profile that for the rest of the 20th century the species was thought to be
extinct.
B) For one thing, females have to up to 750 legs and males have more than 550.
C) Marek and colleagues’; new paper, published Wednesday by the journal Zookeys, others the
first scientific description of Illacme plenipes, including insights into its strange anatomy.
D) The leggiest creature on Earth lives in California: its a three-centimeter-long (1.2 inch)
millipede with 750 legs.
E) Then University of Arizona entomologist Paul Marek spied one near Silicon Valley.
Answer: DAECB

6)
A) Whether this will change is a point of contention for the industry.
B) This is in order to ensure that the technology only serves to enable the athletes to reach
their full
physical potential and not to enhance their performance.
C) An effective way to control joints is with electronic systems that move in response to
sensors within the prosthesis, and bionic limbs are already helping disabled people to lead
more active lives than ever before.
D) When it comes to competitive sport, however, this technology poses a problem as the
paralympics currently prohibits prostheses that move artificially.
Answer: CDBA

7)
A) For example, psychologist Gayle Delaney told of a woman who dreamed she was swimming
underwater.
B) one explanation of dreams holds that they reflect the ongoing conscious preoccupations of
waking life, such as concerns onver health.
C) To Delaney, the message wa obvious: the woman was “drowning’ under the responsibilities
of child care, and her husband wasn’t “getting the picture”.
D) The woman’s eight-year-old son was on her back, his head above water. Her husband was
supposed to take pictures, but wasn’t and she was starting to feel she was going to drown.
E) In this approach to dreaming, the symbols in a dream do not disguise its true meaning; they
convey it.
Answer: BADCE

9)
A) At that time additivies could reduce the noise but none effectively got rid of it, until Midgley
realised that adding lead to petrol solved the problem completely.
B) Thomas Midgley started his career working on a major problem of the day, called ‘engine
knock’, where fuel burnt in an uncontrolled explosion.
C) These two chemicals gradually ate away at the atmosphere and poisoned millions of
people’s health for 50 years until their true impact was finally ifentified.
D) He then turned to refrigeratours and was asked to work on safer alternatives to the toxic
cooling chemicals used at that time, coming up with CFC gas as a solution.
Answer: BADC

10)
A) He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a very different genetic
make-up.
B) So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that as Children, 68 percent of
all top Ethiopiann or Kenyan runners ran, rather than walked, to school and back home, from
the age of live onwards.
C) Dr Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian runners from the mountain
region are so successful.
D)He tested those children and found that their bodies processed oxygen more efficiently
than many adult elite athletes in Britain.
E) From this he concluded that there was nothing that could be identified genetically as East
African.
Answer: CAEBD

11)
A) So a made-up word or compound word can bea good idea.
B) However, if your brand name reflects key benefit of your service, such as ‘Rental’, then
you may want to consider translating it for other markets.
C) In other word, it’s the one that’s simple, easy to pronounce and has no particular
meaning.
D) Ideally, the brand name you choose should be one that doesn’t require translation.
Answer: DCAB
12)
A) The shipping system required many changes and other technical innovations before the
containers could be used.
B) This situation caused delays and created opportunities for damage that were only reduced
when the shipping container was invented.
C) 60 years ago, when businesses did not think of the distribution of goods as a single process,
someone had to physically transfer every box each time goods were moved from one transport
to another.
D) It was also necessary to build new roads and rail lines, requiring companies to invest
millions.
E) While this invention promised companies a lot of benefits, there were many difficulties at
first.
Answer: CBEAD

13)
A) In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for
granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned.
B) There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are
countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging.
C) What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it
comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all.
D) We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically
unchanged.
E) Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men,
get up and calmly argue in favor of violence — as if it were a legitimate solution, like any
other.
Answer: ABECD

14)
A) For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with
every step he makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the
whole of his body.
B) The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present.
C) But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again.
D) When you travel at high speeds, the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future
because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place.
E) By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you
might just as well be dead.
Answer: DCEBA

15)
A) Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were
lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking.
B) Histories of the time will go something like this: 'in the twentieth century, people
forgot how to use their legs.
C) This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of their extraordinary
way of life.
D) When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century,
they will surely choose the label; Legless Man.
E) The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like:
Paleolithic Man,Neolithic Man, etc., neatly sum up whole periods.
Answer: EDBAC

16)
A) Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we
already know about.
B) It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days.
C) Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain
details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
D) Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously
doubted.
Answer: ACDB

17)
A) Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some
acquaintance with its structure and operation.
B) Science is a dominant theme in our culture.
C) An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts
is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the
scientist.
D) They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the
kinds of people they are.
Answer: BADC

18)
A) Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in lndonesia and business is no exception.
B) One of the mediators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the
peace of mind that makes for good decision-making.
C) But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to
meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient jacanese kings.
D) But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped
boost the profits of his five companies.
E) Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta
compant and sat down at a long table.
Answer: ECABD
19)
A) Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent.
B) The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-
rounded study was published.
C) Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of
philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.
D) It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students
who were enrolled in 24 universitites and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
Answer: CABD

20)
A) A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is
almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.
B) The expectation of life has increased enormously.
C) Man versus the motor-car! It a never-ending battle which man is losing.
D) From the health point of view we are living in a marvellous age. We are immunized from
birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.
E) But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever befor, every
day we wirness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads.
Answer: DABEC

21)
A) Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three
fundamental ways.
B) The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an
explosion of real estate development and fuelled what we now know as urban sprawl.
C) Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still
commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment.
D) In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business
district; by the truen of the century the radius extended ten miles.
E) It catalysed phusical expansion, it sorted out people and land used, and it accelerated the
inherent instability of urban life. By opeining vast vreas of unoccupied land for residential
expansion, the omnibuses, hores railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled
settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the
pri-modern era.
Answer: AEDCB

22)
A) He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it menas that the will
have to lvie on memories and hopes during the month to come.
B) Here’s a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation.
C) When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal creature is on a diet. She
mustn’t eat this and she mustn’t that.
D) A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner.
She has accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed.
E) Oh, but of course, she doesn’t want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as
much fatterning food as he wants: it’s the surest way to an early grave. They spend a truly
memorable evening together and never see each other again.
Answer: BDACE

23)
A) This is necessary to reverse economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade
deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
B) The most liberal wing of the President’s party has called for stronger and more direct
action.
C) It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education
reforms, and changes designed to make American industry more competitive.
D) They want an incomes policy to check inflation federal financing helps rebuild industry
behing a wall of protective tariffs.
E) President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the
Congress.
Answer: ECABD

24)
A) A mule probably will not even know the name of the person who give him his instructions,
nor how to get in touch with him. Uauslly he even does not know the person to whom he has
to make delivery.
B) To make identication of mules easier, several syndicates have devised their own “club
ties” so that a mule wearing one can immediately be picked out.
C) Although the top men in smuggling business must work together, most of a syndicate’s
small fry, especially the mules, know only their immediate contacts. If caught there is little
they can give away.
D) He will be told just to sit tight in a certain hotel or bar until someone contacts him. In this
way if he is blown, coming through airport customs. He cannot unwittingly lead agents to the
next link in the chain.
E) All the persons at the receiving end do is to hang around the airport among the waiting
crows, and see that the mule comes through safely, if he does not, he is dimply written off as
a loss.
Answer: CADEB

25)
A) We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally, All that
belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the goggle box. We rush home or
gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme.
B) Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework
undone and sleep is lost.
C) We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging
the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do-anthing, providing it don’t
interfere with the programme. The mosster demands and obtains absolute silence and
attention.
D) Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what
the world was like wihout it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we
never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For
instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our frineds and be entertained by
them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and
sporting events.
E) If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly
silenced.
Answer: DACEB

26)
A) It is mainly due to the quality of the fabric which effectively salt water, sunshine and cold
winds.
B) Traditionally they are navy blue and they ar basically square in shape, without a curved
armhole or inset sleeve.
C) Fishermen’s knitted jerseys have always been recognizable in Britain by their colour and
their shape.
D) This continuing popularity cannot just be put down to a fondness for tradition.
E) The navy jerseys are still a familiar sight on any quay or harbour in the land.
Answer: CBEDA

27)
A) The fear of criticism from colleagues, friends and family is the main factor that obstructs a
change in their employment situation.
B) However, most of these workers would not consider career alternatives.
C) It seems that the lack of psychological reward is the reason for their dissatisfaction.
D) Despite the financial stability a high salary brings, research has shown that the majority of
top earners are not happy their jobs.
E) Interestingly,, it is not the risk a decrease in salary which prevents this move.
Answer: DCBEA

28)
A) One such example is a solar panel which could charge an LED lamp to create hours of
light each day.
B) In addition to being fairly costly, these create smoke pollution and carbon emissions.
C) Therefore, alternatives are being investgated.
D) A result of not being connected to the electricity grid in rural areas of some countries
means people light their homes using kerosene lamps.
Answer: DBCA
29)
A) Only four years later did football become an official competition at the Games. At this
stage it was, of course, for amateurs only.
B) Ironically, the first tournament was won by an amateur team from the north- cast of
England, who had been especially invited after the British Football Association refused to be
associated with the competition.
C) The first international football match was played in 1872 between England and Scotland,
when football, was rarely played anywhere outside Great Britain.
D) As an alternative, Sir Thomas Lipton decided to organize an event for professionals.
Often described as The First World Cup, it took place in Turin in 1909 and featured the most
prestigious professional cluds from ltaly, Germany and Switzerland.
E) However, as football increased in popularity, it was admitted to the Olympics Tm in 1900
and 1904, but only as a sideshow and not in the competition medars.
Answer: CEADB

30)
A) Between May and August 1783, twi vikcanic eruptions had occurred, one in lceland and
one in japan. The northern hemisphere had been covered in a “great fog”.
B) A year earlier, a volcano had erupted in indonesia, sending up vast quantities of fine
volcanic dust into the atmosphere. Circling the Earth, the dust reflected sunlight back into
space.
C) This, of course, was an extraordinary event In fact, it is considered one of the most
catastrophic global events in recorded history. But something like it had happened before,
and within living memory.
D) The Earth literally darkened temperatures dropped. Throughout western Europe and
North America crips failed, and cattle died. A large portion of the world lay under a huge
volcanic cloud.
E) In the spring of 1816, the weather suddenly changed. The unseasonably warm spring
turned cold and people were forced indoors by continual rain. The skies darkened and there
was no summer.
Answer: EBDCA

31)
A) By 1817, trousers were shoe-lengh, Popular with the king, they becoame accepted as
standard daywear by 1825 and were worn with a waistcoat and, by day, a frock coat, but
with a tailcoat in the evening.
B) Jakets didn’t become fashionable for casual wear until the 1850s. The jacket was derived
from the short jacket worn by boys and working men, and in the age of mass-production
andready-made suits, its simple style was easier to produce than the tailored coat.
C) It was Ceorge “Beau” Brummell, the champion of simple English style, who started a
trend for wearing tight black trousers in the early 1800s.
D)The favorite patterns for trousers were strong plaids, stripes and checks. The loose
straight cut came in about the 1860s, and front creases in the 1880s. By the trun of the
century, They had become the common way to dress.
Answer: CADB

32)
A) In the late 18th century, groups of skilled workers began to control the hiring of
apprentices, and bargained with employers for better working conditions, but as the
movement grew, these trade unions tried to find ways of creating an alliance among
themselves.
B) The first meeting of the Trades Union Congress look place in Manchester, at which-four
delegates represented well over a hundred thousand trade union meembers.
C) Trade unions were legalized in an Act of 1871, and by the end of the century more than
one and a half million workers were members. Conditions for workers slowly improved over
the years, but it wasn’t until 1974 that legistlation covering the health and safety of all
employees was introduced.
D) Until the 19 th century, workers were given little or no protection. Child labor was common,
as were long hours worked in undsafe conditions for minimal pay.
Answer: DABC

33)
A) At the turn o the 19 th century, however, only a relatively small sector of the British
economy had been directly affected by the industrial Revolution.
B) For each of the three major counties of western Europe-Britain, Erance, and Germany-
the closing decades of the 18 th century were years of increasing economic prosperity, and
the pace of economic development in Britain far outdid that the others.
C) It would be a mistake to call the other two countries underdeveloped – in terms cultural
achievement, especially literature, art, and philiosophy, they outstripped Britain – but they
legged behing in terms of economic development.
D) Even two decades later, the picture was little different, except that cotton had become the
country’s leading manufacturing industry. It was not until the middle of the century that it
could be properly described as an industrial society.
Answer: BADC

34)
A) Habeas Corpus, a law by which a prisoner could demand to be brought before the courts
and have his casr heard, was a well-established right in England but the authorities had
found a number of ways of getting rounf its use wherer political prisoners were concerned.
B) The new act put a stop to such abuses and deprived the executive powers it might have
used to support oppressive and arbitrary government.
C) In 1679, what became known as the first Exclusionist Parliament passed at least one
useful piece of legislation: on the day parliament was suspended, the King gave his assent
to a Habeas Corpus Act.
D) James Harrington, the philosopher, is a good example, When his sisters applied for
abeas corpus. He was taken from the Tower of London to a barren island where habeas
corpus could not be imposed.
Answer: CADB
35)
A) False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of
suggestions received from others.
B) During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information.
C) This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source
become dissociated.
D) Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some individuals in no
way implies that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false.
E) Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false memories may raise
doubt about the validity of ling-buried memories. Such as repeated trauma, it in no way
disproves them.
Answer: ABCDE

36)
A) Normally in Delhi, septemer is a month of alomost equatiorial fertility and and the land
seems refreshed and newly-washed.
B) Nevertheless the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration
that we began to unpack.
C) But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three
Weeks.
D) As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they ahd
been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
Answer: ACDB

37)
A) This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have built a multibillion
dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal about
themselves online.
B) However, that may be changing.
C) In the lobby of an internet search engine company’s headquarters in California, computer
screens display lists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
D) Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to
internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and
advertising groups, thrust the issur of internet privacy into the spotlight.
E) Althought it says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to
the world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think
of web browsing as a private affair.
F) people generally belive that using a search engine is the equivalent of taling to a privacy
may be at risk.
Answer: CEFBDA

38)
A) One of the Tibetan names for this mountain translates as” Mountain So High That No Bird
Can Fly Over It”. It was first measured in 1852 and was called Peak XV until 1865, when it
was named after the British Surveyor of Inida, Sir George Everest.
B) About 200 million years ago, the India subcontinent broke away from a vast southern
super- continent called Gondwanaland. It drifted northeast across the sea and collided with
the Asian Landmass. These two huge landmasses buckled, rather like cars in a head-on
collision, and rose up to from the world’s tallest mountain.
C) Mapping the Himalayas and Everest wasn’t easy. Foreigners were not welcome, so
Himalayan traders were recruited to infiltreate the area and gather enough information to
allow accurate maps to be made.
D) Fossilized fish remains have been found high up on the slopes of Everest proving that
that world’s highest mountain once lay at the bottom of the sea. How did this happen?
Answer; DBAC

39)
A) Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing feast fue
to big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants, and four- fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
C) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among
travellers for being free with drinking water.
D) Mr. denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
E) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county
of which it forms a part.
Answer: CBEAD

40)
A) The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International), A charity that compiled the list
of trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of 500 members organizations.
B) The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from
sources including over 500 published conternts and 80 experts in t he BCGI’s network.
C) A recent research has reveraled that more than 60,000 species of trees are available
globally.
D) The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some,
said the researchers.
E) All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to
Global tree search.
Answer: CABDE

41)
A) Eventually whole societies existed that seemed to do little else.
B) He (or very possibly she) took one stone and carefully used it to shape another.
C) It was so superior to existing tools that soon others were following the inventor’s lead and
making hand-axes of their own.
D) The result was a simple teardrop-shaped hand-axe, but it was the world’s first piece of
advanced technology.
E) Sometime about a million and a half years ago, some forgotten genius of the hominid
world did an unexpected thing.
Answer: EBDCA

42)
A) “When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape,”
communications manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
B) The question was this: did the railway’s creator, lsambard Kingdom Brunel, really have
the tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday—April 9 th —it world
be flooded with light?
C) While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked
that to centuries of dirt and grime.
D) This past Sunday, April 9 th , the railway’s current engineers decide to test the rumor once
and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
E) Railway, in the 1 840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long steep bypass
near Bath, England.
Answer: EBDAC

43)
A) Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and
are incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as
shortages of food.
B) Jean Briggs has worked with the lnuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how,
within these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought,
reason and understanding (know in lnuit as ihuman).
C) It only when they are older and beging to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach
them or discipline them.
D) Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand parents treat them with a
great deal of tolerance and leniency.
Answer: BADC

44)
A) Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to monitor that
country’s dwindling elephant population. They took along three drones, which they planned
to use to count the elephants, follow their herds, and map their migrations.
B) The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because drones, it turns out,
sound a lot like bees. And elephantsdo not like bees. At all.
C) The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet to 300 feet
above them. And it wasn’t just that the elephants noticed them; in many cases, the elephants
were clearly agitaed. Some of them took off running. In at least one case, an elephant used
her trunk to lurl mud in the drone’s direction.
D) Only things didn’t exactly go as planned.
Answer: ADCB

45)
A) From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation – with the sport
providing both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsides’
perceptions of Wales.
B) In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
C) Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the
main thing that unites people in Wales.
D) Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events:
imagining the nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation
(Hobsbawm, 1990).
Answer: DCBA

46)
A) Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought
processes behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV media.
B) Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on a daily basis–
thanks essentially to improvement in technology–I somehow can’t help but feel that the quality
of communication of the message has become diluted.
C) Proportionally, the number of ads that lack in quality, has gone up exponentially as well!!
D) There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
E) Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential
increase in the number of ads that are being made.
Answer: ABDEC.

47)
A) For days before it starts on a journey, a camel does nothing but eat and drink.
B) So the camel’s hump is a storage place for fat, which the camel’s body will use up during
the journey.
C) Where other animals would die for lack of food and water, the camel gets along nicely
because it carries its food and water with it.
D) The camel is called ‘the ship of the desert’ and there is a good reason for it.
E) It eats so much that a hump of fat may be weighing as much as 100 pounds, rises on its
back.
Answer: DCAEB.

48)
A) It worried because all other foxes would mock at its lost tall. Hence it planned a trick.
B) But its tail was cut down by a trap when it tried to escape from the trap.
C) Now I am free and happy without my tail.
D) When all foxes ridiculed it and said, “I have cut down the tail myself because it was a great
hindrance.
E) A greedy fox stealthily entered a garden to eat the grapes.
Answer: EBADC

49)
A) Since then, intelligence tests have been mostly used to separate dull children in school from
average or bright children, so that special education can be provided to the dull.
B) In other words, intelligence tests give us a norm for each age.
C) Intelligence is expressed as intelligence quotient, and tests developed to indicate what an
average child of a certain age can do…What a five-year-old can answer, but a four-year-old
cannot, for instance.
D) Benet developed the first set of such tests in the early 1990s to find out which children in
school needed special attention.
E) Intelligence can be measured by tests.
Answer: EDACB.

50)
A) Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even surgery.
B) Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings like tingling fingers, a
numb hand or a sore shoulder.
C) They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue forms, along with bad
habits that are almost impossible to change.
D) But cures are elusive because repetitive stress injuries present a bag of pills that often defy
easy diagnosis.
Answer: BCAD

51)
A) Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought
processes behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV media.
B) Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on a daily basis –
thanks essentially to improvement in technology – I somehow can’t help but feel that the
quality of communication of the message has become diluted.
C) Proportionally, the number of ads that lack in quality, has gone up exponentially as well.
D) There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
E) Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential
increase in the number of ads that are being made.
Answer: ABDEC

52)
A) The main difference is that efficiency is a ration and effectiveness is not.
B) But they reach efficiency in a different way than American businesses.
C) The Japanese are very efficient and such concepts as “just in time” are a witness to their
efficiency.
D) They reach efficiency through the route of effectiveness.
Answer: CBDA

53)
(A) For example, when the sun is relatively inactive, the amount of a type of carbon called – 14
increases in the earth’s atmosphere.
(B) The researchers took advantage of such a phenomenon by analyzing a specimen from a
bristlecone pine tree, a species that can live for thousands of years, to look back deep into the
history of the sun.
(C) When the activity of the sun changes, it has direct effects on the earth.
(D) Because carbon in the air is obsorbed by trees, carbon – 14 levels in tree rings actually
reflect solar activity and unusual solar events in the past.
Answer: CADB

54)
(A) Much later, when Linnaeus (1707-1778) created the basis of the modern system of
scientific classification, these two groups became the kingdoms Vegetabilia and Animalia.
(B) Plants are one of the two groups into which all living things were traditionally divided; the
other is animals.
(C) Which generally do not move, and animals, which often are mobile to catch their food.
(D) The division goes back at least as far as Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC), who distinguished
between plants.
Answer: BDCA

55)
(A) For example, when the sun is relatively inactive, the amount of a type of carbon called – 14
increases in the earth’s atmosphere.
(B) The researchers took advantage of such a phenomenon by analyzing a specimen from a
bristlecone pine tree, a species that can live for thousands of years, to look back deep into the
history of the sun.
(C) When the activity of the sun changes, it has direct effects on the earth.
(D) Because carbon in the air is obsorbed by trees, carbon – 14 levels in tree rings actually
reflect solar activity and unusual solar events in the past.
Answer: CADB

56)
(A) The average sleep requirement is between seven and nine hours per day for an adult and
nine to ten hours per day for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours.
(B) A sustained restriction of adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate
with changes in physiology and mental state, including reduced memory, fatique, aggression,
and bodily discomfort.
(C) Humans need rest to recover from tiredness.
(D) Having less sleep than this is common among humans, even though sleep deprivation can
have negative health effects.
Answer: CADB

57)
[A]. Its proponents admit, however, that sociological explanations involve some form of
intellection which is universalistic, call it ‘sociological apperception’, ‘empathy’, or ‘sociological
imagination’, but simultaneously they also hold that explanation of specific forms of change in
the cultural context of a nation requires delineation of conceptual categories applicable only to
that particular culture.
[B]. The ideological orientation, however, is not only confined to the formulation of the goals of
social change, but also extends to the specific form the sociological categories should have to
analyzechange.
[C]. This particularism of some Indian sociologists introduces yet another ideological element in
the analysis of change.
[D]. To achieve this goal is a case for the development of a particularistic or typical Indian
sociology is made.
[E]. Hence, they claim there should be an Indian sociology distinct from sociology in the West
or in other parts of the world.
Answer: BDAEC

58)
[A]. Some people think that in this cooperative endeavour, the intelligent students stand to
lose since they cannot make the best of their talents, but this seems to be a vague fear.
[B]. It is only when a child works within a group that his qualities of leadership will manifest
themselves.
[C]. His character will only be shaped by coming into contact with others and by working with
them.
[D]. An important feature of modern education is that it encourages cooperation rather than
competition.
[E]. In fact, personality development can only take place by working in co-operation with
others and not in isolation.
Answer: DAEBC

59)
[A]. It is best used to create a subtle impression or low level of attention to the piece, yet
provide some slight form of differentiation for the finished work.
[B]. The change in the dimensional appearance of the material is the only noticeable difference
resulting from the embossing.
[C]. The blind embossing process provides a clean and distinctive or subtle image on paper
stock.
[D]. Blind embossing does not include the use of ink or foil to highlight the embossed area.
Answer: DBCA
60)
[A]. After Armstrong and fellow astronaut Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin returned to Earth, the bag
containing the lunar sample had somehow been misplaced and forgotten.
[B]. When NASA tested the pouch, they found it definitely contained lunar dust, a fine grey
powder resembling graphite.
[C]. It wasn’t included with the hundreds of Apollo 11 artifacts Johnson Space Center sent to
the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum.
[D]. In fact, it contained some of the very first moon dust ever collected, by the Apollo 11
astronaut Neil Armstrong back in July 1969.
Answer: BDAC

61)
[A]. It involves three stages of labour: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and
birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta.
[B]. The first stage begins with crampy abdominal or back pains that last around half a minute
and occur every ten to thirty minutes.
[C]. The first stage typically lasts twelve to nineteen hours, the second stage twenty minutes
to two hours, and the third stage five to thirty minutes.
[D]. A number of methods can help with pain such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal
blocks.
[E]. The most common way of childbirth is a vaginal delivery.
Answer: EACBD

62)
(A) These people, know as HIV Controllers, are able to successfully fight the HIV virus in their
own bodies, while living normal, health lives.
B) We’re all familiar with superheroes defeating villains in comic books and movies, but there
are real people with superpowers that walk among us everyday.
C)Because, by studying HIV Controllers, The Immunity Project is attempting to develop a
vaccine that will protect non-infected people from the deadly disease.
D) The HIV Controller power is a very rare one. Only one is 300 people have this ability, but we
all might have this power in the near future.
Answer: BADC

63)
(A) The choir members usually arrived early, but on that day, every single one of them was
late.
B) The church exploded at 7:25, but not a single person was killed or injured.
C) Choir practice at the West Side Baptist Church usually started at 7:20 p.m
D) On March 1st, 1950, a natural gas explosion in Nebraska completely destroyed a church.
Answer: DCBA
64)
A) Much of these profits were made from drugs for heart disease, high blood pressure, and
depression.
B) While pharmaceutical companies do a lot of good for the world, may of their choice are
influenced by profits over people.
C) These are the kind of problems that are life-long problems, which means life-long
medication and life-long profits.
D) For example, in 2012, pharmaceutical companies made 83.9 billion dollars in profit.
Answer: BDAC

64)
A) During this experiment, all the participants were have their brains scanned with an MRI.
B) Looking at these brain scans, the researchers were able to clearly see different brain
patterns for participants who chose the left button and participants who chose the right button.
C) In a recent research study at the Max Planck Institute, participants were given a choice to
press a button with either their left or right hand.
D) The only rule was they needed to record when they made the choice.
Answer: CDAB

65)
A) We have long known that microbes can help our bodies fight infections, thus, an experiment
will be conducted among 45 participants to establish that direct connection.
B) In fact the number of microbial cells on and in your right now outnumber your human cells
10 to 1. And the biggest concentration of these microbes is in your gut.
C) Our bodies are crawling inside and out with microbes.
D) Scientists are starting to think there could be a direct connection between our guts and our
minds.
Answer: CBDA

66)
A) Similarly in Japan and China, people are superstitious about the number 4, and buildings
sometimes lack a 4th floor. Thus list of these kind of stories goes on and on.
B) And airlines make much less money than other Fridays, because fewer people are travelling.
C) Are you superstitious? Most people would say no, but in fact, many of us do make choices in
our live that are completely irrational. Now consider following the examples.
D) Also, some elevators in the USA even skip the 13th floor, moving from the 12th floor to the
14th floor.
E) In the USA, Friday, the 13th is thought to be so unlucky that 10,000 fewer people fly on this
day.
Answer: CEBDA
67)
A) Fear of rejection can stop us from going after job of our dreams, for example. Fear of
rejection can stop us from meeting the man or woman of our dreams. And fear of rejection can
also stop us from using our English.
B) The worse thing that will happen is they’ll say no, and you’ll gain some experience on how
to gracefully handle rejection. Be confident, don’t be shy.
C) The next time you see someone who you’d like to speak English with in a coffee shop or on
the street, challenge yourself to do it.
D) Fear can be a useful emotion when it helps us escape physically pain and danger, but social
fear almost always holds us back from success.
Answer: DACB

68)
A) He was traumatized by this rejection. He had a sinking feeling in his stomach and was angry
and insecure.
B) Jay Jiang is the founder of a small computer application company called Hooplas. His
company is new and he recently had a big setback when he got rejected by an investor.
C) Jiang wanted to give up on his company, but instead he decided he needed to build his
confidence.
D) If he was going to be successful again, he needed to get comfortable with failure and
rejection. He needed rejection therapy.
Answer: BACD

69)
A) He took the dominant microbes found in sky mice and introduced the into the guts of
fearless mice.
B) The previously sky mice became more active and the previously tearless mice became more
quiet and shy.
C) In both cases, he found that the personality and behaviour of the mice changed.
D) Stephen Collins, a researcher from McMaster University, used mice to investigate the brain-
gut connection.
E) He also tried this experiment in reverse, by introducing the microbes from the fearless mice
into the guts of the sky mice.
Answer: DAECB

70)
A) Half of the people were randomly selected and told that their balls were lucky. These people
scored 35% better than those given “normal” balls.
B) According to new research, irrational superstitions might not be a bad thing. In one
psychology experiment, people were tested on their golfing skills.
C) The researchers believe that using a “lucky” ball, made people feel more confident, which
led to better performance.
D) Of course, both the “lucky” balls and the “normal” balls were exactly the same.
Answer: BADC
71)
A) One of the Tibetan names for this mountain translates as” Mountain So High That No Bird
Can Fly Over It”. It was first measured in 1852 and was called Peak XV until 1865, when it was
named after the British Surveyor of Inida, Sir George Everest.
B) About 200 million years ago, the India subcontinent broke away from a vast southern
super- continent called Gondwanaland. It drifted northeast across the sea and collided with the
Asian Landmass. These two huge landmasses buckled, rather like cars in a head-on collision,
and rose up to from the world’s tallest mountain.
C) Mapping the Himalayas and Everest wasn’t easy. Foreigners were not welcome, so
Himalayan traders were recruited to infiltreate the area and gather enough information to allow
accurate maps to be made.
D) Fossilized fish remains have been found high up on the slopes of Everest proving that that
world’s highest mountain once lay at the bottom of the sea. How did this happen?
Answer: DBAC

72)
A) Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing feast fue to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants, and four- fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
C) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travellers
for being free with drinking water.
D) Mr. denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
E) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county of
which it forms a part.
Answer: CBEAD

73)
A) The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International), A charity that compiled the list of
trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of 500 members organizations.
B) The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years from sources
including over 500 published conternts and 80 experts in t he BCGI’s network.
C) A recent research has reveraled that more than 60,000 species of trees are available
globally.
D) The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the extinction of some,
said the researchers.
E) All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database, thanks to Global
tree search.
Answer: CABDE

74)
A) Eventually whole societies existed that seemed to do little else.
B) He (or very possibly she) took one stone and carefully used it to shape another.
C) It was so superior to existing tools that soon others were following the inventor’s lead and
making hand-axes of their own.
D) The result was a simple teardrop-shaped hand-axe, but it was the world’s first piece of
advanced technology.
E) Sometime about a million and a half years ago, some forgotten genius of the hominid world
did an unexpected thing.
Answer: EBDCA

75)
A) “When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape,”
communications manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
B) The question was this: did the railway’s creator, lsambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the
tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday—April 9th—it world be
flooded with light?
C) While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked
that to centuries of dirt and grime.
D) This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decide to test the rumor once
and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
E) Railway, in the 1 840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long steep bypass
near Bath, England.
Answer: EBDAC

76)
A) Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are
incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as shortages of
food.
B) Jean Briggs has worked with the lnuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within
these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and
understanding (know in lnuit as ihuman).
C) It only when they are older and beging to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach
them or discipline them.
D) Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand parents treat them with a great
deal of tolerance and leniency.
Answer: BADC

77)
A) Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to monitor that country’s
dwindling elephant population. They took along three drones, which they planned to use to
count the elephants, follow their herds, and map their migrations.
B) The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because drones, it turns out,
sound a lot like bees. And elephantsdo not like bees. At all.
C) The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet to 300 feet above
them. And it wasn’t just that the elephants noticed them; in many cases, the elephants were
clearly agitaed. Some of them took off running. In at least one case, an elephant used her
trunk to lurl mud in the drone’s direction.
D) Only things didn’t exactly go as planned.
Answer: ADCB
78)
A) From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation – with the sport
providing both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsides’
perceptions of Wales.
B) In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
C) Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the
main thing that unites people in Wales.
D) Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events:
imagining the nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation
(Hobsbawm, 1990).
Answer: DCBA

79)
A) This task can be a new project or any other business activity.
B) A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool
their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task.
C) However, the venture is its own entity, separate from the participants' other business
interests.
D) In a JV, each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses, and costs associated with
it.
Answer: BADC

80)
A) Not long afterward, all non-bird dinosaurs died as did many other species on land and in the
sea.
B) About 66 million years ago, a massive asteroid slammed into the Gulf of Mexico.
C) The finding comes from a new analysis of bones.
D) These fossils of ancient fish had been entombed at a site in southwestern North Dakota.
E) Scientists don't know the exact year this took place, but they now think they have figured
out in what season it occurred: spring.
Answer: BAECD

81)
A) Particles can act like clumps of matter or ripple through space like waves, and they can
even exist in two places at once.
B) A new device harnesses this strange quantum behavior to measure Earth's gravity.
C) Slight changes in gravity from place to place reveal changes in the density of material
beneath the sensor.
D) In a first test-run outside, one of these machines spotted a tunnel beneath a street.
E) This allows the instrument to detect underground objects.
Answer: ABCED

82)
A) But until now, scientists didn’t know that mosquitoes could detect specific colors.
B) Anyone stuck in a room with a mosquito knows they excel at finding you.
C) They also are attractedto sweat, body warmth and contrasting colors.
D) These insects can detect the carbon dioxide, or CO2, exhaled in our breath.
Answer: BDCA

83)
A) Genes tell cells what to do and when. But copying errors in those operating manuals -
known as mutations - can lead to misspelled instructions that can change how cells operate.
B) Our genes serve as an operating manual for cells of the body.
C) Others offer benefits, some can do both, and the mutation that underlies sickle cell disease
is one that can be both good and very bad.
D) Scientists now know that some of those mutations can lead to disease.
Answer: BADC

84)
A) I know you won't want to hear this, but your work is still far from done.
B) So now that you've completed the research project, what do you do?
C) Developing a good, effective and concise report is an art form in itself.
D) And, in many research projects you will need to write multiple reports that present the
results at different levels of detail for different audiences.
C) In fact, this final stage - writing up your research - may be one of the most difficult.
Answer: BAECD

85)
A) Surgeons in New York City successfully attached a pig kidney to a human patient and
watched the pinkish organ function normally for 54 hours.
B) However, this is the first time that a pig kidney has been transplanted to a human body and
not been immediately rejected.
C) Such procedures have been done in nonhuman primates.
D) Yet there are still many more steps to be taken before patients waiting for a kidney can
easily get one from a pig.
Answer: ACBD

86)
A) Wildfires appear to stir up and send soil-loving fungi into the air, where they can enter
people's lungs.
B) It causes coughs, fevers and chest pain and can be deadly.
C) The culprit fungi thrive in soils in California and the desert Southwest. Firefighters are
especially vulnerable to the disease.
D) As climate change brings more wildfires to the western United States, a rare fungal
infection, valley fever, has also been on the rise.
Answer: DBCA

87)
A) But where the loud sounds prevailed, only gentle streams flowed by.
B) For two summers in Idaho's Pioneer Mountains, the roar of rushing white water filled the air.
C) He and colleagues were testing a hypothesis that the sounds of nature influence where
animals lived and how they forage.
D) There's a lot of research suggesting that human noise negatively affects animals, from
communication to foraging to reproduction, and even survival,' Gomes says.
E) These phantom rivers were part of an experiment led by ecologist Dylan Gomes of Boise
State University.
Answer: BAECD

88)
A) In addition to its record-setting width, Muga Dhambi stands a little over 5 meters tall,
making it the sixth tallest coral in the Great Barrier Reef.
B) A coral the size of a carousel is the widest known in the Great Barrier Reef.
C) It predates the European colonization of Australia and has survived 99 coral bleaching
events.
D) Based on Muga Dhambi's height and estimated growth rate, scientists calculate that it is
about 421 to 438 years old.
E) Found in Northeast Australia, this reef-building measures 10.4 meters in diameter earning it
the nickname Muga Dhambi.
Answer: BEADC

89)
A) I he word biology is derived trom the Greek words 'Nos', meaning life.
B) It is defined as the science of life and living organisms. An organism is a living entity
consisting of one cell.
C) It also studies how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.
D) Classification and behaviour of organisms are a major branch in biology science.
Answer: ABDC

90)
A) They knew that atoms contained electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus.
B) Physicists of the 1920s thought they had a solid grasp on what made up matter.
C) Combinations of those two particles made up all of the matter in the universe, it was
thought.
D) They also knew that each nucleus contained a number of protons and positively charged
particles.
E) However, a few years later, a scientist discovered neutron, a third particle unknown before.
Answer: BADCE

91)
A) Therefore, bright colors may help lady birds blend in with the guys, and as a result, feed for
longer without harassment from other hummingbirds.
B) They tend to have bright blue heads and throats.
C) But mate choice doesn't seem to drive these females' pretty plumage since males don't
appear to prefer blue females.
D) Female hummingbirds don flashy feathers to avoid being bothered by other hummingbirds.
Answer: DBCA

92)
A) Her job was to check on seedlings the firm had planted in those areas to restart the forest.
B) In her first stab at a career, she also joined a commercial logging company that clear-cut
with large machinery.
C) Simard was born in the Monashee Mountains of British Columbia in 1960.
D) The fledgling plants were often yellowed and failing, and Simard found that those trees
were missing the resources that exist within a diverse community of plants.
E) Her family of loggers selectively cut trees and dragged them out with horses, leaving plenty
still standing.
Answer: CEBAD

93)
A) This is mainly due to the increasing generation of such solid waste and the burden posed on
the municipal budget.
B) The last reason is that little quantitative information has been provided.
C) The solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small
and large cities' in developing countries.
D) In addition to the high costs, the solid waste management is associated with lack of
understanding over different factors that affect the entire handling system.
Answer: CADB

94)
A) But as Charles Darwin put it: False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science, for
they often endure long; but false views, if supported by some evidence, do little harm.
B) Why are researchers holding back on ideas?
C) Perhaps they are worried about proposing an idea that turns out to be wrong, because that
might damage their chances of getting promotion or funding.
D) To wit, it's important to get the facts right, but new ideas are useful, as long as they are
based on reasonable evidence and are amenable to correction.
Answer: BCAD

95)
A) But then something funny happened: she stopped acting.
B) Rising to fame in 1950s, Audrey Hepburn was one of the greatest actresses of her era.
C) She spent the next 25 years working tirelessly for UNICEF, the arm of the United Nations
that provides food and healthcare to children in war-torn countries.
D) In 1953, she became the first actress to win an Academy Award.
E) Despite being in her 30s and at the height of her popularity, Hepburn basically stopped
appearing in films after 1967.
Answer: BDAEC

96)
A) First, there was the observation that the use of ointments containing peanut oil increased
the risk of peanut allergy.
B) The classical paradigm of sensitization to food occurring orally has shifted in favor of
alternative routes, such as the skin and possibly the airways.
C) Several epidemiological observations have put the skin at the centre of attention.
D) Altogether, sensitization via the skin likely plays an important role in the development of
food allergy.
E) Then, food allergy was found in the skin barrier protein that leads to impairment of barrier
function.
Answer: BCAED

97)
A) The bills won't stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and your work and
family responsibilities will always be demanding.
B) Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so you can be
happier, healthier, and more productive.
C) It may seem like there's nothing you can do about stress.
D) But stress management is not a one-size-fits-all. That's why it's important to experiment
and find out what works best for you.
E) But you have a lot more control than you might think.
Answer: CAEBD

98)
A) This is good advice. The more I study successful people from all walks of life, the more I
believe focus is a core factor of success.
B) Peak performance experts say things like: you should focus, and you need to eliminate the
distractions.
C) Of the many options in front of you, how do you know what to focus on and how do you
know where to direct your energy and attention?
D) But there is a problem with this advice too.
Answer: BADC

99)
A) According to Witherly, when you eat tasty food, there are two factors that make the
experience pleasurable.
B) The second factor is the actual macronutrient makeup of the food.
C) Steven Witherly is a food scientist who has been studying what makes certain foods more
addictive than others.
D) First, there is the sensation of eating the food, which includes what it tastes like, what it
smells like, and how it feels in your mouth.
Answer: CADB

100)
A) Suddenly, the prospect of a dry, tightly sealed house begins to look very attractive.
B) Roofing your house rarely rates high on the list of fun and exciting home remodelling
projects.
C) A beautiful new roof can also improve the curb appeal of your house.
D) But when your home develops a leak, your attitude might take a sharp turn.
Answer: BDAC

101)
A) A super-Earth is a type of planet that is about twice the size of Earth and up to 10 times its
mass.
B) Before Earth and the other planets in our solar system existed, the sun may have been
surrounded by giant rings of dust similar to Saturn's.
C) Now they are only orbiting 5% of those sun-like stars, because of a lot of planets that have
invaded into the galaxy.
D) Those rings of dust may have prevented Earth from growing into a "super-Earth".
E) Astronomers have discovered that super-Earths used to orbit about 30% of sun-like stars in
our galaxy.
Answer: BDAEC

102)
A) Current findings indicate that delayed discounting is a potential therapeutic target for
tobacco cessation.
B) Behavioral outcomes are devalued as a function of the delay until they are experienced.
C) Thus, understanding how delay discounting influences intertemporal choice between
smaller, sooner and larger, later outcomes is critical and may lead to efficacious interventions
for tobacco use.
D) This process, known as delayed discounting, is reliably associated with cigarette smoking
and other tobacco use.
Answer: BDAC

103)
A) When there isn't enough insulin or cells to stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar
stays in your bloodstream.
B) Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar and released into your bloodstream.
C) There isn't a cure yet for diabetes, but losing weight, eating healthy food, and being active
can really help.
D) Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as diabetes.
E) When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.
Answer: BEADC

104)
A) If a depression intensifies, such that its maximum sustained winds reach 39 miles per hour,
the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm.
B) A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating, organized
system of clouds and thunderstorms.
C) Once a tropical cyclone reaches maximum sustained winds of 74 miles per hour or higher, it
is then classified as a hurricane.
D) The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions.
Answer: BDAC

105)
A) A million years ago, the soundtrack of the "sky island" mountains of East Africa may have
been very similar to what it is today.
B) These colorful, tiny, nectar-feeding birds are called sunbirds.
C) They resemble hummingbirds and are common throughout Africa and Asia.
D) That's because a group of tiny, colorful birds has been singing the exact same tunes for
more than 500,000 years.
E) The most famous eastern double-collared sunbirds, also known as the "sky island sunbirds,"
live at the peaks of tall mountains in East Africa from Mozambique to Kenya.
Answer: ADBCE

106)
A) When the Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago, it would never have been called the Blue
Planet.
B) But there were violent collisions, explosions, and eruptions.
C) There were no oceans, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere, and no life.
D) This process of separation created the layers of the Earth as we know them.
E) In fact, the Earth in its earliest stage was molten, which allowed elements to separate into
layers within the Earth: gravity pulled denser elements toward the Earth's centre, while less
dense materials accumulated near the surface.
Answer: ACBED

107)
A) The initial motivation for cycling was primarily related to economic reasons, as many people
could not afford to pay the everyday cost of public transportation.
B) Over the last decade, Bogota has been recognized for its large bike-dedicated infrastructure.
C) These figures make Bogota the Latin-American city with the largest number of kilometers of
bike lanes.
D) Moreover, there has been a relatively recent initiative for encouraging bicycle usage as a
sustainable mode of transport.
E) The city is currently endowed with more than 450 km of bike paths and nearly 600 thousand
trips are made by bicycle, accounting for 6% of the total daily trips.
Answer: BECAD

108)
A) He experimented with jokes and tried out simple routines on visitors.
B) In 1955, Disneyland had just opened in Anaheim, California, when a ten-year-old boy
walked in and asked for a job.
C) Within a year, he had transitioned to Disney's magic shop, where he learned tricks from the
older employees.
D) Then he discovered that what he loved was not performing magic but performing in general.
E) Labor laws were loose back then and the boy managed to land a position selling guidebooks
for $0.50 apiece.
Answer: BECAD

109)
A) This is based on data compiled by the research headed by Timmermans, which also shows
households are responsible for more than half of this wastefulness, particularly during the
holidays.
B) But it won't be easy: even among the waste-conscious Dutch, more than 2 million tonnes of
edible food is binned each year.
C) Solutions for reducing food waste are within everyone's reach.
D) The good news is there is plenty that can be done to save food.
E) Across Europe, holidays have become synonymous with overeating and food waste.
Answer: EDCBA

110)
A) Electronic skin (e-skin) is categorised as an 'electronic wearable', a smart device worn on
the surface of the skin to extract and analyse information relating to the wearer.
B) A better-known electronic wearable is an activity tracker, which typically senses movement
or vibrations to give feedback on a user's performance.
C) Their aim is to produce stretchy, robust, flexible membranes that incorporate advanced
sensors and have the ability to self-heal.
D) Developers of e-skins, however, are setting their sights higher.
E) More advanced wearables collect data on a person's heart rate and blood pressure.
Answer: ABEDC

111)
A) A carbon sink is a reservoir capable of accumulating and storing carbon for an indefinite
period.
B) The soil that sits right under our feet could be at the front lines of climate change, as it has
a huge potential to act as a carbon sink.
C) In doing so, it lowers the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
D) Soil has the potential to remove an estimated 1.09 gigatonnes of CO2 per year.
Answer: BACD

112)
A) When the plastic litter in our waterways and on the ground gets weathered and degrades, it
eventually breaks down into millions of smaller and smaller pieces.
B) Plastic specks smaller than five millimetres are called microplastics.
C) While exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts, including higher
risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer, science still lacks evidence about
how microplastics and nanoplastics are affecting the human body.
D) Plastic bottles, bags and containers float in the sea and clog landfill sites.
E) Nanoplastics are even smaller (some are 500 times smaller than a human hair).
Answer: DABEC

113)
A) There is a lot of research that shows that when bilinguals speak in one of their languages,
the other language is still active.
B) It could also enhance metacognition: the awareness, monitoring and assessment of one's
own knowledge and mental processes.
C) More than half of people in Europe speak more than one language.
D) The ability to speak more than one language is therefore thought to influence skills and
processes used by our brain to acquire knowledge and make sense of our surroundings, known
as cognition.
Answer: CADB

114)
A) Researchers revealed the brains of our canine companions can tell the difference between
speech and non-speech when listening to human voices.
B) They also show different responses to speech in an unfamiliar language.
C) Dogs may appear to have selective hearing when it comes to commands, but research
suggests they are paying attention to human chit-chat.
D) The research team said these findings supported other studies that suggest animals may
share some human skills.
Answer: CABD

115)
A) When patients are honest with their doctors, better decisions can be made about their
health.
B) Underscoring this important responsibility, throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, national polls
have found that most Americans trust medical professionals to give them accurate information
about the virus.
C) They expect the same honesty in return and, indeed, the Hippocratic Oath demands as
much of physicians.
D) The doctor-patient relationship starts at birth and extends across one's life.
Answer: DACB

116)
A) Have you ever stopped to think where oxygen comes from?
B) Plankton, seaweed, and other photosynthesizers produce more than half of the world's
oxygen.
C) Your first thought may be a rainforest, but here's a science fact for you: we can thank plant-
based marine organisms for all that fresh air, according to the National Oceanic Service.
D) While we may know the answer to this question, scientists still can't explain these other
ocean mysteries.
Answer: ACBD

117)
A)To demonstrate this phenomenon, a video is released in which a laser is positioned on one
side of a clear tank of water.
B) A cool thing called 'total internal reflection happens when you point a laser beam at a jet of
flowing water.
C) Even as the water flow is gradually decreased, the laser beam remains contained inside the
jet, until it eventually disappears when the water is turned off completely.
D) When the light travels through the water, it is slowed by the heavier particles in the water,
effectively 'trapping' the laser beam in the water.
Answer: BADC

118)
A) If you happened to be around the coast of Dubrovnik, you might have spotted two robots
scouring the seafloor for debris.
B) The drone will also help search for garbage when the water is clear by flying over an area of
interest.
C) Equipped with a gripper and a suction device, it will collect pieces of waster and deposit
them into a tethered basket that will later be brought to the surface.
D) Litter collection will be taken care of by the second underwater robot.
E) One underwater robot will be responsible for finding litter by venturing close to the sea
floor.
Answer: AEBDC

119)
A) Yet this may be the greatest experiment that humans have conducted without a clear
bluepring.
B) Traditionally, farmers practiced crop rotation, whereby differerent crops were grown in
succession on the same area of land.
C) however, after 1945, monoculture became increasingly prevalent and now supplies not only
most of our food but also a significant share of non-food crops like cotton,
D) Since monoculture has evolved all over the world, you would think there’s a vision behind it.
Answer: BCDA

120)
A) The human body is more capable than you think.
B) Acids are ranked on a scale from 0 to 14 the lower pH level, the stronger the acid.
C) If you ever swallow a razor blade, don’t panic.
D) That’s just one of many fun facts about the human body you never learned in school.
E) Human stomach acid is typically 1.0 to 2.0 meaning that it has an incredibly
Answer: CABED

121)
A) Based on the track record of the past two years, I predict that such discoveries will
happen in 2022, yielding drugs that are promising enough to merit a clinical trial.
B) In 2021, Exscientia followed that up with another drug for patients with tumors.
C) In 2020, a British startup called Exscientia said its new pill for OCD would be the first AI-
designed drug to be tested on humans.
D) For years, there’s been a ton of hype about Al's potential to transform drug discovery.
Answer: DCBA

122)
A) It involves applying a coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral
approach to address potential or existing risks that originate at the animal-human-
ecosystems interface.
B) The rationale for extending a One Health approach to complex and multifactorial diseases
is the growing realization that such diseases do have many pathological changes.
C) The concept started as One Medicine, then One World One Health and more recently,
simply One Health.
D) One Health recognizes that the health of humans, animals and ecosystems are
interconnected.
E) The term “One Health” was developed in 2004 in relation to human infectious diseases
such as SARS.
Answer: ECDAB

123)
A) Originated in traditional oral storytelling, fairy tales have evolved and continue to
transform themselves vigorously to the present day.
B) Fairy tales have been with us for a long history and influenced our culture profoundly.
C) The most telling stories even have become a handy metaphor or shared knowledge of the
fantasy code for communication in the popular culture.
D) For example, the big wild wolf in Little Red Riding Hood can be alluded to be a malicious
person or a villain who wants to seduce a girl.
Answer: BACD

124)
A) In the current image-guided medication process, the practitioner first identifies the region
of interest using an ultrasound probe.
B) The injected needle needs to travel through the body, passing internal body organs to
reach the minute target area without causing a wound to the patient.
C) When the desired anatomy is in view, the practitioner estimates the needle trajectory and
insertion point.
D) The inability to perfectly identify the needle tip makes it dangerous to advance the needle,
leading to life-threatening seizures.
E) Physicians who perform injections often use needles and other sharp objects, which can
be invasive to the human body.
Answer: EBACD

125)
A) Projections suggested it would collapse by 2050, increasing skin cancer rates, harming
crops, and destroying the marine food chain.
B) The situation was dire. But today, we are on the path to recovery.
C) In the 1980s, scientists discovered there was a hole in the ozone over the South Pole.
D) Dr Susan Solomon contributed key findings to understand what was depleting the ozone
layer and how to address it.
E) In a video, she breaks down how we managed to fix this huge problem and shows the
unbridled optimism that drove her to fix the ozone hole.
Answer: CABDE

126)
A) But they are so much more than cars: they’re batteries, and batteries have uses far
beyond transport.
B) Done right, integrating electric vehicles into American society could help prevent power
blackouts, and make solar energy more reliable sources of power for more people.
C) The first step is to stop thinking about electric vehicles as cars that happen to be powered
by batteries, and instead, see them as batteries that happen to be inside cars.
D) Most Americans talk about electric vehicles solely as modes of transport which is
understandable, given they have motors and wheels and get us around.
Answer: DABC

127)
A) He’d been shot and a bomb fell directly overhead.
B) Victor Manuel Hernandez believes he wouldn’t be alive today if it weren’t for a banana
tree.
C) But as he recalls, the bomb landed in the leaves of the banana tree, which he believes
prevented it from igniting shielding him from death.
D) As a 14-year-old resistance fighter during the civil war in 1970s El Salvador, he hid
beneath the tree’s lush, green fronds when the military attacked his encampment.
Answer: BDAC

128)
A) Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses internet and online-based
digital technologies to promote products and services.
B) Its development during the 1990s and 2000s changed the way brands and businesses
use technology for marketing.
C) The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from online
advertising.
D) Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as
television and mobile phones.
Answer: ABDC

129)
A) In doing so, they create narratives that explain the past in ways that make sense in the
present. Inevitably, as the present changes, these narratives are updated, rewritten, or
discarded altogether and replaced with new ones.
B) Ideas about history have changed over time. It might seem that writing history should be
straightforward it’s all based on facts, isn't it?
C) Historians must make decisions about what to include and exclude, how to organize the
material, and what to say about it.
D) In theory, yes, but the evidence surviving from the past is vast, fragmentary, and messy.
Answer: BDCA

130)
A) In short, it’s money, in the form of paper or coins, usually issued by a government and
generally accepted at its face value as a method of payment.
B) In the 21st century, a new form of currency has entered the vocabulary, the virtual
currency.
C) Currency is a medium of exchange for goods and services.
D) Virtual currencies such as bitcoins have no physical existence or government backing
and are traded and stored in electronic form.
Answer: CABD

131)
A) Dozens of people were hospitalized after the fire Sunday.
B) As many as 13 people were admitted into hospitals in critical condition.
C) The city-run hospitals said two of its patients died, and the rest were discharged in a few
hours.
D) Hospitals worked Monday to save several people who were gravely injured in a Bronx
apartment building fire.
Answer: DABC
132)
A) This has resulted in growing interest in the location, facilities and network of data centers.
B) For more and more companies, planning for disaster recovery and business continuity
has become a significant matter.
C) The reason so many users take advantage of AT TOKYO data centers comes down to its
trustworthiness.
D) Since its founding, AT TOKYO has prioritized zero-downtime operation, building firm
reliability for its facilities.
E) In Japan, companies from around the world that are finding their way in the local market
have found a fertile first call for data center services in AT TOKYO.
Answer: BAECD

133)
A) It’s unsurprising, then, that footage depicting neglect and mistreatment of animals has
caused reputational damage to the food companies that were unaware of practices on the
farms from which they source.
B) Most meat eaten by Americans comes from concentrated animal feeding operations
where animals have scant legal protections.
C) For instance, the dairy company Fairlife faced lawsuits after undercover footage
apparently showed abuse of its cows.
D) This barren legal landscape has led to a race to the bottom on animal welfare, resulting in
animals bred to grow so fast that their vital organs can painfully lose function.
Answer: BDAC

134)
A) The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying.
B) Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
C) However, one general rule for all students is that the telesision seems to be more of a
distraction than music or ther backinground noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading
or studing. Also, don’t let yourself distracted by computer games, email, or internet surfing.
D) Others study best in crowed, nosy rooms because the noise actually helps them
coentrate.
Answser: BDAC

135)
A) The work also raises the possibility that a drug could be developed to mirror the effects of
that dietary restruction, by blocking cell’s ability to take in leucine from the surrounding
environment.
B) Drug resistance is the leading cause of death in women with estrogen-receptor-positive
breast cancer, the most common form of the disease.
C) The connection of the amino acid leucine to drug resistance raises hopes that a relatively
simple intervention, like a shift to a low-leucine diet, can reduce the incidence of drug
resistance, which is responsible for a large portion of the roughtly 40,000 breast cancer
deaths every year.
D) Now, researchers have indetified an ordinary dietary element that may increase the
chances of a breast cancer becoming drug- resistant.
Answer: BDCA
136)
A) Since this initial formulation, the term has been further developed and is now considered
to encompass all the ecosystems of the Earth.
B) Today, somescientists have argued that the biosphere itself is a king of superorganism.
C) Each of the plants, animals, and other organisms serve as just a piece of the whole.
D) In 1875, the geologist Eduard Suess used the term biosphere to describe the location
where all living things dwell.
E) The biosphere is thought to have developed about 3.5 billion years ago when the first
living organisms began to appear.
F) It includes every living organism on the planet as well as their inter acions with the earth,
water, and air.
Answer: DAFEBC

137)
A) Nehru’s idea of secularism was equally indifferent to all religions and bothering about
none of them.
B) Instead of doing any good, such secularism can do harm.
C) There is a difference between Gandhiji's concept of secularism and that of Nehru’s.
D) Such secularism which means the rejection of all religions is contrary to our culture and
tradition.
E) In Gandhiji’s view, secularism stands for equal respect for all religions.
Answer: CEADB

138)
A) As put by Juan Linz, a totalitarian scholar, the three main factors of a totalitarianism
government are “a monistic center of power; an ideology developed, justified and pursued by
the leadership; and mass participation in political and social goals encouraged and even
demanded by that same leadership.”
B) Totalitarianism is a political and social concept that explains a form of government where
the state has all control over the civilians.
C) Throughout the 20th century, the manifestation of totalitarianism was an extreme
measure of harsh political occurrences.
D) Such government assumes full power, without any limitations.
Answer: BDAC

139)
A) The Ottonian dynasty was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs.
B) It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem
duchy
of Saxony.
C) The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known
member Count Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names.
D) It was named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto. especially
its first Emperor Otto.
Answer: ADBC
140)
A) The team found that the home ranges of individual pandas overlapped and on a few
occasions, two animals spent several weeks in close proximity.
B) We know very little about wild pandas because they are so rare and live in almost
impenetrable forest.
C) The collars transmitted each animal’s position every four hours, for up to two years.
D) “Sometimes the pandas were within 10 or 20 meters of each other, which suggests the
pandas were in direct interaction”; Hull says.
E) But in 2010 and 2011, Vanessa Hull of Michigan State University and her colleagues
were given permission to attach GPS tracking collars to five pandas in the Wolong National
Nature Reserve in China.
Answer: BECAD

141)
A) For example, phones are known to cause problems due to radiation.
B) Some people also make phone calls while driving, which cause incidents
C) Technology has both advantages and disadvantages.
D) I think it all boils down to how we use a particular technology.
E) But we cannot deny the advantages of technology, for example. phones have brought the
world closer.
Answer: CABED

142)
A) Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a
raw, honest glimpse into creative mind.
B) The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time
she found her voice as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later, through
landscapes and surrealistic still lifes inspired by her mountainous, skull-studded
surroundings in New Mexico.
C) Georgia O Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
D) She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she
approached her painting practice--and the rituals, experiences, and environments that
inspired her.
Answer: CDAB

143)
A) Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of traffic lights.
B) The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built its LiDAR
systems from scratch.
C) But LiDARs. aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of sensing
and helping cars avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, drunk driver, or a child
running
out into the road.
D) Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc. is unveiling a high-resolution LiDAR
sensor that was five years in the making.
Answer: ACDB
144)
A) From this, he concluded that there was nothing that could be identified genetically as East
African.
B) Dr. Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian runners from the mountain
region are so successful.
C) He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a very different genetic
make-up.
D) He tested those children and found that their bodies processed oxygen more efficiently
than many adult elite athletes in Britain.
E) So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that as Children, 68 percent of
all top Ethiopian or Kenyan runners ran, rather than walked, to school and back home, from
the age of five onwards.
Answer: BCAED

145)
A) Short-term memory(STM) is the second stage of the multi-store memory model propsed
by the Atkinson-Shiffrin. The duration of STM seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds and
the capacity about 7 items.
B) This idea was put forward by Miller (1956) and he called it the magic number 7. He
thought that short term memory could hold 7(plus or minus two items) because it only had a
certain number of 'slots' in which items could be stored.
C) The Magic number 7(plus or minus two) provides evidence for the capacity of short-term
memory. Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items in their short-term memory.
D) Indeed, if we can 'chunk' information together we can store a lot more
information in our short-term memory.
E) However. Miller didn't specify the amount of information that can be held in each slot.
Answer: ACBED

146)
A) It is only through a chronological survey that students can begin to understand the
process of social and cultural change, which is one of the principal purposes of history.
B) That is not possible when historical events or topics are isolated and extracted from the
web of historic time to serve some other curricular purpose.
C) The people and events of the past can only be understood when viewed within the larger
context in which they existed.
D) The value of history also depends upon the chronological presentation of events through
time.
Answer: CBDA

147)
A) Fibres suitable for clothing has been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
B) However, they are 30 times cheaper.
C) Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in
Lincoln.
D) The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
E) He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical
applications such as surgical sutures.
Answer: ADBCE

148)
A) In particular, reckless behavior which has traditionally concentrated on the role of the
young drivers.
B) A report conducted to examine the difference between male and female drivers in terms
of travel characteristics and found that fatal crash rush occurred during morning periods.
C) This is the data with road safety analyses that most accidents occurred at the periods as
early as 5 AM in the morning to 7 AM.
D) Laws need enforcement to be effective and the various programs should target areas of
traffic safety, young drivers training crash reduction, and injury reduction.
Answer: BCAD

149)
A) The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to
shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
B) It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest
single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
C) The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
D) Second, and more importantly, the Arcelor Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's
deepening
integration into the global economy.
E) First, shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was
depressingly rare.
Answer: BACED

150)
A) Well likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century more than nine billion
people.
B) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India. is driving
increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy. boosting pressure to grow more corn and
soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs. and chickens.
C) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will
require us to roughly double the number of crops we grow by 2050.
D) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we'll need more food.
Answer: ADBC

151)
A) The number of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively
happy if they believe their work is secured.
B) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for promotion to a more
challenging job.
C) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
D) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not
feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job.
Answer: ADBC
152)
A) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals
for habitat, food and shelter.
B) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and
waterways and on its native plants and animals.
C) Some have also had to face new predators.
D) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over
millions
of years.
Answer: DACB

153)
A) To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students...
B) As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound higher than 5 hertz
C) A study showed man cannot hear voice higher than 5 hertz....
D) In thought of... as this frequency is too high that...
Answer: CABD

154)
A) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
B) When the clot is formed, it will stary in the blood vessels.
C) Whitout the normal blood flow. It will cause muscle contraction.
D) A heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
Answer: DBAC

155)
A) This improvement is highly relevant to the increasing population of vegetarians.
B) The school cafeteria provides food according to these vegetarian requirements.
C) Vegetarians eat only vegetables. They do not eat meat.
D) Many non-vegetarians also like vegetarian food.
Answer: CBDA

156)
A) We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
B) So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our minds
was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to the challenge?"
C) During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
D) Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
E) The information would be more nebulous. and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable.
Answer: CDAEB

157)
A) But while Eos being a goddess retained her youth, Tithonius began to age.
B) He asked his beloved to grant him immortality.
C) She couldn't do it on her own so she pleaded his case with Zeus, the supreme deity.
D) Eos, Goddess of Dawn fell in love with a youth named Tithonius, and the two spent many
happy years together.
Answer: DABC

158)
A) One day Aphrodite. jealous of the beauty of the earthly princess, Psyche, ordered her son
to make the princess fall in love with the ugliest man on earth.
B) Eros was the son of Aphrodite, goddess of love, and was always at her side to assist her
in her matchmaking endeavours.
C) Eros set out to do his mother's bidding, but when he saw Psyche fell in love with her
himself.
D) He was a blond and playful winged youth, armed with a golden bow and arrows. Whoever
he shot at immediately fell in love.
Answer: BDAC

159)
A) Traditionally, classics was essentially the philology of ancient texts.
B) Classics or Classical Studies is the branch of the Humanities dealing with the languages,
literature, history, art and other aspects of the ancient world.
C) One of the most notable characteristics of the modern study of classics is the diversity of
the field.
D) Although traditionally focused on ancient Greece and Rome, the study now encompasses
the entire ancient world, thus expanding their studies to all the world.
Answer: BACD

160)
A) River deltas are difficult places for map makers.
B) The changes in China's Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these
natural
fluctuations.
C) An island six kilometres long and with a total area of 1248 hectares is being created
there.
D) The river builds them up. the sea wears them down; their outlines are always changing.
Answer: ADBC
Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks:
1)
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an
exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an ________ of truth. A state’s relation with its
neighbors, at least in the __________ years, is greatly ____________ by its frontier policy,
especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their
_________ (as well as handsome tributes for the coffers of the state), and, security of the
‘core’ of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas
adjoining the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to
note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign
states), demarcated and __________, was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
1) element, exertion, evidence, explanation
2) cultivating, early, formative, developing
3) fame, credit, allegiance, prestige
4) delineated, divided, circled, described

Answer: element, formative, influenced, allegiance, delineated

2)
It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the
candidates’ track records and future policy promises. ____ truth, many of us are swayed
simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to
look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the
one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students _____
looking the most competent was also the one who’d had real life electoral success, the
implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates’ appearance (there’s little
evidence that appearance and competence actually ______. Unsurprisingly, being attractive
also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an
advantage). Other research has shown that we’re more likely to vote for male and female
candidates with _____ voices.
1) For, By, In, With
2) as, for, where, since
3) corporate, cooperate, correlate, convince
4) deeper, violent, deep, more violent

Answer: In, as, correlate, deeper

3)
Symbiosis is a general term for ___________ interactions in which two species live together in
a long-term, _____________ association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term
symbiosis to mean a relationship that __________ both parties. However, in ecologist-speak,
symbiosis is a broader concept and can include __________, lasting relationships with a
variety of positive or negative effects on the participants.
1) interspecific, international, informal, fundamental
2) intimate, ridiculous, noxious, precious
3) benefits, inspires, motivates, exquisite
4) close, last, new, recent

Answer: interspecific, intimate, benefits, close

4)
The prospect of learning something from history is what makes sociologists tick. It is through
________ a systematic understanding of the forces which shape our lives that we _____
exercise control over them. The founding thinkers of sociology, who _______ to prominence
during the development of what we are pleased to call modernity, thought so. It Is the
intimate relationship between the development of sociology and the development of modernity
that the course begins with. This relationship is an intimate one, because it is _______ with
the social change instituted In the development of the modern world that a discipline such as
sociology and social science in general could either exist or have anything to study.
1) developing, delivering, covering, deterring
2) can, wish, deny, doubt
3) referred, came, supposed, conferred
4) only, roughly, randomly, never

Answer: developing, can, came, only

5)
The skills you will develop on this course will help you become more confident and competent
in managing written and social aspects In your current career. It will ________ you for further
study in your area of interest. We plan to provide you with the opportunity to hear about the
work of professors who have been involved in the past. We have had confirmation that they
will give talks on their subjects ___________ to your group, and help you to clarify potential
future directions you might take in your study and career. There are also dedicated careers
services available at the University, ___________ you will be entitled to use. The assessments
for the first part of the program are designed to develop key study skills and to provide you
with the opportunity to brush up on skills you haven't used for a long time, or feel you do not
have. This will include some written work essays, as well as group work (short presentations)
and you will be taught how to do these. ________ of the assessment for each module will be
explained in your first session.
1) send, fund, prepare, protect
2) specially, excessively, generally, exclusively
3) that, which, as, what
4) Dots, Fields, Details, Portraits

Answer: prepare, specially, which, Details

6)
A University of London team found that people who went with their initial response on a test of
visual perception (questions included picking out an anomaly in a pattern of symbols) did
better than those who were given more time to ponder. ________ the subconscious brain
recognized a rotated version of the same symbol as different, the conscious brain reasoned
that 'an apple is still an apple whether rotated or not', the researchers on the project _______.
When the subjects had time to engage their higher-level functions _________ of relying on
their intuitive responses, they were more _________ to be wrong.
1) Even, Whereas, Whether, Therefore
2) claimed, concluded, speculated, asked
3) instead, because, in spite, together
4) likely, involved, agreeable, susceptible

Answer: Whereas, concluded, instead, likely

7)
In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies substantially by the
level of parental income and that students from poorer family’s access different types of
universities than those from wealthier backgrounds. However, the question of whether
graduates' earnings vary _________ their socioeconomic background amongst graduates
attending similar universities and taking the same subject has remained poorly understood,
__________ limited by data availability. Our unique administrative database offers substantial
advantages in __________ this crucial question. The findings are also relevant for myriad
other issues that benefit from better information on variation in graduates' earnings, including:
student choice of subject and institution; better information for schools ____________ advise
and guide students whilst at school; and the operation and cost of the higher education finance
system.
1) according to, contrasting by, abiding by, equaling to
2) hardly, thus far, until then, otherwise
3) addressing, uplifting, up taking, observing
4) to help, have helped, help, helped

Answer: according to, thus far, addressing

8)
An analysis of more than 500 graduates found no significant difference between business
schools that offered traditional courses and those that emphasise a 'learning-by-doing'
approach to entrepreneurship education. The research challenges the ongoing trend across
higher education institutes (HEIs) of ________ on experiential learning, and suggests that
universities need to reconsider their approach if they ______ increase entrepreneurship among
their students. Ms Inna Kozlinska, research associate at Aston Business School and author of
the study, said: 'Entrepreneurship education ________ as a major force capable of generating
long-term socio-economic changes through developing entrepreneurial, creative, flexible and
wise individuals. There is an ongoing shift towards experiential learning in business schools,
_____ there is little empirical evidence to suggest this approach has better impact than
traditional learning.
1) acclaiming, turning, spreading, focusing
2) are, are to, going to, to
3) is seen, has seen, sees, is seeing
4) yet, unless, besides, so

Answer: focusing, are to, is seem, yet

9)
Canada is a country of the enormous natural resources. It is the world's largest exporter of
fore products and a ___ exporter of fish, furs, and wheat. Minerals _________ a key role in
Canada's transformation into an urban- bec,
and Saskatchewan are the principal mining regions. Ontario and the Northwest (NWT) and
Yukon Territories are also ____________ producer of uranium and potash, the third-largest of
asbestos, gypsum, and nickel, and the fourth-largest of zinc. Oil and gas are exploited in
Alberta, off the Atlantic coast, and in the northwest -- huge additional reserves are thought to
exist in the high Arctic; oil price _________ extraction profitable at a growing number of the
country's deposit. Canada is also one of the world's top hydroelectricity producers.
1) fine, high, maximum, top
2) have played, had played, were playing, playing
3) similar, significant, numerous, other
4) are made, had made, making, is making

Answer: top, have played, significant, is making

10)
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent
or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only ________. I certainly find myself
__________ this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be ____________ by the face nature
reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first ____________ Camus' text, I've
learned that modern science ________ a very different story.
1) surprisingly, impressively, implicitly, roughly
2) have thought, thinking, thought, thinks
3) seduced, supplanted, secured, supplied
4) encountering, copying, duplicating, enclosing
5) cheats, scales, tells, enlarges

Answer: implicitly, thinking, seduced, encountering, tells

11)
All viruses mutate constantly, and scientists can identify the different ________. Coronavirus
has mutated into a number of notable strains since the first case was detected in December
2019, with the latest found in Australia believed to originate in Russia. " _______ this is not
considered a variant of concern, little is known about the strain," a letter sent to passengers
said. Scientists believe it could be up to 70 per cent more _________ than others and slightly
more deadly. However, more studies will be needed to verify this claim. Last month,
Germany's Health Minister said the virus ______ first detected in Britain last year now
accounts for more than a fifth of all positive tests in the country. The B.1.351 strain was first
identified in South Africa, where it has become the dominant type infecting local residents.
Cases and deaths in South Africa have started to fall recently after a second ______ of the
virus. However, the nation is still battling one of Africa's most severe _________, with more
than 46,000 people dead. The P.1 strain was first detected in Brazil, and is suspected of
_________ a COVID19 resurgence in the nation. Brazilian authorities said 260,000 people
have already died.
1) organisms, elements, strains, shapes
2) Because, However, If, Whilst
3) miserable, countable, transmissible, approachable
4) concord, likeness, variant, origin 5) boon, surge, virtue, cluster
6) outbreaks, restrictions, barriers, recoveries
7) doubling, fuelling, reporting, copying

Answer: strains, Whilst, transmissible, variant, surge, outbreaks, fuelling

12)
The modern research ship takes its origins from the early exploration voyages such as HMS
Endeavour and HMS Challenger, both of which were converted vessels, fitted with a range of
research facilities to sample and measure across a range of disciplines in extreme
environments. Early research vessels were fairly basic and simplistic compared to the state-of-
the-art ships we see being developed today. Gradually, the trend of converting other vessels
into research ships _______________ by the challenging demands of investigating increasingly
complex areas of oceanographic research, such as physical, biological and chemical
oceanography; marine geology and geophysics; ocean engineering and atmospheric science in
one expedition. In order to carry _______ multi-disciplinary research in extreme environments,
specially designed research vessels became a requirement. Research ships are the primary
source of oceanographic observations and ___________ so for the foreseeable future. As time
_______, science is likely to be conducted in increasingly remote and environmentally
challenging areas, including the polar seas, so the ability to operate with minimal interruptions
from the natural elements remains unchanged from the days of the Challenger Expedition.
1) was challenged, was a challenge, were challenged, will have been challenged
2) over, out, of, through
3) will have remained, remaining, remains, will remain
4) flies away, goes on, disappears, moves

Answer: was challenged, out, will remain, goes on

13)
Conservationists have long debated whether the koala should go on the Australian national
threatened species list, __________ the koala is clearly in trouble in some parts of the country
– Queensland, for example, high numbers __________ by disease – in other parts such as
Victoria and South Australia the problem is not that koala populations __________, but that
they have grown to the point where they are almost too numerous. For a species to be classed
as vulnerable, its population ____________ __________ by more than 30 percent over the
last three generations or 10 years. The problem is that when such a stipulation is applied to
koalas, the Victorian boom offsets the Queensland bust, and the species stays off the list, This
has repercussions because northern koalas are different to southern ones, They are smaller,
for example and they contain a genetic _________ not represented in the south for this reason
, a split listing has been devised koalas from New South Wales, the ACT and Queensland are
now officially “Vulnerable’; those from Victoria and South Australia are not considered
Queensland are not officially ‘Vulnerable’; those from Victoria and South Australia are not
considered threatened.
1) But, While, Like, because
2) have afflicted, are afflicted, are afflicting, afflicted
3) are falling, are fallen, falls, fallen
4) must have decreased, decreased, decrease, must decrease
5) expansion, extension, explanation, variation
6) Nonetheless, For example, As an addition, For this reason

Answer: While, are afflicted, are falling, must have decreased, variation, for this reason,

14)
The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered
for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a
series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and demand means that in the
case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought
if the price is __________. Therefore, sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a
commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will
sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand-- due, say, to trade depression -- sellers
will either have to ________ prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the
same _________ at the same price. Similarly, with supply. At a certain price a certain amount
will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If
consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they will probably be
able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply.
1) higher, kept, folded, raised
2) trade, treat, describe, reduce
3) quantity, patch, amount, deal

Answer: raised, reduce, amount

15)
A flower's colour, however, isn't a full-proof guide to a good lunch. That's because the colour
can change depending on the angle at which sunlight hits its petals. A yellow flower, for
example, may look somewhat blue from one angle and red from another. Scientists call this
kind of colour change ____________. 'It's the same phenomenon that makes a rainbow
appear in a soap bubble or on a CD, ' says Beverley Glover. She studies plants at the
University of Cambridge in England. In 2009, Glover and her colleagues showed that even
when petals look shimmery, bees can still tell which flowers likely hold food. But she and
others noticed something odd about iridescence. It's not quite as flashy in plants as in other
life forms, Glover says. The backs of jewel, beetles, or the wings of certain butterflies, for
instance, shine and shimmer a lot more. The researchers tested their hypothesis in the lab.
They trained a group of bees to associate fake purple flowers with getting more nectar. Then
the team _________ the bees. They added non-shimmery fake flowers with purple-blue and
purple-red hues to the bees' flight path. The bees passed the test, ignoring flowers that
weren't _________ purple. Second group of bees was ________ to drink from fully flashy,
'perfectly iridescent' purple flowers. But when the team added perfectly iridescent flowers in
different hues, the insects checked them for nectar too.
1) pattern, shape, texture, iridescence
2) challenged, circled, tested, cursed
3) surprisingly, perfectly, roughly, narrowly
4) threatened, described, trained, persuaded
Answer: iridescence, tested, perfectly, trained

16)
Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of
the market, from ____ beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing
on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing __________ from Alcibiades to
Gauss, this _________ book makes the mysteries of math’s accessible and its rich ______
brilliantly clear.
1) this, these, the, that
2) widgets, geniuses, mediocrities, labourers
3) inspired, inspiring, inspires, inspire
4) orders, grids, areas, patterns

Answer: the, geniuses, inspiring, patterns

17)
Dams are huge man-made structures that act as barriers on a river. Today, the main reason
people build dams is to produce electricity. They are also built to ________ and control the
flow of water in a river. __________ history, dams have been used to prevent flooding and to
irrigate (water) farmland. Dams supply about a sixth of the world's electricity and they
significantly reduce the risk of floods and droughts. They also make water easier to access,
especially in desert like areas, where water is in low supply. There are, ____________, some
negative effects of damming rivers. Many people's homes are ___________ to make space for
the dam, and flooding can occur in the reservoir, which is the area behind the dam where
water collects. This can cause valuable farmland to become submerged under the lakes.
1) channel, cross, span, restrict
2) In, For, Against, Throughout
3) again, never, also, however
4) traded up, worn off, knocked down, moved on

Answer: restrict, Throughout, however, knocked down

18)
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly
creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth.
Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a
book a year __________ his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick."
Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one.
In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the ___________ of precocity has hardened into an
iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow
old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James
Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative
lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist
Howard Gardner, a leading __________ on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where
_________ is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
1) at, without, though, on
2) junction, inferiority, importance, structure
3) syntax, supremacy, authority, atheist
4) chief, clerk, offender, talent

Answer: through, importance, authority. Talent

19)
Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act
of cheating in history as well as _________ culture. J. Barton Bowyer writes that cheating 'is
the advantageous ________ of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because
the cheated person misperceives what is assumed to be the real world'. The cheater is taking
advantage of a person, a situation, or both. Cheating also ________ the 'reality' or what
others call 'deception'. Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing' reality in a
way intended to deceive others. Options: 1) periodical, utter, virtual, contemporary 2)
distortion, multiplication, inheritance, promotion 3) deserts, involves, anticipates, subscribes
1) periodical, utter, virtual, contemporary 2) distortion, multiplication, inheritance, promotion
3) deserts, involves, anticipates, subscribes

Answer: contemporary, distortion, involves

20)
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has awarded $2.49 million to cover a
______ of the cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the
University of Tasmania, in __________ with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The
$5.85 million 'Tidal Energy in Australia _ Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia's
Future Energy Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in __________ detail before
assessing its ability to contribute to Australia's energy needs.
1) wholesome, total, portion, worth
2) disguise, partnership, contrast, revenge
3) unexpected, unforgiven, universal, unprecedented

Answer: portion, partnership, unprecedented

21)
Cells are now ______ as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest ______ of structure and
function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size. With few
exceptions, individual cells are _____ small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British
scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the ____ time using a microscope. A
microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a
microscope and are called micrographs.
1) determined, revised, claimed, accepted
2) unification, uniting, unity, unit
3) much, ever, so, even
4) earliest, first, last, latest

Answer: accepted, unit, so, first

22)
San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, _____
to the public after five years of construction. On opening day–“Pedestrian Day”–some 200,000
bridge walkers ______ at the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate
Strait at the entrance to San Francisco Bay and ______ San Francisco and Marin County. On
May 28, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to ______ traffic. On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate
Bridge was opened to great acclaim, a ______ of progress in the Bay Area during a time of
economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the longest bridge in the world _____ the completion of
New York City’s Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains
one of the world’s most recognizable architectural structures.
1) opens, closes, appears, equals
2) stationed, looked, marveled, laughed
3) separates, connects, channels, differentiates
4) aquatic, vehicular, airborne, watertight
5) denial, symbol, technique, yield
6) since, until, along, within

Answer: opens, marveled, connects, vehicular, symbol, until

23)
Even after thousands of years exploring Earth, we're still uncovering new things like an ancient
'superhighway' in the Guatemalan rain forest. Hidden beneath a thick layer of vegetation, the
________ of roads stretches over 150 miles and was most likely built by the Mayan empire
some 2,000 years ago. The newly mapped roads are connected to the ruins of El Mirador
(sometimes called the Kan Kingdom) in northern Guatemala. Archaeologists believe El Mirador
________ around the 6th century BCE, and was at its most powerful around the early first
century CE. At that time, it had a population of as many as a quarter of a million, a quarter the
size of Rome itself at the time. It also has some of the largest pyramids in the world. It was
the _________ of the Mayan civilization, and naturally needed some major roadways. The
roads of El Mirador have been known about since 1967, but scientists had no idea how
extensive they were until now. The thick jungle obscured the remnants of the road,
__________ it difficult to see from the air.
1) network, surface, budget, width
2) has founded, founded, was founded, was founding
3) volume, heart, column, facet
4) makes, making, make, made

Answer: network, was founded, heart, making

24)
When we are very concerned about certain of our physical ______________ a nose that is
stubbornly a bit too large, eyes that are slightly too far apart, hair that is not as lustrous as it
should be – we miss an overall point about our relationship to our appearance: how beautiful
we feel has nothing to do with the __________ structure of our face or body. It isn’t what we
look like that counts: it’s how we feel inside. Our self – assessments are in the end solely
________ our relative degrees of self-love and self-contempt. There are people of ideal
_________ and exceptional beauty who cannot bear what they see in the mirror and others
who can contemplate a less than svelte stomach or a no longer so supple kind of skin with
indifference and defiant good humor. And at a tragic ____________ there are heart-
breakingly fine-looking people who starve themselves to ill-health.
1) gestures, component, pastures, features
2) reflective, objective, conjunctive, subjective
3) called in, based on, ruled out, summed up,
4) distortions, apportions, proportions, abortions
5) humanity, extreme, feeling, supreme

Answer: features, objective, based on, proportions, extreme

25)
The world needs to dramatically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, if there’s any hope of
preventing worse and more frequent extreme weather events, That means ___________ to
renewable sources of energy – and, importantly, decarbonizing transportation, a sector that is
now responsible for about a quarter of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. But the path to
that cleaner future is ________, clogged with political and societal roadblocks, as well as
scientific. Perhaps that’s one reason why the electric vehicle - already on the road, already
navigating many of these roadblocks – swerved so dramatically into the climate solutions
spotlight in 2021. Just a few years ago, many automakers thought electric vehicles (evs) might
passing ___________, says Gil tal, director of the Plig – in hybrid & Electric Vehicle Research
Center at the University of California.
1) grafting, drafting, crafting, shifting
2) daunted, daunting, daunt, dauntless
3) fad, gad, tad, lad

Answer: shifting, daunting, obstacles, fed

26)
Decision Science is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the processes, methods,
and motivations behind decision – making. The Decision Science Research Network on SSRN is
an open access server that provides a _________ for authors to showcase their research
papers in our digital library, speeding up the ___________ and providing the scholarly
community access to groundbreaking working papers and early stage research. With an
increased focus on the capacity to capture, store, and access data, decision science has
become a critical tool in analyzing large quantities of information to reveal ___________
choices. While significantly informed by the cognitive and behavioral sciences, the application
of decision science draws together qualitative and quantitative framework that provide
________ into decision- making in business, computer science, public health, environmental
science, engineering, economics and finance, and systems of governance and the law. Its
___________ on the transformation of data into actionable knowledge for decision-making
makes scholarship in decision science highly collaborative.
1) venue, revenue, avenue, ingénue
2) denomination, dissemination, lamination, fulmination
3) proximal, optimal, dismal, primal
4) inspiration, insights, instillation, oversights
5) remonstration, orchestration, concentration, perpetration
Answer: venue, dissemination, optimal, insights, concentration

27)
The translation aims foremost at accuracy and ______________ including the liveliness of the
dialogue form. We have striven to preserve the natural ____________ of the speech. This both
helps and, in a way, hurts the readability of the translation. After all, these texts portray
people speaking, and speaking to one another, and humans are not always the most
____________ of speakers. This is recreated by Plato. Socrates’ Defense is almost entirely
comprised of Socrates speaking at length to his judges and so he sometimes finds himself,
because he goes on for quite a while, and keeps_________________ qualifications, and then
loses his way, and so he moves to a new grammatical construction. Similarly, characters
sometimes ___________ one clause on top of another. Usually these run-on sentences are
easy to follow and the effect is often an increasing intensity, but once or twice in Socrates’
Defense Socrates seems rather to be finding his way into an idea and is less than eloquent.
1) competitiveness, complexity, completeness, competition
2) bestow, flow, outflow, glow
3) inconsequent, sequent, eloquent, consequent
4) pile, tile, vile, file

Answer: completeness, flow. Eloquent, inserting, pile

28)
Many types of scientific evidence show that involvement in social relationships benefits health.
The most striking evidence comes from prospective studies of mortality _______________
industrialized nations. These studies _________ show that individuals with the lowest level of
involvement in social relationships are more likely to die than those with greater involvement.
The risk of death among men and women with the fewest social ties was more than twice as
high as the risk for adults with the most social ties. Social ties also reduce ______ risk among
adults with documented medical conditions. Among adults with coronary artery disease, the
socially isolated had a risk of subsequent cardiac death 2.4 tunes greater than their more
socially connected ___________ In addition to mortality, involvement in social relationships
has been associated with specific health conditions as well as biological markers indicating risk
of preclinical conditions. Several recent review articles provide consistent and _________
evidence linking a low quantity or quality of social ties with a host of conditions.
1) off, beneath, across, on
2) impotently, consistently, competently, inadvertently
3) mentality, mortality, morality, mutuality
4) sneers, peers, careers, pioneers
5) dispelling, compelling, propelling, impelling

Answer: across, consistently, mortality, peers, compelling

29)
Using a combination of scuba gear and remotely operated vehicles, marine biologists in
California __________ sampled more than 1,400 corals from the ocean surface. The samples
looked identical, and their internal structures were indistinguishable in scanning electron
microscope images. Yet their genomes – their full genetic _________ books revealed the
corals had diverged millions of years ago. That made sense for one of the species in the Red
Sea’s Gulf of Aqaba, which was geographically separated from the others. But the other three
newly ____________ species lived together on the same reefs in the waters off South Asia. If
the corals were living together, why didn’t one overtake the other two, the team, wondered.
Examining habitat data from their dives, the researchers found the three distinct coral species
_________ different water depths, with one abundant in the top 10 meters and the other two
flourishing deeper down. The three coral species also had different concentrations of
photosynthetic algae and pigments, suggesting they had distinct strategies for hosting their
algae partners that provide food.
1) sampled, stapled, rumpled, tripled
2) destruction, construction, obstruction, instruction
3) identified, certified, fortified, gratified
4) endeavored, savored, despised, favored

Answer: sampled, instruction, identified, favored

30)
The telescope will hover in a gravitationally stable spot known as Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 2,
which will allow it to stay aligned with Earth as the planet _______________ around the sun.
Because JWST is primarily designed to observe infrared light, it’s ______________ to keep it
protected from any heat or light that could __________ out the faint signals of distant stars
and planets. With the sunshield. It should only reach a maximum of 185 degrees Fahrenheit on
the side exposed to solar rays; the opposite side, where the telescope’s mirrors, detectors, and
other ___________ instruments live, will remain at a chilly – 388 degrees Fahrenheit. The
_________ gravitational properties of the Lagrange Point ensure that JWST won’t flip around
and fry its sensors while the solar panels and computers freeze JWST should be ready to begin
its primary scientific mission in roughly six months. The $10 billion telescope is intended to last
at least five years once its mission begins, and carries enough propellant to operate for a
decade.
1) cohabits, orbits, inhibits, prohibits
2) brutal, crucial, provincial, special
3) disown, drown, frown, windblown
4) duplicate, delicate, rusticate, dediscate
5) fatiguing, proroguing, intriguing, interpreting

Answer: orbits, crucial, drown, delicate, intriguing

31)
The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have ___________ with Clement
Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained himself by naming storms
after women, mythical ______________, and politicians that he didn't like. The modern
system of using personal names developed during World War II, when meteorologists began
using women's names — often those of wives or girlfriends — instead of _______________
designations based on latitude and longitude. Short and quickly understood, names were easier
to _______________ over the radio and easier to keep straight if there was more than one
storm in a given area. The system was ____________ in 1953 when the National Weather
Service put together an alphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic
basin. Male names were added to the list in 1979 when women's groups pointed out the
sexism of using only female names.
1) originated, laminated, contaminated, vaccinated
2) figures, figuration, figurative, configures
3) worrisome, cumbersome, awesome, wholesome
4) transmit, transform, transfuse, transect
5) rationalized, decentralized, formalized, immortalized

Answer: originated, figures, cumbersome, transmit, formalized

32)
Atomic nuclei come in a dizzying number of varieties. Scientists have discovered 118 chemical
elements, _______ by the number of protons in their nuclei. Each of those elements has a
variety of isotopes, different versions of the element formed by switching up the number of
neutrons inside the nucleus. Scientists have predicted the ________ of about 8,000 isotopes of
known elements, but only about 3,300 have made an appearance in detectors. Researchers
expect FRIB will make a ___________ dent in the missing isotopes. It may identify 80 percent
of possible isotopes for all the elements up through uranium, including many never seen
before. The most familiar nuclei are those of the roughly 250 isotopes that are stable: they
don't _________ to other types of atoms. The ranks of stable isotopes include the nitrogen-14
and oxygen-16 in the air we breathe and the carbon-12 found in all known living things. The
number following the element's name ___________ the total number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus.
1) anguished, vanquished, languished, distinguished
2) existence, persistence, nonexistence, consistence
3) sizable, quotable, portable, sociable
4) decay, stray, array, foray
5) indicates, had indicated, indicating, indication

Answer: distinguished, existence, sizable, decay, indicates

33)
Although online gaming is hugely popular, it is different from person-to-person socializing. But
just as with a book club, playing a board game or even going to work, the online game is an
opportunity, an excuse even, to ____________ in a community sharing an experience.
Sociologists make the point that going to a conference is only partly about the presentations;
in reality it is about the coffee, the chat, the jokes, the friendships and contacts you can make.
A final thought for banks or for anybody suggesting business interactions can be
______________. Apple was the first computer company to open its own stores. Face to face
interactions matter for consumers but also for brands and businesses. This is a ____________
lesson for banks that they should be closing branches. In the commercial world analog
products exist when they add value and deliver something the digital world misses. Central
banks need to consider carefully the balance of ___________ and digital.
1) externalize, capitalize, socialize, formalize
2) eventual, factual, lingual, virtual
3) sectary, salutary, sanitary, solitary
4) classical, arterial, whimsical, physical

Answer: socialize, virtual, salutary, physical

34)
Animal collective behavior ____________ itself in often-mesmerizing visual displays of
swarming insects, flocks of birds in flight, and schools of fish pulsating underwater as a single
unit. Now, researchers report they've found a possible reason for a ___________ display of
collective behavior from fish shoals in sulfur springs in Mexico: deterring predators. Behavioral
ecologist Juliane Lukas explains to The Scientist that sulfur mollies gather in large shoals at the
surface of the low-oxygen springs to avoid hypoxia. There, they're __________ for the picking
by predators such as kingfishers, kiskadees, and other birds. When presented with a
threatening stimulus, these 'carpets of fish', as Lukas describes them, repeatedly ___________
the water in a wave-like fashion by diving down for a few seconds, triggering their neighbors to
mimic their diving behavior. Lukas and her colleagues decided to investigate why.
1) reveals, reviews, conceals, repeals
2) foliar, unfamiliar, peculiar, familiar
3) snipe, tripe, recipe, ripe
4) disgruntle, disparage, disturb, distinguish

Answer: reveals, peculiar, ripe, disturb

35)
Girls are more likely to have books read to them that include female _________ than boys.
Because of these preferences, children are more likely to learn about the gender biases of their
own gender than of other genders. The researchers ___________ 247 books written for
children 5 years old and younger from the Wisconsin Children's Book Corpus. The books with
female protagonists had more gendered language than the books with male protagonists. The
researchers __________ this finding to "male" being historically seen as the default gender.
Female-coded words and phrases are more outside of the norm and more notable. The
researchers also compared their findings to adult fiction books and found children's books
displayed more gender ___________ than fictional books read by adults. In particular, the
researchers examined how often women were associated with good, family, language and arts,
while men were associated with bad, careers and math.
1) protagonists, cosmogonists, agonists, expressionists
2) hydrolyzed, paralyzed, catalyzed, analyzed
3) contribute, tribute, distribute, attribute
4) stereotypes, teletypes, prototypes, electrotypes
Answer: protagonists, analyzed, attribute, stereotypes

36)
Invasive mosquito fish are often fearless. Free from the predators of their native range, these
mosquito fish run __________, throwing naive ecosystems from Europe to Australia out of
whack. To keep the problematic fish in check, scientists are trying to ___________ fear back
into the hearts of these swimmers with a high-tech tool: robots. In a laboratory experiment, a
robotic fish designed to ___________ one of mosquito fish’s natural predators increased fear
and stress responses in mosquito fish, impairing their survival and reproduction, researchers
report December 16 in iScience. While robofish won't be deployed in the wild anytime soon, the
research highlights that there are more creative ways of preventing ____________ behavior
from a species than simply killing them, says Michael Culshaw-Maurer, an ecologist at the
University of Arizona in Tucson who wasn't involved in the study. "It’s just wonderful seeing
work in this area."
1) occupant, flippant, rampant, concordant
2) strike, accept, spike, drake
3) bequest, mimic, battle, conquest
4) unprivileged, unprecedented, unwanted, uncharted

Answer: rampant, strike, mimic, unwanted

37)
Companies are struggling to compete in the market due to the availability of different types of
competitors with those competitors providing similar products or __________ products. In
addition, consumers nowadays are becoming more critical in term of their needs and wants.
_____________, the competition is getting harder day after day. Moreover, with so much
variety of products and services, companies have to give more attention on getting the
required competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is about how the company is trying to
compete in the market. Therefore, it is the __________ of the benefits that the company is
going to be able to deliver for its consumers while others are not. However, some studies have
identified some factors that may effect on the competitive advantage of companies such as the
provided quality, cost reduction, delivering time, ____________, and flexibility to do changes
on products or services whenever it is needed. Accordingly, selling the product or service with
lower price than the competitors or selling products or services with higher quality than others'
products and services will create a good competitive advantage for the company.
1) constitution, substitution, restitution, institution
2) However, instead, Additionally, Therefore
3) dissemination, determination, ordination, incarnation
4) captivation, aggregation, deprivation, innovation

Answer: substitution, Therefore, determination, innovation

38)
Long ago, ancient mariners successfully navigated a perilous ocean journey to arrive at Japan's
Ryukyu Islands, a new study suggests. Archaeological sites on six of these isles — part of a
1,200-kilometer-long chain — indicate that migrations to the islands _________ 35,000 to
30,000 years ago, both from the south via Taiwan and from the north via the Japanese island
of Kyushu. But whether ancient humans navigated there on purpose or ___________ there by
accident on the Kuroshio ocean current, one of the world's largest and strongest currents, is
unclear. The answer to that question could __________ light on the proficiency of these Stone
Age humans as mariners and their mental capabilities overall. Now, satellite-tracked buoys that
___________ a wayward raft suggest that there's little chance that the seafarers reached the
isles by accident.
1) incurred, concurred, spurred, occurred
2) drifted, airlifted, sifted, shifted
3) drop, shed, place, embrace
4) insulated, simulated, stimulated, regulated

Answer: occurred, drifted, shed, simulated

39)
With omicron spreading globally at a dizzying pace, scientists are scrambling to learn as much
as they can about the latest worrisome variant of the coronavirus. First __________ in South
Africa and Botswana at the end of November, omicron is already __________ too soon become
the dominant variant — dethroning delta — in some regions, public health officials warn. In a
few places, it already has. So answers, including how sick doe’s omicron make people and how
well do vaccines ____________ it, can't come fast enough. A rising tide of data on omicron is
beginning to provide a glimpse at what's ahead as we enter year three of the global pandemic,
though many questions linger. And with many people preparing to gather with family and
friends for holidays, experts are _____________ for yet more case surges, compounded by
already high infection rates in some countries linked to the still-prevalent delta variant.
Omicron's collision with the holidays and travel is "a perfect storm". At this point, even
vaccinated people should be __________ precautions, such as wearing masks indoors and
testing before family gatherings.
1) spotted, clotted, plotted, allotted
2) poising, poisoned, pointed, poised
3) gobble, hobble, cobble, wobble
4) bracing, gracing, tracing, retracing
5) take, taken, taking, takes

Answer: spotted, poised, hobble, bracing, taking

40)
Rationing may be of several types. Informal rationing, which precedes the imposition of formal
controls, may consist of admonitions to consumers to reduce their ____________ or of
independent action taken by suppliers in allocating scarce supplies. Rationing according to use
prohibits the less important uses of a commodity. Rationing by quantity may limit the hours
during _________ the commodity is available or may assign quotas of a commodity to all
known and approved claimants. Rationing by value limits the amount consumers may spend on
commodities that cannot be ___________, consumers being allowed to make their own
selections within the value limits imposed. Point rationing assigns a point value to each
commodity and allocates a certain number of points to each consumer; this system is
employed during periods of critical and increasing shortages when individuals begin _________
unrationed for rationed items, thereby spreading shortages. Consumers in a rationed economy
are usually _____________ to save by purchasing government bonds or by increasing their
deposits in savings banks so that unspent money will not be used for increased purchases of
unrationed items or for purchases on the black market.
1) presumption, consumption, assumption, subscription
2) what, which, where, when
3) standardized, propagandized, jeopardized, subsidized
4) instituting, persecuting, substituting, constituting
5) retorted, deported, exhorted, distorted
Answer: consumption, which, standardized, substituting, exhorted

41)
Disposal of solid wastes is a __________ and widespread problem in both urban and rural
areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and
disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today.
MSW management solutions must be financially _________, technically feasible, socially,
legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the biggest
challenge to the ___________ of both small and large cities'. Valorization of food organic
waste is one of the important current research areas. The conventional landfill, incineration,
composting, and ways of _____________ solid wastes are common as mature technologies for
waste disposal. Traditionally, the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and
valorization of the organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The
generation of organic solid waste (OSW) worldwide is dramatically increasing each year. Most
of the OSW's are _____________ of agricultural waste, household food waste, human and
animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal feed, incinerated or disposed to
landfill sites.
1) slanting, stinging, stalling, shafting
2) unattainable, sustainable, objectionable, treasonable
3) plants, culture, authorities, history
4) reserving, preserving, deserving, handling
5) composed, disposed, composing, disposing

Answer: stinging, sustainable, authorities, handling, composed

42)
Neuropsychological testing is one way to ____________ cognitive health. However, this option
can be costly and labor intensive. In many cases, basic screening will suffice for an
understanding of a given individual's cognitive health status. There are a number of excellent
tools available to _____________ for basic screening and tracking of cognitive health. Many of
these tools are designed for use with older people, but some are meant for use with younger
people as well. The Alzheimer's Association website offers a cognitive assessment toolkit that
includes the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit algorithm for the assessment of cognition. This
assessment uses patient history, observations by clinicians, and concerns ____________ by
the patient, family, or caregivers. The toolkit further includes three measures _____________
for use by professionals to assess and track a patient's cognitive health. These measures
include the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition, Memory Impairment Screen, and the
Mini-Cog brief psychometric test.
1) obsess, assess, possess, access
2) stationers, practitioners, petitioners, questioners
3) raised, rising, arising, praised
4) validated, intimidated, dilapidated, antedated

Answer: assess, practitioners, raised, validated

43)
African culture varies not only between national boundaries, but within them. One of the key
__________ of this culture is the large number of _________ groups throughout the 54
countries on the continent. For example, Nigeria alone has more than 300 tribes, according to
Culture Trip. Africa has been importing and exporting its culture for centuries; East African
trading ports were a crucial link between East and West as early as the seventh century,
according to The Field Museum. This led to complex urban centers along the Eastern coast,
often connected by the movement of raw materials and goods from ____________ parts of the
continent. It would be impossible to _____________ all of African culture with one description.
Northwest Africa has strong ties to the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical,
physical and social characteristics that are very different from North Africa, according to
Britannica.
1) features, conjectures, issues, doubts,
2) ethnic, ethic, eugenic, epic
3) forelocked, interlocked, unlocked, landlocked
4) conceptualize, characterize, symbolize, synthesize

Answer: features, ethnic, landlocked, characterize

44)
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it's amazing how
little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old
Romans because they _________ the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may
_________ them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive
them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But
are our feelings of ________ really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing
matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don' t the spectators who attend them
hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were.
The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough
to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive,
we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned
long age; sports which are quite as _____________ as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
1) polished, accomplished, relished, abolished
2) despise, adore, fancy, imagine
3) superiority, infertility, superficiality, superiority
4) barbarous, interesting, hospitable, friendly
Answer: relished, despise, superiority, barbarous

45)
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of
philosophy candidates and the ____________ loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.’s.
Some have placed the dropout’s loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was,
however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published.
It was based on 22,000 ________________ sent to former graduate students who were
______________ in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not
completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well
_____________, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who
went on to complete their doctorates.
1) conventional, consequent, contradictory, contemporary
2) questions, questionnaires, commissionaires, luminaries
3) enrolled, enrolls, enrolling, enrollment
4) financially, considerably, traditionally, practically

Answer: consequent, questionnaires, enrolled, financially

46)
Although a plethora of issues might result in drainage problems at present, certain situations
have been witnessed which are more typical than the others. The primary reason behind crawl
spaces and __________ basements is that it is not possible to drain the water away from the
residence appropriately. Most of the time, the reason for this happens to be the gutters. Either
the spigots have become ___________ blocked or they are not pointed away from the house
as needed, and the water is not following the appropriate route and is getting ________ in
locations around the base, resulting in structural as well as landscape damage. It has also been
observed that several types of individuals require drainage solutions after ____________ a
new landscaping venture. It is very important to grade your backyard, and even landscapers
forget regarding this every now and then. Therefore, if you are thinking of beautifying your
garden, always keep in mind to grade away from your residence!
1) intimidated, inundated, fecundated, dilapidated
2) comprehensively, obsessively, submissively
3) stimulated, interrogated, interrelated, accumulated
4) succeeding, completing, depleting, competing
Answer: inundated, excessively, accumulated, competing

47)
In order to _________ the widespread problem of low literacy, educators and policymakers
must first understand why so many students struggle to read. One reason is undiagnosed
reading disabilities such as dyslexia or other brain-based learning difficulties, which are more
effectively addressed when identified in children as early as kindergarten and ideally before the
second grade. Environmental factors such as low _________ to literature or language barriers
can also limit reading success. Many experts also argue that a major ___________ factor is
the lack of training teachers receive in identifying children who are at risk of reading failure
and in building oral language and linguistic skills. Additionally, teachers may not receive
explicit instruction on how to teach reading skills, and existing reading curricula often do not
__________ with the current science on how students learn. Studies suggest that __________
the science of reading practices studied by psychologists, linguists, and neurobiologists into the
classroom will dramatically reduce the number of children who are on track to become
functionally illiterate adults.
1) progress, address, distress, compress
2) expedition, exposure, composure, experimenter
3) attributing, contributing, contriving, debuting
4) align, feign, reign, deign
5) decelerating, incorporating, cooperating, commemorating
Answer: address, exposure, contributing, align, incorporating

48)
A rainbow is most often viewed as a circular arc in the sky. An observer on the ground
observes a half-circle of color with red being the color ________ on the outside or top of the
bow. Those who are fortunate enough to have seen a rainbow from an airplane in the sky may
know that a rainbow can ______ be a complete circle. Observers on the ground only view the
top half of the circle since the bottom half of the circular arc is prevented by the presence of
the ground. Yet observers in an airborne plane can often look both upward and downward to
view the complete circular bow. The circle results because there are a ____________ of
suspended droplets in the atmosphere that are capable of concentrating the dispersed light at
angles of ___________ of 40-42 degrees relative to the original path of light from the sun.
These droplets actually form a circular arc, with each droplet within the arc ___________ light
and reflecting it back towards the observer.
1) deceived, perceived, conceived, believed
2) mutually, annually, actually, intellectually
3) conception, collection, connection, competition
4) illuviation, abbreviation, aviation, deviation
5) pervading, submersing, traversing, dispersing

Answer: perceived, actually, collection, deviation, dispersing

49)
Catholics venerate the saints and look to them as examples of lives well lived in the faith. Many
find comfort in the ____________ that holy people shared in their same struggles, sins,
doubts, or hardships and ask specific saints to pray for them. Some saints are the patrons of
certain occupations or causes, and these saints are often invoked to aid people in those
professions or situations. For example, St. Judas (Jude) is the patron saint of impossible or
___________ causes, and many Catholics ask him to pray on their behalf for the
____________ of seemingly impossible situations in their lives. Additionally, many Catholics
take or are given a saint's name for their confirmation. A confirmation saint is often seen as
having an invested interest in ____________ a new Catholic's spiritual growth and is usually
chosen because his or her life story ___________ with the neophyte. Most saints have feast
days observed by the Catholic Church in which their lives and contributions are formally
celebrated, and some have large followings of devotees and even religious orders in their
honor.
1) relief, knowledge, disappointment, illusion,
2) complacent, desperate, insidious, satisfactory
3) devolution, resolution, convolution, absolution
4) fostering, forgiving, forging, foreseeing
5) abominates, culminates, hallucinates, resonates

Answer: knowledge, desperate, resolution, fostering, resonates

50)
Coconut crabs spend most of their lives on land, but they start out in the ocean. On the new
moon, a female coconut crab __________ larvae (which she's been carrying around in her
abdomen since they were just fertilized eggs) into the ocean, and the babies ___________
around in the currents for a month or so before dropping to the seafloor and finding nice, cozy
snail shells to move into. Just like your childhood hermit crab friend, young coconut crabs
move in and out of shells as they ______________ up and get used to living on land.
Sometimes a juvenile coconut crab will use a coconut husk or empty sea shell as _________
until its own shell gets harder. After about a year, the teens of the species eventually find
there are no shells left on the beach large enough to ______________ their bulk, so they
move out altogether. From here on out, they live the rest of their lives out of the water —
coconut crabs will drown if totally submerged.
1) deposits, discards, consumes, flaunts
2) bloat, afloat, float, gloat
3) follow, bulk, brush, sum
4) fellow, assistant, trophy, armor
5) abrogate, affiliate, approximate, accommodate

Answer: deposits, float, bulk, armor, accommodate

51)
In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted
as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the
white man _____________ his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man
protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides,
who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of
violence as if it were a _____________ solution, like any other. What is really frightening,
what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have
made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our
___________ remain basically ______________ . The whole of the recorded history of the
human race, that _______________ documentation of violence has taught us absolutely
nothing.
1) exposes, imposes, composes, disposes
2) legitimate, feeble, questionable, doubtful
3) instruction, instillation, instrument, instincts
4) unchanged, fluctuating
5) tedious, educational, valuable, interesting,

Answer: imposes, legitimate, instincts, unchanged, tedious

52)
The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain
of events which __________ in war between Germany and the United States. The complete
destruction of democracy, the __________ of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and
barbarism of the Nazis, and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for
world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world
war. While speaking out against Hitler's atrocities, the American people generally favored
isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 ____________ trade
with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an
arms embargo in wars between nations at his __________. American opinion began to change
somewhat after President Roosevelt's "quarantine the aggressor" speech at Chicago (1937) in
which he __________ criticized Hitler's policies. Germany's seizure of Austria and the Munich
Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people.
1) fulminated, culminated, cultivated, disseminated
2) persecution, construction, protection, allocution
3) prohibited, introduced, promulgated, permitted
4) secretion, accretion, concretion, discretion
5) politely, severely, pessimistically, securely

Answer: culminated, persecution, prohibited, discretion, severely

53)
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life,
educated people need at least some ___________ with its structure and operation. They
should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of
people they are. An understanding of general __________ of science as well as specific
scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and
frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose
acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as
a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the
production of gadgets. The book can be used to _____________ a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or
independently of any course — simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope
this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more
_____________ view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do.
1) acquaintance, concomitance, inheritance, capacitance
2) ostracism, irreverence, predilection, characteristics
3) implement, supplement, complement, supply
4) realistic, hilarious, intransigent, imaginative

Answer: acquaintance, characteristics, supplement, realistic

54)
The Babylonians are the innovators behind the most well-known example of early advanced
agriculture systems. Built nearly 2,500 years ago, their hanging gardens are thought to be the
earliest ____________ of a vertical farm (vertical refers to the practice of growing the plants
upward to maximize growing space). Beyond this ancient Wonder of the World, there are
myriad examples of how civilizations have worked to _________ their environments to make
farming easier or more ______________. One thousand years ago, the Mesoamerican Aztec
society ______________ a form of hydroponics (hydroponics is the science of growing plants
without soil in a nutrient-rich solution). The Aztecs grew plants on marshy 'rafts' suspended in
rivers and shallow lake beds. The remnants of these small, rectangular areas of fertile, arable
land, known as chinampas, can still be seen in Mexico City today.
1) prototype, failure, discredit, protocol
2) escape, manipulate, respect, disarrange
3) productive, constructive, connective, counterproductive
4) domineered, pioneered, volunteered, engineered
Answer: prototype, manipulate, productive, pioneered

55)
This year’s hole in the Earth’s protective ozone layer — which grew to be larger than
Antarctica — is finally set to close this week. ____________ like a shield, ozone absorbs UV
light from the sun. Its absence means more of this high-energy radiation reaches the Earth,
where it can harm living cells. The ozone layer is depleted by chemical reactions that involve
the by-products of human-made chemicals that ___________ in the atmosphere. The size of
the annual hole — which forms during the southern hemisphere’s summer — is strongly
dependent on weather conditions, and boosted by cold. Despite these natural fluctuations,
experts _________ the hole to close permanently by 2050, in response to restrictions on
ozone-depleting chemicals introduced in 1987. The current hole, which has been unusually
large, is on track to last only a few days less than its __________ last year, which was the
longest-lived on record since 1979.
1) Thinking, Perceiving, Acting, Rolling
2) vanish, absorb, defuse, linger
3) subject, expect, reject, object
4) nemesis, enemy, counterpart, alliance
Answer: Acting, linger, expect, counterpart

56)
The geography of Scotland is varied and dramatic. From its rocky high mountains to its deep
valleys, rivers, lochs and diverse coastline, Scotland attracts visitors from around the world
to revel in the ___________ beauty of this beautiful country. Scotland’s coastline
___________ for over 11,000 km, and includes a wide range of features, from white sand
beaches in the Hebrides, to deep sea lochs reaching far inland, sheltered pebble enclaves
and wide open expanses of sand in Aberdeen shire. This exceptionally diverse and beautiful
coastline offers something for everyone. Wherever your self-catering base, the coast will
always be an ___________ target for a day trip — whether you decide to indulge
_________ water-sports, bird watching, whale spotting or even some wild swimming;
Scotland’s coast is sure to delight. Scotland’s islands are prolific and varied, with exposed
Atlantic coasts and sheltered leeward coves. Each of Scotland’s islands is home to many
different species of flora and __________, as well as varied rock formations and features.
1) deficient, domestic, ascetic, majestic
2) runs, stands, lasts, builds
3) irretrievable, achievable, observable, inconceivable
4) in, on, with, to
5) sauna, fauna, faun, flower
Answer: majestic, achievable, in, fauna

57)
Most inventors _________ to make money from an invention by licensing it to a larger
company that will manufacture and sell the invention. However, they __________ the risk
that potential licensees with whom they discuss the invention may learn enough about it to
steal it or prevent them from patenting it. This means that the inventor would not receive any
royalties from the invention. Sometimes an inventor will ___________ a provisional patent
application to prevent this problem. They would need to make sure that their invention meets
the requirements for patent protection. If it does, a provisional patent application can give
their invention patent pending status for a minimal fee. This will ___________ an inventor’s
intent to move forward with obtaining patent rights for the invention. Another ___________
for inventors to consider is requiring potential customers to sign a non-disclosure agreement,
also known as a confidentiality agreement. This may be appropriate if the invention may not
meet the patent requirements at this stage of its development, which means that they could
not file a provisional patent application.
1) offer, claim, target, aim
2) face, avoid, reduce, accept
3) profile, defile, withdrew, file
4) integrate, signal, process, emigrate
5) option, adoption, assumption, conception
Answer: aim, face, file, signal, option

58)
Just as young people used to spend unmonitored time playing with friends in the
neighborhood, outside the periphery of adults, they are now __________ with each other in
the cyberworld, talking with each other about each other, often without adult or parental
monitoring. While technology allows young people to connect in _________ ways, such as the
opportunity to share ideas, photos, videos, and more, the unsupervised _________ of the
cyberworld demands the need for guidance, guidelines, and social responsibility. Cyberbullying
can happen ________ there is online social interaction. For example, some young people use
social media, video games, texting, or anonymous apps to bully other youth, post
embarrassing pictures, share private information, or send threatening messages. Students can
use their access to a large online audience to encourage their peers to join them in targeting
someone with gossip, rumors, and _____________ stories.
1) complying, engaging, coping, fighting
2) dull, meaningful, trivial, inconsequential
3) nature, stature, ability, benefit
4) anywise, anyhow, anywhere, anyways
5) interesting, untrue, authentic, true
Answer: engaging, meaningful, nature, anywhere, untrue

59)
A few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent Christmas cards to a
sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some reaction, the __________ he
received was amazing — holiday cards _________ to him came pouring back from the
people who had never met nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned a card
never inquired ____________ the identity of the unknown professor. They received his
holiday greeting card, and they automatically sent one in return. This study shows the action
of one of the most powerful of the weapons of influence around us — the rule for
______________. The rule says that we should try to repay, in kind, what another person
has provided us. If a woman does us a favor, we should do her one in return; if a man sends
us a birthday present, we should remember his birthday with a gift of our own; if a couple
invites us to a party, we should be sure to invite them to one of ours.
1) response, respite, rudeness, ignorance
2) caressed, regressed, distressed, addressed
3) through, into, over, after
4) reciprocation. Adjudication, advocation, verification
Answer: response, addressed, into, reciprocation

60)
The Olympics _________ the noble ideal of sports overcoming the __________ of politics
with champion athletes of all nations gathering in the spirit of sportsmanship. However, the
stakes go beyond who wins the gold medal. Shortly after each competition, nations begin to
vie afresh for the bid to host the next game. Winning the vote to host is not merely an honor,
it is a political conquest in global recognition. It also spins revenue from the __________of
tourists, participants and Olympic related paraphernalia. However, all that __________ is not
gold. For some residents of Beijing, the site of Olympic 2008, the impact of winning the bid
cuts deep and far into their personal lives. The capital is expecting to pour billions of dollars
into sports facilities and related upgrades ___________roads, public transport, landscaping
and sanitation. For the bustling city of bicycles and traffic jams tucked among imperial relics,
the Olympics is an opportunity for urban renewal.
1) reproves, represents, reprieves, reprehends
2) jam, benefits, barriers, connection
3) efflux, afflux, reflux, influx
4) flutters, loiters, glitters, jitters
5) by far, as for, such as, in favor of
Answer: represents, barriers, influx, glitters, such as

61)
Organic milk and dairy products may contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and slightly
higher amounts of iron, vitamin E, and some carotenoids. _______, organic milk may contain
less selenium and iodine than non-organic milk. These are two minerals that are essential
for health. A review of 67 studies found that organic meat contained higher levels of omega-
3 fatty acids and slightly lower levels of saturated fats than conventional meat. A higher
intake of omega-3 fatty acids has been ___________ with many health benefits, including a
reduced risk of heart disease. However, several other studies found no differences. While
several studies find that organic foods can have significant positive outcomes, others have
found insufficient evidence to recommend organic over conventional. An observational study
comparing the nutrient intakes of nearly 4,000 adults consuming either organic or
conventional vegetables found _____________ results. Although a slightly higher intake of
certain nutrients was seen in the organic group, this was most likely _____________ higher
overall vegetable consumption.
1) Therefore, Additionally, However, Moreover
2) fascinated, associated, appreciated, dissociated
3) conflicting, contributing, conditioning, convincing
4) such as, due to, along with, no doubt
Answer: However, associated, conflicting, due to
62)
While there are many project management techniques and tools, there are considerable
___________ in applying these methods to different projects. For example, a large,
complex, multiyear construction project is very different from a 12-month ISO 9001 quality
management system implementation or a three-month process improvement and machinery
upgrade project. While the basic principles apply in all situations, the project management
methodology must be ____________ to fit the benefit-to-cost ratio for each situation.
Managers often fail to use project planning tools and techniques appropriate to the
anticipated outcomes of the project and the resources available. Aspiring project managers
may utilize a wide ___________ of project management tutorials and other resources,
including college-based, association-based, and consultant-sponsored classes and courses.
The Project Management Institute offers certification as a Project Management Professional
(PMP) to those who pass a rigorous exam and ____________ their proficiency by planning
and managing a successful project.
1) difficulties, deviations, conflicts, differences
2) scaled, abjured, obfuscated, beguiled
3) sort, category, range, classification
4) Sequestrate, disprove, remonstrate, demonstrate
Answer: differences, scaled, range, demonstrate

63)
When an iceberg reaches warm waters, the new climate attacks it from all sides. On the
iceberg surface, warm air melts snow and ice into pools called melt ponds that can trickle
__________ the iceberg and widen cracks. At the same time, warm water laps at the iceberg
edges, melting the ice and causing chunks of ice to break off. On the underside, warmer
waters melt the iceberg from the bottom up. Icebergs ________ a danger to ships _______
the North Atlantic and the waters around Antarctica. After the Titanic sank near
Newfoundland in 1912, the United States and twelve other countries formed the International
Ice Patrol to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic. The International Ice Patrol uses
airplanes and radars to track icebergs that float into major shipping lanes. The U.S. National
Ice Center uses satellite data to __________ icebergs near Antarctica. However, it only
Trac0ks icebergs larger than 500 square meters (5,400 square feet).
1) form, under, through, over
2) depose, pose, dispose, compose
3) rescinding, presaging, traversing, conversing
4) monitor, maintain, modify, produce
Answer: through, pose, traversing, monitor

64)
The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral __________.
The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but the ___________ of it is an
invariable sign of goodness of heart. In proportion to the degree in which it is felt will
probably be the degree in which nobleness and beauty of character will be __________.
Natur0al beauty is an all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It unfolds into the
numberless flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of
grass. It _____________ from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not only
these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars, the rising and the
setting sun — all __________ with beauty.
1) quality, quantity, qualification, qualifier
2) absence, presence, contrary, opposite
3) entertained, attained, detained, sustained
4) overflow, overfeed, overfly, overfill
Answer: quality, presence, attained, gleams, overflow

65)
To be really happy and really safe, one __________ to have at least two or three hobbies,
and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this
or that.”; Such an attempt only ____________ the strain of mental effort. A man may
____________ great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly
get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.
____________ speaking, human being may be divided into three classes: those who are
toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.
1) ought, should, may, believes
2) alleviates, aggravates, aggregates, agglomerates
3) acquire, deny, lack, know
4) kindly, Broadly, Grandly, Sadly
Answer: ought, aggravates, acquire, Broadly

66)
Although it symbolizes a bright idea, the traditional incandescent light bulb is a dud. It wastes
huge ____________ of electricity, radiating 95% of the energy it ___________ as heat
rather than light. Its life is also relatively short, culminating in a dull pop as its filament
fractures. Now a team of researchers has ___________ a light bulb that is not only much
more energy-efficient -- it is also expected to __________ longer than the devices into which
it is inserted. Moreover, the lamp could be used for rear-projection televisions as well as
general illumination. The trick to a longer life, for light bulbs at least, is to __________ that
the lamp has no electrodes. Although electrodes are undeniably convenient or plugging
bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail.
1) counts, rations, amounts, proportions
2) consumes, lasts, invents, pursues
3) involved, devised, excluded, revised
4) carry, last, use, take
5) assure, ensure, ascertain, ensue
Answer: amounts, consumes, devised, last, ensure

67)
It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate
positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust
upon them at the very ___________ of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and
spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors
now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that ___________ branch of business
education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is _____________ any morning, the
boy who has the ______________ of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand
at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was
one of those sweepers myself.
1) limitation, threshold, terminal, midpoint
2) voluntary, sanitary, sedentary, salutary
3) assent, consent, absent, present
4) genius, radius, eyesight, faith
Answer: threshold, salutary, absent, genius

68)
The father’s role in society has changed during the last 20 years, with a trend towards
acceptance of a nurturant father who is more involved in child care responsibilities. With the
birth of a child, father-child issues may ____________ from the family in which the father
was born and raised. The healthy, _____________ father is able to put these issues in
perspective and resolve them. Thus, bitterness, hostility, or ___________ from the family of
origin does not spill into the immediate family. While fathers contribute to their own
psychosocial development, they also have an important impact on their children from infancy
__________ adulthood. One researcher concludes that fathers who are more involved in
infant care giving have infants with greater cognitive development at one year of age than
fathers who are less involved in infant care giving. Infants can ____________ fathers from
other adults early.
1) resurface, restrict, restore, resuscitate
2) adjusted, mistrusted, entrusted, maladjusted
3) increment, abatement, resentment, alignment
4) though, besides, above, over
5) forgive, distinguish, forget, respect
Answer: resurface, adjusted, resentment, through, distinguish

69)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the
ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in ___________ to solve new problems. It
__________ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then generally starts to
slowly _________ as we age. But ____________ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding
out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
1) order, attempt, return, step
2) peaks, delays, fades, continues
3) plateau, soar, rocket, decline
4) because, while, with, why
Answer: order, peaks, decline, while

70)
As a historian who’s always ____________ for the text or the image that makes us re-
evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for ____________ that show our
Victorian ancestors smiling. I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on
Twitter — they have been causing quite a ___________. People have been surprised to see
________ that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the
Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate
us _________ away through our common experience of laughter.
1) fighting, accounting, searching, opting
2) telegraphs, paragraphs, photographs, phonograph
3) problem, stir, result, row
4) picture, evidence, breath, story
5) pull, blink, look, fade
Answer: searching, photographs, stir, evidence, fade

71)
The Food Standards Authority has ___________ a public warning about the risks of a
compound called acrylamide that ____________ in some foods cooked at high
temperatures. This means that people should avoid ____________ their roast potatoes,
reject thin-crust pizzas and only easily toast their bread. But where is the evidence to
support such __________ advice? While studies have shown that acrylamide can cause
neurological damage in mice, there is no _______________ evidence that it causes cancer
in humans.
1) issued, ensued, sued, pursued
2) performs, transforms, forms, deforms
3) poaching, boiling, crisping, steaming
4) alarmist, finest, populist, moist
5) illusive, occlusive, reclusive, conclusive
Answer: issued, forms, crisping, alarmist, conclusive

72)
“Most people think success comes from surrounding yourself with others that are like you”
says Johansson. “But true success and breakthrough __________ involves discomfort.
Discomfort pushes you to ___________. This is ____________ difference of experience,
opinion, and perspective come in. Diversity is a well-documented pathway to unlocking new
___________, overcoming new challenges, and _________ new insights.”
1) innovation, fascination, composition, intervention
2) fear, grow, pause, hesitate
3) who, where, which, that
4) opportunities, arrival, failure, loss
5) deciding, gaining, standing, living
Answer: innovation, grow, where, opportunities, gaining

73)
Communication should be open, honest, and ___________. People feel ____________ to
express their thoughts, opinions, and potential solutions to problems. People feel as if they
are heard out and listened to by team members who are ____________ to understand.
Team members ask questions for clarity and spend their thought time listening deeply
____________than forming rebuttals while their co-worker is speaking.
1) respectful, destructive, harmful, dreadful
2) free, concerned, fearful, nervous
3) complaining, attempting, defending, making
4) rather, along, instead, more
Answer: respectful, free, attempting, rather
74)
Don’t expect a straightforward answer from Chanan Tigay about the _____________ or
even the existence of what was promoted as the earliest version of the fifth and final book of
the Jewish Torah, known to Christians as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament.
As an author who spent years trying to _____________ a juicy mystery and get it down on

paper, Tigay wants you to read his book, “The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for the World’s
Oldest Bible” to find the answer. But at a talk on Wednesday, the writer, journalist, and
fellow offered listeners an enticing peek, describing how he landed on the story of the
mysterious manuscript and about his years trying to track ___________ the document. From
the author’s description, it was a wild, Indiana Jones-type ride that included a competition to
find the relic, false starts, dead ends, trips to faraway places, and an ultimate breakthrough
close to home.
1) authenticity, area, imagination, scale
2) build, unravel, cross, envisage
3) down, envisage, out, of
Answer: authenticity, unravel, down
Reading: Fill in the blanks:
1)
Whenever you search a location using Google Maps, you can expect that to tbe marked off for
future ___________. But it isn’t just the places you’re planning on visiting that Google
remembers. If you have Google Maps _____________ on your phone or mobile device, the
chances are your privacy settings ___________ it to track store your every step.
Option: Participation, promised, permit, receive, installed, reference
Answer: reference, installed, permit

2)
The food we eat every day keeps us alive, but it can also ______ big health and environmental
costs — heart disease, carbon emissions, soil _______ , and more. A recent study published in
Nature Food finds that small ___________ in the food choices Americans make could have
outsized benefits to both health and planet.
Option: incur, degradation, variation, shifts, conservation, prove
Answer: incur, degradation, shifts

3)
An interdisciplinary team of scientists have __________ a project with the goal of decoding and
communicating with sperm whales. The team wants to decode the clicking sounds sperm whales
use to communicate with one another. To ____________ it off, the researchers plan on
leveraging natural-language processing, a sub-field of AI _________ on processing written and
spoken language.
Option: pull, launched, issued, focused, take, depended
Answer: launched, pull, focused

4)
As the climate ____________, it's putting more heat into the atmosphere and creating more
energy that can ____________ tornadoes. Large December tornadoes are rare because
December tends to be cool — but the U.S. is experiencing unusual warmth this year, including
over the Gulf of Mexico, where the heat that fuels tornado-forming thunderstorms
__________________.
Option: gather, disseminates, feed, originates, warms, worsens
Answer: warms, feed, originates

5)
COVID-19 vaccines train our immune systems to make antibodies using synthetic _________of
the virus' spike protein. If a vaccinated person later encounters the virus, the antibodies
recognize it and bind to the spike protein to prevent ________.The first dose of an mRNA vaccine
prepares the cells to make antibodies, and the second dose matures and ___________ those
antibodies to bind even more strongly to the spike protein.
Option: infection, versions, enhances, editions, inflammation, urges
Answer: versions, infection, enhances

6)
Online therapy can’t always replace traditional face-to-face counseling, but it has been shown to
be an effective ___________, especially for treating commonplace mental health issues like
_________ and anxiety. If ______________ is an issue, online therapy is usually more
affordable and cost-effective than traditional therapy, starting with the fact that therapists
working online can save on overhead __________ like rent and travel, passing those savings
onto their patients.
Option: infection, cost, expenses, spending, alternative, depression, age
Answer: alternative, depression, cost, expenses

7)
A lack of confidence is often ________ to something we call shyness. But beneath shyness, there
may lie something more surprising, _________ and poignant. We suffer from a suspicion of
ourselves that gives us a sense that other people will always have _________ reasons to dislike
us, to think ill of us, to ___________ our motives and to mock us.
Option: pernicious, question, tremendous, pulled up, despise, sufficient, put down
Answer: put down, pernicious, sufficient, question

8)
The suspicion that life is constantly painful and anxious is one that we largely have to ________
in a very lonely way in the philosophies of the West. In those of the East, pessimism is ennobled
and ___________ centre stage: we are ______________ to feel weary and amply __________
every once in a while.
Option: forbidden, carry, forms, bear, takes, dissatisfied, permitted
Answer: bear, takes, permitted, dissatisfied

9)
Case studies on the deformation of serpentinite tunnels are not hit in the Web of Science
database, _________ severe deformation has been ____________ at soft rock tunnels
worldwide, and many papers have been published. The lack of publication may indicate that
tunnel excavation in serpentinite is difficult, and thus excavation without professional guidance
should be ______________.
Option: avoided, although, experienced, experimented, despite, escaped
Answer: although, experienced, avoided

10)
With the aim of liberalizing and de-monopolizing the energy market, and the natural gas market
long with it, special companies ____________ with energy were introduced, These companies
___________ the job of traders and suppliers of individual market categories with the usage of
the aforementioned technological infrastructure. In such conditions, it is necessary to
______________ special rules of behavior for all the ____________ in the energy sector.
Option: participants, define, dealing, confine, perform, tackling, reform
Answer: dealing, perform, define, participants

11)
Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protesters Friday in an
_________ to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever ____________ in the United
States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-
megawatt nuclear power plant _____________ to provide power to most of southern New
Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was ___________ despite
the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on state authorities
to cancel the project.
Option: staged, initiate, acted, ceased, attempt, continuing, scheduled
Answer: attempt, staged, scheduled, continuing
12)
Integration of blockchain systems into industrial applications show promise in increasing security,
trust, and ___________ along the value-chain during product and process tracking. However,
current solutions suffer performance _____________, or often disregard legacy devices still in
operation. We __________ a block chain system built upon an IoT architecture that is secure,
modular, easily scalable, and deployable for fast certification of manufacturing data,
________with current industrial landscapes.
Option: accountable, awareness, transparency, deficiencies, compatible, affirm
Answer: transparency, deficiencies, propose, compatible

13)
Due to the lack of living space and the increase in population, there has been a construction
__________ in the underground space to improve the quality of human life. In recent decades,
_____________ tunnelling techniques, particularly tunnel boring machines, have been
extensively ____________ to tunnel construction due to their high excavation __________ and
low total cost for the excavation of long tunnels.
Option: ration, rate, prosperity, mechanized, applied, boom, expected
Answer: boom, mechanized, applied, rate

14)
Conflict driven large-scale displacement (both internal and external) is among the main
challenges ___________ sub-Saharan Africa today. According to the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees, more than 2.3 million South Sudanese _____________ from their
homes have __________ to neighbouring countries, with 82% of them being women or children.
These refugees face _______ social, health, and livelihood challenges.
Option: faced, uprooted, enough, tremendous, facing, fled, deserted
Answer: facing, uprooted, fled, tremendous

15)
Greenland was first ____________ by Vikings in 985 by a group of settlers in 14 ships led by
Erik the Red, who had been __________ from neighbouring Iceland for manslaughter. Erik and
his followers settled across southern Greenland, where they and their __________ hunted for
seals, grazed livestock, built churches and traded walrus ivory with European mainlanders.
Option: ancestors, defeated, colonized, descendants, banished, dispelled
Answer: colonized, banished, descendants

16)
Riverbank erosion is an inevitable natural ________ of any floodplain region. Bank erosion
involves the mechanism of ___________ bank materials from river banks by the fluvial actions
like channel head pressure, velocity, discharge etc. The erosion takes place when the shear
stress exceeds and the ______________ support is collapsed.
Option: phenomenon, event, removal, basal, migration, additional
Answer: phenomenon, removal, basal

17)
In _________, biodegradation is simple — large or complex materials are biologically converted
into smaller, simpler, ideally non-toxic _________ that can be recycled in the biosphere, ideally
without human _________. However, the ____________ involved in biological degradation are
technically complex and the conditions under which biodegradation ____________ in large scale
waste management environments generally do not match those found in purely natural
environments, such as soil and seawater.
Option: convention, concurs, compounds, sense, intervention, concept, occurs, mechanisms
Answer: concept, compounds, intervention, mechanisms, occurs

18)
Virginia's Tangier Island is rapidly disappearing. Rising sea levels are ___________ erosion and
flooding, and could make the speck of land in the Chesapeake Bay _____________ within the
next few decades. For years, island residents, policy makers and others have _________ whether
to attempt to save the island or relocate its small community _____________. But time to decide
is running out.
Option: elsewhere, debated, exacerbating, exciting, uninhabitable habitable, probated
Answer: exacerbating, uninhabitable, debated, elsewhere

19)
The ________ heat and pressure of the first atomic bomb test, in 1945, left __________ a glassy
substance known as trinities — and something even stranger. Within the trinities, scientists
discovered, is a rare form of matter called a quasicrystal. Quasicrystals have an
______________ structure like a normal crystal, but that structure doesn't repeat.
_____________ , these crystals had been found only in meteorites or made in the lab.
Option: Tremendously, pretense, Previously, orderly, intense, improperly, behind
Answer: intense, behind, orderly, Previously

20)
A year ago, vaccine drives against COVID-19 were just beginning. Now, more than 4.4 billion
people have had one or more ____________ — about 56% of the world population. The
vaccination of so many in such a short ___________ of time, so soon after the _____________
rapid development of the vaccines, has saved huge numbers of lives and is a __________ for
science and research.
Option: triumph, unparalleled, dispose, space, duration, dose, struggle
Answer: dose, space, unparalleled, triumph

21)
Usually, we use pressure __________on the sea floor to tell us when a tsunami is moving over
the sensors. But these pressure changes only tell us there is a tsunami after it has passed the
sensors. A team ____________used a set of sensors in the Pacific Ocean to measure magnetic
field and sea level change _____________. They found that the tsunamis were indeed
_____________ by changes in the magnetic field in the water.
Option: hardly, commercially, gauges, simultaneously, instead, acceded, preceded
Answer: gauges, instead, simultaneously, preceded

22)
In a closed-system economy, gross national product is __________as a ‘cost of the system’. The
Leontiev model relating the components of society's ___________ to resource use has been
extended to make possible _______________estimates of ‘social entropy’. This kind of work
suggests a ________________ for minimizing social entropy and real cost in a more advanced
economy and technology.
Option: discarded, rationalism, regarded, qualified, rationale, quantitative, demand
Answer: regarded, demand, quantitative, rationale
23)
NASA's Perseverance rover touched down on the red planet, __________ a new era of Mars
exploration. After sticking its landing, Perseverance _________ a small helicopter that completed
the first ___________ flight on another world. After an _____________ failed attempt, the rover
drilled and stored its first of many planned samples of Martian rock, which future space missions
will ____________ so scientists can analyze them for signs of past life.
Option: aggrieve, powered, retrieve, essential, initial, deployed, kicking off, developed, dropping
out
Answer: kicking off, deployed, powered, initial, retrieve

24)
A chemical that is sometimes _________ from human skin, breath and faeces has no
_______________ smell, but it appears to influence people's behavior, with men becoming
calmer and women becoming more ___________. Although scientists have yet to
_____________ when or under what conditions people and other mammals release hexadecanal,
it seems clear that humans are ‘communicating’ with each other __________ through their body
odor.
Option: aggressive, committed, subconsciously, determine, progressive, detectable, consciously,
undermine, emitted
Answer: emitted, detectable, aggressive, determine, subconsciously

25)
The new spending legislation would __________ more than $550 billion to energy and climate
program. This includes an ________ $320 billion in tax reductions over a decade for businesses
and individuals who invest in clean-energy technologies such as wind, solar, electric vehicles and
nuclear power. The legislation would build on clean-energy ___________ in the bipartisan
infrastructure package, which includes $66 billion to __________ rail networks.
Option: estimated, domesticate, modernize, transfusions, provisions, estimating, allocate
Answer: allocate, estimated, provisions, modernize

26)
In a bone-chilling event two weeks ago, astronomers caught a star ____________a nearby black
hole, or perhaps a neutron star, and then getting eaten by its __________ meal. The
__________spectacular explosion left behind a black hole. Astronomers had _________ that
such a star-eat-star supernova was possible, but had never observed one.
Option: slowing, resulting, opponent, theorized, popularized, own, swallowing
Answer: swallowing, own, resulting, theorized

27)
Researchers say they have been ___________of their finances and academic freedoms and do
not feel valued by the new government. Many continue to fear being _____________ for their
international connections, ___________ or gender -- or because they have been critical of the
government -- and some say they have been threatened with death or ____________ by the
Taliban.
Option: persecuted, stripped, retribution, tripped, personalized, ethnicity, contribution
Answer: stripped, persecuted, ethnicity, retribution

28)
It sounds like something out of a science fiction movie - or nightmare millions of honeybees
__________ dying off, their bodies never found. Scientists have __________ the phenomenon
'Colony Collapse Disorder', but they aren't ________ on the reason. Theories abound as to the
_____________ of the mass die-off, ranging from the unlikely (cellphones affecting bees
navigational abilities) to the more ______________though still debated (widespread pesticide
use).

29)
Sirhan, the _____________of US Senator Robert F. Kennedy, was granted __________ on
Friday, after two of Kennedy ‘s sons spoke in favor of Sirhan’s release, and lawyers
______________to argue that he should stay in jail. The decision was a major victory for the
77-year-old man, who spent 53 years in prison; however, it doesn’t _________ he is free.
Douglas Kennedy, who was a toddler when his father was gunned down in 1968, said he was
moved to tears by Sirhan‘s __________ , and he should be released if he‘s not a threat to others.
Option: guarantee, prize, valued, remorse, deputy, assassin, declined, parole, matter, dignity
Answer: assassin, parole, declined, guarantee, remorse

30)
Sleep ______________is a global issue in all the major cities around the world where the amount
of sleep is ___________over decades. Now, the decrease is growing with the ______________of
the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress plays a major role in how we sleep. People are __________to
have some kind of routines, and many people lost them during the pandemic and especially
during lockdowns. People woke up and went to sleep at ______________times, they ate at odd
times, and all of that definitely affected their biological rhythms.
Option: forced, meant, marvellous, treatment, decreasing, abundance, deprivation, odd,
onslaught, mounting
Answer: deprivation, decreasing, onslaught, meant, odd

31)
Charlie Watts, the London-born Rolling Stones drummer who _____________the band's sound
for nearly 60 years, died at the age of 80. Watts is _____________as one of the greatest and
most _____________ rock drummers of all time. He was a member of the Rolling Stones since
January 1963, when he joined Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, and Brian Jones in their
____________ group. Watts helped them become one of the bands who took rock'n'roll to the
spawning point in the 1960s with classics like Satisfaction or Sympathy of the Devil.
Option: ancient, stylish, orthodox regarded, fledgling, discerned, simulated, propelled
Answer: propelled, regarded, stylish, fledgling

32)
A koala rode 16 kilometres near Adelaide, Australia, inside an __________ for a car wheel. The
driver did not __________ until he stopped and heard the animal making noise. A woman with
an animal rescue organization said that it was incredible, but the koala was in _____________.
The organization took her straight to the vet. People named the koala Kelli, after one of her
___________, and put the koala back into the wild. She quickly climbed up a tree and went to
sleep. Koalas are a ___________ species as there are less than 100,000 of them in the wild.
Option: vulnerable, observe, incumbency, favourable, shock, spite, arch, predators, rescuers,
care
Answer: arch, observe, shock, rescuers, vulnerable

33)
REIQ Gold Coast Zone chairman John Newlands said some southern suburbs were shaking off a
poor reputation and ___________ gentrification as wealthier residents moved in and displaced
people from lower-income groups. "l think suburbs such as Miami have become __________
with people who previously would not have gone there," he said. "They have come into their own
with new restaurants and markets ___________ which has also made them more attractive."
Developers have ____________ on to the trend as well, with Sunland launching a $62 million
development, Magnoli Residences, in Palm Beach.
Option: collected, decreasing, experiencing, opening, cottoned, overcoming, popular, rigid
Answer: experiencing, popular, opening, cottoned

34)
Marriage is a big step _________ anyone's life and there is an argument to be made _________
getting married too early. As any newlywed couple knows, there is a huge amount of financial
pressure associated ________ marriage. Firstly, the wedding reception and honeymoon cost you
an arm and a leg. Then there's the matter of home loans, rent and energy bills. If you're looking
to start a family, your child's education is another thing you need to save up __________.
Teenagers should probably find a proper job before deciding to tie the ____________.
Option: tangle, for, cost, throughout, knot, with, in, against
Answer: in, against, with, for, knot

35)
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose __________ consists only of eggs. Some
eat only small eggs, which they have to swallow _________, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special ________. These snakes have spines
that stick _________ from the backbone. The spines crack the egg ___________ as it passes
through the throat.
Option: saliva, part, open, taste, diet, whole, treatment, out
Answer: diet, whole, treatment, out, open

36)
For all his fame and Arab celebration, William Shakespeare remains a(n) ___________ figure
with regards to personal history. There are just two primary ____________ for information on
the Bard: his works, and various legal and __________ documents that have survived from
Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many __________ in this body of information, which tells
us little about Shakespeare the man.
Option: entitlements, mysterious, ubiquitous, church, gaps, sources
Answer: mysterious, sources, church, gaps

37)
An individual's propensity to take risks is influenced by their own experience and that of others.
The key ____________ in risk taking is the balancing of perceptions of the risk and the possible
rewards, and this balance may be a ___________ of an individual's particular type of
__________.
Option: utility, reflection, reason, personality, relation, feature
Answer: feature, reflection, personality

38)
There are a number of substances (toxic as well as non-toxic) which are being added to the
environment by pollution-caused __________. These are, in fact, the undesirable consequences
of modern civilization. These substances, which are continuously going into air, water and soil,
bring about undesirable _________ in physical, chemical and biological ____________ of our
environment and the life __________of animals and plants.
Option: possessions, changes, events, aspects, processes, intentions
Answer: events, changes, aspect, processes

39)
The Silk Road has often been ___________ for the spread of infectious diseases in the past
between East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. While such a hypothesis seems ____________,
there is actually very little __________ evidence to prove that diseases were transmitted by
early travellers moving along its _________branches.
Option: claimed, concrete, incorrect, overrated, various, blamed, plausible, individual
Answer: blamed, plausible, concrete, various

40)
Dams are huge man-made structures that act as __________ on a river. Today, the main reason
people build dams is to produce electricity. They are also built to restrict and control the flow of
water in a river. Throughout history, dams have been used to prevent flooding and to irrigate
(water) farmland. Dams supply about a sixth of the world's electricity and they significantly
reduce the risk of floods and __________. They also make water easier to access, especially in
desertlike areas, where water is in low supply. There are however, some negative effects of
damming rivers. Many people's homes are knocked down to make space for the dam, and
flooding can ____________ in the reservoir, which is the area behind the dam where water
___________. This can cause valuable farmland to become submerged under the lakes.
Option: barriers, droughts, occur, deposits, overlaps, blizzards, collects, disappear
Answer: barriers, droughts, occur, collects

41)
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression,
the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, ____________ its newest members, Nauru,
Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002,
and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been ____________ on October 24 since 1948
and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established
on October 24, 1945. The UN ____________ in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across
the globe. Though some say its ____________ has declined in recent decades, the United
Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan,
then Secretary-General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better
organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping
operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel
at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were
16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation
of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
Option: observed, trades, engages, except, watched, influence, including, treatment
Answer: including, observed, engages, influence

42)
Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries,
make up 80% of their bodies, these cunning South American ____________ can deliver
debilitating blows of up to 600 volts to their prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack
even bigger punches. Last year, Vanderbilt University biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric
eels bring their positively charged head and negatively charged _________ closer together to
generate a more powerful ___________.
Option: objects, current, limb, hunters, tail, engine
Answer: hunter, tail, current

43)
Social reforms are normally ___________ as a result of statistical analyses of factors such as
crime rates and poverty levels etc. Large-scale population can result from projections devised
by statisticians. Manufacturers can provide better products at lower costs by ___________
statistical control tools, ____________ as control charts. Diseases are controlled through
analyses designed to anticipate epidemics. Endangered species of fish and other wildlife are
protected through regulations and laws that react to statistical estimates of changing population
sizes. And, ___________ statistical analysis of fatality rates, legislators can better justify laws,
such as those governing air pollution, auto inspections, seat belt and airbag use, and drunk
driving.
Option: through, using, initiated, changed, though, entailing, such
Answer: initiated, using, such, through

44)
There are many different ways to help other people. Perhaps the most common of these involves
giving others __________ help. In our society, there are many individuals who spontaneously
help others in this way. Additionally, there are others who belong to organisations which have
been set up to provide help to specific groups, such as the elderly, the disabled, and those with
serious physical or __________ health problems. Most importantly, there are many
_______________, such as nursing, occupational therapy and social work, which involve
professionals who are trained to provide or organise practical help for others. And, ___________
helping other people in a practical way, many volunteer and professional helpers also make use
of some counselling skills. These skills can be very useful in enabling people to feel better as
described in this book and our book, Counselling Skills in Everyday Life. However, it needs to be
_____________ that just being able to make use of some counselling skills does not qualify a
person as a counsellor.
Option: while, practical, despite, recognized, pompous, factors, denied, occupations, mental
Answer: practical, mental, occupations, while, recognized

45)
London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year _____________of
photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty-one portraits on display depict key __________ in
literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits
by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and
1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal
commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on films
__________ and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
Option: sets, elements, status, career, figures
Answer: career, figures, sets

46)
British doctors have been _________ to use simple language when communicating with their
patients, says the BBC. The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges says very often correspondence
contains complex medical jargon rather than plain and simple English. Using of phrase "twice
daily" to explain the ____________ of a medicine is better than Latin abbreviation "bd". The
Please Write to Me initiative is aimed basically at doctors working in _______________ clinics,
although it is the best practice for all clinicians who need to write clinical letters and they are
being asked to write directly to patients, rather than sending them a copy of a letter __________
to their GP. The Academy suggests any medical words should be _____________ in plain
English.
Option: covered, outpatient, condemned, penned, urged, supposed, dosing, translated, dubbing
Answer: urged, dosing, outpatient, penned, translated

47)
In the past before the discovery of aeroplanes, people used to travel using hot air balloons.
Although it was not a very safe option in the beginning, it was ____________ means of transport.
There were no roads or quickest means of travel for people so they took a risk of __________
in the air using this heated air vessel. Helium and hydrogen were used later on as
_____________ an improvement to the earlier design. The structure was very aerodynamic and
it works on the principle of displacement of air. Many kinds of _______________were used in
the beginning, such as paper, plastic and even animal skin. The discovery of hot air balloon was
___________ as people were traditionally used to flying sky lantern. Nowadays, the technology
is so advanced and it is still used in the _____________areas where there are no roads built
yet.
Option: efficient, traversing, earlier, materials, accidental, remote, matter
Answer: efficient, traversing, materials, accidental, remote

48)
Many people like to learn a new language. ____________ as it sounds, to achieve the proficiency
it can take a lot of efforts. There are multiple stages before a person can be said to be a language
expert. First of all, the person should set a few _________ goals and narrow the focus on the
most basic part. Every language uses grammar, which creates its skeleton. If a person learns
the grammar, it's half job done. After that, learning to use the right words is very
_____________ , because a word can be used in a variety of connotations at different places.
Having a pal or a friend who speaks that language makes the task easier, so that errors could
be ___________ instantly. When you understand at least 40% of the words and sentences,
listening to the programs and news in that language can also help immensely. All in all, it's about
the ____________and efforts taken with the right techniques.
Option: important, short-term, dedication, Exciting, rectified, copied, Facetious
Answer: Exciting, short-term, important, rectified, dedication

49)
Underground houses have many advantages over conventional housing. Unlike conventional
homes, they can be built on __________ surfaces and can maximize space in small areas by
going below the surface. In addition, the materials excavated in construction can be used in the
building process. Underground houses have less surface area so fewer building materials are
used, and ____________ costs are lower. They are also wind, fire, and earthquake resistant,
providing a secure and safe environment in extreme weather. One of the greatest benefits of
underground living is energy ____________. The earth's subsurface temperature remains
stable, so underground dwellings benefit from geothermal mass and heat exchange, staying cool
in the summer and warm in the winter. This saves around 80% in energy costs. By _________
solar design this energy bill can be _____________ to zero, providing hot water and heat to the
home all year round.
Option: maintenance, reduced, forced, flat, steep, replacing, transportation, incorporating,
scarcity, efficiency
Answer: steep, maintenance, efficiency, incorporating, reduced

50)
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy's boundary, elect a
___________ conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee's
ability to ___________ funds, and produce an acceptable plan for _______________
distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire the
_________________ to a sustainable wildlife ____________, set by the ministry.
Option: equitable, consecutive, representative, deposit, rights, quotation, infringements, quota,
irresistible, manage
Answer: representative, manage, equitable, rights, quota

51)
An American retail giant is set to ask its suppliers to measure and report their greenhouse gas
emissions. There is a need to ___________business emission. The __________ of emission can
be used to test which company causes climate change, and ____________ the government
campaigners and environmental
Option: conflate, invigilators, dislike, disclose, dismiss, landlord, data, quota
Answer: disclose, data, conflate, invigilators

52)
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult __________ climate change.
Though no one is sure __________ what its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather
conditions, ________ storms and hurricanes, are ___________ become more common. Such
events have far-reaching effects on distant weather systems, making general forecasting much
harder.
Option: such as, according, likely to, thanks to, exactly, rarely
Answer: thanks to, exactly, such as, likely to

53)
Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 ㎡ represent the majority of global freshwater
ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in __________, often mountainous areas with no
inflow and outflow. Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and
ponds that are not connected to other bodies of water? This question was already addressed by
some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel
Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion – water birds must be responsible
for fish __________. And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some species
are sticky and can survive for some time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish eggs stick
to water birds’ _________ or feet; the birds then fly from one body of water to the next, where
the fish _________ from their eggs.
Option: broad, dispersal, differ, hatch, feathers, evolution, remote, guts
Answer: remote, dispersal, feathers, hatch

54)
It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get the efficiency-
related revolutions it __________. If Medicare was capable of delivering those ______________,
it would have already done so. Finding another organization that can deliver these services at a
__________ cost with increased functionality, especially to the consumer of these services,
makes absolute sense. The objections to making such a move will be about the potential loss of
_________ from Medicare. Given how labour-intensive the current system is, this will be a
genuine concern, but one that is facing all industries dealing with modernization through
improved technology.
Option: budgets, wants, changes, jobs, consistency, reduced, increased
Answer: wants, changes, reduced, jobs

55)
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by
humans, and they ____________ our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the
three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental
_________. All three are plant related. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or
indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a ____________ of energy production. And they
are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental
concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway
pollution.
Option: degradation source, liaison, conduct, derivation, shape
Answer: shape, degradation, source

56)
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has _________ $2.49 million to cover a
portion of the cost of a collaborative project led by the Australian Maritime College at the
University of Tasmania, in _________ with The University of Queensland and CSIRO. The $5.85
million 'Tidal Energy in Australia - Assessing Resource and Feasibility to Australia's Future Energy
Mix' project will map the country's tidal energy in unprecedented detail before assessing its ability
to contribute to Australia's energy needs. Lead chief investigator Associate Professor Irene
Penesis from the University of Tasmania said the project would help overcome _________ to
investment in commercial-scale tidal farms in Australia. 'With some of the largest tides in the
world, Australia is ___________ for this extremely reliable and low-carbon form of energy,' she
said.
Option: part, awarded, partnership, generated, barriers, thoroughfares, ideal
Answer: awarded, partnership, barriers, ideal

57)
The tiger shark is named for the dark, vertical stripes on either side of its body, which are
reminiscent of a tiger's ______________. These stripes actually ______________ as the tiger
shark ages, so they can't be used as an identifying of every individual. Young tiger sharks have
dark blotches or spots, which eventually _______________ into stripes. For this reason, the
species is sometimes known as the leopard shark or the spotted shark.
Option: markings, cut, fade, improve, feature, figure, move, merge
Answer: markings, fade, feature, merge

58)
For many people, breakfast is the day's least-exciting meal. Our breakfast choice frequently
___________ utilitarian needs; foods at breakfast are ___________ simple, quick and easy to
prepare and eat, and valued for the calorie boost that ___________ the body and brain after a
night's rest. When people find a breakfast option they like, they ______________ stick with it,
day after day, scientists have found.
Option: select, reflects, declines, just, typically revives, generally
Answer: reflects, typically, revives, generally

59)
As normally used today, the phrase “common good” refers to those facilities or institutions that
all or most members of a community agree are necessary to _____________ certain interests
they have in common. A few of the things making up the common good in a modern democracy
might include ___________ rights and freedoms, police and public safety, and safe and
__________ food supply.
Option: provoke, satisfy, scarce, luxuary, basic, ample
Answer: satisfy, basic, ample

60)
The extraordinary underwater photographs of the newly-found wreck of the Endurance have also
_______________ some equally extraordinary creatures ___________ in the dark and freezing
depths of Antarctica's Weddell Sea. Marine biologists that viewed the photographs have already
___________ about half-a-dozen animal species, which _____________ the wealth of life that
can be found in even the most extreme environments.
Option: lurking, revealed, encouraged, spotted, position, underscores
Answer: revealed, lurking, spotted, underscores

61)
Fingerprints can _________ that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a
human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to ______
an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help _______ DNA and be used to match
with the _________taken from the crime scenes.
Option: retain, prove, reserve, determine, evidence, identify, samples
Answer: prove, identify, reserve, samples
Summarise Spoken Text:
1)
Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well
the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or
less of an uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised by
close to 90 percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate
has roughly halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household can
afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more than
doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling average household size has meant
that the number of households looking for accommodation has risen by about one and a half
million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased by. So
you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net increase in
the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has gone into pushing up the
price of housing.

Answer:
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15
years when the mortgage rate was half and everyone could afford to borrow money from
banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling size of household average led to a
higher demand for accomodation, increasing the purchasing power. As demand grows higher
than the supply of housing, Australian housing price has gone up significantly.

2)
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and, but secretly wanting to be a novelist.
When I first started writing at the age of thirty, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but
it took a little detour for ten to twelve years and wrote nonfiction, which I have absolutely no
regret about at all. I think it was exactly the right thing for me to do. But there was that dream
tucked away inside of me to do this. Now remember reading something that Eudora Welty
wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me
actually. She said “No art ever came out of not risking your neck”, and I think she is absolutely
right about that. It felt that way to me at the time, and actually it feels that way to me every
time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started
writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that and one of the very first things that I
wrote was, what I thought, was going to be the first chapter of a novel called “The Secret Life
of Bees”. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is
now.

Answer:
The speaker had been writing nonfiction for years, but secretly dreamed of being a novelist
Although she had the intention of writing fiction, she took a long detour without regret. She
quoted a saying by Eudora Welty: "No art ever came out of not risking your neck " Since it
considerably influenced her, she completed the first chapter of the novel named "The Secret
Life of Bees" in 1992.
3)
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August
13th, 1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30
years until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those living in the east.
Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes those who tyrannize
you are a form of folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly different as communist
Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day (Iran).
Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. They can protect self-respect and identity. In the
pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may not in themselves topple
dictators, but they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own, perhaps the trouble with
political jokes is that they sometimes get elected.

Answer:
The lecture was about the benefits of laughter, which comprised a great therapy and
combating adversity. The spokesperson described different nations, and the essence of the
Berlin Wall emphasized the significance of wall jokes and a form of folklore. Ultimately,
although both protecting self-respect and identity could be inferred evidently from subversive
humor and relieving political oppression, the impacts of political jokes and providing solace
were acknowledged.
4)
Last month, I published a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The
report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It
praises those schools where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and
which now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we
are critical of schools which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or
lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in
the curriculum in one-fifth of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other
subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to
step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools
suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled,
given the time and resources. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills,
attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a
changing world. The main problems standing in the way of implementation of citizenship
continue to be: the lack of commitment on the part of many school leaders; an insufficient
amount of initial and in-service training provision to ensure that every school can call upon
teachers with subject expertise; and its uncertain place in the curriculum.
Answer:
The lecture was about implementing the citizenship curriculum, which comprised a subject
report and being critical of reluctant school leaders. The spokesperson described being
marginalized by schools, and the essence of worthwhile reasons emphasized the significance of
addressing core skills, attitudes, and values. Ultimately, although a changing world could be
inferred evidently from the lack of commitment to the curriculum, the impacts of an insufficient
training provision were acknowledged.
5)
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning
how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars.
The next thing I want you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall
both of these memories is that they belong to two different designated realms of memory.
Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end,
psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it easier to study. There are two
main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously
recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike, of falling over the handlebars and skinning your
knee. The other is implicit memory, which is an experiential or functional form of memory that
cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance.
These are often not tied to a visual memory but are more like muscle memory. Let’s look at
explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail and see how age influences these. Again, an
explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. It has been
typically divided up into two main categories itself: episodic memory, a personal event that can
be recalled, semantic memory are facts and figures which can be recalled. Episodic memories
unlike episodes of a TV series that is all about you. You can recall the episode of the first time
you asked someone else …, the first broken bone you had …, and what you ate for breakfast. It
is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of
highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit
memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people’s
birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.

Answer:
The lecture was about two main categories of memory, which comprised a dynamic and
complicated system. The spokesperson described implicit and explicit memory, and the
fundamental essences of being recalled consciously emphasized the significance of an
experimental and functional form of memory. Ultimately, although both episodic and semantic
memory could be inferred evidently from muscle memory, the corresponding impacts of highly
personal memories were acknowledged.

6)
I would like to look to recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet. Total 31
women volunteered in the survey. They have been told to participate in the exercise program
without changing their diet. After a careful observation, the researchers found that some
volunteers experience body fat change after six months from the day they have started the
experiment. The findings further stated that some lost significant amount fat which leads to
decrease in body mass. On the other hand, there were others who did not lose fat at all. The
study concludes there must be two explanations: those who did not lose weight must have
eaten more and another factor is it is because their psychological reason not to believe in
losing fat.

Answer:
The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by
thirty-one women in a program conducted by Canadian researchers. In which they are
provided with the healthy diet and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six
months so they could burn 2000 calories weekly. After six months, some people lost weight,
some remain the same, while others gain weight and did not have a significant change. There
are two explanations. One is that they ate a lot and cheated on the diet, and the other is they
ate subconsciously and disliked the challenge.

7)
The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary
Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first carrier in the United States
to be identified and traced. She was a cook in New York who is closely associated with 53 cases
and three deaths. Public health authorities told Mary to give up working as a cook or have her
gallbladder removed, as she had a chronic infection that kept her active as a carrier of the
disease. Mary quit her job, but returned later under a false name. She was detained and
quarantined after another typhoid outbreak. She died of pneumonia after 26 years in
quarantine. Mary Mallon born in 1869 and migrate to America from Ireland. She was an
excellent cook. She got along well with her colleagues and friends though sometimes she felt
bored with her boss. She was pride and satisfied with her life. But she was transmitted with
typhoid, a disease that transmitted by food and water. Though she always denied she was sick.
，22 people infected by her and one of them died. Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 –
November 11, 1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States
identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was
presumed to have infected 22 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a
cook. [1] She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of
nearly three decades in isolation.

Answer:
The lecture was about Mary Mallon, which comprised the first carrier of typhoid fever and
chronic infection. The spokesperson described being traced in the United States, and the
essence of being detained and quarantined emphasized the significance of being transmitted by
food and water. Ultimately, although both a cook and pneumonia could be inferred evidently
from denying being sick, impacts of dying after decades in isolation were acknowledged.

8)
Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active at the
nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in more than 50
countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how to use energy in a
more efficient and sustainable way. He built a house with plenty of energy-saving concepts.
He’s an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge and a genius, but he’s not a
scientist. He has a consulting company and lives mountain. For 30 years, he used a lot of ways
to save energy and solved problems with technologies that already existed and demonstrate
them. Some people think he is so crazy. A female writer wrote a book about him which is
called Mr. Green.

Answer:
The lecture was about Amory Lovins, which comprised being active at the nexus of energy and
resources. The spokesperson described an American consultant experimental physicist, and
essences of already existing technologies emphasized the significance of efficient and
sustainable use of energy. Ultimately, although both solving problems and being a genius could
be inferred evidently from energy-saving concepts, impacts of a consulting company, an
unusual character, and Mr. Green were acknowledged.

9)
One of the social issues faced by the state of Alaska is the lack of mental and emotional well-
being of the native Alaskans. It is very unfortunate that many of the Native Americans are
living under poor conditions throughout the country. In the cases of native Alaskans, even
virtually entire villages are suffering from a lack of mental and emotional well-being, which
includes continuing poor physical and mental health, Alcohol abuse, domestic violence,
homicides, and suicides are frequent among them, which of course, lead to families falling
apart. It is tragic to see that many children are abused and not educated properly. As a matter
of fact, the children themselves are abusing alcohol and other chemicals, and the rate is
increasing over the time. Since parents are suffering from mental illnesses and alcohol abuse,
they can’t take care of their children, so many children are being taken care of by others or
simply neglected. Therefore, we can conclude that Alaskan natives are losing hold of their
communities, cultural identities, and most importantly, their childhoods. So you can see how
serious the issue is. Plus, rather than making a living for themselves, they are depending on
public services and subsidies. They have lost control of and responsibility for their economy
and governing institutions.

Answer:
The lecture was about Alaska Ian’s social issues, which comprised a lack of mental and
emotional well-being. The spokesperson described poor living conditions, and the essence of
families falling apart emphasized the significance of abusing alcohol. Ultimately, although
taking care of children and losing hold of communities, cultural identities, and childhood could
be inferred evidently from losing control of the economy, impacts of uneducated children and
dependence on subsidies were acknowledged.

10)
But in the face of this sense of dis-empowerment, there is surprisingly is no decline in
involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities, protect one
another’s rights and work towards the common good. According to the United Nations, civil
society groups have grown 40-fold since the turn of last century. Internationally, the non-profit
sector is worth one trillion dollars, and there are 700,000 such organizations in Australia alone.
The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe, and gave
3,500 accreditation to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. This profound
movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm of governments
and officialdom reflects a profound growth in NGO’s third sector”, as some call it. As Robert
Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best predictor of governmental
success was the strength and density of a region’s civic associations.

Answer:
The lecture was about civil society, which comprised dis-empowerment and sharing wealth and
opportunities. The spokesperson described protecting the rights, and the fundamental essence
of the strength and density of civic associations emphasized the significance of civil society
groups. Ultimately, although giving accreditation on sustainable development could be inferred
evidently from harnessing voices and resources, the corresponding impacts of governmental
success, the United Nations, and non-profit sectors were acknowledged.

11)
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people. Whether
or several successive waves and distinct people is still subject to academic debate, as is its
timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at
40,000 to 43,000 years before supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any
event, this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, these
first migrations involved one timing. The minimum widely present, while the upper range when
sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended
glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m. The continental coastline
therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and
New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land
bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. The ancestral Australian
Aboriginal people were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle
through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent
glacial period some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated
landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still
provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape
York Peninsula During the 1970s and 1980s around 120,000 southern Asian refugees migrated
to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister
of Immigration A1 Grass by termed “multiculturalism”. In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000
new settlers, 19 a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants
(40,000 in 200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by
China and India.

Answer:
The lecture was about Australian migration, which comprised the first inhabitants in Australia.
The spokesperson described the ancestors of indigenous people, and essences of extension of
the continental coastline emphasized the significance of forming a single landmass. Ultimately,
although both Diversifying and settling through the continent and means of cultural contact
and trade could be inferred evidently from adopting a policy, impacts of multiculturalism were
acknowledged.

12)
I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe
should at least open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come work here.
Over time, hopefully, we can move to a position where borders are completely open.
Persuading sceptics won’t be easy. That’s why I think the argument for free migration has to
be made at several levels. In principled case, it increases freedom and reduces injustice. In
humanitarian case, it helps people much poorer than ourselves. In economic case, it makes us
richer. In pragmatic case, it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make the best of it.
Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international solidarity. It is in
our self-interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once, did abolishing
slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for people’s right to move freely is a noble
cause for our time.
Answer:
The lecture was about an open borders, which comprised not being politically acceptable and
opening up a legal route. The spokesperson described developing countries, and the
fundamental essence of the argument for free migration emphasized the significance of
increasing freedom. Ultimately, although reducing injustice could be inferred evidently from
helping the poor people, the corresponding impacts of freedom of movement, human rights,
and international solidarity were acknowledged.

13)
I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most
intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures
in the world. That involves the companies' world. It was the bosses' world.
Now I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and
between countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented
workers and also between countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people,
talented young immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are
battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't
that the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them
to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a
premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations,
of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the brightest.
You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is
becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.

Answer:
There is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most
intellectually able people. Furthermore, many countries are trying to lure bright young people
to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. Since talent is a
premium, countries, companies and organizations are competing to hire the best and the
brightest, and the reasons including population, economy and so on. (68 words)

14)
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And it's
no wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a
suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of
Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty
Neighmond reports. You're most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around
the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension,
herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads
arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the information was
technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the
study. "What we would see in these ads is that before taking the prescription drug, the
character's life was out of control and the loss of control really extended beyond just the
impact of the health condition, " For example, herpes patients were portrayed as being
incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and depressed patients
friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown taking the drug, he then
magically regains complete control of his life." None of the ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle
changes that could also help treat the condition. After that, it's mass marketing. But in this
case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not soap.
Answer:
The lecture was about TV ads, which comprised drug companies and advertising prescription
drugs. The spokesperson described promoted messages, and the fundamental essence of the
prime time emphasized the significance of arming consumers with technically accurate
information. Ultimately, although the misleading tone and regaining complete control of life
could be inferred evidently from lifestyle changes, the corresponding impacts of mass
marketing and not being like soap were acknowledged.

15)
Today, we'll discuss about abstraction, commonly known as description. There are two
methods of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an
important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in the
computer system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to
communicate with each other. The symbolic language took communication to wider people and
popularity group. The other part of abstraction is the body language. People accepted body
language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language, which
popularly became hand words.

Answer:
The abstraction which also known as description has two methods which are symbolic language
and body language. Specifically, the abstraction is important for developing a computer since it
originated from the symbolic system. It was created when people tried to communicate with
each other by symbolic language. Furthermore, the other part of abstraction is the body
language, the physical movement facilitates the development of sign language which became
hand words. (70 words)

16)
23,000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper Paleolithic,
the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse. Temperatures
plummeted, rain levels fell and a massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover most of northern
Europe and stay there for the next few thousand years. We know that during this glacial
period, many animal and plant species sought shelter in Europe's three warmer southern
peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But the question is, where did the people go?
Archeological material recovered from this time period has shown that a large number of our
ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an area covering the southwest of France and the
northeastern tip of Spain. But was this the only area where people traveled to escape the worst
of the weather? Let's go back to the growing ice sheet. In order to grow, the ice mass had to
take up water, causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice reached as far south as
Germany, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than today. That's approximately the same
height as the London Eye. As a result, areas of the shallow sea became exposed and Europe's
shape was very different from the one we recognized. It could be that humans lived on these
exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no evidence of their settlements because
it's now we're underwater.

Answer:
23,000 years ago, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the
worse. Our ancestors retreated to the south west of France and northeastern of Spain for
warmer shelter. Since areas of the shadow sea became exposed due to the lower sea level,
humans lived on the exposed shores during the Palaeolithic, but there is no evidence since it is
now all underwater. (70 words)

17)
I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's
something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of
societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still
suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the
unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events that have ever taken
place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they cannot
deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an
attempt to cover up their mistakes.

Answer:
The lecture demonstrated the necessity of disclosure of information to citizens since it
represents liberal and democratic country. Nonetheless, in many parts of the world, especially
for some unelected governments denied the events what actually occurred, and that use all
tricks in the book to cover mistakes. Hence, it is significant that citizens should be well
informed as well as acknowledge where they should vote for. (66 words)

18)
so, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million years and
more recently the last 200,000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of
cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only happen to the actions of a small
number of genes. If one needed to adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to
acquire the penetrating minds that we now have, which our ancestors 500,000 years ago didn't
have, the evolution could not have taken, could not have occurred so quickly. And for that
reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between people who lived
500,000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not so large.
Therefore, a rather small number of genes, may be responsible for comforting us that powerful
minds which we now, which the most of us now possessed.

Answer:
Although the evolution grows rapidly, the small number of differences in genes are responsible
for the Changes of human. There are some genetic differences in cognitive and physical
abilities between present people and our ancestors from 5000 years ago, whereas there are
only small number of changes in terms of gene development. Hence, the small evolution was
contributed to our powerful mind. (62 words)

19)
This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse future. The status quo is not
sustainable. Super diversity stock take, which I will talk to you about now, is designed to help
us to adapt to a super diverse New Zealand to make sure that we fit for the future. Because
New Zealand is super diverse right now, predominately in Auckland but actually throughout
50 44
Zealand. And we have over 200 ethnicities. Now the definition academically of super diversity
is 25% not born in New Zealand, a hundred ethnicities. So we are almost double that number
already. And Auckland will continue to become younger and browner as the Anglo-Saxon
population ages and shrinks. So the mega trend here is not age and the myth. The mega trend
here is not urbanization. The mega trend is demography. It's ethnicity and we need to get our
head around that because most of the benefits from super diversity that we as a country are
enjoying at the moment, such as greater innovation productivity and investment increase New
Zealand's financial capital whereas most of the challenges from super diversity adversely affect
New Zealand's social capital. However, if you don't mitigate the challenges to your social
capital, you are not going to maximize sustainably the diversity dividend benefits for your
financial capital.
Answer:
New Zealand is super diverse especially in Auckland, as 44$ are not born in New Zealand and
there are 200 ethnicities, which doubled the official definition of super-diversity. As Auckland is
becoming younger and browner, the mega trend is demography and ethnicity. The benefits of
super-diversity increase New Zealand's financial capital, whereas the challenges affect social
capital. If we don't mitigate, we cannot achieve sustainability in financial capital. (70 words)

20)
My name is Graham Virgo, I’m professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the
University of Cambridge, and I’m going to consider the question why you should study law if
you don’t want to become a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at university do so because
they want to become practicing lawyers, whether barristers of solicitors. But it is not necessary
to read law at university to become a practicing lawyer. Equally, studying law at university is a
legitimate subject for academic study even if you definitely do not want to become a lawyer or
think that you may not become a practicing lawyer. That is because the study of law at
university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an intellectual discipline.
Even those students who study law at university intending to become practicing lawyers are
required to do additional vocational training to prepare them for working either as a barrister
or a solicitor; for them the study of law at university by itself is not sufficient to train them to
become lawyers. So why do such students study law at university and why do others study law
even if they don’t want to become a lawyer? The answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely
that studying law at university trains the student to think and write logically and clearly.

Answer:
Law is an academic study rather than a vocational course, so it requires plenty of training.
Some law students want to be practicing lawyers after graduation, whereas others don't. Those
who want to be lawyers need additional training as self-learning won't be sufficient. Even
people who don't want to become lawyers want to learn law because it can train students to
write and think logically and clearly (68 words)

21)
So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what's called
wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically
at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of
Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took
three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian
speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian-Slovenian babies
from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the
situation. Typically, when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the
situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old
Italian and seven-month-old Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the
right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the
right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their
head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

Answer:
The lecture is about a study in order to indicate the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. The
researchers took three groups of seven-month-old babies, including monolingual babies and
bilingual babies. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the
situation. As a result, the bilingual babies would turn their head and notice that the puppet has
changed its position, while monolingual babies looked at the same position. (70 words)

22)
Today, I’D like to turn our attention to an area of management often overlooked in traditional
management courses: small-business management. Small businesses have gone from being
traditional small-town stores selling food or clothing to sophisticated, high –tech enterprises.
And in addition to the important products they produce, they create jobs for lots of people
because there are so many of them. It’s important for management to keep in mind which of
the customers’ needs the business serves, because it can’t serve all their needs. Writing a
business plan that everyone in the organization understand and follows will help to provide the
necessary focus and direction. It’s important to state clearly what the purpose of the business
is. Additionally, each person within the organization must know what tasks to perform in order
to fulfil that purpose. Now, If some reason a business plan doesn’t work try hard to discover
why not, rewrite it, and immediately focus on the new plan. A work of caution, however, never
give up a bad plan without replacing it. A business has to have a plan because it can’t afford to
waste its limited resources. And as you know, waste leads to unnecessarily high production
costs. Production costs are at the heart of the company’s ability to make a high quality product
and sell it at an affordable price.

Answer:
The lecture was about small business management, which comprised producing products and
creating jobs. The spokesperson described serving customers’ needs, and the essence of
writing understandable business plans emphasized the significance of stating and fulfilling
business purposes. Ultimately, although both replacing bad plans and wasting limited resources
could be inferred evidently from high production costs, the impacts of selling high-quality
products at an affordable price were acknowledged.

23)
Today we’re going to continue our discussion of modern art and talk about Charles Cursi.
Charles Cursi has been a part of many modern art movements, He’s worked in Pop Art,
Cubism, and Conceptual Art, but made his mark as a pioneer in computer art. Even long before
computers became popular, he was punching card and feeding them into the big mainframe
computer at Ohio State University. In the beginning, he had to work without a monitor, so he
was virtually creating art in the dark. He even learned computer programming so he could
experiment with this new tool. Through the computer, Cursi has been able to explore a new
world of possibilities. For example, the computer enables him to sculpt in three dimensions,
Also the can look at a sculpture from any angle, and move it around, change the location of the
light source, or he can copy it in different colours. Over the years, Cursi received numerous
grants for various projects. Even though he uses modern technology, Cursi still insists he is
creating art. He’s always told his students to keep the issues of art in focus, and not get so
caught up in the technology that you forget about the image.

Answer:
The lecture was about modern art, which comprised Charles Csuri as a pioneer in computer art.
The spokesperson described creating art in the dark, and the essence of working without
monitors emphasized the significance of learning computer programming. Ultimately, although
both exploring possibilities and receiving grants could be inferred evidently from training
students and keeping issues of art in focus, impacts of getting caught up in the technology
were acknowledged.

24)
People forget to take their cards after taking the money from the ATM. Occasionally, this is the
common reason, because they get the money and walk away. In the UK it becomes less
common, because people take their cards before getting the money. In the past, people made
error by forgetting to get their card after they got their money. UK has restructured the new
atm. You have to get your before you get your cash. Although you would forget to get your
money, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access to your bank account.

Answer:
In the past, people always forgot their cards after taking money from the ATM. Since UK has
restructured new ATM system which people have to take the card first before getting money,
the phenomenon has been decreased. Although it gives the change that people forget to take
money, it is more detrimental to lose your bank account since others can access it though the
credit card. (66 words)

25)
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look.
In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewellery, handbags or
watches. But in healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages
other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part,
of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision.
Increasingly, people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the day and
there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to
the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite at
leisure or on the beach.

Answer:
The lecture was about choosing and wearing spectacles, which comprised an assemblage of
items and giving an overall look. The spokesperson described fashion terms, and essences of
being classified as accessories emphasized the significance of medical devices in healthcare
terms. Ultimately, although a prosthesis could be inferred evidently from artificial body parts
and a major decision, the corresponding impacts of different occasions and lifestyle dispensing
were acknowledged.

26)
So, we were founded just over ten years ago, when I was in the Royal Academy, a Museum in
the center of London, with my three children, at the Aztec exhibition. I don’t know if any of you
saw it. I had an older child and two younger children, twins, strapped in a pushchair, and one
of my children, three years old, shouted – and I’ve never denied he shouted – he shouted,
“Monster, monster!” at this statue which looked just like a monster, had snakes for hair, a big
beak for a nose. And, I thought, this is fantastic – I’ve got a three-year-old that’s appreciating
pre-Hispanic art – how good can it get? So, I bent down and I said, “Yes, it looks just like a
monster”. And, at that moment, a room warden came over, a gallery assistant came over and
said we were being too noisy, and threw us out. Wrong family. I was, at that time, a journalist
with The Guardian newspaper, and two days later wrote a big piece in The Guardian about
being thrown out of the Royal Academy. What was really interesting was, by the end of that
day, we had had, at the paper, over 500 emails from other families saying, “Museums aren’t
working for us. Let’s try and make it work”. So, that’s what we did. In The Guardian, we set up
a campaign. We called it the Kids in Museums campaign, but it didn’t really exist. It was just a
few pages. We ran loads of stories on it; I began touring the country talking about how to
make your museum family friendly.

Answer:
The lecture was about a museum in London, which comprised the Royal Academy and the
Aztec exhibition. The spokesperson described younger children, and essences of a monster-like
statue emphasized the significance of shouting loudly and appreciating the art. Ultimately,
although both being thrown out and the room warden could be inferred evidently from The
Guardian newspaper, impacts of setting up a campaign and family-friendly museums were
acknowledged.

27)
Today, we will discuss the two main origin of concepts of political ideology. There are that
terms that Left and Right appeared during the French Revolution of the eighteen century when
members of the national assembly divided into the supportive of the king to the presidents’
right and supportive of the revolution to his left However, the Left wing. This left aggressive in
nature. On the other hand, the right side of the speaker podium became conservative, which is
the part of old regime.

Answer:
The lecture demonstrated the origin of political ideology in terms of right and left-wing. The
concepts of socialism and communism began in the eighteenth century while they become
conceptualized since ideologies after the French Revolution. The left side of the speaker
podium in the national assembly became the political left-wing which tended to be aggressive,
while the right-wing represented conservative and old regime.

28)
There has always been the lively debate of power-sharing. Who should have the power? There
is an issue of moving power to people or moving power from away from federal to state. That
power system is private power. There is a need is to modify government powers. One aspect is
devolution transfer power from federal government to state government. The different opinions
are holding by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party created persistent debate while
the Democratic Party claims that government should hold the big power and the entitlements,
the Republicans believe government should share its powers with the states and people.
However, government holding the power normally means taking power away from people.

Answer:
The lecture was about power-sharing, which comprised moving power to people as well as
modifying government powers. The spokesperson described devolution, and the fundamental
essence of the federal government emphasized the significance of the state government.
Ultimately, although both Democratic and Republican parties could be inferred evidently from
holding the big power and entitlements, the corresponding impacts of sharing powers with
states were acknowledged.

29)
Hello everyone, welcome to my class. Today, I will discuss this course on the general condition
of how animals survive and reproduce. This is very interesting because animals survive and
reproduce mainly involve factors which include temperature tolerance, body size, behavior, and
the altitude they live in. Here is an example. Imagine animals that can survive only in hot
environment. Now if this animal is put in to a freeze, you will notice it will die very soon. Those
species who have tolerance temperature to cold can only survive. This is why climate and
seasons are quite important for animal’s survival. Various species have to maintain their body
under water and tolerate different temperature with various seasons. Finally, I would like to
point out that some of these species or animals can adapt climate change by changing their
behavior and daily activity and the habitat they live in.

Answer:
The lecture was about animal surviving and reproducing. It was argued that animals could
adjust their body temperature under water, and tolerate different temperatures and seasons. It
then explained the research that indicates a frog could adjust its body temperature according
to the change of water temperature. Eventually, the speaker provides information about the
animal’s habitat, daily activities, and behavior.

30)
Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account parents leave their drugs all
over the place at home but their children may accidentally take these drugs before they know
it, and soon many children are victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all cost. One
way preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly close the lid
really well, I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another problem we find in
mismanagement of drugs is how these medicines can be allergic to many people. We have to
remember different drugs have different resistance and duration that is extremely dangerous if
someone takes a wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from happening? Well, I
suggest introduce the course, which will primarily improve the misuse of drugs and greatly
improve our lives.

Answer:
People usually take wrong drugs for several reasons, especially when kids accidentally take
wrong drugs. Since it is extremely dangerous, the parents should prevent this occurrence by
using the lidded and closed box. Moreover, they choose wrong medication because of the
wrong prescription which results in the allergic reaction in some situations, and that the
different resistance and duration of drugs also can be the reason.

31)
Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on architecture design
in London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West side of London called West Street of
London. The architecture made a very poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a
moon swing. An awful design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood.
If you want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They are good
examples of the best architectural designs. Different architects have different perspectives on
beauty, which is an arrogant word since is in the eye of the beholder. One can write the … out
in the play, but how one can design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is difficult for architects to
realize a bad architectural design.

Answer:
The lecture demonstrated a book regarding the design of architecture. An awful design of the
building is negatively influential on the mood of people, and that it results in frustration and
anger. Nonetheless, architects have different perspectives on beauty which is an arrogant word
since it is in the eye of the beholder, and thus it is difficult for architects to realize a bad
architectural design.

32)
One of the headlines we will often hear in the news would be the hike in living in Australia. We
have seen Australian housing price has increased dramatically in the recent years. Australians
have witnessed an uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years, and it will continue
in the later years as well. So what has driven this growth? There are three main factors. Firstly,
the rate of mortgage by the bank has halved. This encouraged everyone to borrow money from
the banks and buy a house. Secondly, people have more purchasing power than ever before
which simply means housing has become more unaffordable for the Australian residents.
Thirdly, the immigration policy made by the federal government has allowed more people
coming into the country and this has resulted in more demand in housing.

Answer:
The lecture demonstrated the reasons why Australian housing is expensive. As an illustration,
the economy has been increased significantly during past years, and that the changes in the
policy of home loan contributed to facilitating the housing price. Furthermore, the rising
demands due to immigration from the purchasing power also push up the price. People can
borrow money to buy a house.

33)
So various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well-documented. There
are real and reported by good strong scientific evidence. Which is the only evidence. The
drivers of decline are many varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss, could be
absolutely huge. So is it a catastrophe? Not yet, but it could be. The positive side we are aware
of the problem. Awareness is being raised with time and people are taking action to fix the
problem, we recognize the problem, at least these being done.

Answer:
The lecture was about the decline of bees, which comprised different conclusions and a well-
documented decline. The spokesperson described scientific evidence, and the fundamental
essence of various species emphasized the significance of pollinator loss effects. Ultimately,
although a catastrophe could be inferred evidently from raising awareness, the corresponding
impacts of fixing the problem and people’s efforts were acknowledged.

34)
Nearby access to the natural landscape or a garden can enhance people’s ability to deal with
stress and thus potentially improve health outcomes. In past centuries, green nature, sunlight
and fresh air were seen as essential components of healing. Along the history of the design of
hospitals, researchers have found that patients recover faster when they get access to the view
of the outside environment through hospital’s windows and are frequently visited by friends
and families. Viewing of hospital’s yard can help people rest and sleep faster and also release
stresses easily. Nurses’ experience suggests that hospitals should be well-developed. The
hospital makes patients comfortable and meets their needs through everything from the choice
of materials to the outdoor spaces between the buildings, which draw the landscape into the
hospital. Gardens are becoming the location of, and means of treatment for, certain patient
groups.

Answer:
The lecture was about the design of hospitals, which comprised nearby access to gardens and
dealing with stress. The spokesperson described essential components of healing, and essences
of improving health outcomes emphasized the significance of green nature, sunlight and fresh
air. Ultimately, although both recovering faster and viewing hospitals’ yards could be inferred
evidently from meeting patient’s needs, impacts of nurses’ experience, well-developed
hospitals, and means of treatment were acknowledged.

35)
You can see that the two charts each give quite a different picture of the performance of boys
and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English, girls
consistently outperform boys over a period of six years, achieving scores about 10% above
their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at the math results with no
real difference between genders in the results. What is the explanation for these key
differences? To answer this question, researchers look at biological and cognitive factors and a
range of social factors. The interaction between these different components in early childhood
development, are seen as maintained and reinforced in the school context and this leads to
distinct gender patterns of behavior in skills with direct consequences for school performance
and achievement. The argument uses this evidence to show that biological factors such as
patterns of cognitive development are closely linked to social factors such as learned gender
categories. These cognitive skills are learned both preschool and subsequently at school,
supported by the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement of patterns.
Answer:
The lecture was about the performance of boys and girls, which comprised math and English.
The spokesperson described outperforming boys, and essences of different results emphasized
the significance of key differences, biological, and cognitive factors. Ultimately, although both
childhood development and a range of social factors could be inferred evidently from having
direct consequences, impacts of school achievements, learning cognitive skills and creating a
reinforcement of patterns were acknowledged.

36)
50% of the world’s population is Vitamin – D deficient and we believe that it has serious health
consequences for both children and adults alike. Major cause is lack of sun exposure. Humans
have always depend on the Sun for their vitamin D requirement and it’s over the past forty
years that it’s been suggested that you should never be exposed to direct sunlight that is one
of the major causes of the vitamin D deficiency pandemic. Again, everybody thinks about
vitamin D preventing rickets in children. We don’t see rickets any longer so people are not
thinking about vitamin D. It’s incomprehensible to physicians as to how vitamin D could reduce
risks of heart attack by fifty percent, reduce risk of common cancers like colon, prostate,
breast by as much as fifty percent reduce risk of infectious diseases including influenza by as
much as 90%, reducing risk of type I diabetes 78%, if a child is get adequate vitamin D during
the first year of life reduces risk of type II diabetes.

Answer:

This lecture mainly talks about vitamin D. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes many people are
Vitamin D deficient, which has serious health consequences. Also, he mentions major cause is
lack of sun exposure. Lastly, the speaker believes that vitamin D could reduce risks of heart
attack, common cancers, infectious diseases. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

37)
The Human Rights Act can be seen as far-reaching; some would argue controversial in the UK’s
history of rights. At the same time, it can be described as a somewhat cautious document that
provides the starting point for a wider application of law to rights. In many ways, the freedom
protections contained in the Human Rights Act were not new to people in the UK. The Act puts
into UK law most of the clauses of the European Convention on Human Rights. The convention
itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the Council of Europe. UK law
has played a significant role in the drafting of the Convention and the UK was among the first
governments to ratify the convention in 1951. Rights are sometimes described as being of a
positive or a negative nature. That’s to say some can be expressed as a right to and others as
freedom from. The 1998 act puts into place 15 specific rights and freedoms which include
rights to liberty and security, a free trial, free expression, free elections and the right to marry
and found a family. There are also freedoms from torture, from slavery or forced labor and
from discrimination on grounds such as race, sex, religion, political opinion or social origin. The
Human Rights Act has been described as the start of a process. The act itself does not expand
on the provisions made by the European Convention which some would consider is following a
baseline or a minimum standard for human rights.
Answer:

The Human Rights Act in the UK is far-reaching, controversial, and somehow a cautious
document. UK signed the European Convention to protect human rights in 1951. Afterwards,
the Human Rights Act 1998 sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that everyone in the
UK is entitled to. Lastly, the speaker believes the European Convention is following a baseline
or a minimum standard for human rights. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

38)
In my view, it’s impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood.
And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most
eastern west Africa. I look a role, all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also
the source of income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are
talking about what probably the single most important source of protein for human that across
the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as their primary
source of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the management of
fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and health.
And also, wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollars’ industry, and in many places, such as
Africa, South America, it can be the No.1 source of income, it can be the No.1 source of foreign
income for economies.

Answer:

This lecture mainly talks about wildlife as food. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that in most of
Africa, all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food. Also, he mentions that more than a
billion of people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein. Lastly, the speaker
believes that wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollars’ industry. In conclusion, this lecture
is very informative.

39)
A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It
comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and
stops in about a thousandth of a second, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast radio
bursts are a real mystery. We don’t exactly understand where they com from, or what actually
makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer for. There
are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts, than there actual detections of
these things. So since 2007 we’ve only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40 different
theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact that we
found it with the Australian square kilometre ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t really obvious
that we would be able to do this, as well as we ended up being able to do it. So this telescope
is really a fantastic telescope. In fact it’s probably the best telescope on the planet at the
moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past it’s taken ten years to find twenty
bursts, once we’re really going with this new instrument, we’ll able to find them much more
quickly. One or two every week. And that will blow open the field. We’ll be able to do much
more detailed studies of these things, get better statistics, understand what, hopefully
understand what they are, and where they’re coming from.
Answer:

This lecture mainly talks about fast radio bursts. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes it comes from
outer space, starting and stopping in about a thousandth of a second. Also, he mentions
although in the past it’s taken ten years to find twenty bursts, we’ll able to find them much
more quickly. Lastly, the speaker believes that we’ll be able to do much more detailed studies
of these things. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

40)
Consumers are the core section of any business. In fact, the whole concept of any business is
surrounded by the behavior of consumers. And the values of consumer is a crucial factor. Now,
we have to understand a consumer is not to be taken likely. He knows what product he wants.
Consumers are extremely smart. They could make decisions about price and value of products
in minutes or sometimes in few seconds. So, a business therefore needs to uplift its brand
image. Consumers are willing to pay 15 more for quality products. However, the conflict starts
when manufacturers failed to meet the expectations. This lies in the basic fundamental of
engineering in designing a product. Consumers want products to be softest. But at the same
time, they also want product like toilet papers to be light and strong, something which can be
easily be torn. The brand Tide is really good example. There was a problem of shaking the
washing powder before being put into the machine as it causes the damage of the material of
the clothes. Tide had to made up to a lot of expectations for consumers.

Answer:

This lecture mainly talks about consumers. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that consumers are
the core section of any business. Also, he mentions that we have to understand a consumer is
not to be taken likely. Lastly, the speaker believes that a business needs to uplift its brand
image and the conflict starts when manufacturers failed to meet the expectations. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

41)
So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I’ll try to give you some
examples of this. Now, even though there’s a lot of skepticism, originally about using this
survey – surveys what people say make them happy. The number of reason that we are
getting increasingly confident in doing so. One is that their consistent pattern – remarkable
consistent pattern, determines well-being across large samples of people, across countries,
across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things that make people happy, and I will
show you some of these income health, marital status, employment status. Some of these very
basic things are remarkably consistent across countries across world. So that gives us some
sense that these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what
consistent patterns are, we can look how other things that very much more, affect people’s
well-being. The environment and equality, the nature’s institution raging on living, and all
kinds of other things that very much more.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about happiness economics. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that their
consistent pattern determines well-being across large samples of people. Also, she mentions
that some of these very basic things are remarkably consistent across the world. Lastly, the
speaker believes that the environment and equality, the nature’s institution raging on living,
and all kinds of other things affect people’s well-being. In conclusion, this lecture is very
informative.

42)
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really how well people recognize
objects, given how difficult the problem is, given how objects can be seen in all different , in
different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract that information, we are
able to take the visual stuff out there, interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the
different things that we can in our environment. Today we’re going to kind of carry on looking
at that, but we going to look at what’s really a special class of objects. That’s the human face.
So we going to look at how we recognize human faces and how we do it quite as well as we do.
We’re really expert at recognizing faces. So again we can think about how do we take that
visual information and how do we transform it into a form which allows us to put a name to a
face, and to do all the other clever things that we can do with faces. So I’m going to start off
again by just pointing out that it’s a hard problem. Face recognition is a hard problem, and it’s
a clever thing we do. If you think about all the different types of faces you can recognize, and
all the different types of information you can get from the face, you kind of start to appreciate
how well we can do face recognition.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about how people recognize human faces. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes how we take visual information and transform it to allow us to recognize a face.
Also, he mentions that face recognition is a hard problem, and it is a clever thing we do. Lastly,
the speaker believes that people start to appreciate how well we can do face recognition. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

43)
The question today of what makes a luxury brand, a luxury brand and how do we distinguish it,
is very hard to answer. The standard business response is to say they are more exclusive. And
we get exclusivity by having high price and relatively small amounts of the product available.
The reality, however, of luxury brands is that they are sold in their millions, and in some cases,
are not priced that much higher than the standard output. The only way I can really answer
your question is to say, it is all relative. As you said in your introduction, it wasn’t that long
ago in Australia that we would have considered two televisions to be a luxury, or even further
back, one colour television. And you can make a strong argument, for example, thatStarbucks
in China, right now, is a luxury purchase because of its cost, because of how frequently it is
purchased by many people. So, I think the long answer is a complicated one, but the answer
is, it depends who you talk to. I think in the business community what we would say, is that
there is a small cluster of more expensive brands which have a distinct strategy that we would
identify as being luxury brands. And they start with the Rolls Royce and the Tiffanys and the
Louis Vuittons of the world. And, I think that tends to be how we see them.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about luxury brands. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes we get
exclusivity by having high price and relatively small amounts of the product available. Also, he
mentions in some cases, luxury brands are not priced that much higher than the standard
output. Lastly, the speaker believes there is a small cluster of more expensive brands with a
distinct strategy. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
44)
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear it all the time on news
broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. But the starting point for understanding
globalization is that it is industries and markets that globalize, not countries. That’s why it’s
helpful to think of globalization as ‘the integration of economic activities across borders’. But
why does globalization matter? I would argue globalization matters because it means the rise
of interconnectedness between countries and markets across the world. For example, one of
the reasons why the financial crash of 2007/2008 was so serious was because the financial and
banking systems of countries around the world have become so closely interconnected with the
globalization of markets.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about globalization. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that we hear it all
the time on news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion. Also, he mentions that it is
industries and markets that globalize, not countries. Lastly, the speaker believes that it means
the rise of interconnectedness between countries and markets across the world. In conclusion,
this lecture is very informative.

45)
Well, who makes these decisions? In the international arena, the decisions are made by states
but to George Orwell’s phrase, some states are more equal than others, the ones who are most
equal are the ones called G7, the seven rich industrial countries, and they have an
overwhelming effect on states decisions. And of G7 the one that’s far and away the most equal
is, of course, the United States, which since the Second World War has had a position of
overwhelming international power, you know, historical president to then, and of course, has
used it to design a world and the interests of powerful sectors within. Alongside the powerful
states, there are the institutions that they have designed the international financial institutions
the IMF from world banks, world trade organization took over from gap a couple of years ago.
Those are institutions of global dominant, global control, which are themselves controlled by
the rich countries and primarily by the United States, which once again has an overwhelming
influence.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about who makes decisions. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that
some states are more equal than others, the ones called G7. Also, he mentions that the United
States has an overwhelming international power. Lastly, the speaker believes that institutions
have designed the international financial institutions, the IMF, from world banks. In conclusion,
this lecture is very informative.

46)
Well, I would argue that what they will say was the most important thing to happen in the
early twenty first century was the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. The two really
fused in a way that more and more IT started to drive more and more globalization. And more
and more globalization started to drive more and more IT and what that fusion did was take
the world from connected to hyper connected and from interconnected to interdependent,
these are huge differences of degree that our differences in kind it happened over the last
decade. You are all feeling it in your jobs, in your universities, in your schools.
But no one is really explaining to people everyone’s living this fusion. Now, the plumbing of the
world fundamentally changed in the last ten years.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the merger of globalization and the IT revolution. Firstly, the
speaker emphasizes what that fusion did was take the world from connected to hyper-
connected and from interconnected to interdependent. Also, he mentions people are feeling
huge differences in jobs and schools. Lastly, the speaker believes the plumbing of the world
fundamentally changed in the last ten years. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

47)
The evolution of the washing machine, as demonstrated in this barn, is a representative
example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place their clothing
in a cloth bag, tie the bag to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours.
The principle was simple: force water through the clothes to remove the dirt. But in the
household before running water and electricity, washing clothes took a staggering amount of
labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had
to be hand carried from a pump or well. Hand-wringing, rubbing and lifting the clothes could
expose women to caustic substances in the soaps. The whole process for a household’s laundry
could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented washing machine
imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard, by using a lever to rub the clothes
between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric
clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the history of household laundry. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes the evolution of the washing machine represents the changing domestic life. Also,
he mentions washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor and expose women to caustic
substances. Lastly, the speaker believes the first electric clothes washers were introduced into
America in about 1900. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

48)
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was that it was the
work of some genius inventors who created machines used primarily in the textile industry but
also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production. Then everybody was
crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact, one of the most interesting
books and great classics that is still in print was written by an economic historian at Harvard
who’s still alive called David Landes. It’s a good book called The Unbound Prometheus, which
was basically that. Some of the inventions that I briefly describe in your reading, the spinning
Jenny, etc, refer to that. Well, and that kind of analysis led one to concentrate on England
where the Industrial Revolution began, and to view industrialization as beginning a situation of
winners and losers by not going as fast. Now, that analysis has been really rejected greatly
over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is measured by more than simply large
factories with industrial workers and the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning
of this. The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the more that we see that the
Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of forms of production, of kinds
of production that were already there. And thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the
intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we’ve
already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too, working in
the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms
of production.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the Industrial Revolution. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes it was
the work of some genius inventors who created machines used primarily in the textile industry.
Also, he mentions that that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years.
Lastly, the speaker believes that the rise of industrial production was very much tied to
traditional forms of production. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

49)
I suppose you wouldn’t expect perhaps to find a mathematician in a museum of historical
objects, but actually, the objects that I’ve been drawn to in this museum have quite a lot of
mathematical significance. These Neolithic stones, discovered in Scotland, dating back 5,000
years, are probably the first examples of humans exploring the concept of symmetry. And
that’s what I do as a practicing mathematician. I spend my life trying to understand what
symmetries are possible, in nature and in mathematics and abstractly. And here I’ve got a
connection, going back 5,000 years, to people who are already trying to understand –how can
I arrange patches on the side of these stone balls in a symmetrical manner? One of the
intriguing things about these stones is that we don’t actually know what they’re for. They
might have been for divination –trying to predict the future. They might have been part of a
game. They look very much like dice, but we don’t really think there is any game associated
with them. Maybe they were just for chucking around, they’re very nice in the hand when you
hold them.
Or maybe they were symbols of power in the clan. I suppose that’s why I like them because we
don’t really know what they are. If I had a theory about why they were doing this it would be
that actually, they were starting to be mathematicians, and that here we see the first example
of abstract thought at work. That these weren’t for a purpose. Mathematics is a great subject,
created a lot of the technology around us, but mathematicians we create our mathematical
objects for the joy and the beauty, so it will be lovely to think that these didn’t actually have a
use, that they were just really a celebration of what’s possible.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Neolithic stones. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the objects
discovered in Scotland, dating back 5,000 years, are probably the first examples of humans
exploring the concept of symmetry. Also, he mentions we do not actually know what they are
for. Lastly, the speaker believes that mathematicians create our mathematical objects for the
joy and the beauty. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

50)
English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don't think there really are any
pure languages in the world. But English is definitely not a pure language. English, in fact, has
borrowed from over 350 languages in its history. So it's a variety of many languages. Some
people say it’s like a dog, a mongrel dog, a dog that has been made up of many different dogs.
The English language is like that. By looking at the history of the English language we learn
about the history of the English people. The two things are closely connected. So, in fact, today
we are not only learning about language but we are learning about history. The fact that
English has borrowed words from over 350 languages has been viewed differently throughout
history. So for example in Shakespeare's time people were very angry about words which were
not, they thought, original English words – words which came from other languages, they
didn’t like them.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the English language's history. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes
English is definitely not a pure language, which has borrowed from many languages. Also, she
mentions we are not only learning about language but we are learning about history, which are
closely connected. Lastly, the speaker believes borrowed words have been viewed differently
throughout history. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

51)
“But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?” “There are a number of dangers.
Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous because they may be accidentally
ingested by children. Either adults don’t keep the bottles properly closed and stored or because
even many kids can sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs after their
expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For example,
someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left over into microbial that was
prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will have no effect as the viral infections.
Drugs that are left over might be given to or taken by someone else who may have a serious
allergy to the medicine and who for that reason would not be prescribed to medicine under the
supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug resistance if the
drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or in the wrong dosage. “Todd,
what can people do about this how can the situation be improved?” “I think physicians,
patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve the situation. First of all, physicians
should prescribe the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct amount and only for the
correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that the full course of the drug
must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved before the end of the
prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they complete their course as
well.”

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about inappropriate use of drugs. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that
there are a number of dangers of keeping drugs at home, like being accidentally ingested by
children and taken after expiration. Also, he mentions that leftover drugs may be taken for the
wrong reasons. Lastly, the speaker believes that inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug
resistance. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

52)
I am going to talk today mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National Museum of
Australia but I want to draw some generalities from that in terms of a series of curatorial
practices, tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of interest to your students and
to you in developing extension history courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and
then from that also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think museums are particularly
good at creating and communicating. I think this is something I would really like to discuss
because it is not necessarily very well understood is that I think museums, as Dave insisted by
putting up my quote in his slide, create a very particular kind of history. It’s not the kind of
history that gets created in books or in dating films or in compositions, it’s a very particular
kind of history that grows out of the fact that museums are centrally interested and defined by
their collections. I should say that is not an uncontested view of museums but it is certainly my
view of museums. Curators try to understand material culture as an evidence of other people’s
lives as a means to try to understand other people - what they look like, what they did, how
they made a living, what they hoped for in their lives, how they tried to construct their world
and why they made particular choices. One way in which curators differ from other historians is
therefore in terms of how we interrogate the past, what elements we use to communicate the
past. Most academic historians are trained very much in the discipline of words and they
concentrate on words still today, although it is changing a little bit. If you go through university
history primarily you are encouraged to draw on things like archival accounts, manuscripts and
now oral histories, and most of that work is actually promulgated in the form of books. There
are also other kinds of historians. Obviously, filmmakers and photographers concentrate on
creating images of the world and arranging them in meaningful sequences, but curators attend
to objects. We look at objects as evidence of the past and try to arrange objects in meaningful
ways called exhibitions.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about what he does as a curator at the museum. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes it is a particular kind of history that grows out of the fact that museums are
centrally interested and defined by their collections. Also, she mentions academic historians are
trained in the discipline of words. Lastly, the speaker believes there are other kinds of
historians. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

53)
It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and
trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I live
are really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a
tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if
you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and
then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of years
on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, almost
anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And then I realize if you talk about
architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such
word as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in
the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we all attempt
to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we
can make that sort of generalization, surely they are something we can say about why a
building work or why it doesn't. So the book's really attempt to suggest why architecture works
when it does and what might be going to be wrong when it doesn't work.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about architecture's emotional impacts. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes that a bad building has a serious impact for hundreds of years on the people
around it. Also, he mentions that no one knows what 'beautiful' is. Lastly, the speaker believes
that the architecture works when it does and might be going to be wrong when it doesn't work.
In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

54)
What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you mean
by "risk", and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal definition
of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a dangerous
element or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two
parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence of some kind of
particular danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of it: chance and
consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns, when you look up the
word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument
that free from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe and
so on for all. And why we take out of it? At least when we talk about safe at least in English
language, we are talking absolute something is safe, or it sounds safe.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the literal definition of risk. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes risk
has two parts, the consequence of particular danger and the probability. Also, he mentions it is
a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument that free from harm or risks. Lastly, the speaker
believes when talking about 'safe', we are talking something safe, or sounding safe. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

54)
What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what
we had in 1918. In the United States, there has been unprecedented amount of preparation so
far. It’s. um, affects every aspect of public health. We have efforts for treatment, efforts for
better prevention, clinical management, key communications, the domestic and international
responses, and also efforts to try to prevent transmission within community. The federal
government has had tremendous amount of resources that they have put into development of
the new antiviral drugs, antiviral drugs stock piles; development of new vaccines and
manufacturing facilities for vaccines. So, there’s quite a lot that’s happening in the United
States. However, developing countries do not have the level of resources found in more
developed countries. That’s the real challenge.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the pandemic. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that the
pandemic affects every aspect of public health. Also, he mentions that the federal government
has had tremendous amount of resources put into the development of the new antiviral drugs.
Lastly, the speaker believes that developing countries do not have the level of resources found
in more developed countries. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

55)
One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is the prediction of
cosmology. When I started out forty-odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe
began a big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten or
twenty billion years old. But now for really very sound scientific reasons, we can say that the
universe did start in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, it's not 13
because a decimal point in there and that’s a stunning achievement to know that. And we also
know that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explains what
happened in the big bang, you can’t have one without the other. A very neat example of this is
that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars work, you
find out that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their universe is
just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and counted in the other way
around and said that the stars were older than the universe, we would say science was in deep
trouble. But it’s not, everything fits together and we know how the universe began, we got to
know how the way it is. The future that it ‘ll suspects we don’t know quite well what’s going,
but we got some ideas, which are as good as those ideas we had 40 years ago about how big
bang happened.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the prediction of cosmology. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes
that the universe did start in a big bang. Also, he mentions that the laws of physics that apply
to tiny particles also explain the big bang. Lastly, the speaker believes we got some ideas as
good as those ideas we had 40 years ago about how big bang happened. In conclusion, this
lecture is very informative.

56)
So, faults are breaks in the earth's crust, we can identify them because of the discontinuity in
the structure within the earth crust across fault. And earthquakes occur on these faults, so
vary processes by which these faults moves to a large extent is due to earthquakes. So, we
have a fault plane and the earthquake is so focus on this fault plane and the earthquake starts
at the particular point on the fault plane and we call that the focus of the earthquake. The
rocks propagate out from that point on the rupture to cover the entire fault plane. The rupture
is in that particular earthquake. We talked about the epicenter of the earthquake a lot. The
epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. So, if you wanted to
look at map view where the earthquake was located, we would be able to look that into the
earth. We would see the focus down some depth in the earth or the epicenter just a point
vertically above that focus at the surface of the earth. So, this is the relationship between the
faults and the earthquakes.

Answer:

This lecture mainly talks about faults in the earth crust. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that
these faults moves to a large extent are due to earthquakes. Also, he mentions that The
epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. Lastly, the speaker
believes that we would see the focus down some depth in the earth. In conclusion, this lecture
is very informative.

57)
The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of
peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that
kind of debt. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming from a seed that is costing a hundred
thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seeds
that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the more they use, the more they
have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the
land areas of India has shown up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free market and
globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who
have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing.
And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same
companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Indian peasant debt. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes that it is
three hundred thousand rupees of peasants who have no capital. Also, she mentions that It is
coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per
kilogram. Lastly, the speaker believes the seed companies that sell the pesticides are the
major creditors. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

58)
Okay, to understand what itamin D does, we need to understand the central concept. The
function of vitamin D is maintaining blood calcium. You probably think the function of vitamin d
is to maintain strong bones and teeth. But it does that by accident. its real function is to
maintain your blood calcium level in a very narrow range. And the reason for that is if your
blood calcium level falls below about 9 milligrams per 100 millilitres, then you're longing to be
in a big trouble, and die rather quickly. and that's because blood calcium is important for
muscle contraction and nerve transmission. and if you don't have enough of it, you can't
contract muscles morally. There can't be normal nerve impulses. and this results in a disease
called tetany, where you got these uncontrolled convulsions followed by rapid death calcium is
also important for enzyme activities and blood clotting.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about Vitamin D, which maintains strong bones. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes that the function of vitamin D is to maintain blood calcium. Also, she mentions that
its real’s function is to maintain your blood calcium level in a very narrow range. Lastly, the
speaker believes that calcium is also important for enzyme activities and blood clotting. in
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

59)
Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have
democracies, have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century, 18th
century, the Industrial Revolution has a very negative effect on people, particularly working
classes all over the world. We see data where life expectancy was reduced, hikes we were
reduced, we were looking at the medical record. We can see that actually, living standards,
much among large fractions of population, actually went down. But eventually, we pass the
legislation about working conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe some of the worst kinds
of behavior. We eventually, in the 20th century, we put regulations that composed better
environmental conditions. And so some of the damage was reversed, and that we have made
the market economy work in ways that the benefits of the all is far more what we shared in the
world a hundred years ago.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the market economy. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes Within
most developed countries, notions of pragmatism have succeeded in tempering the market
economy. Also, he mentions that the industrial revolution had a negative effect on people,
particularly working classes. Lastly, the speaker believes in the 20th century, we put
regulations that composed better environmental conditions. In conclusion, this lecture is very
informative.

60)
Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of
citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the
citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial
developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national
curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools which have not taken
citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate
provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one fifth of schools.
It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught and some
critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it.Yet, the
progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons for
introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources.
Indeed, those reasons are given added weight by national and global events of the past few
months. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values
that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the development of citizenship in schools. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one-fifth of schools. Also, he
mentions the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled.
Lastly, the speaker believes citizenship can address core skills, attitudes, and values. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

61)
Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different definitions in one
sense of the word. Globalization means proliferation of transactions across country. So, one
way of thinking about globalization is a way to describe, increase international
communications, more trade happening between countries and be less self-sufficient in
providing goods and services to their people and more companies that have offices in multiple
countries, which we call multinationals. So, the source of growth in travel and communication
and corporate trade across borders. And this way of thinking about globalization is the
continuation of thinking that has been around for a long time, such as when the Europeans
went to the Orient, to find spices, which was also an example of global trade and
communication. Another way to think of globalization though, is an economic system. It is a
system in which countries become integrated in a way that never had been before. In this
system, we see a global split in the process between consuming and producing goods. Some
countries produce goods, some countries consume goods, and then these countries in different
areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic solidarity rather than having an
economic system being just inside your country. The system is the way economy in your
country functions depends on economy of another country. And in fact this way of thinking
about globalizations represents a new area of economic progression. The past industrialist
economy has been a global issue.

Answer:
Biology is a subject that studies animals, human and the environment around them. Although
animals are looked differently, they are closely related to each other. They all rely on DNA and
RNA to store and transmit genetic information. The organs based on cells. Which is the
fundamental structure of lives. All organs have similar metabolism system. Which can convert
energy from one to another.

62)
Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profound insights that humans
have, about the world around them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the upper left,
you see some bacteria this happen to be equal line, you obviously see a butterfly, a flower, a
dolphin. If you see that at the outer space, just looks these different forms and structures. You
have no idea that they were all related to one another. So one of the most profound thing that
biology told us is that all life on earth is exceptionally related similar to one another. So, for
example, all of these life forms rely on DNA and RNA for storing and transmitting in using their
genetic and inherited information. They are all based on cell. Cell is the fundamental building
blocks of all life. All of these organisms consist of cells, and the cells essentially have the same
chemicals inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and the whole bunch of
other stuff and much smaller amount. All these organisms conducted metabolism, in other
words, chemical reactions that using convert energy from one form to another. And the basic
chemistry is all very similar to one another. The type of molecule is used very similar to one
another.

Answer:
The lecture was about studying biology, which comprised human insights about the world and
cells as building blocks of life. The spokesperson described exceptionally related lives, and the
essence of DNA and RNA emphasized the significance of storing and transmitting genetic and
inherited information. Ultimately, although organisms consisting of cells and metabolism could
be inferred evidently from chemical reactions converting energy, impacts of basic chemistry
and molecule types were acknowledged.

63)
Under appropriate conditions, mind you. Sound receptors. You’ve got sound receptors in your
ear, and they are beautiful. We’re not going to talk about them at any length, but there's little
flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ear and they can translate vibrational
energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the
fluid in your ear into a physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion,
into an electrical signal that goes into your ear. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive
stuff. We are not going to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to
learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think to find receptors really quite
remarkable kinds of devices.

Answer:
The lecture was about sound receptors, which comprised a spiky body part and eardrums. The
spokesperson described translating vibrational energy, and the fundamental essence of the ear
fluid emphasized the significance of the physical motion. Ultimately although the electrical
motion could be inferred evidently from MIT students, the corresponding impacts of a
remarkable device were acknowledged.

64)
I think we are in the early stages of a change toward much more human freedom in business.
And I think this change may be as important for businesses as the change to democracy has
been for governments. The reason I think that’s happening is because it’s now possible for the
first time in human history to have the economic benefits of very large organizations. Things
like economies of scale and knowledge and at the same time to have the human benefits of
small organizations. Things like freedom, flexibility, creativity, and motivation. The reason I
think that’s possible is because Information Technology has now reduced the cost of
communication to such a low level that it’s now possible for huge numbers of people even in
very large organizations to have enough information to make sensible decisions for themselves
instead of just following orders from someone above them who supposedly knows more than
they do in a management hierarchy.
Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about human freedom in business. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes
that this change may be as important as the change to democracy. Also, he mentions that it is
now possible for the first time in human history to have the economic benefits. Lastly, the
speaker believes that people even in very large organizations have enough information to
make sensible decisions. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

65)
Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s showing of how well
the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or
less of an uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised by
close to 90 percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate
has roughly halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household can
afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more than
doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling average household size has meant
that the number of households looking for accommodation has risen by about one and a half
million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased by. So
you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net increase in
the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing power has gone into pushing up the
price of housing.

Answer: This lecture mainly talks about why Australian housing is so expensive. Firstly, the
speaker emphasizes that an uninterrupted economic growth is a main reason. Also, he
mentions that the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly halved. Lastly, the speaker
believes that rising immigration in falling average household leads to a substantial increase in
the purchasing power of households. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

66)

“But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?”

“There are a number of dangers. Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous
because they may be accidentally ingested by children. Either adults don’t keep the bottles
properly closed and stored or because even many kids can sometimes open childproof lids.
Patients may use the drugs after their expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the
wrong reasons. For example, someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left
over into microbial that was prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will have no
effect as the viral infections. Drugs that are left over might be given to or taken by someone
else who may have a serious allergy to the medicine and who for that reason would not be
prescribed to medicine under the supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate use of drugs
promotes drug resistance if the drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or
in the wrong dosage.
“Todd, what can people do about this how can the situation be improved?”
“I think physicians, patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve the situation.
First of all, physicians should prescribe the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct
amount and only for the correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that
the full course of the drug must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved
before the end of the prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they
complete their course as well.”
Answer: This lecture mainly talks about inappropriate use of drugs. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes that there are a number of dangers of keeping drugs at home, like being
accidentally ingested by children and taken after expiration. Also, he mentions that leftover
drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. Lastly, the speaker believes that inappropriate use
of drugs promotes drug resistance. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

67)
For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and thinkers of all sorts have imagined
that the universe, the space around us was rather like this floor in front of us. It was fixed and
unchangeable and things happen on it, just as people walk around. So the stars, the comets,
and the planets, and the other heavenly bodies moved around and traced down their parts on
this completely unchanging stage of space. In the 20th century, as the result of Einstein’s
work, that view of the universe was completely transformed. We began to understand that
there was no absolutely fixed stage of space at all on which all celestial notions were played
out. But in some sense on the larger scale in the universe, the space itself was in this state of
a continuous dynamic change. That was a prediction made by Einstein, but wasn’t Einstein held
the honor of making the discovery that the universe was really like that.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the transformation of views of the universe. Firstly, the speaker
emphasizes that for thousands of years the universe and space was thought to be fixed and
unchangeable. Also, he mentions that in the twentieth century there was no fixed stage of
space based on Einstein’s theory. Lastly, the speaker believes that the space was in a dynamic
change. In conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

68)
My name is Bob Joss, I’m the dean of the Business School at Stanford University. On behalf of
everyone from Stanford, we welcome you to this conference on education leadership. This is
something relatively unheard of in higher education. I think it’s where the business school gets
together with the education school and talks about education leadership. The other purpose of
Stanford University is to promote learning. The purpose of each school is for education to
promote learning about education and for the business school to promote learning about
management.
Most of the world’s business services are delivered by management institutions that are for-
profit manage institutions and not-for-profit manage institutions.
We rely on management institutions that are chosen instruments in our society to get things
done and implement services, particularly educational services, which are done generally by
people on their own. However, they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve
and accomplish, what others can do does not indicate what you are capable of. We want to
make sure that here at Stanford, we’re not only delivering the services but demonstrating
them, too.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about education leadership. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes the other
purpose of Stanford University is to promote learning. Also, he mentions most of the world’s
business services are delivered by management institutions that are for-profit manage
institutions and non-for-profit manage institutions. Lastly, the speaker believes they must
realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish. In conclusion, this lecture
is very informative.
69)
What’s the literal definition of “risk”? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you mean
by “risk”, and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal definition
of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a dangerous
element or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two
parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence of some kind of
particular danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of it: chance and
consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns, when you look up the
word of safe and safety, which you’ll earn as, it’s a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument
that free from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe and
so on for all. And why we take out of it? At least when we talk about safe at least in English
language, we are talking absolute something is safe, or it sounds safe.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about the literal definition of risk. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes risk
has two parts, the consequence of particular danger and the probability. Also, he mentions it is
a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument that free from harm or risks. Lastly, the speaker
believes when talking about ‘safe’, we are talking something safe, or sounding safe. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.

70)
I suppose it’s the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it’s
something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of
societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still
suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the
unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events that have ever taken
place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they cannot
deny. Ensure they’ve used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an
attempt to cover up their mistakes.

Answer:
This lecture mainly talks about citizens being well informed. Firstly, the speaker emphasizes
that it is something taken for granted in western liberal democracies. Also, he mentions that
many areas of the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information.
Lastly, the speaker believes that governments would help spin what they cannot deny. In
conclusion, this lecture is very informative.
Listening: Fill in the Blanks:
1)
It’s not easy being yellow: bananas now face two separate fungal epidemics, which threaten to
pluck the fruit off of our tables. Fortunately researchers have now sequenced banana DNA,
producing the genome of a banana variety that may hold the secret to defeating the diseases.
The report is in the journal Nature. Today, half of all bananas, including the ones you probably
buy, belong to the Cavendish variety whose popularity stems in part from having no seeds. But
this trait also removes sexual reproduction from the equation. The bananas are thus all
genetically identical —and identically vulnerable to the two fungal epidemics, Panama disease
and black leaf streak disease. Researchers sequenced the genome of a banana variety called
DH-Pahang, whose genes contributed to the Cavendish. While the genome shows where this
fruit fits in the history of plant evolution, it could also help researchers understand why DH-
Pahang, unlike its descendant is resistant to the funguses behind both Panama and black leaf
streak disease. Knowing the genes responsible for this resistance could help breeders create
stronger, more resistant bananas. Which has a lot of appeal.
2)
Interesting sound. I would have guessed a Wild West performer was practicing with a bullwhip
while also vacuuming. But no. That sound is apparently produced by the aurora borealis, the
northern lights. Since 2000 researchers at Finland’s Aalto University have
been collecting audio, as part of what’s called the Auroral Acoustics project. Folk tales have
long held that the lights also produce odd sounds, but the claims were hard to prove. And
some researchers thought that any noises produced by the energetic particles, that cause the
light show would be far too high in the sky to be heard on the ground. But the latest results
indicate that at least some sounds are produced very close to the ground. A setup of three
ground- based microphones allowed researchers, to estimate that the sounds occur perhaps
just 70 meters up. The results were just presented at the International Congress on Sound and
Vibration in Vilnius, Lithuania. More information about the sounds of the northern lights could
lead to a more complete understanding of the phenomenon So if you see an aurora, keep your
ears open.
3)
Just like corporations, stars, too, can engage in mergers and acquisitions: a new study
has identified a pair of white dwarf stars heading toward a merger. White dwarfs are the hot,
super dense remnants of spent stars. In a binary system called J0651, two white dwarfs circle
each other very rapidly. The binary pairing completes an orbit in less than 13 minutes. And
that already rapid orbital dance is speeding up as the two white dwarfs spiral in on each other.
Each year their orbital period shrinks by 0.3 milliseconds. That’s actually a pretty dramatic
change on astronomical timescales In about a million years, the white dwarfs will get so close
that the larger one will start to cannibalize its smaller companion Before long, the two stars will
likely become one. The study appears in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The tightly wound
white dwarf binary should also be radiating gravitational waves—ripples in the fabric of space
and time. But today’s gravitational wave detectors are not sensitive enough to detect them.
That’s okay—astronomers have another million years, before things get really interesting, to
build an instrument that’s up to the task.
4)
Scientists are looking for Earth like planets around other stars. But one way to limit the search
can be to figure out where an Earth like planet cannot exist and eliminate those types of
systems. In a new study, astronomers turned their attention to so called hot Jupiters. These
are Jupiter sized planets that have an orbit of only about three days. The scientists looked at
63 hot Jupiters to see if they could find evidence for any nearby Earth like planets. They found
none. But it could be that the companion planets are too small in size or mass or just
aren’t detectable with the current techniques. So the researchers then turned to hot Neptune’s,
and warm Jupiters—these are Jupiters with slightly longer orbits. They found only 2 potentials
nearby planets among 222 hot Neptures. And of the 31 warm Jupiters, five showed evidence of
a companion. The findings are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The
current theory is that hot Jupiters formed and then migrated in towards their stars. The
researchers say that the migration might have” disrupted the formation of Earth like planets.
Good thing our Jupiter kept its cool.
5)
Does an ice cold drink actually taste better than the same beverage at room temperature?
Depends on what its taste is: a new study finds that the intensity of some flavours varies with
temperature. The work is in the journal Chemosensory Perception. Researchers
took solutions that tasted bitter, sour, sweet, or astringent — a flavour found in legumes and
raw produce that creates a dry, puckering feel in the mouth. They either chilled the solutions to
5 degrees Celsius, the recommended temperature for keeping food cool… or heated the
solutions to 35 degrees Celsius, a couple degrees below human body
temperature Volunteers then rated the tastes. Both sour and astringent solutions tasted
stronger at warm temperatures, and the intensity lasted longer than it did with chilled drinks.
Bitter flavours came through best when chilled and temperature had no effect on perception of
sweetness. For most people, temperature can enhance flavours. But for some,
dubbed thermal tasters, temperature alone can be a flavour. Heating or cooling parts of the
tongue creates the sensation of taste without food— a finding that’s hard to swallow.
6)
As it ages, white paper turns a distinctive yellow. But why? To find out, scientists artificially
aged modern paper to reveal the changes on the molecular level. The research is in the journal
Physical Review Letters. For 48 days, three unbleached paper samples aged rapidly in reactors
that simulated different environmental conditions. The researchers then compared
the artificially aged samples to the real deal: three pieces of paper crafted in 15th century
Europe. This technique allowed them to gauge the types and amounts of changes going on.
About 90 percent of the weight of old paper is cellulose, the sturdy material that makes up
plant cell walls. But over time cellulose fibres oxidize. The process modifies parts of various
molecules and turns them into what are called chromophores, which absorb light. White paper
is white because it reflects all colours of light. Aging paper filled with chromophores reflects
wavelengths that make it look yellow. The non-destructive technique used in this study could
inform research to preserve and even whiten ancient texts and art. And give paper
conservation a brighter outlook.
7)
On election day, where do you vote? If it’s in a church, you might be inclined to vote more
conservatively than if you cast your ballot at a school or government building. That’s according
to research published in the International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. And the effect
seems to hold, whether you’re Christian, Muslim or agnostic, progressive independent or
conservative. The study found that when random people were surveyed in front of a church,
they gave more socially and politically conservative responses than people surveyed while
standing in front of a government building. The shift in people’s attitudes, the researchers
suggest, was likely a result of visual priming — meaning that people who could see
the religious building were, consciously or not, getting cues that influenced their response. The
surveys were conducted in Europe, so it’s possible American voters might react differently. But
the survey included subjects from more than 30 countries to try to minimize a particular
national bias. So before you cast your vote this election year, think about whether your view is
influencing your views.
8)
Music, film and video game makers face a new online, digital world. And some are testing
a revolutionary pricing system: pay what-you want. But a new study finds that
when consumers can name their own price, many may opt out of buying at all. The study is in
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. For the research, tour boat passengers
posed for photos. Each boat ride announced a price of 15 dollars per picture. But they then
charged either 15 dollars, 5 dollars, or the option to pay what you want. As expected, the
fewest tourists purchased photos when they had to pay full price. But more customers bought
photos when they cost 5 dollars than when prices were pay what-you want–which could have
saved passengers even more The researchers suggest that choosing to pay less than an
announced lower than-expected price made people feel cheap. With choices then limited to
spending more money or feeling like a tightwad, potential customers simply opted out of the
purchase. So on sea or land, a low, set price may catch the most fish.
9)
If you enjoy sharing all your likes and dislikes on Facebook, you’re definitely not alone:
research finds that broadcasting personal opinions gives people the same sense of reward as
earning money. The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Study
subjects had their brains scanned while they either talked about their opinions or judged the
beliefs of another. And sharing their own point of view stimulated more activity in
the reward processing parts of the subjects ‘ brains. In another experiment, participants got to
choose among reporting their own opinion, judging someone else’s opinion or answering a true
or false question. And for each choice, they could earn varying amounts of money. Rather than
maximize their winnings by answering the questions that were worth the most cash, people
preferred to talk about themselves — even though they sacrificed an average of 17 percent of
their potential earnings to do it. For the participants, sharing personal information was its own
reward. Which means that people like comedian Patton Oswald, who tweets photos of what
he’s having for launch, probably feel like a million bucks.
10)
Americans still fall short of the recommended daily portions of fruits and vegetables. And kids
are notoriously averse to veggies at the school cafeteria. So researchers tested whether visual
cues of healthful foods could increase consumption at a grade school with 800 students. First
the scientists determined how many kids put carrots and green beans on their trays and how
much they ate. Three months later they did the same analysis. But on the second day, the
trays had pictures of carrots and green beans in the trays ‘compartments. On the day with the
photo cues, more than twice as many kids took green beans as on the control day, and more
than three times as many kids took carrots. Average consumption per student went up as well.
The study was published in The Journal of the American Medical Association The researchers
note that the effect needs to be tested elsewhere for longer than two days. And the amount of
veggies eaten still did not meet government recommendations But if pictures of burgers can
sell meaty meals, maybe fresh fruit and veggie food photos can play a part in the campaign for
healthier kids.
11)
Global warming might seem like a botanical boon. After all, milder temperatures and more
carbon dioxide and nitrogen should feed flora. But a ten-year study has found that any initial
positive effect on plant growth from climate change may soon disappear. The report is in the
journal Nature Climate Change. Researchers transplanted vegetation from four
grassland ecosystems to lower, warmer elevations. They also modified the precipitation at the
transplant sites based on altered rainfall estimates. For the first year, the plants did great,
producing more biomass and churning out more oxygen for us. But their productivity went
down for the rest of the decade. What happened? Warming did speed up the nitrogen cycle,
which should have increased nitrogen’s availability as plant fertilizer. But a lot of the nitrogen
left the soil through run off or uptake into the atmosphere. In addition, productive native
plants began to lose out to species that thrive at higher temperatures, but are less productive
than the natives. Warmer temperatures may spur immediate growth, but in the long term, we
can’t expect plants to like it hot.
12)
Every time you inhale, oxygen passes from your windpipe to your lungs and on into your
bloodstream. But what if your windpipe was blocked? Getting the gas straight to your blood
could save your life. Wait, put down that syringe—a large air bubble in a blood vessel can kill
you. But what if the bubbles were only a few millionths of a meter in diameter? Researchers
coated tiny amounts of oxygen gas with fatty molecules to create micro particles Suspended in
solution, the micro particles formed a foam containing 50 to 90 percent oxygen. In a beaker of
blood, the foam was able to quickly transfer its oxygen to the cells. Then the researchers
tested it in animals. Normally, a blocked windpipe cuts off the blood’s supply of oxygen,
leading to brain damage and death. But when rabbits with blocked windpipes
received injections of the micro particles, their blood oxygen levels and heart rates remained
stable. The work is in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The foam may someday buy
time for human patients. So that even someone with a closed airway can breathe easy.
13)
Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are less
likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how— if results from mice apply to us.
The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. The study tests
what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that extreme cleanliness may actually
promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from homes that had a dog. They fed that
house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common childhood infection called
respiratory syncytial virus —or RSV. Mice who ate the dog dust were protected against RSV
infection symptoms, like inflamed, mucus coated airways, suggesting exposure helped them
stave off the virus. Those mice also had more diverse communities of gut bacteria than control
mice did. The researchers say our pet’s microbes may colonize our gut too, and help the
immune system learn to respond to infections. That’s important because when kids develop
severe RSV their risk of asthma goes up. So next time buster sheds all over the couch, think of
it as a bonus dose of probiotics.
14)
Squeeze the life out of their prey. But how does a boa know it’s snuffed out a rat? The snake
listens for a heartbeat. When it stops, that’s the cue to let go. According to a study in the
journal Biology Letters. Researchers outfitted rat cadavers with artificial beating hearts. They
used dead rats to control for other signs of passing, like muscle spasms. Then they warmed up
the rats, set the heart’s pumping, and dangled them in front of hungry boas. The
snakes attacked And as long as that rat heart kept thumping, the boas kept tightening their
coils and applying bursts of pressure, sometimes for more than 20 minutes. But as soon as
scientists killed the heartbeat, the boas loosened up. Even captive born boas who’d never
hunted live prey paid attention to the pulse — suggesting the behavior is innate. And for good
reason. The authors say constriction takes a lot of energy. And it can be dangerous, say, if an
enemy strikes while the snake’s coiled around its quarry. But by following the tell-tale heart,
boas can keep the pressure on just long enough. Before a relaxing meal.
15)
Every year, about 10 million tons of paper winds up in American landfills and incinerators,
which is not only wasteful but adds CO2 to the atmosphere Recycling helps, but even that
material has to be repulsed and paper sized before you can use it to print out that recipe you ‘ll
never make. But what if you could wipe the page clean and use it again? Light amplification
by stimulated emission of radiation to the rescue. A new study shows that laser light
can erase the toner from a piece of printed paper. The approach appears in the Proceedings of
the Royal Society A. Taking a page from the art restoration handbook scientists sampled a
variety of light sources to see if any could be used to strip the ink from laser printed
documents without damaging or discolouring the paper. UV and infrared were too harsh. But a
bright green laser applied in 4 nanosecond pulses vaporizes the print, leaving paper that looks
as good as new. Such imprinters will probably run about 30,000 bucks, so they probably will
not catch on for home use. But people in the recycling world might find that the green laser fits
the bill for making paper that’s really green.
16)
Jack Nicholson, playing the crazed caretaker in The Shining, makes me reach for a blanket.
Now a study finds that people we find, well, creepy can actually make us feel colder, the
research will be published in the journal Psychological Science. Researchers in interviewed 40
college undergraduates. During each interaction, the experimenter was either chummy with
the student or very stiff and professional The investigator also alternated between mimicking
students ‘posture—a signal of rapport – and not doing anything at all, Participants then
completed a questionnaire designed to find out how hot or cold they felt. The results showed
that the subjects actually felt colder when the investigator acted inappropriately or sent mixed
signals. The researchers conjecture that because the brain tries to interpret social cues and
purely physical ones simultaneously people unconsciously associate icy stares and chilly
interactions with actual physical coldness. So the next time you have to visit your doctor with
the creepy receptionist bring a sweater.
17)
For a company that made its name by building one of the world’s most popular social
networks, Facebook itself often comes across as, well, antisocial. Facebook is invaluable as a
forum for findig long-lost friends, not to mention sharing links, photos and personal videos. For
better and worse, the site has even redefined the word “like.” Of course Facebook manages to
use all of this goodwill to its own advantage. And the company often needs to be reminded
that there are limits to how much it can exploit user information for profit. Facebook has
settled a class-action lawsuit that forces it to be more clear that clicking on the “like” button,
means your name and photo can be used to endorse whatever movie, product or politician you
“Like.” Most recently, Facebook surreptitiously modified user profiles to replace their original e-
mail addresses with @Facebook. Com addresses. Mail sent to that address becomes a
Facebook message to a user. You’d think that a company with so many loyal followers would
have announced this ahead of time. That’s definite dislike.
18)
Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening concert or noisy bar? Envy the
whale: a new study finds that toothed can reduce their own auditory sensitivity when they
expect a loud sound. The work is presented at this week’s Acoustics 2021 meeting Whales and
dolphins rely on their responsive hearing interpret returning echolocation clicks Previous
research suggested that these marine mammals could dull their hearing before uttering
outgoing echolocation clicks, which are very loud. Could they use the same coping mechanism
for external noises? To find out, researchers trained a false killer whale that a loud noise would
always follow a brief warning signal. Then, they attached suction cup sensors to the outside of
the whale’s head and played the signal The sensors measured brainwaves that indicated the
whale did reduce its hearing sensitivity in expectation of a clamor. The researchers hope to test
other species as well. Loud noises from ships can disturb whales. To accommodate marine life,
perhaps vessels could emit signals before making a ruckus, warning whales to tune us out.
19)
One family generally dines on Chinese takeout while their neighbours eat home cooked
meatloaf. You say potato, I say potato. And humans aren’t the only primate species with
cultural differences: even in the same environment different groups of chimpanzees use
different tools. The work is in Current Biology. Chimps living in a national park in Cote d’Ivoire
like eating Coola nuts. They hammer them open with stone or wood. At the beginning of the
season, the nutshells are harder. So you might expect all the chimps in the forest to initially
use stone hammers and then switch to easy to-find wooden tools when the nut cracking
requires less force. But researchers examined the tool use of three different
chimpanzee communities and found that despite sharing genes and a habitat, each group
chose their hammers differently. For example, one group preferred stone hammers throughout
the Coula nut season. Another gradually transitioned from primarily stone to primarily wooden
tools. And the third community switched from stone to wood more quickly. Hammer size
also varied from group to group. As a chimp might explain, you say tomato, I say “chimpanzee
calls”.
20)
Does your puppy turn his nose up at his own chow- because he wants some of whatever it is
that you’re having? A new study finds that, when it comes to food, dogs recognize
human social signals about what’s good. The work is in the journal Public Library of Science
ONE. Researchers let pet dogs choose between two plates, one with a single piece of food and
the other with six pieces. Unsurprisingly the animals generally went for the larger portion. But
when a human being showed a clear liking for the smaller plate, the canines likewise went for
the skimpier choice. The dogs apparently recognized and responded to the humans ‘social
cues. And not all cues were equally effective. When the human approached but did not touch
the smaller portion, dogs ignored the attention drawing gesture. For a social signal to influence
behavior, it had to demonstrate intention. And the most effective cues also involved
involved communication such as looking from the food to the dog and back while talking
encouragingly. For dogs, choosing a bite may depend on another’s bark.
21)
Obese people have higher risks for diabetes heart disease, arthritis — and injuries in car
accidents? Yes, in part because they’re far less likely to wear a seat belt. That’s the finding of a
study out of the University of Buffalo that will be presented at an upcoming meeting of the
Society for Academic Emergency Medicine in Chicago. The researchers analyzed data in the
national Fatality Analysis Reporting System of the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. The study included a third of-a million drivers involved in fatal crashes. Two
years ago, the research group found that morbidly obese people were 56 percent more likely to
die in a car crash than normal weight car occupants. The new study revealed that drivers of
normal weight are 67 percent more likely to wear a seat belt than are obese drivers — which
could account for at least part of the increased death risk. The researchers hypothesize
that overweight people find belts uncomfortable and difficult to buckle. A weight
loss program can address the problem in the long run. An inexpensive seat belt extension can
solve it today.
22)
Tens of millions of sharks are killed for their fins each year. It’s not just a tragic abuse of the
animals. It’s bad business. “They’re basically swimming dollar signs, whether you’re trying to
kill them for their meat or their fins or you’re interested in looking at them for ecotourism.”
That’s Austin Gallagher, a doctoral student at the University of Miami. I spoke with him on
February 26th. “We did some calculations and the results were remarkable. We determined
that the average shark was worth about $200,000 over the course of its life. And when you
compare it to finning that animal — a one-time extractive use — seeing it for diving is worth
about 40 percent more.” Gallagher and his doctoral advisor Neil Hammerschlag published the
study last year in Current Issues in Tourism. “Since this paper came out, I got an e mail from
somebody in Bali just a weeks ago saying, ‘We’re using your paper to stop illegal harvest of
thresher sharks in Bali at a local dive community.'”
23)
It’s tough to pick a familiar face out of a crowd — but focusing on a known voice in a noisy
room is easy. And a new study scanned volunteers ‘brains to look at how we solve the so called
cocktail party problem. The work is in the journal Nature. Researchers recorded the activity of
the subject’s cerebral cortexes while playing them sentences spoken by different voices. First,
the subjects listened to individual sentences and reported key features of each one. Then, they
heard two different sentences played at the same time, but had to listen to and recall details
from only one voice. Each voice drew a particular response from the auditory cortex. And even
with an extra sentence playing simultaneously researchers saw that the cortex responded
specifically to the voice that the subject was focusing on. This finding indicates that our brains
process sound based not only on the audio input they receive-, but also on our listening goals.
And it could lead to speech recognition systems that are accurate in crowds — even at a
cocktail party.
24)
If you have paraskevidekatriaphobia, today is not your day. That’s right,
paraskevidekatriaphobia is fear of Friday the 13th and the accidents, mishaps and misfortunes
thought by some to occur on that day. But is there anything really to fear? In fact, a study
was conducted and published back in 1993 in the British Medical Journal that looked at hospital
admissions due to accidents on one Friday the 13th compared with the previous Friday the 6th.
The researchers tracked traffic on a highway in one area and found that many fewer cars were
on the road on the 13th. Perhaps due to people being leery of driving on that day. But
hospital admissions in that area due to traffic accidents was actually higher. Forty-five people
were admitted on the 6th but 65 people were admitted on the 13th. The
researchers concluded that a few people were indeed unlucky. On that Friday the 13th. In that
part of England. Then again, what you really needed for this study was a control group that
stays home, only to slip in the bathtub.
25)
Asteroid collisions can be – just ask the dinosaurs – but they also bring key ingredients for life.
Super-Earths can draw them to nearby worlds. Super-Earths – planets that are up to 10 times
more massive than Earth — might play billiards with planetary systems. New simulations
suggest that if a super-Earth existed in our own solar system, say between Venus and the
Earth, far more asteroids would collide with us. But that isn’t necessarily a bad thing, if the
timing is right. Understanding the effect of these massive planets on others nearby could help
direct the search for life on exoplanets.
26)

All earthquakes look the same when they start, making it unlikely we will be able to predict
which will cause the most devastation from early observations. Early warning systems rely on
seismometers picking up tremors and sounding the alarm for nearby cities before major
shaking starts. Even a few seconds’ warning can make a lot of difference, both for individual
people and for organisations like hospitals. For example, Mexico’s early warning system gave
everyone a 10 to 15 second heads-up before Tuesday’s magnitude 7.1 earthquake.

27)

Popular ride-sharing firm Uber has had its licence to operate in London revoked in a surprise
move by the city’s regulator. There were multiple reasons for the decision. TfL cited the
company’s approach to reporting criminal offences. In August, a senior officer within London’s
Metropolitan Police Service wrote to TfL about Uber’s slowness to report a
passenger’s accusation that her driver had sexually assaulted her. TfL said it was also
concerned about how Uber obtained medical certificates and criminal records checks for
drivers. The straw that broke the camel’s back may have been the company’s “Greyball”
software – an internal application that Uber may have used to block regulators’ oversight of the
Uber app.

28)

A new process for 3D-printing things could pave the way for lighter, faster aircraft
that potentially fly further on the same amount of fuel. Today’s aeroplanes are held together
with thousands of metal rivets and fasteners. That’s because the lightweight but
strong aluminium alloys used for their frames are considered unwieldable. Try to weld them
and you get a phenomenon called hot-cracking, in which the finished alloy weakens
and fractures as it cools. This and other adverse welding effects also stand in the way of 3D-
printing high-strength aluminium alloy parts. When researchers have tried, the resulting laser-
fused mass flakes away at the welding area like a stale biscuit.

29)

Ebola virus, the bacteria that causes plague, a pandemic strain of flu – if any of these
pathogens could be turned into bioweapons by terrorists or rogue nation states, they would
threaten humanity. Most life scientists have little awareness of biosecurity issues, according to
a National Academies report released today. And it says there are “multiple shortcomings” in
the systems designed to stop potentially risky research from being published.

30)

Mobile applications are using third-party data collection and advertising tools in order
to monetize those applications. It happens across all types of apps, including ones that users
may find fairly sensitive, like health and fitness, and wellness applications.

31)

Archaeologists look for clues that indicate that an area is worth digging up. Clues may come
from the writings of someone in the past who has described the existence of a particular town
or burial site. Sometimes sites are accidentally discovered during excavation for the
construction of buildings, roads, dams or railways.

32)

Historians can represent events that have happened in past centuries on a timeline, showing
the four major periods of human history. A timeline is a good way to help us get history
into perspective. It shows events from the past in a clear chronological order – that is, from
the earliest to the latest event.

33)

We can gain an accurate knowledge of the past only if we know the age of the different sources
being investigated. Without this information, historians and archaeologists could not be sure of
the order in which different areas were settled, used and abandoned. They would not always
be sure if a particular object was real or forgery.

34)

There are some common reasons to explain why early civilisations developed in different places
and different times around the world. Each ancient civilisation that has been discovered
developed in places where there was a reliable water supply (usually on the banks of major
rivers), and where the soil was fertile enough to grow crops.
35)

All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are by pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we come to
understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that
future generations can come to understand their heritage.

36)

Colombia on Tuesday adopted a tax reform plan that was at the root of violent anti-
government protests that left more than 60 people dead this year, but was eventually
reconfigured to be kinder to the middle class and the poor. President Iván Duque signed the
so-called "social investment law," which has as its stated objective to combat poverty in a
country hit hard by the coronavirus epidemic. He says the law will, quote, "benefit nearly 29
million Colombians in a vulnerable situation" out of a total population of some 50 million. A first
version of the law presented by Duque early this year to combat the economic consequences of
the global health crisis would have significantly increased taxes on an already battered middle
class.

37)

Colombian military and police have confirmed that they have captured Dairo Antonio usuga,
known as Otoniel, Colombia's most sought after drug trafficker and leader of the Clan del
Golfo. He was captured on Saturday during an operation carried out by the country's armed
forces. Colombia had offered a reward of about $800,000 for information concerning his
whereabouts. Italy's right-wing former interior minister, Matteo Salvini, went on trial Saturday
on charges of kidnapping for refusing in 2019 to allow a Spanish migrant rescue ship to dock in
Sicily, keeping the people on board at sea for days.

38)

UNICEF is warning that schools in Haiti are increasingly at the mercy of gangs, with children
becoming targets of robbery or ransom. The agency said Tuesday at least seven schools in the
capital of Port-au-Prince have been forced to pay unidentified gangs in exchange for security in
the past two months and that additional institutions have also been threatened. The warning
comes days after authorities said gang members killed a university professor they had recently
abducted. In addition, U.S. and Haitian authorities are still trying to secure the release of 17
missionaries from a U.S. religious organization who were kidnapped on October 16 near the
capitol.

39)

A massive tow truck worked Saturday to remove the remains of a burned-out oil tanker that
exploded in a giant fireball overnight near the capital of Sierra Leone. Reuters David Doyle has
more. Deputy Health Minister Amara Jambai said the death toll currently stands at 99 with
more than 100 people being treated in hospitals and clinics across the capital, Freetown. In a
video from the scene shared online, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency,
Brima Bureh Sisay, said "We've got so many casualties, burnt corpses," adding "It's a terrible,
terrible accident." Freetown's mayor said the extent of the damage from Friday's explosion was
not yet known, adding that police and her deputy were at the scene to assist disaster
management officials.

40)

At least five people were killed and several others wounded when Sudanese security forces
opened fire on demonstrators in Khartoum and elsewhere in the country Saturday. The Sudan
Doctors Committee said four people died from gunshots and one suffocated from tear gas in
Khartoum and Omdurman on Saturday. Several other protesters were wounded, including from
gunshots. The rallies came two days after military coup leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
reappointed himself the head of the Sovereign Council, Sudan's interim governing body.
Thursday's move angered the pro-democracy alliance and frustrated the United States and
other countries that have urged the military to reverse its coup and to restore civilian rule.

41)

Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the
first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being program
and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy,
people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes
against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for
example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture
on 'how society is doing' is provided.

42)

President Trump has warned Turkey's President Erdogan that foreign interference is
complicating the situation in Libya. It comes after Turkey MPs approved a bill, allowing the
military to be deployed to interfere in Libya's civil war in support of the UN-backed government
in Tripoli. The United States is to ban a number of popular e-cigarette flavors to curb the rising
use of vaping products among teenagers. However, menthol and tobacco flavors will be
allowed to remain on the market and large refillable vaping devices are completely exempt
from the ban.

43)

First it was pets, then fish. Now it's poultry and pigs. The list of animals allowed to feed on
insects is growing. A new EU law authorizing the use of insect protein in poultry and pig feed
came into force earlier this month, a significant milestone for an industry keen to worm its way
into the animal-feed business. Since a ban on processed animal protein was imposed in 2001
in the wake of the "mad cow" crisis, soy and fish meal have become the bedrock of animal feed
in Europe.

44)

It was another roller-coaster week for energy prices. After OPEC and its allies resisted calls to
increase output, the price of Brent crude surpassed $80 per barrel and reached its highest level
in three years. The cartel said it would stick to the gradual increases in output it agreed to over
the summer. The energy shortage rattled other financial markets too, as Investors worried
about the fallout. In America and Europe government bond yields climbed. In Britain the yield
on ten-year gilts jumped to its highest since May 2019.

45)

A hormone called relaxn helps loosen up pregnant women’s hips. Without it, the pain of
delivery would be unbearable. Its job done, however, relaxing lingers in female bodies for up to
a year, when softer ligaments make new mothers more prone to injury, as Jessica Ennis-Hill,
an Olympic champion heptathlete, discovered in training after giving birth in 2014. Five years
later Dame Jessica started Jennies, a fitness app to help other women perform safe post-natal
workouts. It now lets users optimize workouts for the different phases of their menstrual
cycles, and has just concluded a successful funding round.

46)

On the face of things, it seems both absurd and unfair that large American companies regularly
whittle down their tax bills, taking advantage of every loophole on offer. One study found that
at least 55 big companies incurred no federal taxes at all on their profits in 2020. A proposal
being discussed as The Economist went to press, and as the Democratic Party scrambled to
fund its social-spending package, seems to offer a popular solution: a minimum tax on
corporate earnings as reported to shareholders, rather than as massaged down when reported
to tax collector.

47)

The Democratic Republic of the Congo will hold an election in December, hopefully leading to a
peaceful democratic transfer of power for the first time in the country's history. Sitting
President Joseph Kabila came to power in 2001, having succeeded his father, Laurent Désiré
Kabila, after his assassination. Joseph Kabila was elected as President in 2006 for a five-year
term, and re-elected in 2011. Though his second term ended in 2016 and the DRC constitution
prevents him from seeking a third term, elections were not held and Kabila remained in power.

48)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released the first part of its latest assessment
report. The Earth is warming. Even with a drastic reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions
temperatures will probably be 1.5 degrees Celsius above their late-19th century levels by
2050. Climate change is under way, the report laments, with all the environmental
consequences that brings. The extent of the damage depends on the cumulative build-up of
emissions and can be limited if the world strives for net-zero carbon emissions.

49)

It might sound obvious that if you want to improve a robot's software, you should improve its
software. Agrim Gupta of Stanford University, however, begs to differ. He thinks you can also
improve a robot's software by improving its hardware—that is, by letting the hardware Adapt
itself to the software's capabilities. As they describe in Nature Communications, he and his
colleagues have devised a way of testing this idea. In doing so, they have brought to robotics
the principles of evolution by natural selection. They also cast the spotlight on an evolutionary
idea that dates from the 1890s, but which has hitherto proved hard to demonstrate.
50)

European market is a tough terrain for food delivery firms. Delivery Hero has had a good run in
the past couple of years. In August 2020 it ascended to the Dax, the stock market index of
Germany's most valuable listed firms. It is present in 50 countries on four continents. Revenue
for the third quarter was 1.8bn euros ($2bn), a jump of 89% compared with the same period
in 2020. “We grew 100% before Corona, 100% during Corona and we will grow 100% after
Corona,” says Niklas Ostberg, the Berlin-based firm's Swedish chief executive. By number of
orders Delivery Hero is more than twice as big as DoorDash, its large American

51)

The lives of distinguished people often take a lot of telling. Yet even devotees might Raise an
eyebrow at the heft of Sir Paul McCartney’s memoir: two volumes totalling 960 pages. Casual
Beatles fans may be surprised by the title, too. Though most would consider Sir Paul the band’s
best musician (with an honorable mention for George Harrison), John Lennon typically gets the
plaudits for writing. In a poll by the BBC in 2001 to rank the greatest lyricists, Lennon received
more than twice as many votes as McCartney.

52)

Like every farmer Courtney Hammond, who grows blueberries and cranberries in Washington
County, Maine, has a lot of worries. He frets about weather, invasive species, failed crops and
global prices. To abide by federal food-safety laws, he has had to do training, maintain
meticulous records, have insect- and rodent-control plans and document daily the sanitation of
his processing equipment. It is a tremendous amount of work but it means, he says, "I don't
have to worry about anybody getting sick from eating anything that leaves my farm." Now he
is worried that a new law may put his hard work in jeopardy. Earlier this month 61% of voters
opted to change the state constitution to ensure that all Mainers had a "right to food", the first
law of its kind in America.

53)

On August 4, explosives aboard two drones flying near Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as
he spoke in Caracas were detonated. Seven people were injured. Maduro has used the incident
as a pretext to crack down on Venezuela's opposition by unleashing the regime's secret police.
State Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert said, “The United States
condemns the political violence that occurred on August 4 and urges the Maduro regime to
respect the rule of law, exercise restraint, and safeguard the presumption of innocence for all
accused.”

54)

Even if the distribution of women's occupations matched that of men—"if women were the
doctors and men were the nurses"—she calculates that at most a third of the pay gap would
disappear. The most important cause is that women curtail their careers as a part of a rational
household response to labour markets, which generously reward anyone, male or female, who
is willing to hold down what Ms Goldin calls a "greedy job". These are roles, such as those in
law, accountancy and finance, that demand long and unpredictable hours. Parents need
somebody to be on-call at home in case a child falls ill and needs picking up from school, or
needs cheering on at a concert or football match.

55)

High staff churn is here to stay. Retention strategies require a rethink. In the not-so-distant
past, bosses did not have to worry as much about their workforces. Newcomers could absorb
the corporate culture osmotically. Workers’ families were invisible, not constantly interrupting
Zoom calls. Employees had a job, not a voice. Now firms have to “be intentional”
(management-speak for thinking) about everything from the point of the office to how staff
communicate with each other. Retention is the latest area to require attention. The spike in
staff departures known as the Great Resignation is centered on America: a record 3% of the
workforce there quit their jobs in September.

55)

In 1945, while in a state of exhaustion, the mathematician John von Neumann had a kind of
stammering premonition. He was in Los Alamos, working on the atom bomb, and he told his
wife Klari that the “energy source” he was helping to develop would make scientists “the most
hated and also the most wanted citizens of any country”. Then he informed her that his other
ongoing project, the computer, would one day be even more important—and potentially even
more dangerous. Good biographies of some of the greatest mathematical minds are rare:
because they were polymaths, biographers who can interpret their manifold achievements for
the ordinary mortal are themselves thin on the ground. This has been von Neumann’s fate, and
the upshot is that he has not had the recognition he deserves.

56)

President Trump has reluctantly signed into law a congressional bill imposing sanctions on
Russia over its policy in Ukraine and alleged meddling in last year's US presidential election.
Afterwards, he called the legislation seriously flawed, saying it encroached on his powers to
negotiate foreign policy and hurt the interests of European allies. The company that provided
the Venezuelan voting system for the controversial constituent assembly elections says the
turnout figure was inflated by at least one million. The speaker of the opposition-controlled
National Assembly called on prosecutors to open a criminal investigation immediately.

57)

The United States has confirmed that it will pull out of the Paris climate agreement.
Washington has informed the United Nations, formally implementing a decision by President
Trump in June. But the State Department said the U.S. would continue to participate in climate
change meetings until the withdrawal process was completed. New research indicates that
weather-related disasters could kill more than 150,000 people in Europe each year by the end
of the century. The European Commission report estimated that heat waves would cause 99%
of all weather-related deaths on the continent.
58)

The Venezuelan authorities say they have suppressed, what they termed, a terrorist attack on
an army base in the City of Valencia. Diosdado Cabello of the governing United Socialist Party,
said loyal troops re-established security at the base. Officials said 7 people have been arrested
and at least one of them died. Afghan officials say at least 50 people, including women and
children, have been killed by militants in the northern province of Sari Pul. A spokesman told
BBC that insurgents attacked security checkpoints and entered a village, killing civilians,
among them women and children. He said Taliban and Islamic State fighters were involved,
but Taliban has denied killings civilians. They say they killed 28 members of a local militia.

59)

Executive Vice President of the U.S. government's Overseas Private Investment Corporation,
OPIC, David Bohigian and other U.S. government officials traveled to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia in August to promote U.S. investment in those countries. OPIC is the U.S.
Government's development finance institution. It mobilizes private capital to help address
critical development challenges and in doing so, advances U.S. foreign policy and national
security priorities. On August 14th, the U.S. delegation met with Armenian Minister of
Economic Development and Investments Artsvik Minasyan.

60)

Within the past few minutes, the election commission in Kenya has declared that Tuesday’s
presidential election was won by the incumbent Uhuru Kenyatta. The opposition which has
complained fraud has rejected the results. An opposition spokesman described the process as a
masquerade. World leaders have expressed concern of the war of words between Washington
and Pyongyang over North Korea’s nuclear program. After President Trump said the US military
was locked and loaded, North Korea accused him of driving the situation to the brink of nuclear
war. Russia, China and Germany have all appealed the calm and further diplomatic efforts.

61)

First though, the U.S. government has released its monthly jobs report. It's one measure of
how the economy as a whole is doing. The report that just came out is for the month of
September and it was a disappointment. Economists had expected that 479,000 jobs would
have been added last month. The actual number was well below half that according to the U.S.
Labor Department. It was the second month in a row that the number of jobs added to the
American economy was dramatically lower than what economists predicted, and no one knows
exactly why the growth in this area has slowed down. Many economists point to continued
concerns about the corona virus pandemic and the Delta variant of the disease.

62)

Even though they usually start to decrease this time of year, the average price for a gallon of
gasoline in the United States hit $3.27 this week. That's its highest price in seven years, and
it's almost double what it was last spring when roads and runways were nearly empty because
of the COVID pandemic. There are several components to the price of gasoline. The cost of
getting it to gas stations, Federal and state taxes. The cost of refining it, the profits gas
companies make, they all factor in, but the biggest chunk of what we pay, accounting for 43
percent of the cost of gasoline is the price of the crude oil gas is made from. And not
coincidentally, crude is also at its highest price in seven years at just over $80 per barrel.

63)

The enduring defeat of ISIS remains a top priority for the United States. The U.S. led Global
Coalition to Defeat ISIS is leading stabilization efforts that consolidate military gains, restore
basic essential services, and enable Syrians to voluntarily and safely return to their homes in
Raqqa and other former ISIS strongholds. Assistance includes explosive hazard and rubble
removal, providing clean water, rehabilitating electricity networks, and other basic necessities.
Since April, the United States has elicited approximately $300 million in contributions and
pledges from Coalition partners to support immediate stabilization and early recovery
initiatives in areas liberated from ISIS in northeast Syria.

64)

The U.S. government says it's made progress in an effort to relieve some of the shipping
problems that have clogged up the international supply chain. The government does not
control that chain. It's largely made up of private port operators, trucking companies, railroads
and warehouses, but the Biden Administration is putting its support behind a plan for the Port
of Los Angeles to operate 24/7 and for large companies like Walmart, Home Depot and UPS to
ship more goods at night. California's Port of Los Angeles is one of the most congested ports on
Earth, 40 percent of all the containers shipped to America come through here and at the Port
of Long Beach. Economic analysts and trade leaders say this is a step in the right direction, but
that it won't make a major impact in supply problems.

65)

First though, family members, politicians, historians and civil rights advocates are paying
tribute to Colin Powell, an American military and political leader who passed away Monday at
age 84. Powell had an extraordinary resume dating all the way back to his work in the Reserve
Officers Training Corp while he was in college. At that time, Powell had attained the ROTC's
highest rank and he continued to advance his military career from there. Powell served in
combat during the Vietnam War and became a four-star general in the U.S. Army. During the
presidency of Ronald Reagan, Powell became America's first black National Security Advisor.
Under President George H.W. Bush, Powell became the first African American chairman of the
U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, the country's highest ranking military officer.

66)

Two former U.S. Republican presidents, George Bush Sr. and his son, George W., have called
on Americans to reject racism and anti-Semitism. It's being seen as a rebuke to Donald Trump
for his comments about who was responsible for clashes in Charlottesville on Saturday. Mr.
Trump's sparked fury when he again blamed both anti-racist protesters and white
supremacists. One demonstrator, Heather Heyer, was killed. At her memorial service, her
mother said the killer had wanted to silence her daughter, but had ended up magnifying her.
President Trump has announced he's dismantling two advisory panels made mainly of senior
business figures. Several resigned in the controversy over the U.S. leader's reaction to events
in Charlotteville.
67)

The authorities in the Spanish city of Barcelona say 13 people have been killed and 80 injured
by a van, which deliberately drove into them at a popular tourist market. The vehicle moved at
speed through Las Ramblas in the city center, before being abandoned by the driver who ran
away. Hundreds of tourists and local people took shelter in shops and churches, as police
searched for suspects. Hours later, two of them, including a man of Moroccan origin, were
arrested. Spanish media say another suspect was killed in a police shootout on the outskirts of
the city. The Spanish Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, who is on his way to Barcelona, says he
will be coordinating efforts to reinforce security, while the Catalan President, Carles
Puigdemont, has called for solidarity.

68)

The government of the Spanish region of Catalonia has contradicted an assertion that the
central authorities of Madrid that the Jihadist soul behind two attacks in Catalonia had been
dismantled. The Interior Minister in Catalan regional government Joaquim Forn said Catalan
police were heading the inquiry and detectors were still searching for at least 1 suspect. At
Turkey’s request, the Spanish authorities have arrested the German Turkish writer Dogan
Akhanli. Mr. Akhanli who has written extensively in Turkey’s human rights record is a critic of
president Recep Tayyip Erdogan. He’s not known on what grounds Turkey issued the
international arrest warrant.

69)

Spanish police say they have identified the driver of the van that mowed down crowds walking
along Barcelona's main tourist street last Thursday, killing 13 people. They haven't named him,
but he's understood to be Younes Abouyaaqoub, a 22-year-old born in Morocco. Police say he
may have fled the country. A South African court has given permission for an online auction of
rhino horns despite a global trade ban. The authorities have tried to stop the 3-day auction.
There's a great demand for rhino horns in Vietnam and China with their use in traditional
medicines. The South African government has confirmed that it granted diplomatic immunity to
Zimbabwe's First Lady, Grace Mugabe, enabling her to return home despite being accused of
assaulting a model in Johannesburg. The government said it was imperative to maintain good
relations with Zimbabwe.

70)

The U.S. Agency for International Development, or USAID, recently announced additional
assistance to support achieving the goals outlined in the bilateral Development Objectives
Assistance Agreement between the U.S. and Nigerian governments signed in 2015. 25 million
dollars will strengthen good governance by supporting state governments' efforts to bolster
Nigeria's Open Government Partnership commitments to improve transparency and fight
corruption. An additional 1.5 million dollars will support a healthier, more educated population
in targeted states through the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, also known as
PEPFAR, for a total of 26.5 million dollars in additional assistance.
71)

The U.S. and South Korea announced late Saturday the two countries will end annual large-
scale joint military exercises as part of diplomatic efforts to “achieve complete denuclearization
of the Korean Peninsula.” In a statement, the Pentagon said acting Secretary of Defense
Patrick Shanahan and South Korea Minister of National Defense in a phone call Saturday
decided to end the Key Resolve and Foal Eagle series of exercises. The decision comes three
days after a summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong
Un in Vietnam that ended without an agreement to resolve the North Korean nuclear crisis.
Seoul’s Defense Ministry released a similar statement, according to the Associated Press.

72)

In an effort to encourage the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea, to

dismantle its nuclear weapons program, the United Nations Security Council last year passed
Resolution 2375, which imposes sanctions on North Korea. The United States is determined to
strictly implement this Resolution. “Members of the UN Security Council, and by extension all
UN member-states, have unanimously agreed to fully enforce sanctions on North Korea, and
we expect them to continue to honor those commitments,” said Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo.

73)

China is stepping up its efforts, so announcing a long-awaited plan to link up its southern Pearl
River Delta into a massive hub of technology, research finance and innovation. The possibilities
and challenges of the project are both equally challenging and promising, according to
analysts. Some describe the plan as an attempt to create a mega-city to rival Silicon Valley,
the U.S. technology powerhouse that is home to companies such as Google, Facebook, and
Apple. But while Silicon Valley has a population of 3.1 million, the Greater Bay Area will link up
nine cities together with Hong Kong and Macau with a total population of about 70 million, and
the economic heft, state media argues, to drive the Chinese economy, let alone the world.

74)

Heavy rains are expected to fall in a few weeks. Aid agencies are racing to shore up flimsy
shelters and stabilize shaky terrain before the monsoon season begins. The U.N. refugee
agency(UNHCR) says the work ahead is monumental but preparations are off to a better start
this year than last. Aid agencies last year had to deal with the massive influx of more than
740,000 Rohingya refugees fleeing violence and persecution in Myanmar. They arrived over a
period of a few months, straining local resources and requiring vast amounts of humanitarian
assistance.

75)

The World Health Organization says twelve years ago, India alone was responsible for almost
70 percent of all polio cases around the world. It calls India's success against polio one of the
most significant achievements in public health. WHO officials say India's accomplishment
proved the crippling disease can be eliminated in even the most challenging circumstances with
a strong political commitment. The number of polio cases has decreased from an estimated
350,000 a year to 33, since the WHO launched its global eradication campaign in 1988.
76)

India has downplayed the impact of U.S. plans to end New Delhi's preferential trade status that
allows duty free access to products worth $ 5.6 billion. Saying that India has not assured the
United States that it will provide ‘equitable and reasonable access’ to its markets, U.S.
President Donald Trump has directed the U.S. Trade Representative’s office to remove India
from a program that grants it preferential trade treatment. In 2017, India was the biggest
beneficiary of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which lowers duties on exports
from about 120 developing countries. The Indian commerce secretary told reporters in New
Delhi that India has no plans to impose retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods.

77)

Thais waited Monday for the results of an election called a return to democratic rule, but which
has been widely criticized as an exercise designed by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-ocha to
entrench his military’s stranglehold on power. Preliminary official results released late Sunday
showed that with 93 percent of ballots counted the military-backed Phalang Pracharat party
was in the lead with about 7.6 million votes, that’s short of what would be needed for a
majority in parliament. In second place was the Pheu Thai party of former prime minister
Vanessa with 7.1 million votes. The campaign was marred by allegations of vote buying,
however, complaints were few on polling day with election observers from Australia, Canada,
the United States and the 10 members of the Association of South East Asian Nations on hand.

78)

A water-proof drone is being used by Australian scientists to collect the highly-treasured nasal
mucus of migrating whales. The snot is rich with fresh DNA, viruses and bacteria, and is
collected by a drone that hovers over the blowholes of humpback whales as they embark on
their epic annual journey along Australia's east coast. From Sydney, Phil Mercer
reports,“Whales, like all mammals need air, and come to the surface to breathe through a
blowhole. Vanessa Pirotta, a marine biologist at Macquarie University, says that nasal mucus
indicates the health of the whale.”
Highlight Incorrect Words:
1)

Question:
Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening concert or noisy bar? Envy the
whale: a new study finds that toothed whales can reduce their own sensitivity when they
expect a loud sound. The work is presented at this week’s Acoustics 2012 meeting. Whales and
dolphins rely on their responsive hearing to interpret returning echolocation clicks. Previous
research suggested that these marine mammals could dull their hearing before uttering
outgoing echolocation clicks, which are very loud. Could they use the same coping
mechanism for external noises? To find out, researchers trained a false killer whale that a loud
noise would always follow a brief warning signal. Then, they attached suction-cup sensors to
the outside of the whale’s head and played the signal. The sensors measured refrains
brainwaves that indicated the whale did reduce its hearing sensitivity in expectation of a
clamor. The researchers hope to test other species as well. Loud noises from ships can disturb
whales. To accommodate marine life, perhaps vessels could emit signals before making a
ruckus, warning whales to tune us out.
Transcript:
Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening concert or noisy bar? Envy the
whale: a new study finds that toothed whales can reduce their own auditory when they expect
a loud sound. The work is presented at this week’s Acoustics 2012 meeting. Whales and
dolphins rely on their responsive hearing to interpret returning installation clicks. Previous
research suggested that these marine mammals could dull their hearing before uttering
outgoing echolocation clicks, which are very loud. Could they use the same coping hidden for
external noises? To find out, easterners trained a false killer whale that a loud noise would
always follow a brief warning signal. Then, they want obstructionist sensors to the outside of
the whale’s head and played the signal. The sensors measured refrains brainwaves that
indicated the whale did reduce its hearing sensitivity in expectation of a clamor. The
researchers hope to test other species as well. Loud noises from ships can disturb whales. To
accommodate marine life, perhaps vessels could emit signals before making a ruckus, warning
whales to tune us out.
Answer:
Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening concert or noisy bar? Envy the
whale: a new study finds that toothed whales can reduce their own auditory sensitivity when
they expect a loud sound. The work is presented at this week’s Acoustics 2012 meeting.
Whales and dolphins rely on their responsive hearing to interpret returning installation
echolocation clicks. Previous research suggested that these marine mammals could dull their
hearing before uttering outgoing echolocation clicks, which are very loud. Could they use the
same coping hidden mechanism for external noises? To find out, easterners
researchers trained a false killer whale that a loud noise would always follow a brief warning
signal. Then, they want attached obstructionist suction-cup sensors to the outside of the
whale’s head and played the signal. The sensors measured refrains brainwaves that indicated
the whale did reduce its hearing sensitivity in expectation of a clamor. The researchers hope to
test other species as well. Loud noises from ships can disturb whales. To accommodate marine
life, perhaps vessels could emit signals before making a ruckus, warning whales to tune us out.
2)
Question:
Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit the good of the colony. But not so
fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can
scheme like a stage mom. Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring
become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted hypothesis had been
that random ants were fed certain foods that would allow them to develop into queens. But
DNA test on five harmoies colonies of leaf-cutting ants revealed that certain males have a
better henetic chance of producing royal progeny. Scientists believe these rare males stay
anonymous, and thus avoid any problems with other ants that might darkes otherwise lose
their “one-for-all, all-for-one” attitude. In fact, the number of males carrying royal genes to
those who aren’t may have settled at a low ratio through evolution-which cobbled together the
best way for the ant gene pool to expand, while at the same time keeping the lucky males
hidden from their possibly jealous rivals.
Transcript:
Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit the good of the colony. But not so
fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can
scheme like a stage mom. Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring
become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted apologist’s had been
that random ants were fed certain foods that would allow them to develop into queens. But
DNA test on five harmonies of leaf-cutting ants greet that certain males have a better henetic
chance of rerouting royal progeny. Scientists believe these rare males stay anonymous, and
thus avoid any problems with other ants that might darkies lose their “one-for-all, all-for-one”
attitude. In fact, the number of males carrying royal genes to those who aren’t may have
settled at a low ratio through evolution-which cobbled objector the best way for the ant gene
pool to expand, while at the same time keeping the lucky males hidden from their possibly
jealous rivals.
Answer:
Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit the good of the colony. But not so
fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can
scheme like a stage mom. Scientists say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring
become child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The accepted apologist’s hypothesis
had been that random ants were fed certain foods that would allow them to develop into
queens. But DNA test on five harmonies colonies of leaf-cutting ants greet revealed that
certain males have a better henetic chance of rerouting producing royal progeny. Scientists
believe these rare males stay anonymous, and thus avoid any problems with other ants that
might darkies otherwise lose their “one-for-all, all-for-one” attitude. In fact, the number of
males carrying royal genes to those who aren’t may have settled at a low ratio through
evolution-which cobbled objector together the best way for the ant gene pool to expand, while
at the same time keeping the lucky males hidden from their possibly jealous rivals.
3)
Question:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who eat
chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those ho hardly rarely eat it. The findings may seem
surprising in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in general. The more calories
people conain consume, the more likely they are to put on weight. The recent studies
emphasize that it is more the regularity with which people eat chocolate that is significant
rather than the amount they consume. Whether they eat a little or lot seems to make no
difference, whereas eating it frequently appears to reduce weight more than only having it
occasionally.
Transcript:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who eat
chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those who rarely eat it. The findings may seem
suspicious in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in general. The more calories
people contain, the more likely they are to put on weight. The recent studies establish that it is
more the regularity with which people eat chocolate that is important rather than the amount
they consume. Whether they eat a little or lot seems to make no difference, whereas eating it
freely appears to reduce weight more than only having it occasionally.
Answer:
Researchers at the University of Califomia claim to have discovered that people who eat
chocolate regularly tend to be lighter than those who hardly rarely eat it. The findings may
seem suspicious surprising in that chocolate has a great many calories and, in general. The
more calories people contain consume, the more likely they are to put on weight. The recent
studies establish emphasize that it is more the regularity with which people eat chocolate that
is important significant rather than the amount they consume. Whether they eat a little or lot
seems to make no difference, whereas eating it freely frequently appears to reduce weight
more than only having it occasionally.
4)

Question:
English had barely established itself as a language in England when it began moving to other
countries to be used there as well. First it headed north to Scotland and then west to Wales. It
then made its way across the sea to lreland. That was in the Middle Ages. Overs the course of
the following centuries it has put down roots all over the world; from the USA to South Africa,
from India to New Zealand. Of course. In all these countries it had developed in special ways to
suit the new concepts contexts in which it found itself.
Transcript:
English had barely established itself as a language in England when it began to other countries
to be used there as well. First it passed north to Scotland and then west to Wales. It then
made its path across the sea to lreland. That was in the Middle Ages. Overs the course of the
following centuries it has put down roots all over the earth; from the USA to South Africa, from
India to New Zealand. Of course. In all these places it had developed in special ways to suit the
new concepts contexts in which it found itself.
Answer:
English had barely established itself as a language in England when it began spreading moving
to other countries to be used there as well. First it passed headed north to Scotland and then
west to Wales. It then made its path way across the sea to lreland. That was in the Middle
Ages. Overs the course of the following centuries it has put down roots all over the earth
world; from the USA to South Africa, from India to New Zealand. Of course. In all these places
countries it had developed in special ways to suit the new concepts contexts in which it found
itself.
5)
Question:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular means of communication in the business
world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to communicate by
simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve conferences or meetings in
multiple locations. The advantages are obvious: no more lengthy phone call or complex
correspondence with business contacts. Partners or offices aroad overseas. This relatively low
cost. Fast. Effective communication method had made significant in not just a business context
but also education, medicine and media.
Transcript:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular method of communication in the business
world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to communicate by
simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve conferences or meetings in
many locations. The advantages are obvious: no more lengthy phone call or complicated
correspondence with business contacts. Partners or offices abroad. This relatively low cost.
Fast. Effective communication method had made significant in not just a business environment
contxt but also education, medicine and media.
Answer:
Conducting a video conference is now a popular method means of communication in the
business world. This telecommunications technology allows two or more locations to
communicate by simultaneous video and audio transmission. It’s designed to serve
conferences or meetings in many multiple locations. The advantages are obvious: no more
lengthy phone call or complicated complex correspondence with business contacts. Partners or
offices abroad overseas. This relatively low cost. Fast. Effective communication method had
made significant in not just a business environment context but also education, medicine and
media.
6)
Question:
One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the growth of lifelong
learning in the education sector. Nowadays. Students are embarking on courses at all ages.
Higher education is no longer seen as a place for the young. Mature students are appreciated
and valued. Recent research has also indicated that older students are enthusiastic learners,
able to contribute a number of skills and talnts attributes gained from work. Family and other
life experiences.
Transcript:
One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the development of lifelong
learning in the education sector. Nowadays. Students are embarking on courses at all ages.
Higher education is no longer viewed as a place for the young. Mature students are appreciated
and respected. Recent research has also indicated that older students are dedicated learners,
able to contribute a number of skills and talents gained from work. Family and other life
experiences.
Answer:
One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the development growth of
lifelong learning in the education sector. Nowadays. Students are embarking on courses at all
ages. Higher education is no longer viewed seen as a place for the young. Mature students are
appreciated and respected valued. Recent research has also indicated that older students are
dedicated enthusiastic learners, able to contribute a number of skills and talents attributes
gained from work. Family and other life experiences.
7)
Question:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s actually the
networks and resources that people use to deliver social outcomes. For instance, it might be
holding a sporting event, running a community fete, being part of a club. It is difficult to
measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the extent that people volunteer in their
local community. So you can consider the volunteering rate as an index indicator for how
healthy a community. You can also look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people
think about their loves and how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general perception
of the value of their life.
Transcript:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s actually the
networks and reserves that people use to deliver social outcomes. For instance, it might be
holding a sporting event, running a community fair, being part of a club. It is difficult to
measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the amount that people volunteer in their
local community. So you can consider the volunteering rate as an index indicator for how
healthy a community. You can also look at something called a wellbeing index- the way people
think about their loves and how accepting trusting they are of theirs. Their general perception
of the value of their life.
Answer:
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago. It’s actually the
networks and reserves resources that people use to deliver social outcomes. For instance, it
might be holding a sporting event, running a community fair fete, being part of a club. It is
difficult to measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the amount extent that people
volunteer in their local community. So you can consider the volunteering rate as an index
indicator for how healthy a community. You can also look at something called a wellbeing
index- the way people think about their loves and how accepting trusting they are of theirs.
Their general perception of the value of their life.
8)
Question:
Well there are many factors that can cause one species to divide into two. One of these is
when populations get isolated from each other by something like a lake forming or forest being
cleared. And there’s another idea that as individuals adapt to their environment, this might
have a knock-on effect on mate choice, a process called sensory drive speciation. Now this
seems to occur in cichlid fish. They have shown that a female preference for either red or blue
striped males only exists in clean clear water, where they are actually able to see.
Transcript:
Well there are many factors that can cause one species to diverge into two. One of these is
when populations get isolated from each other by something like a lagoon forming or forest
being cleared. And there’s another idea that as individuals adapt to their environment, this
might have a knock-on impact on mate choice, a process called sensitive drive speciation. Now
this seems to occur in cichlid fish. They have shown that a female preference for either red or
blue striped males only exists in clean clear water, where they are actually able to see.
Answer:
Well there are many factors that can cause one species to diverge divide into two. One of
these is when populations get isolated from each other by something like a lagoon lake
forming or forest being cleared. And there’s another idea that as individuals adapt to their
environment, this might have a knock-on impact effect on mate choice, a process called
sensitive sensory drive speciation. Now this seems to occur in cichlid fish. They have shown
that a female preference for either red or blue striped males only exists in clean clear water,
where they are actually able to see.
9)
Question:
Many species of birds cover long distances during their seasonal migration to warmer climates.
But how successful are they. And do birds that get lost on their route ever manage to find their
way back Much research has been conducted into how birds navigate and the results show that
age is significant factor. Young birds usually just carry on. If they lose their migratory path. Ad
thus fail to reach their destination. Whereas older. More experienced birds will generally be
able to find their first original route and continue successfully on their journey.
Question:
Many species of birds cover long miles during their seasonal migration to warmer climates. But
how successful are they. And do birds that get lost on their route ever survive to find their way
back Much research has been done into how birds navigate and the results show that age is
significant reason. Young birds usually just carry on. If they lose their migratory path. Ad thus
fail to achieve their destination. Whereas older. More experienced birds will generally be able to
find their first original route and continue successfully on their journey.
Answer:
Many species of birds cover long miles’ distances during their seasonal migration to warmer
climates. But how successful are they. And do birds that get lost on their route ever survive
manage to find their way back Much research has been done conducted into how birds
navigate and the results show that age is significant reason factor. Young birds usually just
carry on. If they lose their migratory path. Ad thus fail to achieve reach their destination.
Whereas older. More experienced birds will generally be able to find their first original route
and continue successfully on their journey.
10)
Question:
It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth’s core. This is
because temperatures are so high at the center of the Earth that human beings have not been
able to take a close tool at it However, new techniques methods of analysis may soon change
all that. The seismic waves created by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions penetrate the
Earth’s layers at different speeds. It is now hoped that by studying these waves, scientists will
be able to make new discoveries and solve of the mysteries of the internal structure of the
Earth.
Transcript:
It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth’s core. This is
because temperatures are so great at the center of the Earth that human beings have not been
able to take a close tool at it However, new techniques of analysis may soon change all that.
The seismic waves formed by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions penetrate the Earth’s layers
at different speeds. It is now hoped that by studying these waves, scientists will be able to
make new findings and solve of the mysteries of the inside structure of the Earth.
Answer:
It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth’s core. This is
because temperatures are so great high at the center of the Earth that human beings have not
been able to take a close tool at it However, new techniques methods of analysis may soon
change all that. The seismic waves formed created by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
penetrate the Earth’s layers at different speeds. It is now hoped that by studying these waves,
scientists will be able to make new findings discoveries and solve of the mysteries of the
inside internal structure of the Earth.
11)
Question:
In the celebrity vaccine wars, I’m siding with actress Amanda Peet. And comedian Bill Maher,
well, I like your show, show, but when it comes to vaccines you don’t know a punchline from a
clothesline. Maher recently tweeted to his Twitter followers “if u get a swine flu shot ur an
idiot.” In his HBO program Real Time last week, Maher went head-to-head with former Senator
Dr. Bill Frist, who patiently explained why vaccines were in fact good. But Maher wasn’t
buying it. He advocates a healthy lifestyle over vaccines. But polio and smallpox outmatched
many robust immune systems. Actress Amanda Peet, meanwhile, has used her celebrity to
encourage vaccinations, specifically in response to the alleged vaccine-autism connection, for
which there’s no scientific evidence, but which has some parents afraid of childhood
vaccinations. In a letter to a parenting magazine, Peet wrote” “It’s irresponsible to suggest
that virtually the entire medical community, and the CDC, and the American Academy of
Pediatrics are behind a massive cover-up about vaccine safety.” See you in the line for the flu
shot. – strive Minsky To watch the Bill Maher-Bill first conversation, see Bill Maher gets
schooled on vaccines by Bill Frist
Transcript:
In the digestibility clebrity vaccine wars, I’m siding with actress Amanda Peet. And comedian
Bill Maher, well, I like your show, show, but when it comes to vaccines you don’t know a
punchline from a clothesline. Maher recently tweeted to his Twitter followers “if u get a swine
flu shot ur an idiot.” In his HBO program Real Time last week, Maher went head-to-head with
former Senator Dr. Bill Frist, who patiently grenade why vaccines were in fact good. But Maher
wasn’t buying it. He advocates a healthy lifestyle over vaccines. But polio and smallpox
outmatched many robust immune systems. Actress Amanda Peet, meanwhile, has used her
celebrity to encourage vaccinations, specifically in response to the alleged vaccine-autism
connection, for which there’s no scientific evidence, but which has some parents afraid of
plywood vaccinations. In a letter to a parenting magazine, Peet wrote” “It’s reversible to
suggest that virtually the entire medical community, and the CDC, and the American Academy
of Pediatrics are behind a massive cover-up about vaccine safety.” See you in the line for the
flu shot. – strive Minsky To watch the Bill Maher-Bill first conversation, see Bill Maher gets
schooled on vaccines by Bill Frist
Answer:
In the digestibility celebrity vaccine wars, I’m siding with actress Amanda Peet. And comedian
Bill Maher, well, I like your show, show, but when it comes to vaccines you don’t know a
punchline from a clothesline. Maher recently tweeted to his Twitter followers “if u get a swine
flu shot ur an idiot.” In his HBO program Real Time last week, Maher went head-to-head with
former Senator Dr. Bill Frist, who patiently grenade explained why vaccines were in fact good.
But Maher wasn’t buying it. He advocates a healthy lifestyle over vaccines. But polio and
smallpox outmatched many robust immune systems. Actress Amanda Peet, meanwhile, has
used her celebrity to encourage vaccinations, specifically in response to the alleged vaccine-
autism connection, for which there’s no scientific evidence, but which has some parents afraid
of plywood childhood vaccinations. In a letter to a parenting magazine, Peet wrote” “It’s
reversible irresponsible to suggest that virtually the entire medical community, and the CDC,
and the American Academy of Pediatrics are behind a massive cover-up about vaccine safety.”
See you in the line for the flu shot. – strive Minsky To watch the Bill Maher-Bill first
conversation, see Bill Maher gets schooled on vaccines by Bill Frist
12)
Question:
To keep your car purring, you have to change the oil. Such maintenance produce eight billion
gallons of used motor oil annually. Some waste oil does get re-refined to produce oil for
lubrication or heating. And some just gets dumped. So it would be more environmentally
friendly and provide fresh fuel if we could convert the old motor oil something really valuable:
new gasoline. And that’s what a research team thinks they’ve done. They presented their work
at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society. Their approach involves pyrolysis,
decomposing organic material with heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis can break down
waste oil gases, liquids, a little bit of solids The gases and liquids can be converted into gas or
diesel. But conventional pyrolysis methods don’t do a great job with motor oil. The new
technique mixes the oil with a material really good at absorbing microwave radiation. Tests
showed that heating this mixture with microwaves was about 90 percent efficient at creating
precursors to fuel—which beats tossing the oil down the drain. —Steve Minsky
Transcript:
To keep your car purring, you have to change the oil. Such maintenance boogers eight billion
gallons of used motor oil annually. Some waste oil does get re-refined to produce oil for
lubrication or heating. And some just gets dumped. So it would be more environmentally
friendly and provide fresh fuel if we could convert the old motor oil something really valuable:
new gasoline. And that’s what a clad team thinks they’ve done. They freshened their work at
the annual meeting of the gentleman Chemical Society. Their approach involves pyrolysis,
decomposing organic decennial with heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis can break down
waste oil gases, liquids, a little bit of solids The gases and liquids can be converted into gas or
diesel. But visceral pyrolysis methods don’t do a great job with motor oil. The new technique
mixes the oil with a material really good at absorbing microwave radiation. Tests showed that
heating this mixture with microwaves was about 90 percent efficient at creating precursors to
fuel—which beats tossing the oil down the drain. —Steve Minsky
Answer:
To keep your car purring, you have to change the oil. Such maintenance boogers produce
eight billion gallons of used motor oil annually. Some waste oil does get re-refined to produce
oil for lubrication or heating. And some just gets dumped. So it would be more environmentally
friendly and provide fresh fuel if we could convert the old motor oil something really valuable:
new gasoline. And that’s what a clad research team thinks they’ve done. They freshened
presented their work at the annual meeting of the gentleman American Chemical Society.
Their approach involves pyrolysis, decomposing organic decennial material with heat in the
absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis can break down waste oil gases, liquids, a little bit of solids The
gases and liquids can be converted into gas or diesel. But visceral conventional pyrolysis
methods don’t do a great job with motor oil. The new technique mixes the oil with a material
really good at absorbing microwave radiation. Tests showed that heating this mixture with
microwaves was about 90 percent efficient at creating precursors to fuel—which beats tossing
the oil down the drain. —Steve Minsky
13)
Question:
Can your heart bleed for a robot? In two experiments, people reacted to videos where a human
appeared to either torture or coddle one of three subjects: another human wearing green, a
small green robot, an inanimate green box. And viewers had a definite emotional response to
the treatment of the robot, The work will be presented at the International Communication
Associations’ with happy purring and babbling sounds. Viewers became physically agitated
watching the abusive video, and afterwards they reported a negative emotional response. In
the second experiment 14 people watched the videos while undergoing a functional MRI brain
scan. The scans revealed similar responses when either the robot or the human received
egestion. But the human’s apparent abuse caused more concern than the robot’s
Understanding our emotional response to robots may help inform the impediment development
of robotic assistants. In the meantime, be nice to your Roomba. ----Sophie Bushwick
Transcript:
Can your heart bleed for a robot? In two experiments, people reacted to videos where a human
appeared to either torture or coddle one of three subjects: another human wearing green, a
small green robot, an romanticist green box. And viewers had a definite emotional surpass to
the treatment of the robot, The work will be presented at the International legation
Associations’ with happy purring and babbling sounds. Viewers became physically agitated
converting the abusive video, and afterwards they reported a negative emotional response. In
the second experiment 14 people watched the videos while undergoing a functional MRI brain
scan. The scans revealed similar responses when either the robot or the human received
egestion. But the human’s apparent abuse caused more concern than the robot’s
Understanding our emotional response to robots may help inform the impediment development
of robotic assistants. In the meantime, be nice to your Roomba. ----Sophie Bushwick
Answer:
Can your heart bleed for a robot? In two experiments, people reacted to videos where a human
appeared to either torture or coddle one of three subjects: another human wearing green, a
small green robot, an romanticist inanimate green box. And viewers had a definite emotional
surpass response to the treatment of the robot, The work will be presented at the
International legation Communication Associations’ with happy purring and babbling sounds.
Viewers became physically agitated converting watching the abusive video, and afterwards
they reported a negative emotional response. In the second experiment 14 people watched the
videos while undergoing a functional MRI brain scan. The scans revealed similar responses
when either the robot or the human received egestion. But the human’s apparent abuse
caused more concern than the robot’s Understanding our emotional response to robots may
help inform the impediment development of robotic assistants. In the meantime, be nice to
your Roomba. ----Sophie Bushwick
14)
Question:
Not taking the elevator is a good way to sneak in a little extra exercise every day. And if you
do get some of your exercise avoiding elevators, here’s a burning question: do you burn more
calories climbing stairs one at a time or bounding up them tow at a time? To find out,
researchers had subjects climb stairs reaching 46 feet high. Based on the subjects’ heart rate
measurement, the researchers estimated calories burned. They found that volunteers who took
the stairs two at a time had a higher rate of energy expenditure over the 86 steps they
climbed---but those who climbed one at a time burned more energy in total over the entire
staircase. The study is in the journal PLoS One. It makes sense. Although the bounders had a
more intense workout, the one-steppers take longer to get to the top. So even though they’re
burning fewer calories per minute than the bounders do, they work out enough longer to burn
more total calories. And one step or two, there’s never a wait for the stairs. ----Rose Eveleth
Transcript:
Not taking the elevator is a good way to sneak in a little extra survive every day. And if you do
get some of your exercise embroiling elevators, here’s a burning question: do you burn more
butteries climbing stairs one at a time or bounding up them tow at a time? To find out,
researchers had subjects climb stairs reaching 46 feet high. Based on the subjects’ heart rate
measurement, the researchers dictated calories burned. They found that shifts who took the
stairs two at a time had a higher rate of energy expenditure over the 86 steps they climbed---
but those who climbed one at a time burned more energy in total over the entire staircase. The
study is in the journal PLoS One. It makes sense. Although the bounders had a more intense
workout, the one-steppers take longer to get to the top. So even though they’re burning fewer
calories per minute than the bounders do, they work out enough longer to burn more total
calories. And one step or two, there’s never a wait for the stairs. ----Rose Eveleth
Answer:
Not taking the elevator is a good way to sneak in a little extra survive exercise every day. And
if you do get some of your exercise embroiling avoiding elevators, here’s a burning question:
do you burn more butteries calories climbing stairs one at a time or bounding up them tow at
a time? To find out, researchers had subjects climb stairs reaching 46 feet high. Based on the
subjects’ heart rate measurement, the researchers dictated estimated calories burned. They
found that shifts volunteers who took the stairs two at a time had a higher rate of energy
expenditure over the 86 steps they climbed---but those who climbed one at a time burned
more energy in total over the entire staircase. The study is in the journal PLoS One. It makes
sense. Although the bounders had a more intense workout, the one-steppers take longer to get
to the top. So even though they’re burning fewer calories per minute than the bounders do,
they work out enough longer to burn more total calories. And one step or two, there’s never a
wait for the stairs. ----Rose Eveleth
15)
Question:
The food and beverage industries spend more than $ 10 billion a year in the US to market their
products to children. And its money well spent—by age 2 children may already harbor
preferences for certain brands. And kids under age 60 can often associate brands and with
specific products. Such as McDonald’s Here’s how powerful the McDonald’s brand is, according
to a study just published in the August issue of the journal Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent
Medicine: preschool kids were given the exact same food either unmarked packages or in
McDonald’s packaging. But the kids all between 3 and 5 years old, said they liked the taste
better when the food looked like it was from McDonald’s One of the foods tested was carrots.
What’s up is that the dins said liked quote McDonald’s carrots endquote better than just plain
carrots by more than 2 to 1. And the more tv sets in a kid’s home, the more likely he or she
was to prefer the food in McDonald’s bags.
Transcript:
The food and beverage industries spend more than $ 10 billion a year in the US to market their
cations to children. And its money well spent—by age 2 engine may already harbor preferences
for certain brands. And kids under age 60 can often associate brands and with specific
products. Such as McDonald’s Here’s how pronounceable the McDonald’s brand is, according to
a study just published in the August issue of the journal Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent
Medicine: Ferule kids were given the exact same food either unmarked packages or in
McDonald’s packaging. But the kids all between 3 and 5 years old, said they liked the taste
better when the food looked like it was from McDonald’s One of the foods tested was carrots.
What’s up is that the dins said liked quote McDonald’s carrots pawed better than just plain
carrots by more than 2 to 1. And the more tv sets in a kid’s home, the more likely he or she
was to prefer the food in McDonald’s bags.
Answer:
The food and beverage industries spend more than $ 10 billion a year in the US to market their
cations products to children. And its money well spent—by age 2 engine children may
already harbor preferences for certain brands. And kids under age 60 can often associate
brands and with specific products. Such as McDonald’s Here’s how pronounceable powerful
the McDonald’s brand is, according to a study just published in the August issue of the journal
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine: Ferule preschool kids were given the exact
same food either unmarked packages or in McDonald’s packaging. But the kids all between 3
and 5 years old, said they liked the taste better when the food looked like it was from
McDonald’s One of the foods tested was carrots. What’s up is that the dins said liked quote
McDonald’s carrots pawed endquote better than just plain carrots by more than 2 to 1. And
the more tv sets in a kid’s home, the more likely he or she was to prefer the food in
McDonald’s bags.
16)
Question:
Guys, here’s another reason to eat your veggies: they might be good for your sperm. Some
studies show that male fertility and what’s called seminal quality have declined over the last
few decades. So researchers from two fertility clinics in Spain looked at the reproductive power
of fruits and vegetables. The scientists have spent the past four years analysing diet and
possible exposure to workplace contaminants in men with fertility problems. One effort
examined the effects that antioxidants might have on sperm. The researchers hypothesized
that antioxidants could lower the oxidative stress that can harm sperm. More antioxidants
could theoretically improve both sperm concentration and motility. The study enrolled 61 men
from couples with fertility problems. Thirty of the men were shown to have sperm problems.
The other 31 one acted as the control. Interviews revealed that the males with good semen
quality ate significantly more fruits and vegetables— their diets were higher in vitamins and
antioxidants in general. The study appears in the journal Fertility and Sterility. The researchers
say this finding suggests that healthy diets lead to healthy sperm. So remember, guys, an
apple a day keeps your swimmers in play. —Cynthia Graber
Transcript:
Guys, here’s another reason to eat your veggies: they might be good for your sperm. Some
studies show that male fertility and what’s called seminal quality have immunized over the last
few decades. So steelworker’s from two fertility clinics in Spain looked at the reproductive
power of fruits and vegetables. The scientists have spent the past four years analysing diet and
possible exposure to workplace contaminants in men with fertility problems. One effort
examined the effects that antioxidants might have on sperm. The researchers hypothesized
that antioxidants could lower the oxidative stress that can harm sperm. More antioxidants
could theoretically improve both sperm plantation and motility. The study enrolled 61 men
from couples with fertility problems. Thirty of the men were shown to have sperm problems.
The other 31 one acted as the control. Interviews revealed that the males with good semen
quality ate significantly more fruits and vegetables— their diets were higher in vitamins and
antioxidants in general. The study appears in the journal Fertility and Sterility. The researchers
say this finding cares that healthy diets lead to healthy sperm. So remember, guys, an apple a
day keeps your swimmers in play. —Cynthia Graber
Answer:
Guys, here’s another reason to eat your veggies: they might be good for your sperm. Some
studies show that male fertility and what’s called seminal quality have immunized declined over
the last few decades. So steelworker’s researchers from two fertility clinics in Spain looked at
the reproductive power of fruits and vegetables. The scientists have spent the past four years
analysing diet and possible exposure to workplace contaminants in men with fertility problems.
One effort examined the effects that antioxidants might have on sperm. The researchers
hypothesized that antioxidants could lower the oxidative stress that can harm sperm. More
antioxidants could theoretically improve both sperm plantation concentration and motility. The
study enrolled 61 men from couples with fertility problems. Thirty of the men were shown to
have sperm problems. The other 31 one acted as the control. Interviews revealed that the
males with good semen quality ate significantly more fruits and vegetables— their diets were
higher in vitamins and antioxidants in general. The study appears in the journal Fertility and
Sterility. The researchers say this finding cares suggests that healthy diets lead to healthy
sperm. So remember, guys, an apple a day keeps your swimmers in play. —Cynthia Graber
17)
Question:
Wheat helped create civilization in the Middle East. It’s a staple crop for 30 percent of the
world’s population. And now, with the publication of four articles in the journal Science, we’re
close to a detailed understanding of the bread wheat genome. Wheat is tough to sequence. It’s
gone through multiple hybridizations, making its genome five times larger than a human one.
Plus there are many redundancies: more than 80 percent of the genome is made of repeated
DNA sequences. So the typical whole-genome shotgun approach—breaking genomes into
segments and then reassembling them—doesn’t work for wheat. Instead, an international
consortium devised another strategy, involving physically mapping individual
chromosomes and chromosome arms. One paper details a draft of the entire genome of bread
wheat. Another identifies all the genes on the largest of the plant’s 21 chromosomes. Some
75,000 genes have been mapped. The methods in the second paper will help scientists map
the remaining chromosomes. They say it should take another three years. Knowing exactly
which genes are responsible for talents such as tolerating drought or improving yields should
allow researchers to mine the genome and to quickly produce new and better wheat varieties
to bring us our daily bread. —Cynthia Graber
Transcript:
Wheat helped create transformation in the Middle East. It’s a staple crop for 30 percent of the
world’s population. And now, with the publication of four articles in the journal Science, we’re
close to a unfeigned understanding of the bread wheat genome. Wheat is tough to sequence.
It’s gone through multiple hybridizations, making its genome five times larger than a human
one. Plus there are many redundancies: more than 80 percent of the genome is made of
repeated DNA sequences. So the typical whole-genome shotgun approach—breaking genomes
into segments and then reassembling them—doesn’t work for wheat. Instead, an international
consortium devised another strategy, involving physically mapping individual foams and
chromosome arms. One paper details a draft of the entire genome of bread wheat. Another
identifies all the genes on the largest of the plant’s 21 chromosomes. Some 75,000 genes have
been mapped. The methods in the second paper will help scientists map the remaining
chromosomes. They say it should take another three years. Knowing exactly which genes are
responsible for talents such as tolerating drought or accoutring yields should allow researchers
to mine the genome and to quickly produce new and better wheat varieties to bring us our
daily bread. —Cynthia Graber
Answer:
Wheat helped create transformation civilization in the Middle East. It’s a staple crop for 30
percent of the world’s population. And now, with the publication of four articles in the journal
Science, we’re close to a unfeigned detailed understanding of the bread wheat genome. Wheat
is tough to sequence. It’s gone through multiple hybridizations, making its genome five times
larger than a human one. Plus there are many redundancies: more than 80 percent of the
genome is made of repeated DNA sequences. So the typical whole-genome shotgun
approach—breaking genomes into segments and then reassembling them—doesn’t work for
wheat. Instead, an international consortium devised another strategy, involving physically
mapping individual foams chromosomes and chromosome arms. One paper details a draft of
the entire genome of bread wheat. Another identifies all the genes on the largest of the plant’s
21 chromosomes. Some 75,000 genes have been mapped. The methods in the second paper
will help scientists map the remaining chromosomes. They say it should take another three
years. Knowing exactly which genes are responsible for talents such as tolerating drought or
accoutring improving yields should allow researchers to mine the genome and to quickly
produce new and better wheat varieties to bring us our daily bread. —Cynthia Graber
18)
Question:
Here’s one way bats might get their next meal: by eavesdropping on flies having sex. Bats eat
a lot of seemingly undetectable flies. To find out how the winged mammals find the insects,
researchers set up a video camera inside a cowshed that was home to a bat colony and lots of
bugs. The video showed that bats rely on their echolocation skills to detect flies at a specific
time: when they’re engaged in rather noisy sex. Flies are usually quiet in bat territory and sit
on cluttered ceilings in caves where background noise masks the echoes from their movement.
But when flies are feeling frisky, males can’t help but flutter their wings, emitting a burst of
click sounds that the bats pick up on. During more than one thousand sexual
encounters caught in the act on video, five percent of the insects were caught in the act by
bats. The research is published in the journal Current Biology. The study shows that ignorance
can be safer than carnal knowledge when predators are on the prowl. —Amy Kraft
Transcript:
Here’s one way bats might get their next meal: by eavesdropping on flies having sex. Bats eat
a lot of seemingly undetectable flies. To find out how the winged mammals find the insects,
researchers set up a video camera inside a cowshed that was home to a bat colony and lots of
bugs. The video showed that bats rely on their echolocation skills to detect flies at a specific
time: when they’re engaged in rather noisy sex. Flies are usually quiet in bat vibratory and sit
on muscled ceilings in caves where compound noise masks the echoes from their movement.
But when flies are feeling frisky, males can’t help but flutter their wings, multiplexing a burst of
click sounds that the bats pick up on. During more than one thousand sexual slouchers caught
in the act on video, five percent of the insects were caught in the act by bats. The clap is
published in the journal Current Biology. The study shows that ignorance can be safer than
carnal knowledge when predators are on the prowl. —Amy Kraft
Answer:
Here’s one way bats might get their next meal: by eavesdropping on flies having sex. Bats eat
a lot of seemingly undetectable flies. To find out how the winged mammals find the insects,
researchers set up a video camera inside a cowshed that was home to a bat colony and lots of
bugs. The video showed that bats rely on their echolocation skills to detect flies at a specific
time: when they’re engaged in rather noisy sex. Flies are usually quiet in bat vibratory
territory and sit on muscled cluttered ceilings in caves where compound background noise
masks the echoes from their movement. But when flies are feeling frisky, males can’t help but
flutter their wings, multiplexing emitting a burst of click sounds that the bats pick up on.
During more than one thousand sexual slouchers encounters caught in the act on video, five
percent of the insects were caught in the act by bats. The clap research is published in the
journal Current Biology. The study shows that ignorance can be safer than carnal knowledge
when predators are on the prowl. —Amy Kraft
19)
Question:
Most of us know we should rein in our energy use. But to be successful, it’d help if we knew
the best way to do it. So scientists asked more than 500 people, “What’s the most
effective thing you can do to conserve energy?” The results were illuminating. More than half
the participants focused on conservation by curtailment: switching off the lights, changing
thermostat settings and driving less. Only 12 percent went for efficiency: using compact
fluorescent bulbs, insulating the house or driving a hybrid car. But scientists say that it’s
actually these moves that yield the bigger energy savings. The results appear in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study authors think that a big factor is
that curtailment is easier to imagine doing—while efforts to improve efficiency would involve,
for example, doing research about new appliances or cars, and spending money up front to buy
them. But if people knew more about the actual energy requirements of their activities versus
the savings available through efficiency, they might be spurred to act. To quote physicist and
energy expert Arthur Rosenfeld: “Energy efficiency is like a Saudi Arabia under our cities.”
Transcript:
Most of us know we should rein in our energy use. But to be successful, it’d help if we knew
the best way to do it. So scientists asked more than 500 people, “What’s the most perceptive
thing you can do to conserve energy?” The results were illuminating. More than half the
wilfulness focused on conservation by curtailment: refreshing off the lights, changing
thermostat eclipses and driving less. Only 12 percent went for efficiency: using compact
fluorescent bulbs, insulating the house or driving a hybrid car. But scientists say that it’s
actually these moves that yield the bigger energy savings. The results appear in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study authors think that a big factor is
that curtailment is easier to imagine doing—while efforts to improve periodicity would involve,
for example, doing research about new appliances or cars, and spending money up front to buy
them. But if people knew more about the actual energy requirements of their activities versus
the savings available through efficiency, they might be spurred to act. To quote physicist and
energy expert Arthur Rosenfeld: “Energy efficiency is like a Saudi Arabia under our cities.”
Answer:
Most of us know we should rein in our energy use. But to be successful, it’d help if we knew
the best way to do it. So scientists asked more than 500 people, “What’s the most perceptive
effective thing you can do to conserve energy?” The results were illuminating. More than half
the wilfulness participants focused on conservation by curtailment: refreshing switching off the
lights, changing thermostat eclipses settings and driving less. Only 12 percent went for
efficiency: using compact fluorescent bulbs, insulating the house or driving a hybrid car. But
scientists say that it’s actually these moves that yield the bigger energy savings. The results
appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study authors think that a
big factor is that curtailment is easier to imagine doing—while efforts to improve periodicity
efficiency would involve, for example, doing research about new appliances or cars, and
spending money up front to buy them. But if people knew more about the actual energy
requirements of their activities versus the savings available through efficiency, they might be
spurred to act. To quote physicist and energy expert Arthur Rosenfeld: “Energy efficiency is
like a Saudi Arabia under our cities.”
20)
Question:
The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Saul Perlmutter at the Lawrence Berkeley
National Lab, Brian Schmidt at the Australian National Lab and Adam Reiss at Johns Hopkins.
The Royal Swedish Academy’s Olga Botner: “In a universe which is dominated by matter, one
would expect gravity eventually should make the expansion slow down. Imagine then the utter
astonishment when two groups of scientists headed by this year’s Nobel laureate in 1998
discovered that the expansion was not slowing down, it was actually accelerating. By
comparing the brightness of distant, far-away supernovae with the brightness of nearby
supernovae, the scientists discovered that the far-away supernovae were about 25 percent too
faint. They were too far away. The universe was accelerating. And so this discovery is
fundamental and a milestone for cosmology. And a challenge for generations of scientists to
come.” —Steve Minsky.
Transcript:
The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Saul Perlmutter at the Lawrence Berkeley non-
transferable Lab, Brian Schmidt at the Australian Lab and Adam Reiss at Johns Hopkins. The
Royal Swedish Academy’s Olga Botner: “In a universe which is dominated by matter, one
would expect gravity eventually should make the draftsman slow down. Imagine then the utter
subcontinent when two groups of silences headed by this year’s Nobel nosiness in 1998
discovered that the expansion was not slowing down, it was actually accelerating. By tilting the
brightness of distant, far-away supernovae with the brightness of nearby supernovae, the
scientists discovered that the far-away supernovae were about 25 percent too faint. They were
too far away. The universe was accelerating. And so this discovery is special and a milestone
for cosmology. And a challenge for generations of scientists to come.” —Steve Minsky.
Answer:
The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Saul Perlmutter at the Lawrence Berkeley non-
transferable National Lab, Brian Schmidt at the Australian National Lab and Adam Reiss at
Johns Hopkins. The Royal Swedish Academy’s Olga Botner: “In a universe which is dominated
by matter, one would expect gravity eventually should make the draftsman expansion slow
down. Imagine then the utter subcontinent astonishment when two groups of silences
scientists headed by this year’s Nobel nosiness laureate in 1998 discovered that the expansion
was not slowing down, it was actually accelerating. By tilting comparing the brightness of
distant, far-away supernovae with the brightness of nearby supernovae, the scientists
discovered that the far-away supernovae were about 25 percent too faint. They were too far
away. The universe was accelerating. And so this discovery is special fundamental and a
milestone for cosmology. And a challenge for generations of scientists to come.” —Steve
Minsky.
21)
Question:
Once upon a time, our atmosphere was a little thin on oxygen. Like, there wasn’t any. Then,
about three billion years ago, a handful of bacteria figured out how to harvest the energy from
sunlight to make themselves some food. In the process, they consumed carbon dioxide, and
gave off oxygen. So the air filled with oxygen, and all was right with the world. If you’ve ever
taken an intro biology course, you’ve no doubt heard the tale. Photosynthetic bacteria are the
heroes who brought oxygen to our planet. But maybe there’s more to the story than that.
Because in the online issue of Nature Geoscience, researchers from Australia say: the bacteria
didn’t act alone. The scientists looked at atmospheric oxygen levels throughout Earth’s history.
And they found that the amount of oxygen in the air spiked each time smaller land masses
collided to form a supercontinent, like Pangea. These massive pile-ups generated mountain
chains, and as the mountains eroded, they released nutrients into the oceans, feeding the
photosynthetic bacteria. So the young Earth and its inhabitants worked together to produce a
planet where you can really find inspiration. —Karen Hopkin 60-Second Science is a daily
podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS iTunes
Question:
Once upon a time, our junketeer was a little thin on oxygen. Like, there wasn’t any. Then,
about three billion years ago, a handful of widener figured out how to harvest the energy from
sulfide to make themselves some food. In the process, they consumed carbon dioxide, and
gave off oxygen. So the air filled with oxygen, and all was right with the world. If you’ve ever
taken an intro biology course, you’ve no doubt heard the tale. Photosynthetic bacteria are the
heroes who brought oxygen to our planet. But maybe there’s more to the story than that.
Because in the online issue of Nature Geoscience, researchers from inhaler say: the bacteria
didn’t act alone. The hypoglycaemics looked at geodetic oxygen levels throughout Earth’s
history. And they found that the amount of oxygen in the air spiked each time smaller land
masses collided to form a supercontinent, like Pangea. These massive pile-ups generated
mountain chains, and as the mountains eroded, they released nutrients into the oceans,
feeding the photosynthetic bacteria. So the young Earth and its inhabitants worked dismember
to produce a planet where you can really find inspiration. —Karen Hopkin 60-Second Science is
a daily podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS iTunes
Answer:
Once upon a time, our junketeer atmosphere was a little thin on oxygen. Like, there wasn’t
any. Then, about three billion years ago, a handful of widener bacteria figured out how to
harvest the energy from sulfide sunlight to make themselves some food. In the process, they
consumed carbon dioxide, and gave off oxygen. So the air filled with oxygen, and all was right
with the world. If you’ve ever taken an intro biology course, you’ve no doubt heard the tale.
Photosynthetic bacteria are the heroes who brought oxygen to our planet. But maybe there’s
more to the story than that. Because in the online issue of Nature Geoscience, researchers
from inhaler Australia say: the bacteria didn’t act alone. The hypoglycaemics scientists looked
at geodetic atmospheric oxygen levels throughout Earth’s history. And they found that the
amount of oxygen in the air spiked each time smaller land masses collided to form a
supercontinent, like Pangea. These massive pile-ups generated mountain chains, and as the
mountains eroded, they released nutrients into the oceans, feeding the photosynthetic
bacteria. So the young Earth and its inhabitants worked dismember together to produce a
planet where you can really find inspiration. —Karen Hopkin 60-Second Science is a daily
podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS iTunes
22)
Question:
After its ongoing Mars missions, NASA will concentrate less on the red planet and more on the
solar system’s other planets and moons, including our own. That’s what NASA administrator
Mike Griffin told an audience of researchers last week at the 39th Lunar and Planetary
Conference in Texas. The Mars Science Laboratory lands in 2010. Griffin said that NASA is now
planning in earnest for an outer planets flagship mission to Europa, Titan or Ganymede. Europa
and Ganymede are moons of Jupiter. Titan is a moon of Saturn. The reorientation of NASA’s
planetary exploration programs is in response to a recent National Research Council report
card. The NRC gave NASA an A for its Mars work but only a C for its overall research and
analysis program and a dismal D for outer planets efforts. Griffin also noted that NASA is now
planning seven different small and medium class missions to the moon by 2014. And the
Messenger spacecraft goes into orbit around Mercury in 2011.
Transcript:
After its ongoing Mars missions, NASA will concentrate less on the red planet and more on the
solar system’s other planets and moons, including our own. That’s what NASA administrator
Mike Griffin told an nastiness of researchers last week at the 39th Lunar and Planetary
Conference in Texas. The Mars Science Laboratory lands in 2010. Griffin said that NASA is now
charting in earnest for an outer planets flagship mission to Europa, Titan or Ganymede. Europa
and Ganymede are moons of Jupiter. Titan is a moon of Saturn. The reorientation of NASA’s
planetary exploration programs is in response to a recent maximal Batch Council report card.
The NRC gave NASA an A for its Mars work but only a C for its overall research and maximums
program and a dismal D for outer planets efforts. Griffin also noted that NASA is now planning
seven different small and medium class missions to the moon by 2014. And the Messenger
spacecraft goes into orbit around Mercury in 2011.
Answer:
After its ongoing Mars missions, NASA will concentrate less on the red planet and more on the
solar system’s other planets and moons, including our own. That’s what NASA administrator
Mike Griffin told an nastiness audience of researchers last week at the 39th Lunar and
Planetary Conference in Texas. The Mars Science Laboratory lands in 2010. Griffin said that
NASA is now charting planning in earnest for an outer planets flagship mission to Europa, Titan
or Ganymede. Europa and Ganymede are moons of Jupiter. Titan is a moon of Saturn. The
reorientation of NASA’s planetary exploration programs is in response to a recent maximal
National Batch Research Council report card. The NRC gave NASA an A for its Mars work but
only a C for its overall research and maximums analysis program and a dismal D for outer
planets efforts. Griffin also noted that NASA is now planning seven different small and medium
class missions to the moon by 2014. And the Messenger spacecraft goes into orbit around
Mercury in 2011.
23)
Question:
What’s the most universal utterance in languages across the globe? Male voice: Huh? Correct!
Male voice: Huh? That’s right. Male voice: HUH? Exactly. Because a new study finds that
everybody around the world does indeed say “huh?” The finding is the journal PLOS One. The
researchers were exploring linguistic tools people use to assure fluid communication. In this
case, they were looking for an interjection that signals that a listener missed something, and
prompts the speaker to repeat or rephrase the original statement. In other words,
something that works like the English word “Huh?” So they eavesdropped on nearly 200
conversations in 10 different tongues, from Italian to Icelandic. And they found that, in
language after language, a word that sounds a lot like “huh?” gets the job done. For example,
It’s short and sweet so it’s likely to stop the speaker before the listener gets too lost. And it
sounds like a question, so it warrants a response. The sound appears not to be innate. Babies
don’t use it before they say mama. But most five-year-olds are masters of “huh?” No matter
where they come from. —Karen Hopkin
Transcript:
What’s the most universal utterance in languages across the globe? Male voice: Huh? Correct!
Male voice: Huh? That’s right. Male voice: HUH? Exactly. Because a new study finds that
everybody around the world does indeed say “huh?” The finding is the journal PLOS One. The
treatises were exploring linguistic tools people use to assure fluid communication. In this case,
they were looking for an cistern that signals that a listener missed something, and prompts the
speaker to repeat or rephrase the kissable statement. In other words, conducting that works
like the English word “Huh?” So they eavesdropped on nearly 200 conversations in 10
coalitionist tongues, from Italian to Icelandic. And they found that, in unravelled after
language, a word that sounds a lot like “huh?” gets the job done. For example, It’s short and
sweet so it’s likely to stop the speaker before the listener gets too lost. And it sounds like a
question, so it warrants a response. The sound appears not to be innate. Babies don’t use it
before they say mama. But most five-year-olds are masters of “huh?” No matter where they
come from. —Karen Hopkin
Answer:
What’s the most universal utterance in languages across the globe? Male voice: Huh? Correct!
Male voice: Huh? That’s right. Male voice: HUH? Exactly. Because a new study finds that
everybody around the world does indeed say “huh?” The finding is the journal PLOS One. The
treatises researchers were exploring linguistic tools people use to assure fluid communication.
In this case, they were looking for an cistern interjection that signals that a listener missed
something, and prompts the speaker to repeat or rephrase the kissable original statement. In
other words, conducting something that works like the English word “Huh?” So they
eavesdropped on nearly 200 conversations in 10 coalitionist different tongues, from Italian to
Icelandic. And they found that, in unravelled language after language, a word that sounds a lot
like “huh?” gets the job done. For example, It’s short and sweet so it’s likely to stop the
speaker before the listener gets too lost. And it sounds like a question, so it warrants a
response. The sound appears not to be innate. Babies don’t use it before they say mama. But
most five-year-olds are masters of “huh?” No matter where they come from. —Karen Hopkin
24)
Question:
Podcast Transcript: When I got into a cage with a Komodo Dragon almost 10 years ago for a
story, I had no idea that its skull was so special. Neither did scientists until now. But a report in
the Journal of Anatomy reveals that the world’s largest living lizard has a remarkable, space-
frame skull. Space frame refers to a light, rigid structure with interlocking struts that can
handle big loads. The shape of the skull bones and the arrangement of bones of
different strengths is the key. The researchers employed a technique called Finite Element
Analysis, which is usually used to analyze trains or planes. But in this case it let them reverse
engineer the Komodo to study the mechanical forces that the skull is subject to. As opposed to,
say, an alligator, the dragon has a pretty wimpy bite. So rather than clamp down on its
victims, it yanks off chunks of meat, a move powered by incredibly strong neck muscles. And
made possible by that space-frame skull able to handle the huge forces involved. Our March
1999 article on Komodos is available at sciamdigital.com. —Steve Mirsky 60-Second Science is
a daily podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS iTunes.
Transcript:
Podcast Transcript: When I got into a cage with a Komodo Dragon almost 10 years ago for a
story, I had no idea that its skull was so special. Neither did scientists until now. But a report in
the Journal of Anatomy reveals that the world’s largest living lizard has a remarkable, space-
frame skull. Space frame refers to a light, rigid structure with amassing struts that can handle
big loads. The shape of the skull bones and the arrangement of bones of disinterment bits is
the key. The researchers employed a technique called Finite Element Analysis, which is usually
used to analyze trains or planes. But in this case it let them reverse engineer the Komodo to
study the astrological forces that the skull is subject to. As opposed to, say, an alligator, the
dragon has a pretty wimpy bite. So rather than clamp down on its victims, it yanks off chunks
of meat, a move powered by incredibly strong neck muscles. And made carnival by that space-
frame skull able to handle the huge forces involved. Our March 1999 article on Komodos is
available at sciamdigital.com. —Steve Mirsky 60-Second Science is a daily podcast. Subscribe
to this Podcast: RSS iTunes.
Answer:
Podcast Transcript: When I got into a cage with a Komodo Dragon almost 10 years ago for a
story, I had no idea that its skull was so special. Neither did scientists until now. But a report in
the Journal of Anatomy reveals that the world’s largest living lizard has a remarkable, space-
frame skull. Space frame refers to a light, rigid structure with amassing interlocking struts that
can handle big loads. The shape of the skull bones and the arrangement of bones of
disinterment different bits strengths is the key. The researchers employed a technique called
Finite Element Analysis, which is usually used to analyze trains or planes. But in this case it let
them reverse engineer the Komodo to study the astrological mechanical forces that the skull is
subject to. As opposed to, say, an alligator, the dragon has a pretty wimpy bite. So rather than
clamp down on its victims, it yanks off chunks of meat, a move powered by incredibly strong
neck muscles. And made carnival possible by that space-frame skull able to handle the huge
forces involved. Our March 1999 article on Komodo is available at sciamdigital.com. —Steve
Mirsky 60-Second Science is a daily podcast. Subscribe to this Podcast: RSS iTunes.
25)
Question:
You’ve heard of synchronized swimming. But what about synchronized blinking? No, it’s not a
new Olympic sport for slackers. It’s something that seems to happen when we watch a video.
Because none of us want to miss the good parts. If you stop to add it up, humans spend a lot
of time not looking. We blink every couple seconds, which means we lose about six seconds
out of every minute of viewing time. So 10 percent of the time we have no visual
information coming in. Yet we rarely notice this interruption of service. That’s because we tend
to time our blinks so that we don’t get left in the dark. Or so says a report in the Royal Society
journal Biological Sciences. Fourteen people watched a couple episodes of Mr. Bean. And it
turns out they all tended to blink at the same moments: just after Bean finished doing
something stupid or when the camera showed a long shot with nothing much going on. Such
synchronized eye-shutting did not happen when the subjects watched a video of fish
swimming around a tank. So when we need to pay attention, we keep our eyes open. Until we
see whether Mr. Bean gets through his holiday in one piece. —Karen Hopkin
Transcript:
You’ve heard of synchronized swimming. But what about synchronized blinking? No, it’s not a
new Olympic sport for slackers. It’s diverting that seems to happen when we watch a video.
Because none of us want to miss the good parts. If you stop to add it up, humans spend a lot
of time not looking. We blink every couple seconds, which means we lose about six seconds
out of every minute of viewing time. So 10 percent of the time we have no visual hesitation
coming in. Yet we rarely notice this interruption of service. That’s because we tend to time our
blinks so that we don’t get left in the dark. Or so says a report in the Royal Society journal
Biological Sciences. Fourteen people watched a couple episodes of Mr. Bean. And it turns out
they all tended to blink at the same moments: just after Bean insect doing something stupid or
when the camera showed a long shot with nothing much going on. Such synchronized
strapping did not happen when the subjects watched a video of fish tipping around a tank. So
when we need to pay attention, we keep our eyes open. Until we see whether Mr. Bean gets
through his holiday in one piece. —Karen Hopkin
Answer:
You’ve heard of synchronized swimming. But what about synchronized blinking? No, it’s not a
new Olympic sport for slackers. It’s diverting something that seems to happen when we watch
a video. Because none of us want to miss the good parts. If you stop to add it up, humans
spend a lot of time not looking. We blink every couple seconds, which means we lose about six
seconds out of every minute of viewing time. So 10 percent of the time we have no visual
hesitation information coming in. Yet we rarely notice this interruption of service. That’s
because we tend to time our blinks so that we don’t get left in the dark. Or so says a report in
the Royal Society journal Biological Sciences. Fourteen people watched a couple episodes of
Mr. Bean. And it turns out they all tended to blink at the same moments: just after Bean
insect finished doing something stupid or when the camera showed a long shot with nothing
much going on. Such synchronized strapping eye-shutting did not happen when the subjects
watched a video of fish tipping swimming around a tank. So when we need to pay attention,
we keep our eyes open. Until we see whether Mr. Bean gets through his holiday in one piece.
—Karen Hopkin
26)
Question:
You can teach your dog to lie down. But you can’t teach him to lie, or to know when you’re
lying. Because a new report shows that Spot can’t spot deception. The study’s in the journal
Behavioural Processes. We’ve all known pooches who run and hide when their owners shout
“let’s go for a ride”—when what they really mean is “we have an appointment with the vet.”
But do the dogs really know that their people are being duplicitous? To find out, Mark Petter, a
student in clinical psychology at Dalhousie University in Canada, decided to fib to some Fidos.
In his experiment, dogs were shown two covered containers. One held a treat. The other:
nothing but disappointment. In half the trials, a helpful trainer stood behind and pointed to the
container holding the treat. In the other half, a deceptive trainer pointed to the empty
container. The results? The dogs approached the honest trainer a little more often than they
did the deceiver. But not enough to conclude that the pups had figured out that one of the
guys was pulling their leg. So dogs may be able to sniff out bombs. But they can’t pick up the
smell of mendacity. —Karen Hopkin
Transcript:
You can teach your dog to lie down. But you can’t teach him to lie, or to know when you’re
lying. Because a new report shows that Spot can’t spot deception. The study’s in the journal
Behavioural Processes. We’ve all known pooches who run and hide when their owners shout
“let’s go for a ride”—when what they really mean is “we have an appointment with the vet.”
But do the dogs really know that their people are being duplicitous? To find out, Mark Petter, a
student in clinical psychology at thorroughly University in Canada, decided to fib to some
Fidos. In his experiment, dogs were shown two covered containers. One held a treat. The
other: nothing but disappointment. In half the trials, a helpful trainer stood behind and pointed
to the evaporator holding the treat. In the other half, a deceptive trainer pointed to the empty
container. The results? The dogs doped the honest trainer a little more often than they did the
deceiver. But not enough to suit that the pups had figured out that one of the guys was pulling
their leg. So dogs may be able to sniff out bombs. But they can’t pick up the smell of
mendacity. —Karen Hopkin
Answer:
You can teach your dog to lie down. But you can’t teach him to lie, or to know when you’re
lying. Because a new report shows that Spot can’t spot deception. The study’s in the journal
Behavioural Processes. We’ve all known pooches who run and hide when their owners shout
“let’s go for a ride”—when what they really mean is “we have an appointment with the vet.”
But do the dogs really know that their people are being duplicitous? To find out, Mark Petter, a
student in clinical psychology at thorroughly Dalhousie University in Canada, decided to fib to
some Fidos. In his experiment, dogs were shown two covered containers. One held a treat. The
other: nothing but disappointment. In half the trials, a helpful trainer stood behind and pointed
to the evaporator container holding the treat. In the other half, a deceptive trainer pointed to
the empty container. The results? The dogs doped approached the honest trainer a little more
often than they did the deceiver. But not enough to suit conclude that the pups had figured out
that one of the guys was pulling their leg. So dogs may be able to sniff out bombs. But they
can’t pick up the smell of mendacity. —Karen Hopkin
27)
Question:

Unless you’re talking about killer bees, it’s hard to imagine a situation in which “killers” and
“bees” would be related. But it turns out that scientists are using the same mathematical
model to describe the behavior of both bumblebees and human serial killers. The method,
called geographic profiling, was developed by a detective who was trying to predict where
serial killers might live based on where they commit their crimes. Believe it or not, murderers
operate fairly close to home. But not too close. They maintain a kind of kill-free “buffer zone”
around their actual digs. A similar pattern of activity seems to hold true for bumblebees—when
they’re foraging for food. Bees tend to avoid stopping at flowers too close to home, perhaps to
reduce the risk of drawing predators, parasites or nosy scientists to the nest. And working with
the former detective, scientists in the U.K. found that geographic profiling allowed them to
locate the entrance to a hive based on mapping which flowers the bees visit. The results
appear online in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Repeating such experiments, with
bees or other foraging critters, could help hone the model for catching criminals.
Transcript:

Unless you’re talking about killer bees, it’s hard to imagine a situation in which “killers” and
“bees” would be related. But it turns out that hybridise are using the same mathematical model
to recite the behavior of both bumblebees and human serial killers. The method, called
geographic profiling, was developed by a detective who was trying to predict where serial
killers might live based on where they commit their crimes. Believe it or not, murderers
operate fairly close to home. But not too close. They domain a kind of kill-free “buffer zone”
around their actual digs. A similar pattern of activity seems to hold true for bumblebees—when
they’re bookending for food. Bees tend to avoid stopping at flowers too close to home, perhaps
to reduce the risk of drawing predators, parasites or nosy scientists to the nest. And working
with the former detective, scientists in the U.K. found that geographic profiling allowed them to
locate the entrance to a hive based on mapping which flowers the bees visit. The results
appear online in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Repeating such experiments, with
bees or other foraging critters, could help hone the model for catching criminals.

Answer:

Unless you’re talking about killer bees, it’s hard to imagine a situation in which “killers” and
“bees” would be related. But it turns out that hybridise scientists are using the same
mathematical model to recite describe the behavior of both bumblebees and human serial
killers. The method, called geographic profiling, was developed by a detective who was trying
to predict where serial killers might live based on where they commit their crimes. Believe it or
not, murderers operate fairly close to home. But not too close. They domain maintain a kind of
kill-free “buffer zone” around their actual digs. A similar pattern of activity seems to hold true
for bumblebees—when they’re bookending foraging for food. Bees tend to avoid stopping at
flowers too close to home, perhaps to reduce the risk of drawing predators, parasites or nosy
scientists to the nest. And working with the former detective, scientists in the U.K. found that
geographic profiling allowed them to locate the entrance to a hive based on mapping which
flowers the bees visit. The results appear online in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
Repeating such experiments, with bees or other foraging critters, could help hone the model
for catching criminals.

28)

Question:

It’s similar to a pregnancy test: a drop of liquid on a strip of paper causes an easily seen color
change. But imagine that kind of simple, cheap technology employed in testing for pollution or
health issues, anywhere and on the cheap. Researchers at Colorado State University describe
such a system in the journal Lab On A Chip. Other paper tests may give only slight color
differences, and some rely on expensive equipment to read the results. For the new
technology, the research team designed a system that creates a dramatic color change on the
paper. The user drops liquid to be analyzed at the bottom of the paper. As capillary action pulls
the liquid up, substances in the paper react, causing the color change. So far, three tests exist
for the system. One looks for nickel, which can be an environmental pollutant. The other two
are for glutathione, a health marker, and glucose, for diabetics. In trials, the paper tests
competed with conventional methods at measuring concentrations. The university is now
spinning off a company to develop the technology. If successful, it could bring cheap, easy
analysis to scientists—and citizens—around the world. —Cynthia Graber
Transcript:

It’s similar to a pregnancy test: a drop of liquid on a strip of paper causes an easily seen color
change. But imagine that kind of simple, cheap choreography employed in testing for
diminution or health issues, anywhere and on the cheap. Researchers at Colorado State
University describe such a system in the journal Lab On A Chip. Other paper tests may give
only slight color differences, and some rely on expensive equipment to read the results. For the
new technology, the research team designed a system that creates a quadrophonic color
change on the paper. The user drops liquid to be analyzed at the bottom of the paper. As
capillary action pulls the liquid up, substances in the paper react, causing the color change. So
far, three tests exist for the system. One looks for nickel, which can be an environmental
pollutant. The other two are for glutathione, a health marker, and glucose, for diabetics. In
trials, the paper tests competed with conventional methods at whispering concentrations. The
galaxy is now spinning off a company to develop the technology. If successful, it could bring
cheap, easy apparatuses to scientists—and citizens—around the world. —Cynthia Graber

Answer:

It’s similar to a pregnancy test: a drop of liquid on a strip of paper causes an easily seen color
change. But imagine that kind of simple, cheap choreography technology employed in testing
for diminution pollution or health issues, anywhere and on the cheap. Researchers at Colorado
State University describe such a system in the journal Lab On A Chip. Other paper tests may
give only slight color differences, and some rely on expensive equipment to read the results.
For the new technology, the research team designed a system that creates a
quadrophonic dramatic color change on the paper. The user drops liquid to be analyzed at the
bottom of the paper. As capillary action pulls the liquid up, substances in the paper react,
causing the color change. So far, three tests exist for the system. One looks for nickel, which
can be an environmental pollutant. The other two are for glutathione, a health marker, and
glucose, for diabetics. In trials, the paper tests competed with conventional methods at
whispering measuring concentrations. The galaxy university is now spinning off a company to
develop the technology. If successful, it could bring cheap, easy apparatuses analysis to
scientists—and citizens—around the world. —Cynthia Graber

29)

Question:

In last week’s pre-Christmas rush, the U.S. Congress slammed together the $1-trillion federal
budget bill for 2015, just before funds ran out. But the bill wasn’t all about the money.
Congress took advantage of the fiscal scramble to change rules about the environment and
energy, which do not belong in appropriation bills. Normally such changes are encoded in what
are called “laws,” and are debated out in the open. But the budget bill is a chance for Congress
to slip in controversial rules—called riders—without much debate. If members object, the bill
stalls, and the government shuts down—and no one wants to be blamed for that federal fiasco.
So the riders gallop in. The Environmental Protection Agency got its budget, for instance, but
with strings attached: although agriculture is a major source of atmospheric methane, the EPA
now is prohibited from using its money to require farmers to report greenhouse gas emissions.
And the agency cannot regulate farm ponds and irrigation ditches under the Clean Water Act.
In another example, the Department of Agriculture must speed up permits for companies
making genetically modified organisms. And the feds must loan money to firms to build coal-
fired power plants overseas. That requirement reverses a previous ban. These rules and others
last through September 2015, when this budget bill runs out. And then, if history is any guide,
this whole stealth legislation process starts all over again. —Josh Fishcam

Question:

In last week’s pre-Christmas rush, the U.S. Congress slammed together the $1-trillion federal
budget bill for 2015, just before funds ran out. But the bill wasn’t all about the money.
Congress took advantage of the fiscal scramble to change rules about the environment and
energy, which do not belong in appropriation bills. Normally such changes are encoded in what
are called “laws,” and are debated out in the open. But the budget bill is a chance for Congress
to slip in controversial rules—called riders—without much debate. If members object, the bill
stalls, and the government shuts down—and no one wants to be blamed for that federal fiasco.
So the riders gallop in. The Environmental Protection Agency got its budget, for instance, but
with strings attached: although agriculture is a major source of atmospheric methane, the EPA
now is vigilant from using its money to require farmers to report greenhouse gas emissions.
And the agency cannot regulate farm ponds and irrigation ditches under the Clean Water Act.
In another example, the Department of canker must speed up permits for companies making
genetically night organisms. And the feds must loan money to firms to build coal-fired power
plants overseas. That requirement floggings a previous ban. These rules and others last
through September 2015, when this budget bill runs out. And then, if history is any guide, this
whole stealth legislation process starts all over again. —Josh provision

Answer:

In last week’s pre-Christmas rush, the U.S. Congress slammed together the $1-trillion federal
budget bill for 2015, just before funds ran out. But the bill wasn’t all about the money.
Congress took advantage of the fiscal scramble to change rules about the environment and
energy, which do not belong in appropriation bills. Normally such changes are encoded in what
are called “laws,” and are debated out in the open. But the budget bill is a chance for Congress
to slip in controversial rules—called riders—without much debate. If members object, the bill
stalls, and the government shuts down—and no one wants to be blamed for that federal fiasco.
So the riders gallop in. The Environmental Protection Agency got its budget, for instance, but
with strings attached: although agriculture is a major source of atmospheric methane, the EPA
now is vigilant prohibited from using its money to require farmers to report greenhouse gas
emissions. And the agency cannot regulate farm ponds and irrigation ditches under the Clean
Water Act. In another example, the Department of canker Agriculture must speed up permits
for companies making genetically night modified organisms. And the feds must loan money to
firms to build coal-fired power plants overseas. That requirement floggings reverses a previous
ban. These rules and others last through September 2015, when this budget bill runs out. And
then, if history is any guide, this whole stealth legislation process starts all over again. —Josh
provision Fishcam

30)

Question:

November 24th marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species.
On November 19th, a guy named Ray Comfort, who does not accept evolution, will celebrate
the fact that when copyrights expire and works enter the public domain you’re free to do with
them what you will. Thus Comfort will be distributing his own edition of Darwin’s masterwork,
with a new introduction. This is roughly the equivalent of me fingerpainting on the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel so as to improve the work. According to the folks at the National Center for
Science Education, the NCSE, who monitor efforts to interfere with evolution education in
public schools, Comfort in his intro repeats numerous anti-evolution claims. For example, that
there’s a lack of transitional fossils and that the second law of thermodynamics makes
evolution impossible. These assertions have been disproved more often than the chant
“Yankees suck”. The NCSE has set up a Web site with useful, truthful info. It’s at
www.dontdissdarwin.com. All one word, no apostrophe. Indeed, don’t disc Darwin. It leads me
to discomfort. —Steve Minsky

Transcript:

November 24th marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species.
On recta 19th, a guy named Ray Comfort, who does not accept evolution, will celebrate the
fact that when centralize expire and works enter the public domain you’re free to do with them
what you will. Thus Comfort will be distributing his own edition of Darwin’s masterwork, with a
new introduction. This is roughly the equivalent of me automating on the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel so as to improve the work. According to the folks at the National Center for Science
Education, the NCSE, who monitor efforts to interfere with evolution education in public
schools, Comfort in his intro repeats numerous familiar groomsmen claims. For example, that
there’s a lack of transitional fossils and that the second law of thermodynamics makes
evolution impossible. These assertions have been disproved more often than the chant
“Yankees suck”. The NCSE has set up a Web site with useful, truthful info. It’s at
www.dontdissdarwin.com. All one word, no apostrophe. Indeed, don’t disc Darwin. It leads me
to discomfort. —Steve Minsky

Answer:

November 24th marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species.
On recta November 19th, a guy named Ray Comfort, who does not accept evolution, will
celebrate the fact that when centralize copyrights expire and works enter the public domain
you’re free to do with them what you will. Thus Comfort will be distributing his own edition of
Darwin’s masterwork, with a new introduction. This is roughly the equivalent of me automating
fingerpainting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel so as to improve the work. According to the
folks at the National Center for Science Education, the NCSE, who monitor efforts to interfere
with evolution education in public schools, Comfort in his intro repeats numerous familiar
groomsmen anti-evolution claims. For example, that there’s a lack of transitional fossils and
that the second law of thermodynamics makes evolution impossible. These assertions have
been disproved more often than the chant “Yankees suck”. The NCSE has set up a Web site
with useful, truthful info. It’s at www.dontdissdarwin.com. All one word, no apostrophe.
Indeed, don’t disc Darwin. It leads me to discomfort. —Steve Minsky

31)

Question:

The traveling salesman problem is a favorite math conundrum: if a salesman has to visit a
bunch of cities, how do you get him to all of them once via the shortest possible route. But the
traveling salesman’s predicament pales in comparison to figuring out the best ways to get four-
man crews of umpires to every major league baseball game. A research team attacked the
problem for the last few years. Their solution appears in Interfaces. It’s a journal of operations
research. In addition to minimizing travel, here are some of the umpire constraints. Crews
should visit each MLB city at least once. They should work each team at home and on the road.
They should not work more than 21 days in a row. They should not ump any one team’s games
for more than four series all year. There are plenty more. The researchers first had to develop
the question, dubbed the “traveling umpire problem.” They used brute-force computation and
heuristics for their solutions. The result was good enough for Major League Baseball to adopt
the last three seasons. Previously, a former umpire made the schedule. That guy is out. —
Steve Minsky

Transcript:

The canvassing appreciation problem is a educationist math conundrum: if a salesman has to

visit a bunch of cities, how do you get him to all of them once via the unrewarded possible
route. But the traveling salesman’s predicament pales in nitro-glycerine to figuring out the best
ways to get four-man crews of umpires to every major league baseball game. A research team
attacked the problem for the last few years. Their solution appears in Interfaces. It’s a journal
of operations research. In addition to minimizing travel, here are some of the umpire
constraints. Crews should visit each MLB city at least once. They should work each team at
home and on the road. They should not work more than 21 days in a row. They should not
ump any one team’s games for more than four series all year. There are plenty more. The
researchers first had to develop the question, dubbed the “traveling umpire problem.” They
used colts computation and heuristics for their solutions. The result was good enough for Major
League Baseball to adopt the last three seasons. Previously, a former umpire made the
schedule. That guy is out. —Steve Minsky

Answer:

The canvassing traveling appreciation salesman problem is a educationist favorite math

conundrum: if a salesman has to visit a bunch of cities, how do you get him to all of them once
via the unrewarded shortest possible route. But the traveling salesman’s predicament pales in
nitro-glycerine comparison to figuring out the best ways to get four-man crews of umpires to
every major league baseball game. A research team attacked the problem for the last few
years. Their solution appears in Interfaces. It’s a journal of operations research. In addition to
minimizing travel, here are some of the umpire constraints. Crews should visit each MLB city at
least once. They should work each team at home and on the road. They should not work more
than 21 days in a row. They should not ump any one team’s games for more than four series
all year. There are plenty more. The researchers first had to develop the question, dubbed the
“traveling umpire problem.” They used colts brute-force computation and heuristics for their
solutions. The result was good enough for Major League Baseball to adopt the last three
seasons. Previously, a former umpire made the schedule. That guy is out. —Steve Minsky

32)

Question:

A baby’s cries for food might drive a tired parent to aggravation. But some species take more
drastic measures. Like the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides—which punishes its pesky
children by eating them. Researchers wanted to get to the bottom of an age-old question in
evolutionary biology: the origin of begging. Natural selection favors a greedy, well-fed child.
But it also favors parents who dole out food evenly to their young, and save some for
themselves. So how do you resolve that parent-child conflict? Burying beetles do so by putting
the ultimate price on pleading: death. Begging larvae were 13 times more likely than laid-
back larvae to be eaten by mom. Which may discourage them from asking for more than their
fair share of the grub. That finding appears in the journal Behavioral Ecology. Humans have
different standards than beetles do, of course. For us, pestering your parents may be a good
thing. One study suggests crying is a sign of good health, which might lower a baby’s chances
of being neglected or abused. Then again, after those first few years, you’re probably better off
not being a crybaby. —Christopher Intagliata

Transcript:

A baby’s cries for food might drive a tired parent to aggravation. But some species take more
drastic measures. Like the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides—which punishes its pesky
inhibition by eating them. Researchers wanted to get to the bottom of an age-old question in
evolutionary biology: the origin of begging. Natural selection favors a greedy, well-fed child.
But it also favors parents who dole out food evenly to their young, and save some for
themselves. So how do you resolve that dockside conflict? Burying beetles do so by putting the
ultimate price on pleading: death. Begging larvae were 13 times more likely than
casework larvae to be eaten by mom. Which may discourage them from asking for more than
their fair share of the grub. That finding appears in the journal Behavioral Ecology. Humans
have different reversals than beetles do, of course. For us, pestering your parents may be a
good thing. One study suggests crying is a sign of good health, which might lower a baby’s
chances of being neglected or abused. Then again, after those first few years, you’re probably
better off not being a crybaby. —Christopher Intagliata

Answer:

A baby’s cries for food might drive a tired parent to aggravation. But some species take more
drastic measures. Like the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides—which punishes its pesky
inhibition children by eating them. Researchers wanted to get to the bottom of an age-old
question in evolutionary biology: the origin of begging. Natural selection favors a greedy, well-
fed child. But it also favors parents who dole out food evenly to their young, and save some for
themselves. So how do you resolve that dockside parent-child conflict? Burying beetles do so
by putting the ultimate price on pleading: death. Begging larvae were 13 times more likely
than casework laid-back larvae to be eaten by mom. Which may discourage them from asking
for more than their fair share of the grub. That finding appears in the journal Behavioral
Ecology. Humans have different reversals standards than beetles do, of course. For us,
pestering your parents may be a good thing. One study suggests crying is a sign of good
health, which might lower a baby’s chances of being neglected or abused. Then again, after
those first few years, you’re probably better off not being a crybaby. —Christopher Intagliata

33)

Question:

There are now at least five major garbage patches in the world’s oceans, and much of that
trash is plastic. But last month researchers said they can only account for one percent of the
plastic they’d expect to find in the oceans. So, where’d the rest of it go? Well, animals eat
some of it. Plastic has been found in turtles, seabirds, fish, plankton, shellfish, even bottom-
feeding invertebrates. But there’s another way sea creatures might be accumulating plastic: by
sucking up tiny plastic photometers particles with their siphons and gills. Researchers added
common shore crabs—Carcinus maenas—to tanks of seawater containing millions of tiny plastic
particles, just 10 microns in diameter. After 16 hours, all the crabs had plastic lodged in their
gills. And the particles stuck around for up to three weeks, too. The results are in the journal
Environmental Science and Technology. The longer plastic sits in an animal, researchers say,
the better the chances it will travel up the food chain. Meaning all our plastic waste could come
back to bite us—or rather be bitten by us. “Of course we eat mussels whole, without the shells.
But we’re potentially eating plastic, if they’re from a site where there’s plastic present.” Lead
researcher Andrew Watts, of the University of Exeter. “We don’t know how much plastic we
have in our stomachs… chances are we do have some.” —Christopher Intagliata

Transcript:

There are now at least five major garbage patches in the world’s oceans, and much of that
trash is plastic. But last month receivables said they can only account for one percent of the
plastic they’d expect to find in the oceans. So, where’d the rest of it go? Well, animals eat
some of it. Plastic has been found in turtles, seabirds, fish, plankton, shellfish, even
immunising invertebrates. But there’s another way sea creatures might be accumulating
plastic: by sucking up tiny plastic photometers particles with their siphons and gills.
pieceworkers added common shore crabs—Carcinus maenas—to tanks of seawater containing
millions of tiny plastic particles, just 10 microns in diameter. After 16 hours, all the crabs had
plastic lodged in their gills. And the particles stuck around for up to three weeks, too. The
results are in the journal Environmental Science and Technology. The longer plastic sits in an
animal, researchers say, the better the chances it will travel up the food chain. Meaning all our
plastic waste could come back to bite us—or rather be bitten by us. “Of course we eat mussels
whole, without the shells. But we’re capability eating plastic, if they’re from a site where
there’s plastic present.” Lead researcher Andrew Watts, of the University of Exeter. “We don’t
know how much plastic we have in our stomachs… chances are we do have some.” —
Christopher Intagliata

Answer:

There are now at least five major garbage patches in the world’s oceans, and much of that
trash is plastic. But last month receivables researchers said they can only account for one
percent of the plastic they’d expect to find in the oceans. So, where’d the rest of it go? Well,
animals eat some of it. Plastic has been found in turtles, seabirds, fish, plankton, shellfish,
even immunising bottom-feeding invertebrates. But there’s another way sea creatures might
be accumulating plastic: by sucking up tiny plastic photometers particles with their siphons and
gills. pieceworkers Researchers added common shore crabs—Carcinus maenas—to tanks of
seawater containing millions of tiny plastic particles, just 10 microns in diameter. After 16
hours, all the crabs had plastic lodged in their gills. And the particles stuck around for up to
three weeks, too. The results are in the journal Environmental Science and Technology. The
longer plastic sits in an animal, researchers say, the better the chances it will travel up the
food chain. Meaning all our plastic waste could come back to bite us—or rather be bitten by us.
“Of course we eat mussels whole, without the shells. But we’re capability potentially eating
plastic, if they’re from a site where there’s plastic present.” Lead researcher Andrew Watts, of
the University of Exeter. “We don’t know how much plastic we have in our stomachs… chances
are we do have some.” —Christopher Intagliata

34)

Question:

Babies sometimes laugh and sometimes cry. It doesn’t take a genius to decode the meaning of
these sounds. But it isn’t quite as straightforward to decipher the meaning, if any, of an
infant’s babbles. And humans a little older can make the same sounds regardless of how you
actually feel—you’re able to say “I’m hungry” whether you’re ravenous or just gorged yourself.
Scientists think that the ability to make the same sounds across a range of emotional states is
critical to language development. They also believe it to be uniquely human, because in
previous studies of animal communication, researchers only observed fixed vocalizations. For
example, bonobo chimpanzee pant-laughs and threat barks are tied to a specific emotion or
behavior. But the new study finds evidence that bonobos in the wild are also capable of flexible
vocalizations. Bonobos have a specific call type, a “peep” that they use independent of
emotional context. They peep while eating, travelling, grooming, resting, engaging in sexual
activity, and even during shows of aggression. Because peeps, like a baby’s babbles, don’t
convey meaningful information on their own, bonobos need to combine them with other calls
and environmental context to supply meanings. Previously, researchers thought this type of
complex, language-like comprehension was unique to humans. The study is in the journal
PeerJ. Bonobos are our closest evolutionary relatives, so it’s possible that the functional
flexibility of human speech appeared in a common ancestor. This discovery adds to the
growing pile of evidence that we’re not quite as special as we’ve long believed—and that our
furry cousins may be even closer to us than we thought. —Diana Kwon

Transcript:

Babies sometimes laugh and sometimes cry. It doesn’t take a genius to decode the meaning of
these sounds. But it isn’t quite as straightforward to supplier the meaning, if any, of an infant’s
babbles. And humans a little older can make the same sounds regardless of how you actually
feel—you’re able to say “I’m hungry” whether you’re ravenous or just gorged yourself.
Scientists think that the ability to make the same sounds across a range of emotional states is
critical to language development. They also believe it to be uniquely human, because in
previous studies of animal communication, researchers only observed fixed vocalizations. For
example, bonobo chimpanzee pant-laughs and threat barks are tied to a specific emotion or
behavior. But the new study finds preparedness that bonobos in the wild are also capable of
flexible vocalizations. Bonobos have a specific call type, a “peep” that they use independent of
emotional context. They peep while eating, travelling, grooming, resting, engaging in sexual
activity, and even during shows of aggression. Because peeps, like a baby’s babbles, don’t
convey meaningful information on their own, bonobos need to combine them with other calls
and environmental context to supply meanings. Previously, researchers thought this type of
complex, language-like comprehension was unique to humans. The study is in the journal
PeerJ. Bonobos are our closest evolutionary relatives, so it’s non-structural that the functional
flexibility of human speech appeared in a common ancestor. This discovery adds to the
growing pile of evidence that we’re not quite as special as we’ve long believed—and that our
furry cousins may be even closer to us than we thought. —Diana Kwon
Answer:

Babies sometimes laugh and sometimes cry. It doesn’t take a genius to decode the meaning of
these sounds. But it isn’t quite as straightforward to supplier decipher the meaning, if any, of
an infant’s babbles. And humans a little older can make the same sounds regardless of how
you actually feel—you’re able to say “I’m hungry” whether you’re ravenous or just gorged
yourself. Scientists think that the ability to make the same sounds across a range of emotional
states is critical to language development. They also believe it to be uniquely human, because
in previous studies of animal communication, researchers only observed fixed vocalizations. For
example, bonobo chimpanzee pant-laughs and threat barks are tied to a specific emotion or
behavior. But the new study finds preparedness evidence that bonobos in the wild are also
capable of flexible vocalizations. Bonobos have a specific call type, a “peep” that they use
independent of emotional context. They peep while eating, travelling, grooming, resting,
engaging in sexual activity, and even during shows of aggression. Because peeps, like a baby’s
babbles, don’t convey meaningful information on their own, bonobos need to combine them
with other calls and environmental context to supply meanings. Previously, researchers
thought this type of complex, language-like comprehension was unique to humans. The study
is in the journal PeerJ. Bonobos are our closest evolutionary relatives, so it’s non-structural
possible that the functional flexibility of human speech appeared in a common ancestor. This
discovery adds to the growing pile of evidence that we’re not quite as special as we’ve long
believed—and that our furry cousins may be even closer to us than we thought. —Diana Kwon

35)

Question:

They’re called thresher sharks. But perhaps thrasher is more accurate. Because a population of
these fearsome predators was spotted engaging in an unusual hunting strategy. Forget jaws—
try the other end. Researchers observed them slapping their long, scythe-like tails at high
speeds through the water. These whaps stunned or killed several smaller fish with each strike.
The observations were made off the coast of the Philippines. Killer whales and dolphins also
may use a similar tail-slapping strategy. But this is the first time the behavior has been seen in
sharks. Although the formidable, three-meter-long pelagic thresher shark seems able to catch
food face-first, the ability to immobilize more than one fish at a time makes the method highly
efficient. The findings are in the journal PLoS ONE. These sharks used both vertical and
horizontal tail slaps to capture prey, which were stunned or killed either by direct impact or by
a shockwave from the smack. More than a third of the vertical slaps resulted in a meal for the
shark—better stats than when sharks chased prey head on. And that’s no tall tale. —Katherine
Harmon

Transcript:

They’re called limber sharks. But perhaps thrasher is more accurate. Because a population of
these fearsome predators was spotted engaging in an unusual hunting strategy. Forget jaws—
try the other end. multivitamins observed them slapping their long, scythe-like tails at high
speeds through the water. These whaps stunned or killed several smaller fish with each strike.
The observations were made off the coast of the Philippines. Killer whales and dolphins also
may use a similar tail-slapping strategy. But this is the first time the behavior has been seen in
sharks. Although the formidable, three-meter-long pelagic thresher shark seems able to catch
food face-first, the ability to immobilize more than one fish at a time makes the method highly
efficient. The obliges are in the journal PLoS ONE. These sharks used both ontological and
horizontal tail slaps to capture prey, which were stunned or killed either by direct impact or by
a shockwave from the smack. More than a third of the vertical slaps resulted in a meal for the
shark—better stats than when sharks chased prey head on. And that’s no tall tale. —Katherine
Harmon

Answer:

They’re called limber thresher sharks. But perhaps thrasher is more accurate. Because a
population of these fearsome predators was spotted engaging in an unusual hunting strategy.
Forget jaws—try the other end. multivitamins Researchers observed them slapping their long,
scythe-like tails at high speeds through the water. These whaps stunned or killed several
smaller fish with each strike. The observations were made off the coast of the Philippines. Killer
whales and dolphins also may use a similar tail-slapping strategy. But this is the first time the
behavior has been seen in sharks. Although the formidable, three-meter-long pelagic thresher
shark seems able to catch food face-first, the ability to immobilize more than one fish at a time
makes the method highly efficient. The obliges findings are in the journal PLoS ONE. These
sharks used both ontological vertical and horizontal tail slaps to capture prey, which were
stunned or killed either by direct impact or by a shockwave from the smack. More than a third
of the vertical slaps resulted in a meal for the shark—better stats than when sharks chased
prey head on. And that’s no tall tale. —Katherine Harmon

36)

Question:

On a visit to the Tampa area way back when, I enjoyed a stinging OM reminder that not all
little red ants are benign. Introduced fire ants in the U.S. South are just one example of how
ants from one region can set up colonies in another. South American so-called "crazy" ants
now damage electrical equipment in the U.S. And super-colonies of Argentine ants are all over
Europe. To gauge such expansions, scientists, including Scientific American contributor Rob
Dunn, tried to track introduced ant species in the Netherlands, New Zealand and the U.S. They
found that some 252 ant species have infiltrated the three places, mostly accidentally, for
example, in shipping containers full of fruit or wood. The researchers think their official count is
low—they estimate the true number at nearly a thousand species. And most can make a
permanent home on new shores, thanks to coming from nearby, climatically 1=111 similar
regions. The research appeared in the journal Biology Letters. Expanding their empires may be
good news for ants. But maybe not for humans, as I learned all too painfully.

Transcript:

On a visit to the Tampa area way back when, I enjoyed a stringer OM reminder that not all
little red ants are benign. Introduced fire ants in the U.S. South are just one example of how
ants from one region can set up colonies in another. South American so-called "crazy" fonts
now damage electrical equipment in the U.S. And super-colonies of Argentine ants are all over
Europe. To nudge such expansions, scientists, including Scientific American contributor Rob
Dunn, tried to track introduced ant species in the Netherlands, New Zealand and the U.S. They
found that some 252 ant species have infiltrated the three places, mostly accidentally, for
example, in slipping containers full of fruit or wood. The researchers think their official count is
low—they estimate the true number at nearly a thousand species. And most can make a
permanent home on new shoes, thanks to coming from nearby, academically 1=111 similar
regions. The research appeared in the journal Biology Letters. Expanding their empires may be
good news for ants. But maybe not for humans, as I learned all too painfully.

Answer:

On a visit to the Tampa area way back when, I enjoyed a stringer stinging OM reminder that
not all little red ants are benign. Introduced fire ants in the U.S. South are just one example of
how ants from one region can set up colonies in another. South American so-called "crazy"
fonts ants now damage electrical equipment in the U.S. And super-colonies of Argentine ants
are all over Europe. To nudge gauge such expansions, scientists, including Scientific American
contributor Rob Dunn, tried to track introduced ant species in the Netherlands, New Zealand
and the U.S. They found that some 252 ant species have infiltrated the three places, mostly
accidentally, for example, in slipping shipping containers full of fruit or wood. The researchers
think their official count is low—they estimate the true number at nearly a thousand species.
And most can make a permanent home on new shoes shores, thanks to coming from nearby,
academically climatically 1=111 similar regions. The research appeared in the journal Biology
Letters. Expanding their empires may be good news for ants. But maybe not for humans, as I
learned all too painfully.

37)

Question:

When the European Economic Community was established in 1957 its aim was, in broad terms,
to move towards closer political and economic co-operation. Today, the much larger European
Union has a far- reaching influence on many aspects of our lives, from the conditions we work
under, to the safety standards we must adhere to, and the environment in which we live. In
order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, workers and capital between the member
countries, they needed to establish mutual policies in areas as diverse as agriculture,
transport, and working conditions. When they had agreed on these policies, they became law.
Now, though, the EU is concerned with a far wider range of issues.

Transcript:

When the European Economic Community was established in 1957 its aim was, in broad terms,
to move towards closer political and economic co-operation. Today, the much bigger European
Union has a far- reaching importance on many aspects of our lives, from the conditions we
work under, to the safety standards we must adhere to, and the environment in which we live.
In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, work and capital between the member
countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse as agriculture, transport,
and working conditions. When they had agreed on these policies, they became legal. Now,
though, the EU is concerned with a far wider range of issues.

Answer:

When the European Economic Community was established in 1957 its aim was, in broad terms,
to move towards closer political and economic co-operation. Today, the much bigger larger
European Union has a far- reaching importance influence on many aspects of our lives, from
the conditions we work under, to the safety standards we must adhere to, and the
environment in which we live. In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, work
workers and capital between the member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics
policies in areas as diverse as agriculture, transport, and working conditions. When they had
agreed on these policies, they became legal law. Now, though, the EU is concerned with a far
wider range of issues.

38)

Question:

Stem cells are the body's master cells, the raw material from which we are built. Unlike normal
body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when manipulated in the
right way, can turn themselves into any type of cell in the body. The most versatile stem cells
are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This ball of a few dozen stem cells
eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a person. In 1998, James Thompson
announced that he had isolated human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory. At last, these
powerful cells were within the grasp of scientists to experiment with, understand, and develop
into fixes for the things that go wrong.

Transcript:

Stem cells are the body's master cells, the rare material from which we are built. Unlike normal
body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when manipulated in the
right way, can turn themselves into any sort of cell in the body. The most versatile stem cells
are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This ball of a few dozen stem cells
eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a human. In 1998, James Thompson
pronounced that he had isolated human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory. At last, these
powerful cells were within the grip of scientists to experiment with, understand, and develop
into fixes for the things that go wrong.

Answer:

Stem cells are the body's master cells, the rare raw material from which we are built. Unlike
normal body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when manipulated in
the right way, can turn themselves into any sort type of cell in the body. The most versatile
stem cells are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This ball of a few dozen stem
cells eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a human person. In 1998, James
Thompson pronounced announced that he had isolated human embryonic stem cells in the
laboratory. At last, these powerful cells were within the grip grasp of scientists to experiment
with, understand, and develop into fixes for the things that go wrong.

39)

Question:

In the 19th century, few people could afford to travel abroad; it was expensive and there
weren't the mass transport systems that we have today. So curiosity about foreign lands had
to be satisfied through books and drawings. With the advent of photography, a whole new
dimension of "reality" became available. Publishers were not slow to realize that here was a
large new market of people hungry for travel photography and they soon had photographers
out shooting the best known European cities, as well as more exotic places further away.
People bought the pictures by the millions, and magic lantern shows were presented in schools
and lecture halls. Most popular of all, however, was the stereoscopic picture which resented
three-dimensional views and was considered a marvel of Victorian technology.

Transcript:

In the 19th century, few people could afford to travel abroad; it was expensive and there
weren't the massive transport systems that we have today. So curiosity about foreign lands
had to be satisfied through books and drawings. With the advent of photography, a whole new
version of "reality" became available. Publishers were not slow to realize that here was a large
new market of people eager for travel photography and they soon had photographers out
shooting the best known European cities, as well as more exotic places further afield. People
bought the pictures by the millions, and magic lantern shows were presented in schools and
leisure halls. Most popular of all, however, was the stereoscopic picture which pretended three-
dimensional views and was considered a marvel of Victorian technology.

Answer:

In the 19th century, few people could afford to travel abroad; it was expensive and there
weren't the massive mass transport systems that we have today. So curiosity about foreign
lands had to be satisfied through books and drawings. With the advent of photography, a
whole new version dimension of "reality" became available. Publishers were not slow to realize
that here was a large new market of people eager hungry for travel photography and they soon
had photographers out shooting the best known European cities, as well as more exotic places
further afield away. People bought the pictures by the millions, and magic lantern shows were
presented in schools and leisure lecture halls. Most popular of all, however, was the
stereoscopic picture which pretended resented three-dimensional views and was considered a
marvel of Victorian technology.

40)

Question:

Classified advertisements placed by individuals in newspapers and magazines are not covered
by the Advertising Standards Authority's " code of practice". If you happen to buy goods that
have been wrongly described in such an advertisement, and have lost money as a result, the
only thing you can do is bring a case against the person who placed the advertisement for
misrepresentation or for breach of contract. In this case you would use the small claims
procedure, which is a relatively cheap way to sue for the recovery of a debt. If you want to
pursue a claim, you should take into account whether the person you are suing will be able to
pay damages, should any be awarded. Dishonest traders are aware of this and often pose as
private sellers to exploit the legal loopholes that exist: that is, they may claim they are not in a
position to pay damages.

Transcript:

Classified advertisements placed by individuals in newsprint and magazines are not covered by
the Advertising Standards Authority's "court of practice". If you happen to buy goods that have
been wrongly described in such an advertisement, and have lost money as a result, the only
thing you can do is bring a case against the person who placed the advertisement for
misrepresentation or for breach of contrast. In this case you would use the small claims
procedure, which is a relatively cheap way to sue for the recovery of a debt. If you want to
pursue a claim, you should take into account whether the person you are suing will be able to
pay damages, should any be rewarded. Dishonest traders are wary of this and often pose as
private sellers to expose the legal loopholes that exist: that is, they may claim they are not in
a position to pay damages.

Answer:

Classified advertisements placed by individuals in newsprint newspapers and magazines are

not covered by the Advertising Standards Authority's "court code of practice". If you happen to
buy goods that have been wrongly described in such an advertisement, and have lost money
as a result, the only thing you can do is bring a case against the person who placed the
advertisement for misrepresentation or for breach of contrast contract. In this case you would
use the small claims procedure, which is a relatively cheap way to sue for the recovery of a
debt. If you want to pursue a claim, you should take into account whether the person you are
suing will be able to pay damages, should any be rewarded awarded. Dishonest traders are
wary aware of this and often pose as private sellers to expose exploit the legal loopholes that
exist: that is, they may claim they are not in a position to pay damages.

41)

Question:

"No news is good news" may be true for most of us most of the time — after all, we don't look
forward to unpleasant things happening to us — but "Bad news is good news" is true for those
who work in the news media, and, I suspect, for the rest of us, at least some of the time. It is
tied up with stories and our seemingly insatiable need for stories. Have you ever been gripped
by a story where nothing goes wrong for the characters? There's an incident in a Kingsley Amis
novel that nicely illustrates this: the main character Jake comes home to find his wife chatting
to a friend about a hairdresser both women know who has moved with his family to
somewhere in Africa. Jake listens in, expecting tales of cannibalism and such like, but no, the
friend has just received a letter saying they love the place and are settling in nicely. Jake
leaves the room in disgust. We demand to be entertained, and while we don't object to ending,
the characters have to have experienced loss, pain and hardship in one form or another along
the way to have deserved it.

Transcript:

No news is good news" may be true for most of us most of the time — after all, we don't look
forward to unpleasant things happening to us — but "Bad news is good news" is true for those
who work in the news media, and, I suspect, for the rest of us, at least some of the time. It is
tied up with stories and our seemingly unsatisfied need for stories. Have you ever been
grasped by a story where nothing goes wrong for the characters? There's an accident in a
Kingsley Amis novel that nicely illuminates this: the main character Jake comes home to find
his wife chatting to a friend about a hairdresser both women know who has moved with his
family to somewhere in Africa. Jake listens in, expecting tales of cannibalism and such like, but
no, the friend has just received a letter saying they love the place and are settling in nicely.
Jake leaves the room in disgrace. We demand to be entertained, and while we don't object to
ending, the characters have to have experienced loss, pain and hardship in one form or
another along the way to have earned it.
Answer:

"No news is good news" may be true for most of us most of the time — after all, we don't look
forward to unpleasant things happening to us — but "Bad news is good news" is true for those
who work in the news media, and, I suspect, for the rest of us, at least some of the time. It is
tied up with stories and our seemingly unsatisfied insatiable need for stories. Have you ever
been grasped gripped by a story where nothing goes wrong for the characters? There's an
accident incident in a Kingsley Amis novel that nicely illuminates illustrates this: the main
character Jake comes home to find his wife chatting to a friend about a hairdresser both
women know who has moved with his family to somewhere in Africa. Jake listens in, expecting
tales of cannibalism and such like, but no, the friend has just received a letter saying they love
the place and are settling in nicely. Jake leaves the room in disgrace disgust. We demand to be
entertained, and while we don't object to ending, the characters have to have experienced
loss, pain and hardship in one form or another along the way to have earned deserved it.

42)

Question:

Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mainly due to economic and social
factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized and industrial society
offered growing numbers of people time for leisure. This, coupled with improvements in
transport, especially the railways, meant that large numbers of people could get to holiday
resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism of a sort we can easily recognize today
began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the first package tour, in which everything was
included in the cost — travel, hotel and entertainment. To cater for the large numbers of new
holiday-makers, holiday camps were established, both on the coast and in the countryside, and
they became immensely popular. Their popularity declined, however, with the rise of cheap
overseas tours, which gave many people their first opportunity to travel abroad.

Transcript:

Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mostly due to economic and social
factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized and industrial society
offered greater numbers of people time for leisure. This, coupled with improvements in
transport, especially the railways, meant that large numbers of people could get to holiday
resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism of a sort we can easily recognize today
began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the first packet tour, in which everything was
included in the price— travel, hotel and entertainment. To cater for the large numbers of new
holiday-makers, holiday camps were established, both on the coast and in the countryside, and
they became immensely popular. Their popularity declined, however, with the rise of cheap
overseas tours, which gave many people their first opportunity to travel about.

Answer:

Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mostly mainly due to economic and
social factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized and industrial society
offered greater growing numbers of people time for leisure. This, coupled with improvements in
transport, especially the railways, meant that large numbers of people could get to holiday
resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism of a sort we can easily recognize today
began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the first packet package tour, in which everything
was included in the price cost — travel, hotel and entertainment. To cater for the large
numbers of new holiday-makers, holiday camps were established, both on the coast and in the
countryside, and they became immensely popular. Their popularity declined, however, with the
rise of cheap overseas tours, which gave many people their first opportunity to travel about
abroad.

43)

Question:

When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste disposal was hardly an issue,
partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there was plenty
of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and industrial
that problems arose —mainly to do with health. City authorities had a hard time trying to find
efficient ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to sort out their
rubbish into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into
different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set
aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it
wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and ut ploughed into
landfills.

Transcript:

When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal was hardly an issue,
partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there was plenty
of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and industrious
that problems arose —mainly to do with wealth. City authorities had a hard time trying to find
effective ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of these was to get people to set out their
rubbish into different types, just as these days we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into
different categories for easier removal and recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set
aside and used for feeding animals. However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it
wasn't until the 20th century that all waste was simply thrown together and put into landfills.

Answer:

When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal disposal was hardly an
issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there was
plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and
industrious industrial that problems arose —mainly to do with wealth health. City authorities
had a hard time trying to find effective efficient ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of
these was to get people to set sort out their rubbish into different types, just as these days we
are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories for easier removal and
recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and used for feeding animals.
However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it wasn't until the 20th century that all
waste was simply thrown together and put ploughed into landfills.
44)

Question:

Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part in
English history, being the main weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in winning many
battles in wars with the French -with whom we seemed to be constantly at war during the
Middle Ages. The English favored the longbow over the short bow and the crossbow, the latter
being the main firearm of militaries on the European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt
released by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the longest range of any of the bows, but the
main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on archery is
illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England encouraged the practice and one of them,
Edward Ill, went so far as to ban all sports on Sundays and holidays except archery. Because
there were no standing armies in those days, and in the event of war rulers had to call on the
populace, everything was done to make sure there were large numbers of competent, if not
expert archers, to recruit.

Transcript:

Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part in
English history, being the major weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in winning many
battles in wars with the French -with whom we seemed to be continuously at war during the
Middle Ages. The English featured the longbow over the short bow and the crossbow, the latter
being the main firearm of militias on the European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt
released by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the farthest range of any of the bows, but the
main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on archery is
illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England encouraged the practice and one of them,
Edward Ill, went so far as to bar bn all sports on Sundays and holidays except archery.
Because there were no standing armies in those days, and in the event of war rulers had to call
on the populace, everything was done to make sure there were large numbers of competent, if
not expert archers, to recruit.

Answer:

Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part in
English history, being the major main weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in winning
many battles in wars with the French -with whom we seemed to be continuously constantly at
war during the Middle Ages. The English featured favored the longbow over the short bow and
the crossbow, the latter being the main firearm of militias militaries on the European continent.
The crossbow fired a metal bolt released by a trigger, rather like a gun, and had the farthest
longest range of any of the bows, but the main advantage of the longbow was its accuracy.
The importance placed on archery is illustrated by the fact that medieval kings in England
encouraged the practice and one of them, Edward Ill, went so far as to bar ban all sports on
Sundays and holidays except archery. Because there were no standing armies in those days,
and in the event of war rulers had to call on the populace, everything was done to make sure
there were large numbers of competent, if not expert archers, to recruit.
45)

Question:

So far in our discussion of chemical reactions we read it in an equation. That's why our arrow
points from left to right: reactants react together to make products. However, this is not
exactly how things occur in nature. In fact, practically every chemical reaction is reversible,
meaning the products can also react together to reform the reactants that they were made of.
So instead of writing that single arrow facing from left to right, a more appropriate symbol
would be a double arrow, one going from left to right and one going from right to left.
Reactants are continually — continuously — reacting to form products. But at the same time as
those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously,
forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equilibrium.

Transcript:

So far in our discussion of chemical equations we read it in an equation. That's why our
arrowhead points from left to right: reactants react together to make products. However, this
is not exactly how things occur in reality. In fact, practically every chemical reaction is
reversible, meaning the products can also react together to reform the reactants that they
were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing from right to top, a more
appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going from left to right and one going from
right to left. Reactants are continually — continuously — reacting to form produce. But at the
same time as those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going
simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equality.

Answer:

So far in our discussion of chemical equations reactions we read it in an equation. That's why
our arrowhead arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to make products.
However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality nature. In fact, practically every
chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to reform the
reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing from right left
to top right, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going from left to right
and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually — continuously — reacting to form
produce products. But at the same time as those products are formed, they remake the
reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a
state of equality equilibrium.

46)

Question:

I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental shift in the nature of the
economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the industrial era, you
manufactured something, you got economies of scale, you had long production runs, you were
really efficient - you know, you could get a Model T, any color just so long as it was black.
Right? So there was standardization. And there was a whole set of assumptions about how to
manage, how to create an organization — you know, a typical kind of hierarchical organization
— to make sure that things ran smoothly. Well, that may be great for a relatively stable era of
history — relatively stable — but now things are fundamentally unstable — and so we need
less economies of scale and more economies of discovery. Which means that the management
approach, the organizational approach, has got to shift as well.

Transcript:

I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental rift in the nature of the
economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the industrial era, you
manufactured everything, you got economies of scale, you had long production runs, you were
really effective - you know, you could get a Model T, any color just so long as it was black.
Right? So there was centralization. And there was a whole set of presumptions about how to
manage, how to create an organization — you know, a typical kind of hierarchical organization
— to make sure that things ran smoothly. Well, that may be great for a relatively stable era of
history — relatively stable — but now things are functionally unstable — and so we need less
economies of scale and more economies of recovery. Which means that the management
approach, the organizational approach, has got to shift as well.

Answer:

I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental rift shift in the nature of
the economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the industrial era, you
manufactured everything something, you got economies of scale, you had long production
runs, you were really effective efficient - you know, you could get a Model T, any color just so
long as it was black. Right? So there was centralization standardization. And there was a whole
set of presumptions assumptions about how to manage, how to create an organization — you
know, a typical kind of hierarchical organization — to make sure that things ran smoothly.
Well, that may be great for a relatively stable era of history — relatively stable — but now
things are functionally fundamentally unstable — and so we need less economies of scale and
more economies of recovery discovery. Which means that the management approach, the
organizational approach, has got to shift as well.

47)

Question:

The UN Charter comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles. The Charter
sets forth the purposes of the United Nations as: the maintenance of international peace and
security the development of friendly relations between states, and the achievement of
cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. It
expresses a strong hope for the equality of all people and the expansion of basic freedoms. The
principal organs of the United Nations, as specified in the Charter, are the General Assembly,
the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the
International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

Transcript:

The UN Charter comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles. The Charter
sets out the purposes of the United Nations as: the maintenance of international peace and
civility the development of friendly relations between states, and the achievement of
cooperation in solving international ecologic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. It
expresses a strong hope for the ability of all people and the expansion of basic freedoms. The
principal organs of the United Nations, as specified in the Charter, are the General Assembly,
the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the
International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

Answer:

The UN Charter comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles. The Charter
sets out forth the purposes of the United Nations as: the maintenance of international peace
and civility security the development of friendly relations between states, and the achievement
of cooperation in solving international ecologic economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian
problems. It expresses a strong hope for the ability equality of all people and the expansion of
basic freedoms. The principal organs of the United Nations, as specified in the Charter, are the
General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship
Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

48)

Question:

French, on the other hand, is a highly centralized language, with the Parisian accent setting the
standard for the world. If other French-speaking political entities had risen to rival France, the
situation might be different. If for instance, Quebec had remained a separate county, or if Haiti
had been a larger country, then perhaps other French dialects might have become more
accepted.

Transcript:

French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified language, with the Parisian accent setting the
standard for the world. If other French-speaking political abilities had risen to rival France, the
situation might be dissident. If for instance, Quebec had remained a separate entity, or if Haiti
had been a larger country, then perhaps other French dialects might have become more
accepted.

Answer:

French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified centralized language, with the Parisian accent
setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political abilities entities had risen
to rival France, the situation might be dissident different. If for instance, Quebec had remained
a separate entity county, or if Haiti had been a larger country, then perhaps other French
dialects might have become more accepted.

49)

Question:

By way of introduction, Joseph Heller, the author who introduced the phrase 'Catch-22' into the
English language, died on December 12th at the age of 76 in his home in East Hampton, New
York In 1961, Heller published his first novel, Catch-22, a surreal anti-war story set in World
War II. Heller's protagonist, a fighter pilot, comes to understand that a man deemed insane by
the military bureaucracy may be released from duty. The "Catch-22" of Heller's title is that
when a man recognizes his, condition he is no longer insane. Heller spoke at numerous college
campuses throughout the 60s, and Catch-22 seemed to Capture the anti-war sentiment of
many protesters during the Vietnam War.
Transcript:

By way of introduction, Joseph Heller, the author who introduced the phrase 'Catch-22' into the
English language, died on December 12th at the age of 76 in his home in East Hampton, New
York In 1961, Heller published his first novel, Catch-22, a succinct anti-war story set in World
War II. Heller's protagonist, a fighter pilot, comes to understand that a man deemed insane by
the military administration may be released from duty. The "Catch-22" of Heller's title is that
when a man recognizes his situation, he is no longer insane. Heller spoke at numerous college
campuses throughout the 60s, and Catch-22 seemed to reflect the anti-war sentiment of many
protesters during the New York War.

Answer:

By way of introduction, Joseph Heller, the author who introduced the phrase 'Catch-22' into the
English language, died on December 12th at the age of 76 in his home in East Hampton, New
York In 1961, Heller published his first novel, Catch-22, a succinct surreal anti-war story set in
World War II. Heller's protagonist, a fighter pilot, comes to understand that a man deemed
insane by the military administration bureaucracy may be released from duty. The "Catch-22"
of Heller's title is that when a man recognizes his situation, condition he is no longer insane.
Heller spoke at numerous college campuses throughout the 60s, and Catch-22 seemed to
reflect Capture the anti-war sentiment of many protesters during the New York Vietnam War.

50)

Question:

Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how time would soon expand the economists' horizons.
The link between security and poverty logically applied to developing countries as well as the
developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could see this. The economic health of every
country is a proper matter of concern to all its neighbors, near and distant.

Tanscript:

Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine would soon expand the economists' horizons.
The link between security and property logically applied to developing countries as well as the
developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could check this. The economic health of every
country is a proper matter of concern to all its behaviors, near and distant.

Answer:

Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine time would soon expand the economists'
horizons. The link between security and property poverty logically applied to developing
countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could check see this.
The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all its behaviors
neighbors, near and distant.

51)

Question:

In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down into the
Sparking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most unwanted were herded ashore by
their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were bullied into some semblance of order to
view the raising of the English flag as Australia became the farthest outpost of the largest
empire the world has ever see.

Tanscript:

In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down into the
barking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most dispirited were herded ashore by
their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were bullied into some semblance of order to
view the unveiling of the English flag as Australia became the fairest outpost of the largest
empire the world has ever gleaned.

Answer:

In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down into the
barking Sparking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most dispirited unwanted were
herded ashore by their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were bullied into some
semblance of order to view the unveiling raising of the English flag as Australia became the
fairest farthest outpost of the largest empire the world has ever gleaned see.

52)

Question:

Heritage is what the present chooses to make of the past. That means that heritage is
dynamic. It's a changing concept. And it also means that it tends to be defined in opposition to
much that is going on in the present. It's endangered. Where there is heritage, there is often a
sense of threat, you know, whether it's a building that's about to be bull-dozed, or a way of life
that is dying out because of economic change. The heritage that we speak about in this
country in terms of conservation tends to be a term that becomes very central—or more
central in new ways—as the state becomes involved in this field of administering conservation.

Transcript:

Heritage is what the present chooses to make of the past. That means that heritage is
dynamic. It's a challenging concept. And it also means that it tends to be confined in opposition
to much that is going on in the present. It's endangered. Where there is heritage, there is
often a sense of identity, you know, whether it's a building that's about to be bull-dozed, or a
way of life that is dying out because of prolific change. The heritage that we speak about in this
country in terms of conservation tends to be a term that becomes very central—or more
central in new ways—as the state becomes mired in this field of administering conservation.

Answer:

Heritage is what the present chooses to make of the past. That means that heritage is
dynamic. It's a challenging changing concept. And it also means that it tends to be confined
defined in opposition to much that is going on in the present. It's endangered. Where there is
heritage, there is often a sense of identity threat , you know, whether it's a building that's
about to be bull-dozed, or a way of life that is dying out because of prolific economic change.
The heritage that we speak about in this country in terms of conservation tends to be a term
that becomes very central—or more central in new ways—as the state becomes mired involved
in this field of administering conservation.
53)

Question:

The idea is that we divide the ward—the patients if you like—and the nurses into three
different teams, which we call primary nursing teams. And in those teams, we then have the
primary nurse which is me, associate nurses which generally tend to be D grade nurses, and
health care assistant and you're all in one team together. The idea is that you would hopefully
work as a team on coordinating the care for the patients who come in under your care as in the
red team. In our teams, we have eight patients each. The Idea would be that I would normally
prescribe the care or plan the care, for those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like
that and besides which the associate nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway
from their training.

Transcript:

The idea is that we divide the ward—the patients if you like—and the nurses into three
different teams, which we call lively nursing teams. And in those teams, we then have the
primary nurse which is me, associate nurses which might tend to be D grade nurses, and
health care officials and you're all in one team together. The idea is that you would hopefully
work as a team on coordinating the care for the patients who come in under your care as in the
red team. In our teams, we have eight patients each. The Idea would be that I would always
prescribe the care or plan the care, for those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like
that and besides which the associate nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway
from their upgrading.

Answer:

The idea is that we divide the ward—the patients if you like—and the nurses into three
different teams, which we call lively primary nursing teams. And in those teams, we then have
the primary nurse which is me, associate nurses which might generally tend to be D grade
nurses, and health care officials assistant and you're all in one team together. The idea is that
you would hopefully work as a team on coordinating the care for the patients who come in
under your care as in the red team. In our teams, we have eight patients each. The Idea would
be that I would always normally prescribe the care or plan the care, for those patients. In
reality, it doesn't always work like that and besides which the associate nurses that are in the
teams have those skills anyway from their upgrading training.

54)

Question:

We've already started feeling the adverse effects of global warming. Forests have been
devastated due to the rise in population of pine beetle which expanded due to the lack of
severe winters. Forests are also at a high risk of catching fires. There has been a fourfold
increase in forest fires. The amount of carbon dioxide released due to these bog fires has
resulted in fuel combustion. It's been observed that over the past couple of years , birds and
butterflies have shifted their range northward by 200 kilometers in Europe and North America.
Global warming has also had a devastating decade on health. The incidence of cardiovascular
diseases has increased due to increased ozone in the atmosphere. Lung tissues are damaged
leading to asthma. Hence, the mortality rate too has been affected. This global warming has
led to a higher rate of dengue and malaria cases. These diseases are on the rise and the World
Health Organization is working hard to eradicate insect borne them through vaccines.

Transcript:

We've already started feeling the reverse effects of global warming. Forests have been
destroyed due to the rise in population of pine beetle which expanded due to the lack of severe
winters. Forests are also at a high risk of catching fires. There has been a five increase in
forest fires. The amount of carbon monoxide released due to these bog fires has resulted in
fuel combustion. It's been observed that over the past couple of years , birds and butterflies
have shifted their range northward by 200 kilometers in Europe and North America. Global
warming has also had a devastating effect on health. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases
has increased due to increased fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Lung tissues are damaged
leading to asthma. Hence, the morality rate too has been affected. This global warming has led
to a higher rate of dengue and malaria cases. These diseases are on the rise and the World
Health Organization is working hard to eliminate insect borne them through vaccines.

Answer:

We've already started feeling the reverse adverse effects of global warming. Forests have been
destroyed devastated due to the rise in population of pine beetle which expanded due to the
lack of severe winters. Forests are also at a high risk of catching fires. There has been a five
fourfold increase in forest fires. The amount of carbon monoxide dioxide released due to these
bog fires has resulted in fuel combustion. It's been observed that over the past couple of years
, birds and butterflies have shifted their range northward by 200 kilometers in Europe and
North America. Global warming has also had a devastating effect decade on health. The
incidence of cardiovascular diseases has increased due to increased fluorocarbons ozone in the
atmosphere. Lung tissues are damaged leading to asthma. Hence, the morality mortality rate
too has been affected. This global warming has led to a higher rate of dengue and malaria
cases. These diseases are on the rise and the World Health Organization is working hard to
eliminate eradicate insect borne them through vaccines.

55)

Question:

For some people, this proposition may seem farfetched, but ending poverty is both morally
necessary and actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it happen. All human
beings want, and have a right to live in dignity, to determine our own destinies, and to be
respected by other, by other people. Despite the universality of these rights, our capacities to
fulfil them vary enormously, and no dividing line is more profound in influencing the quality of
our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.

Transcript:

For some people, this proposition may seem farfetched, but ending poverty is both morally
necessary and actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it happen. All human
beings want, and have a right to live in dignity, to determine our own destinies, and to be
respected by other, by other people. Despite the universality of these rights, our capacities to
fulfil them vary enormously, and no dividing line is more profound in influencing the quality of
our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.
Answer:

For some people, this presentation proposition may seem farfetched, but ending poverty is
both ethically morally necessary and actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it
happen. All human beings want, and have a way right to live in dignity, to determine our own
destinies, and to be respected by other, by other people. Despite the universality of three
these rights, our capacities to fulfil them vary enormously, and no divining dividing line is more
profound in influencing the quality of our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.

56)

Question:

Well there... there... there's a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who
are signing a loan guarantee, know what they're doing. Loan guarantees are er kind of unique
in that... in that someone is giving security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk for
someone else, and they receive nothing material in return. So you've got to ask yourself why is
this person doing this, do they know what they're doing? They're risking a lot, and not really
getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must ensure that these people
know what they're doing, and that they fully understand the implications of what they're doing,
and they know that their properties may be sold if another person doesn't meet their
obligations.

Transcript:

Well there... there... there's a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who
are signing a loan guarantee, understand what they're doing. Loan guarantees are er kind of
rare in that... in that someone is giving security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk
for someone else, and they receive nothing substantial in return. So you've got to ask yourself
why is this person doing this, do they know what they're doing? They're risking a lot, and not
really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must establish that these
people know what they're doing, and that they fully understand the repercussions of what
they're doing, and they know that their assets may be sold if another person doesn't meet
their obligations.

Answer:

Well there... there... there's a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who
are signing a loan guarantee, understand know what they're doing. Loan guarantees are er
kind of rare unique in that... in that someone is giving security or a guarantee and placing
themselves at risk for someone else, and they receive nothing substantial material in return.
So you've got to ask yourself why is this person doing this, do they know what they're doing?
They're risking a lot, and not really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the
bank must establish ensure that these people know what they're doing, and that they fully
understand the repercussions implications of what they're doing, and they know that their
assets properties may be sold if another person doesn't meet their obligations.
57)

Question:

Oh, it's very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me... let me show you how
probability enters the. system You walk past a store window and you see an image of yourself
in the store window, you straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The
guy in the store window who's fooling around with mannequins he sees you and you see
yourself. What does that mean? A stream of photons from sunlight leaves your face, heads for
the store window — let's consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go right through, so that
the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store window. Some
fractions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What
determines the future of that photon? And countless such examples teach us that it's random,
that it's a throw of the dice, and that's where Einstein made his famous statement "God plays
dice with the universe." That every instant of that single object, that quantum object we have
probability, we do not have certainty.

Transcript:

Oh, it's very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me... let me show you how
probability enters the. Sample You walk past a store window and you see an image of yourself
in the store window, you straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The
guy in the store window who's fooling around with mannequins he sees you and you see
yourself. What does that mean? A beam of photons from sunlight leaves your face, heads for
the store window — let's consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go right through, so that
the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store window. Some
actions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What
determines the future of that photon? And doubtless such examples teach us that it's random,
that it's a roll of the dice, and that's where Einstein made his famous statement "God plays
dice with the universe." That every instant of that single object, that quantum object we have
probability, we do not have certainty.

Answer:

Oh, it's very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me... let me show you how
probability enters the. Sample system You walk past a store window and you see an image of
yourself in the store window, you straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my
age. The guy in the store window who's fooling around with mannequins he sees you and you
see yourself. What does that mean? A beam stream of photons from sunlight leaves your face,
heads for the store window — let's consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go right
through, so that the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store
window. Some actions fractions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What
determines that? What determines the future of that photon? And doubtless countless such
examples teach us that it's random, that it's a roll throw of the dice, and that's where Einstein
made his famous statement "God plays dice with the universe." That every instant of that
single object, that quantum object we have probability, we do not have certainty.
Write from Dictation:
1) All students have their own style of learning.
2) It is hard to anticipate all their actions.
3) You will be tested via continuous assessment and examinations.
4) Please return the reference book to the correct position on the shelf.
5) Critical thinking is one part of a broad education.
6) The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.
7) The orchestra will be led by a visiting conductor.
8) The government is funding research study on the consequences of unemployment.
9) The history course is assessed via three written assignments.
10) Philosophers used logic and reasons to analyze the human behaviors or experiences
11) Relying on natural ability will not get you far on science.
12) There will be a chemistry test in the classroom next week.
13) Students require undergraduate biology degree to enrol in this course.
14) Field trips are essential parts of most geography courses.
15) The policy aims to increase the investment in foreign currency.
16) More muscles are used in swimming than other sports.
17) Renovation work is currently being undertaken throughout the whole building.
18) Classical mechanics is considered as a branch of mathematical physics.
19) You will be tested via a quiz and a dissertation.
20) Children start producing words before they are able to walk.
21) There is no criterion passed for qualified journalists.
22) The course covers architecture planning and construction on the international scale.
23) Trees benefit the city by absorbing water running off-road.
24) We should never underestimate the power of creative design.
25) Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.
26) We are rethinking the solutions for the society.
27) Scholarship applications must be handed in at the end of the month.
28) Neuroscience is a compound of completely separate parts.
29) A regional assembly was moved to the devolution of power.
30) The year when the ship of artefacts was wrecked interested historians.
31) You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.
32) Many students find true- false questions harder than short answer questions.
33) Before submitting your assignment, your advisor should approve it.
34) Essay is easy once research is finished
35) It is strictly required to submit the assignment by Friday.
36) The coffee house features sandwiches, salads, soup, chicken, and fish.
37) The problem of postgraduate students is funding.
38) Theft happens to a thousand people every day.
39) This graph shows there is a minimum growth
40) Those events are not yet fully understood.
41) You should contact all tutors by email
42) Fashion trends help to make people’s life interesting.
44) Today’s lecture material will be included in the next day’s assessment.
45) Could you please prepare a medical certificate for me to submit to my manager?
46) Students are strictly required to submit their assignments by next Friday.
50) The author’s previous works are more philosophical and less experimental.
51) The dining hall will undergo renovations.
52) Climate change is becoming acceptable among a group of scientists.
53) Why has the project been delayed for so long?
54) Evaluation forms are received by university personnel.
55) Please note that the college laboratory will be closed for cleaning next week.
57) Rising in inflation will increase the demand, price and the consuming of products.
58) You should allocate your time wisely when revising.
59) It is important to allocate your time wisely when revising.
60) Americans have cheapest typical growth in quantitative terms.
61) The history of movement was recorded by several promoters’ writers.
62) Resources of materials are held in the of library reference desk.
63) The research on cyclone tropical forest is forecasting the weather conditions.
64) Please work with each other to build monolithic status.
65) The undergraduate need some specific.
67) Scientists here are studying a wide variety of mysterious processes.
69) Our class will be divided into three groups.
70) Your thesis must have a fairly large scope.
71) Elections for president take place once every four years.
72) You can find a lot more references on the university website.
73) Celebrity theory is still the great source of controversy.
74) Her celebrating theory has a great level of controversy.
75) Organization plays important role in academic literature.
76) You come with me and the others stay here.
79) They were struggling last year to make their payments.
81) Educational level is related to the social and economic background.
82) Behind the groups is the garage joined by some partners.
84) If finance in a course concerned, may be a scholarship can help.
85) If it helps you take notes to concentrate, please do it.
86) If it helps to take in order to concentrate, please do so.
87) For the protest, the chemistry department was shut down.
88) The qualification is assessed in criteria reference book.
89) Caged cameras are used to see the fish.
90) Catch the camera to see the fish.
91) Law is beneficial to investors by protecting their rights and avoiding any improper actions
in the market.
92) Life expectancy and infant mortality rates are two of the best indicators of overall health.
93) Lung cancer remains a largely incurable disease.
94) Cosmetics and plastic surgery often evokes images of famous personalities. 10 w
95) If you use anger as a tool too often, people will learn to avoid you.
96) Creating a playlist of your favorite music to help you relax in different situations.
97) Our food supply now contains so much added sugar that our metabolic systems can’t
handle it.
98) Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year promotion unhealthy foods.
99) Pain is necessary, as it acts as a warning of danger
100) Practicing time-restricted eating a few times a week could be both feasible and healthy.
101) I had a sandwich and milk with orange juice for my breakfast.
102)Gravity is extraordinarily weak and nearly impossible to study directly at a quantum level.
103) The three elective courses were carried out in the program.
104) The reason for the decline of enrollment is unclear.
105) Candidates should remain seated until finishing their exams.
106) Nowadays, accounting is far more important for businesses than ever before.
107) All candidates must leave the hall only after the exam.
108) Distance learning is providing multiple career opportunities for students.
109) There are many teachers to help students on campus.
110) Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public places is risky.
111) The generous donation by alumni helps to fund the school.
112) The college includes two branches, physical and social sciences.
113) There is a lecture going on just in front of the room.
114) Globalization has been the most important phenomenon in the United Arab Emirates.
115) The elephant is the largest animal living on land.
116) Safety is most important in the biology lab.
117) Many inventors in the engineering sector are inspired by nature.
118) Globalization has been an overwhelming urbanization phenomenon.
119) Students need to submit both their assignments on the same day.
120) All essays and seminar papers must be submitted to your tutor via email.
121) The speaker began the outlines before the presentation.
122) There are more jobs in services than manufacturing.
123) Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis.
124) Students must know the technological aspects of the society.
125) To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401.
126) The quantity of challenge requires a lot of dedication.
127) The difficult teacher is always responsible for the contribution to student marks.
128) Design of modern cities is a challenge for urban planners.
129) The use of wind energy has increased rapidly.
130) You can make an appointment to meet the librarian.
131) The field study on Wednesday has been canceled.
132) Students are encouraged to take part in their study as well as games.
133) You should meet me in the lecture theater room.
134) Application forms should be submitted in one week.
135) Students will study the language and literature in ancient Greece.
136) The study of nutrition is a growing field.
137) The literature review should include recent articles.
138) Spending time with nature can release stress and anxiety.
139) The gap between the rich and the poor does not decrease.
140) Statistics is a crucial branch of mathematics.
141) The online registration conference is now open.
142) Medical students study at least six years in university.
143) Everyone must complete assignments before the deadline.
144) The elective course introduces engineering students to construct practices and concepts.
145) The program depends entirely on private funding.
146) The library reception desk is now open every day.
147) Digital gadgets have now become an important part of all people's everyday life.
148) The research is required in the field of food science.
149) Please remain seated after finishing your exam.
150) You should submit your term papers to the general office.
151) The study of physiology involves in traditional sciences and social sciences.
152) The strong communication between students and teachers plays an important role in
the class.
153) The university has created summer schools for international students.
154) The American astronomers made a plan for landing a spaceship on Mars.
155) Students will study the language literature in ancient Greece.
156) In language learning, a systematic method of organizing new categories is essential.
157) There is a display screen in the large lecture room of the theater.
158) There are a number of people familiar with this process.
159) The seminar on writing skills has been cancelled.
160) You need to collect a clear note while learning new languages.
161) A wide range of aspects are covered in this subject.
162) University fees are a key factor when choosing a course.
163) Scientists learned through observations and the analysis of human behavior.
164) It is not always possible to find patterns in data.
165) Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.
166) The rising temperature has led to lower agricultural output.
167) The subject was complex and difficult to answer.
168) In his lifetime, he composed a large number of works.
169) Online courses enable people to improve their skills while employed.
170) Joining the societies is a great way to meet new people.
171) Students must present a valid identification to enrol in this course.
172) The lecturer intended to promote a series of thoughts and discussions.
173) The guidelines are due to be updated shortly.
174) Journalists need to work with a range of technologies.
175) The instant availability of information has radically changed people's lives.
176) Universities across the United Kingdom welcome applications from all new students.
177) We have to reduce the use of plastic materials.
178) Americans have progressively defined the process of plant growth and reproductive
development in Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president.
179) Students must clean their hands before attending the engineering workshop.
180) Speak to your tutor if you require further research.