Inverse Functions HSC

Extension 1
Question 1s
2
dx
1. '97 1d Evaluate ∫ 0 4 + x2
.

2. '98 1a Differentiate 2 x tan −1 x .

∫
dx
3. '99 1a Evaluate .
0 4 − x2

 x
4. '02 1d State the domain and range of the function f ( x ) = 3sin −1   .
2

∫
dx
5. ’04 1d Find .
0 4 − x2

∫
1
6. ’05 1a Find dx .
x + 49
2

−1  x 
7. ’05 1c State the domain and range of y = cos   .
4

∫
dx
8. ’06 1a Find .
49 + x 2

9. ’07 1c Differentiate tan −1 ( x 4 ) with respect to x .

10. ’08 1b Differentiate cos −1 ( 3x ) with respect to x .

∫
1
11. ’08 1c Evaluate dx .
−1 4 − x2

∫
1
12. ’10 1a Use the table of standard integrals to find dx .
4 − x2

x
13. ’10 1b Let f ( x ) = cos −1   . What is the domain of f ( x ) ?
2

−1  1
14. ’11 1e Find the exact value of cos  −  .
 2
Question 2s
15. '03 2a Sketch the graph of y = 3cos −1 2 x . Your graph must clearly indicate the domain and the range.

16. '03 2b Find

d
dx
( x tan −1 x ) .

∫
1
17. '03 2c Evaluate dx .
0 2 − x2

cos −1 ( 3 x 2 ) .
d
18. ’04 2a Find
dx

19. ’05 2a Find

d
dx
( 2sin −1 5 x ) .

20. ’06 2a Let f ( x ) = sin −1 ( x + 5) .

(i) State the domain and range of the function f ( x ) .

(ii) Find the gradient of the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point where x = −5 .

(iii) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .

21. ’07 2b Let f ( x ) = 2cos −1 x .

(i) Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos −1 x , indicating clearly the coordinates of the endpoints of
the graph.
(ii) State the range of f ( x ) .

22. ’11 2d Sketch the graph of the function f ( x ) = 2cos −1 x .

Clearly indicate the domain and range of the function.

Question 3s
1
23. '96 3a Let f ( x ) = . The graph of y = f ( x ) is sketched below.
16 − x 2

(i) Show that f ( x ) is an even function.

(ii) Find the area enclosed by y = f ( x ) , the x axis, x = −2 and x = 2 .

24. ’96 3d The function h ( x ) is given by h ( x ) = sin −1 x + cos −1 x .

(i) Find h′ ( x ) .

(ii) Sketch the graph of y = h ( x ) .

25. '00 3b Consider the function f ( x ) = 3tan −1 x .

(i) State the range of the function y = f ( x ) .

(ii) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .

1
(iii) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at x = .
3

3 + e2 x
*26. ’09 3a Let f ( x ) = .
4
(i) What is the range of f ( x ) ?

(ii) Find the inverse function f −1 ( x ) .

Let f ( x ) = e − x . The diagram shows the graph y = f ( x ) .

2
*27. ’10 3b

(i) The graph has two points of inflexion. Find the x -coordinates of these points.
(ii) Explain why the domain of f ( x ) must be restricted if f ( x ) is to have an inverse
function.
(iii) Find the formula for f −1 ( x ) if the domain of f ( x ) is restricted to x ≥ 0 .

(iv) State the domain of f −1 ( x ) .

(v) Sketch the curve y = f −1 ( x ) .

[Part (vi) cannot be done yet.]

Question 4s

ex
*28. '95 Q4 Consider the function f ( x ) = .
3 + ex
Note that e x is always positive, and that f ( x ) is defined for all real x .
(a) Show that f ( x ) has no stationary points.
3e x ( 3 − e x )
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of inflexion given that f ′′ ( x ) = .
(3 + e )
x 3

(c) Show that 0 < f ( x ) < 1 for all x .

 (d) Describe the behaviour of f ( x ) for very large positive and very large negative values
of x , ie. as x → ∞ and x → −∞ .
(e) Sketch the curve y = f ( x ) .

(f) Explain why f ( x ) has an inverse function.

(g) Find the inverse function y = f −1 ( x ) .

3
29. '98 4b Consider the function f ( x ) = 1 + for x > 2 .
( x − 2)
(i) Give the equations of the horizontal and vertical asymptotes for y = f ( x ) .

(ii) Find the inverse function f −1 ( x ) .

(iii) State the domain of f −1 ( x ) .

Question 5s

*30. '99 5b Consider the function f ( x ) = e x − 1 − x .

(i) Show that the minimum of f ( x ) occurs at x = 0 .

(ii) Deduce that f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all x .

(iii) On the same set of axes sketch y = e x − 1 and y = x .

(iv) Find the inverse function of g ( x ) = e x − 1 .

(v) State the domain of g −1 ( x ) .

(vi) For what values of x is log e (1 + x ) ≤ x ? Justify your answer.

x
*31. '00 5b Consider the function f ( x ) = .
x+2
(i) Show that f ′ ( x ) > 0 for all x in the domain.

(ii) State the equation of the horizontal asymptote of y = f ( x ) .

(iii) Without using any further calculus, sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .

(iv) Explain why f ( x ) has an inverse function f −1 ( x ) .

(v) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .

(vi) Write down the domain of f −1 ( x ) .

 x
The sketch shows the graph of the curve y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) = 2 cos
−1
*32. '01 5a .
3
The area under the curve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 is shaded.

(i) Find the y -intercept.

(ii) Determine the inverse function y = f −1 ( x ) , and write down the domain D of this
inverse function.
(iii) Calculate the area of the shaded region.

*33. '02 5c Consider the function f ( x ) = 2sin −1 x − sin −1 ( 2 x − 1) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

(i) Show that f ′ ( x ) = 0 for 0 < x < 1 .

(ii) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .

*34. '03 5b The graph of f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5 is shown in the diagram.

(i) Explain why f ( x ) does not have an inverse function.

(ii) Sketch the graph of the inverse function g −1 ( x ) of g ( x ) , where g ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5 ,

x≤2.
(iii) State the domain of g ( x ) .
−1

(iv) Find an expression for y = g −1 ( x ) in terms of x .

 1
*35. ’04 5b The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) = for x ≥ 0 .
1 + x2

(i) Copy or trace this diagram into your writing booklet.

On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of the inverse function y = f −1 ( x ) .

(ii) State the domain of f −1 ( x ) .

(iii) Find an expression for y = f −1 ( x ) in terms of x .

(iv) The graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f −1 ( x ) meet at exactly one point P . Let α be the x -
coordinate of P . Explain why α is a root of the equation x 3 + x − 1 = 0 .
[Can’t do part (v) yet.]

*36. ’06 5b Let f ( x ) = log e (1 + e x ) for all x . Show that f ( x ) has an inverse.

*37. ’07 5c Find the exact values of x and y which satisfy the simultaneous equations
1 π 1 2π
sin −1 x + cos −1 y = and 3sin −1 x − cos −1 y = .
2 3 2 3

1 2
38. ’08 5a Let f ( x ) = x − x for x ≤ 1 . This function has an inverse f −1 ( x ) .
2
(i) Sketch the graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f −1 ( x ) on the same set of axes.
(Use the same scale on both axes.
(ii) Find an expression for f −1 ( x ) .
3
(iii) Evaluate f −1   .
8

1
*39. ’10 5b Let f ( x ) = tan −1 x + tan −1   for x ≠ 0 .
 x
π
(i) By differentiating f ( x ) or otherwise, show that f ( x ) = for x > 0 .
2
(ii) Given that f ( x ) is an odd function, sketch the graph y = f ( x ) .
Question 6s

π
*40. '97 6a The function f ( x ) = sec x for 0 ≤ x < , and is not defined for other values of x .
2
(i) State the domain of the inverse function f −1 ( x ) .
1
(ii) Show that f −1 ( x ) = cos −1   .
x
d −1
(iii) Hence find f ( x) .
dx

41. ’07 6b Consider the function f ( x ) = e x − e− x .

(i) Show that f ( x ) is increasing for all values of x .

 x + x2 + 4 
(ii) Show that the inverse function is given by f −1 ( x ) = log e  .
 2 
 
−x
(iii) Hence or otherwise solve e − e = 5 . Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
x

Question 7s

1
Consider the function f ( x ) = ( x − 1) + 7  .
2
42. '96 7b 
4
(i) Sketch the parabola y = f ( x ) , showing clearly any intercepts with the axes and the
coordinates of its vertex. Use the same scale on both axes.
(ii) What is the largest domain containing the value x = 3 for which the function has an
inverse function f −1 ( x ) ?

(iii) Sketch the graph of y = f −1 ( x ) on the same set of axes as your graph in part (i). Label
the two graphs clearly.
(iv) What is the domain of the inverse function?
(v) Let a be a real number not in the domain found in part (ii). Find f −1 ( f ( a ) ) .

(vi) Find the coordinates of any points of intersection of the two curves y = f ( x ) and
y = f −1 ( x ) .

1 1
*43. '02 7a Let g ( x ) = e x +x
for all real values of x and let f ( x ) = e x + x for x ≤ 0 .
e e
(i) Sketch the graph y = g ( x ) and explain why g ( x ) does not have an inverse function.

(ii) On a separate diagram, sketch the graph of the inverse function y = f −1 ( x ) .

(iii) Find an expression for y = f −1 ( x ) in terms of x .

*44. ’09 7b A billboard of height a metres is mounted on the side of a building, with its bottom edge h
metres above street level. The billboard subtends an angle θ at the point P , x metres from
the building.

tan A − tan B  ax 
(i) Use the identity tan ( A − B ) = to show that θ = tan −1  2 .
1 + tan A tan B  x + h (a + h) 
dθ
(ii) The maximum value of θ occurs when = 0 and x is positive.
dx
Find the value of x for which θ is a maximum.

New Format HSC

45. ’12 Q4 Which function best describes the following graph?

3
(A) y = 3sin −1 2 x (B) y = sin −1 2 x
2
x 3 −1 x
(C) y = 3sin −1 (D) y = sin
2 2 2

46. ’12 Q9 What is the derivative of cos −1 ( 3x ) ?

1 −1 3 −3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 1 − 9x 2 3 1 − 9x 2 1 − 9x 2 1 − 9x 2

∫
1
47. ’12 11a Evaluate dx .
0 9 + x2
*48. ’12 12b Let f ( x ) = 4 x − 3 .

(i) Find the domain of f ( x ) .

(ii) Find an expression for the inverse function f −1 ( x ) .

(iii) Find the points where the graphs y = f ( x ) and y = x intersect.

(iv) On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f −1 ( x ) showing the
information found in part (iii).

  2 
*49. ’12 13a Write sin  2 cos −1    in the form a b , where a and b are rational.
  3 

50. ’13 Q2 The diagram shows the graph y = f ( x) .

Which diagram shows the graph y = f −1 ( x) ?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

51. ‘13 Q6 Let a ≤ 1 . What is the general solution of sin 2x = a ?

sin −1 a
x = nπ + ( −1)
n
(A) , n is an integer
2

nπ + ( −1) sin −1 a
n

(B) x= , n is an integer
2
sin −1 a
(C) x = 2 nπ ± , n is an integer
2
2nπ ± sin −1 a
(D) x= , n is an integer
2
52. ’13 Q9 The diagram shows the graph of a function.

Which function does the graph represent?

π
(A) y = cos −1 x (B) y= + sin −1 x
2
π
(C) y = − cos −1 x (D) y=− − sin −1 x
2

∫
1
53. ’13 11b Find dx .
49 − 4 x 2

∫
3 e3 x
54. ’13 11f Use the substitution u = e 3x to evaluate dx .
0 e6 x + 1

55. ’13 11g Differentiate x 2 sin −1 5 x .

Extension 2

Question 1s

1
*56. '97 1c Find
∫ x + 2x + 3
2
dx .

(My Hint: Complete the square, then substitute u = x + 1 )

3
6
57. '98 1a Evaluate ∫ 0 9 + x2
dx .

∫
e x dx
58. '99 1b Using the substitution u = e or otherwise, find
x
.
1 − e2 x
 x 1
*59. '01 4c Use differentiation to show that tan −1 + tan −1 is constant for 2 x + 1 > 0 .
x +1 2x +1
What is the exact value of the constant?

∫
dx
*60. ’04 1c By completing the square find .
5 + 4x − x2

∫
dx
61. ’06 1b By completing the square find .
x − 6 x + 13
2

∫
1
62. ’07 1a Find dx .
9 − 4 x2

Question 4s

Determine the domain of the function sin ( 3x + 1) .

−1
*63. '99 4c (i)

Sketch the graph of the function y = sin ( 3x + 1) .

−1
(ii)

(iii) Solve sin −1 ( 3 x + 1) = cos −1 x .

Question 5s

*64. ’05 5c Let a > 0 and let f ( x ) be an increasing function such that f ( 0 ) = 0 and f ( a ) = b .
a b
(i) Explain why
∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = ab −
∫ 0
f −1 ( x ) dx .

∫
x
(ii) Hence or otherwise find the value of sin −1   dx .
0 4

New Format HSC

 x+ y 
*65. ’12 16b (i) Show that tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1   for x < 1 and y < 1 .
 1 − xy 

∑
n
 1   n 
(ii) Use mathematical induction to prove tan −1  2  = tan −1  
2j   n +1 
j =1

for all positive integers n .

∑
n
 1 
(iii) Find lim tan −1  2  .
n →∞
2j 
j =1
Answers
π 2x π
1. 2. 2 tan −1 x + 3.
8 1 + x2 3
3π 3π π 1 x
4. −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 , − ≤ y≤ 5. 6. tan −1 + c
2 2 6 7 7
3
1 x 4x
7. −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 , 0 ≤ y ≤ π 8. tan −1 + c 9.
7 7 1 + x8
−3 π x
10. 11. 12. sin −1
1 − 9x 2 3 2
2π
13. −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 14.
3
 1  1   3π 
15. decreasing function, endpoints  − , 3π  ,  , 0  , vertical at endpoints, inflexion at  0, .
 2  2   2 
x π −6 x 10
16. tan −1 x + 17. 18. 19.
1+ x 2
4 1 − 9x 4
1 − 25x 2
π π
20. (i) −6 ≤ x ≤ −4 , − ≤ y ≤ (ii) 1
2 2
 π  π
(iii) Increasing function; endpoints at  −6, −  and  −4,  ; inflection at ( −5, 0 )
 2  2
21/22. Decreasing function; endpoints at ( −1, 2π ) and (1, 0 ) ; inflection at ( 0, π )
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π
π
23. (ii) units2
3
π
24. (i) 0 (ii) horizontal interval y = with endpoints at x = −1 and x = 1 .
2
3π 3π 9
25. (i) − < y< (iii)
2 2 4
3π
(ii) increasing function, passing through origin, with horizontal asympotes at y = ±
2
3 1
26. (i) y> (ii) f −1 ( x ) = ln ( 4 x − 3)
4 2
1
27. (i) x=± (ii) There are y values which correspond to more than one x value
2
1
(iii) y = ln or y = − ln x (iv) 0 < x ≤ 1
x
(v) Decreasing function; vertical endpoint at (1, 0 ) ; approaching +ve y -axis as x → 0
 1
28. (b)  ln 3,  (d) as x → ∞ , f ( x ) → 1− ; as x → −∞ , f ( x ) → 0+
 2
1
(e) a monotonic increasing function with asymptotes y = 0 and y = 1 , y -intercept = , and
4
inflection as in part (b).
 3x 
(f) every y -value corresponds with at most one x -value (g) y = ln  
1− x 
3
29. (i) horz: y = 1 ; vert: x = 2 (ii) y = 2+ (iii) x ≠1
x −1
30. (iii)

(iv) y = ln ( x + 1) (v) x > −1 (vi) x > −1

31. (ii) y =1 (iii) hyperbola, asymptotes x = −2, y = 1 ; top left and bottom right quadrants
2x
(iv) every y -value corresponds to at most one x -value (v) f −1 ( x ) = (vi) x ≠1
1− x
x
32. (i) π y = 3cos , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(ii) (iii) 6 units2
2
π
33. (ii) horizontal line segment y = , endpoints at x = 0 and x = 1
2
34. (i) there are y -values which correspond to more than one x -value.
(ii) concave-right semi-parabola, lower half, vertex (1, 2 ) (iii) x ≥1 (iv) y = 2 − x −1
35. (i)
y = f −1 ( x )

y = f ( x)

1
1− x
(ii) 0 < x ≤1 (iii) y=
x
1
(iv) They intersect on the line y = x , so = x which leads to the given equation
1 + x2
1 3
37. x= , y=
2 2
38. (i)
1 
 , 1
2 
 1
y = f −1 ( x ) 1, 
 2

y = f ( x)
1
(ii) f −1 ( x ) = 1 − 1 − 2 x (iii)
2
39. (ii)
π
2

π
−
2
1
40. (i) x ≥1 (iii)
x2 − 1
41. (iii) x = 1.65
concave up, vertex  1,  , no x -intercept, y -intercept = 2
7
42. (i) (ii) x ≥1
4  
(iii) Concave-right semiparabola (top half), vertex  , 1
7 7
(iv) x≥
4   4
(v) 2−a (vi) ( 2, 2 ) , ( 4, 4 )
43. (i) ‘parabola-like’ shape, except with asymptotes y = e ± x , vertex at ( 0, 2 ) .
(done by ‘addition of ordinates)
(ii) ‘concave-right semi-parabola-like’ shape, bottom half, vertex ( 2, 0 ) , asymptote: x = e − y ( y = − ln x )
 x − x2 − 4 
(iii) y = ln  
 2 
 
π
44. (ii) x = h (a + h) 45. C 46. D 47.
12
48. (i) x≥
3
4
(ii) y=
4
( x + 3) , x ≥ 0
1 2
[requires the domain specification]

(iii) (1,1) and ( 3,3)

(iv)

y = f −1 ( x )
y = f ( x)
( 3, 3)

3
4 (1, 1)
3
4

4
49. 5 50. D 51. B 52. B
9
1 −1 2 x 1 π 5x2
53. sin +c 54. tan −1 e − 55. 2 x sin −1 5 x +
2 7 3 12 1 − 25 x 2
1  x +1 π π
56. tan −1  +c 57. 58. sin −1 e x + c 59.
2  2  2 4
x−2 1 x−3 1 −1 2 x
60. sin −1 +c 61. tan −1 +c 62. sin +c
3 2 2 2 3
2
63. (i) − ≤x≤0
3
 2 π  π  1 
(ii) increasing from  − , −  to  0,  , vertical at endpoints, pt of infl (not horz) at  − , 0 .
 3 2  2  3 
(iii) x = 0
π π
64. +2 3−4 65. (iii)
3 4