Higher Diploma in Network Technology & Cyber Security

Prabath N. Obadage
[ MSc In Cyber Security, PGD, BSc ]

CNT 4003
Chapter 3 Analogue Signal Processing
Agenda
1. Definition of analogue signal

2. Systems

3. Classification of systems

4. Types of signals

5. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

6. What is digital signal processing used for?

7. What is a digital signal processing system

8. Q n A

9. Summary
Definition of analogue signal
An analogue signal is a continuous signal that
contains time wearing quantities

• Unlike a digital signal which has discrete value at

each sampling point, an analogue signal has constant
fluctuations

• The illustrations in the above figure shows an

analogue pattern (represented as the curve)
alongside a digital pattern (represented as the
discrete lines)
Definition of analogue signal (Cont.)

• An analogue signal can be used to measure changes in some physical

phenomena such as light sound pressure or temperature

• for instance an analogue microphone can convert sound waves into

an analogue signal

• even in digital devices dad is typically solid analogue component that

is used to take an information from the external world which will then
get translated into digital form (using an analogue to digital
converter)
Systems

• Assistant is any physical set of component that takes a signal and

produce a signal. In terms of engineering the input is generally some
electrical signal X, and the output is another electrical signal
(response) Y

• however this may not always be the case. Consider a household

thermostat, which takes input in the form of a knob or a switch, end
intern outputs electrical control signals for the furnace.
Classification of systems

• Continuous vs. discrete

• liner vs. non liner

• Time invariant vs. time varying

• casual vs. non casual

• stable vs. unstable

Types of signals

• Continuous-time vs. discrete-time

• analogue vs. digital

• periodic vs. aperiodic

• Finite vs. infinite length

• Casual vs. Anticasual vs. Noncasual

• Even vs. odd

• Deterministic vs. Random

Continuous-time vs. discrete-time
• As the name suggests this classification is determined by weather or Not the time
axis Is discrete (countable) or continuous (Figure 1).

• A continuous time signal will contain a value for all real numbers along the time
axis.

• In contrast to this, a discrete time signal, often created by sampling a continuous

signal, will only have values at equally is spaced intervals along the time axis
Analog vs. Digital
• The different between analog and digital is similar to the difference between
continuous-time and discrete-time. However, in the case the difference involves
the values of the function.

• Analog corresponds to a continuous set of possible function values, while digital

corresponds to a discrete set of possible function values.

• A common example of a digital signal is a binary sequence, where the values of

the function can only one or zero
Periodic vs. Aperiodic
• Periodic signals repeat with some period T, while aperiodic, or non-periodic,
signals do not (figure 3).

• We can define a periodic function through the following mathematical

expression, whare “t” can be any number and “T” is a positive constant:

• F(t) = f(T+t)
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

• Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to various techniques for improving the
accuracy and reliability of digital communications.

• This can involve multiple mathematical operations such as compression,

decompression, filtering, equalization, modulation and demodulation to generate
a signal of superior quality.
DSP (Cont.)

What is digital signal processing used for?

• DSP can clarify or standardize digital signals, but it can also perform various
other tasks, such as filtering, compression and modulation.

• DSP algorithms can also help differentiate between orderly signals and noise, but
they are not always perfect.
DSP (Cont.)
What is digital signal processing used for?

▪ If an incoming signal is analog, the signal is first converted to digital form by an analog-to-
digital converter.

▪ The resulting digital signal has two or more levels. Ideally, these levels are always predictable,
with exact voltages or currents.

▪ However, because the incoming signal contains noise, the levels are not always at the
standard values. The DSP circuit adjusts the levels so that they are at the correct values. This
practically eliminates the noise.

▪ The digital signal is then converted back to analog via a digital-to-analog converter. Similarly,
DSP can directly process the signal for digital signals to eliminate noise and minimize errors.
DSP (Cont.)
What is digital signal processing used for?

▪ DSP is not just used in communications systems. It is a versatile technology that permeates
numerous domains, including processing signals for audio and speech, sonar and radar
systems, sensor arrays, and spectral analysis. It further extends its reach to statistical data
processing, image enhancement, telecommunications, system controls and even the
biomedical field for signal interpretation.
DSP (Cont.)
What is a digital signal processing system?

▪ A DSP system is a device or setup that performs DSP operations. For example, it can involve
software such as algorithms running on a computer or hardware such as circuits or
specialized chips. It can also be a combination of both.

DSP systems are used in an array of applications, such as the following:

1. Audio and speech processing to enhance sound quality, speech recognition and digital
synthesizers.

2. Image and video processing, including image enhancement and restoration, image
recognition, and digital video broadcasting.
DSP (Cont.)
What is a digital signal processing system?

DSP systems are used in an array of applications, such as the following (Cont.):

3. Radar and sonar, which use DSP techniques for remote sensing and to extract useful
information from the signals.

4. Telecommunications systems, which use DSP for data compression and decompression,
error detection and correction, and modulation and demodulation.

5. Biomedical engineering systems, including medical image processing, and signal processing
for electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms.

6. Seismology devices, which use DSP to process data from seismic instruments to interpret
the status of Earth's interior. (Seismographs are instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake)
DSP (Cont.)

Image recognition is an example of an application of digital signal processing systems.

Summary
1. Definition of analogue signal

2. Systems

3. Classification of systems

4. Types of signals

5. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

6. What is digital signal processing used for?

7. What is a digital signal processing system

8. Q n A

9. Summary