CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

The questions, example answers, marks awarded and/or comments that appear in this book/digital material were written by
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Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Check your skills 4 a −14 ºC

(Sections 1.1–1.3) b 2195 m

1 17 5 a 5m
2 150 b 1
3 54, 162, 486 6 $51
7 a $0.75
Exercise 1.1A b $1.25
1 a 20
8 7
b 100
9 a Better value / more units per dollar
c 19
b $450
d 18
e 28 Exercise 1.1B
f 15 1 a 5000 g
g 25 b 0.644 kg
h 13 c 0.097 g

2 a 33.2 d 250 mg
e 0.015 tonnes
b 1.7
2 a 4700 m
c −0.7
b 0.036 km
d 42.9
c 0.82 cm
e −2.2
d 251 mm
f −7.2 e 0.078 m
g 7 f 0.06 cm
h 8 3 a 18 cm2
3 a 2 × (7 + 6 ) = 26
b 936 cm2
b ( 20 − 6 ) ÷ 2 = 7 4 a 7500 m2
c ( 4 + 5 ) × (7 − 2 ) = 45
b 0.75 ha
d 18 − 6 ÷ ( 2 + 4 ) × 3 = 15
5 750 ml

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

6 200 000 mm3 3 a 1

2
7 a 40 m b 7
10
b 2 h 50 m c 17
1
c 1 h 28 m 7
d
3
d 3 h 45 m
4 a 40
8 6.45 p.m. and 1845 or 18:45
b 60
9 8 h 15 m
c 72
10 33 h 50 m
d 24
11 a 4 1 hours
2 e 36
b 12.30 p.m. and 1230 or 12:30 on Tuesday
5 a 2
12 a 1 h 30 m
b 16
b 3 h 15 m
c 24
c 43 h 12 m
d 17
d 255 m
e 20
e 12 h 21 m
f 66 h 6 a 7

g 3 h 42 m b 5
h 120 s c 8
i 9 m 30 s d 41
j 1 m 12 s e 1
13 3.45 a.m., 0345 or 03:45 f 3
14 13 h 25 m g 1004
15 15.40 or 15:40 h 11
i 14
Exercise 1.2 j 9
1 a 25 , 64, 18 , 1000
2 7 77
b 7, 25 , 33%, 64, 6 , 0.4, 18 , 1000
6 7 2 8 385

c π, 13, π2 , 22 , 15
5
9 a 140
b 275
d 64, 18
2
c 72
e 64, 1000
d 234
2 a E.g. 121
10 a i 2×3×5
b E.g. 64
ii 3 × 11
c E.g. 5.45
iii 22 × 5
d E.g. 7
2
iv 23 × 3 × 5
e E.g. 2 π or 9 − 7
v 2 × 53

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

vi 22 × 32 × 5 f 16, 22, 29; add the next natural number

g 12 , 14 , 16 ; add 2 to numerator and
vii 22 × 5 × 13 18 21 24
add 3 to denominator
viii 32 × 5 × 11
h 36 , 49 , 64 ; write square of next natural
ix 2 × 3 × 72 30 35 40
x 7 × 17 number in numerator and add 5 to
denominator
xi 7 × 132
i 218, 345, 514; add 2 to next cube number
xii 22 × 33 × 72
j 37 , 50 , 65 ; add next odd number to
b i 20 216 343 512
numerator and write next cube number in
ii 10 denominator
iii 15 11 , 13 , 17 ; add 2 to numerator and add
k
50 65 82
iv 1
next odd number to denominator
v 294
l 21, 34, 55; add previous two terms
11 a 6.7
2 a 2, 6, 12, 20
b 13
b 30, 42, 56
c 3604
c 110
d 1.5
3 a 3, 6, 10, 15
b 21, 28, 36
Investigation 1.1
c Pattern 12
1 a List to include: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17,
19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 4 a i 1, 4, 9, 16
b List to include: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, ii Square numbers
18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30
iii 81
c 23
iv Pattern 15
d Odd number = prime ± 2 but 21 and 25
are not prime b i 4, 8, 12, 16
e 37 and 47 ii 40
c i 5, 12, 21, 32, 45, 60
Exercise 1.3
ii 140
1 a 11, 13, 15; add 2
5 a i a = 16, b = 20, c = 24
b 32, 64, 128; multiply by 2
ii p = 13, q = 20, r = 29
c 24, 28, 32; add 4
b Equal numbers of white tiles and
d 6, 2, −2; subtract 4 coloured tiles
e 78, 108, 143; add the next multiple of 5

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 15
Sticks on
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 ... 60
the outside
Sticks on
0 4 12 24 40 60 84 112 144 180 ... 420
the inside
Total number
4 12 24 40 60 84 112 144 180 220 ... 480
of sticks

7 a 5 a 4%, 99%, 206% and 0.03%

Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 b 30%, 80%, 125% and 115%

White tiles 2 4 6 8 10 12
Coloured tiles 3 6 11 18 27 38 Exercise 1.4B
Total tiles 5 10 17 26 37 50
1 a 32
9
b b 2
c 39
56
c 122
d 12 3
5
e 12 1
Check your skills 4
(Sections 1.4–1.6) f 4

1 5 4 and 5.8 g 2 11
5 23
2 2 1 < 2.5 > 200% or ≠ on both h 9 18
4 25
3 Approximate as 20 ÷ 4 = 5
2 a 7 19
20
b 5 31
Exercise 1.4A 35

1 Each of the seven fractions is equivalent c 81

8
to 3 , 2 or 3
5 7 4 d 10 5
18
2 a 3 , 5 , 2 and 13
e 9
7 8 5 29
10
b 2 , 3 , 9 and 171
5 20 40 200 f 2 9
28
c 1 , 16 , 413 and 17
g 1 5
4 25 500 80
8
3 a 17 , 34 , 43 and 419 h 23
7 11 9 5 4
9 , 37 , 29 and 1014 3 a 5
b
5 10 4 125
b 8
c 3 , 49 , 168 and 21
2 20 25 2 c 21 3 or 21.6
5
4 a 0.7, 0.06, 0.76 and 0.175 d 13.5 or 13 1 cm
2
b 2.2, 1.25, 2.375 and 3.375
e 28.5 or 28 1 kg
2
c 0.07, 1.23, 10.09 and 0.025
f 2 mm

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

g 4 1 or 4.5 volts c 3.2 = 3 1

2 5
h 1
5 or 5.25 amperes
4 d 33% < 1
3
4 a 3 e 4 = 8
80 23 46
2 f 4 > 0.444
b 9
25
17 g 5 > 5
c 11 12
250
h − 9 < 7
d 3 10 10
10
e 42 2 a 0.5 0.06 0.59 0.466.. so
125
1 0.06, 14 , 49%, 1
f 30 2
150
b 0.75 0.08 0.7875 0.777 so
5 a 13
10 8%, 3 , 0.777, 63
4 80
b 20
3 c 1.45 1.4 1.54 1.412 so 7 , 24 , 145%, 1.54
5 17
c 9
2 d –2 –.002 –2.1 –2.083 so
d 5 −2.1, − 25 , − 2, 0.2%
2 12

e 3 3 a 1.625 1.857 1.7 1.69 so 13 , 1.7, 1 69 , 13

2 7 100 8
f 7 b 0.0297 0.037 0.032 0.033.. so
6
1 , 1 , 4 , 3
6 a 27.6 km 27 30 125 101

b $281.25 c 0.666.. 0.633.. 0.67 0.65 0.63 so

201 , 2 , 65%, 19 , 0.63
7 300 3 30

Activity Hours Minutes Simple fraction of d –0.9 0.25 –0.87 –1.003 0.909 so
working day 10 , 1 %, − 87 , −0.9, −1.003
11 4 100
1
Reports 2 40 3 13 = 0.65 < 11 > 16
4 a
20 16 25
25
Meeting 2 05 96 b 18.39% > 0.1832 > 9 < 37
50 200
3 1 2
Lunch 0 45 32 c 0.116 < 11.73% < >
7 17
5 5 Clement ($156), Andrew ($160),
Accounts 2 30 16 Beatrice ($162)
Total 8 00 1
6 Potatoes (800 g), carrots (500 g),
squash (400 g), onions (300 g)
8 a $1440
9
7 Side, diagonal, perimeter
b
20
8 Circumference, diameter, radius

Exercise 1.5 9 A = −17 °C, B = −20 °C, C = −18 °C,

D = −19 °C
1 a 1 1 > 1.5% Descending order: A, C, D, B
2
b 100% < 2.3 Ascending order: B, D, C, A

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 1.6A 11 a 34 minutes

1 a 23 cm b 2000 seconds

b 23 g 12 a 250

c 306 kg b 65

d 91 m c 2.5

e 300 km d 8.25

f 400 e 1.435

g 30
h 10 100 Exercise 1.6B
1 a Correct
i 600
b Incorrect; 5560
j 3 901 000
c incorrect; 0.09
2 440 minutes
d Incorrect; 0.095
3 49 kg
2 a 470
4 42 000 m
b 1200
5 210 seconds
c 0.078
6 a 2.316
d 6.1
b 2.32
e 80 000
c 19.21
f 5
d 26.7
g 20
e 26.75
h 0.0003
f 0.147
i 5.84
g 12.1
j 84.3
h 21.09
k 1.00
i 13.01
l 100
j 40.000
3 a 6m
7 a 1000
b 610 cm
b 1200
4 a 15 700 mm
8 a 379 m
b 1573 cm
b 37 863 cm
c 20 m
9 a 6 kg
5 Henry has rounded an already-rounded
b 5.6 kg number
c 5.56 kg He should round 3649.7 to 2 significant
10 a 4506.6 cm 2 figures as 3600

b 4507 cm2 6 2600 g

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

7 a 2350 m3 Check your skills

b 1200 m 3 (Sections 1.7–1.8)
8 a 0.005 1 13

b 500 2 4277

c 0.002 3 0.693

d 0.004
Exercise 1.7A
Exercise 1.6C 1 a 1
3
1 a 7 1
b
b 5 25
1
c 6 c 16
d 2 2
d 3
e 11 e 8
f 9 2 a 243

2 a 50 × 8 gives 40 b 64
10
100 gives 25 c 125
b
3 +1
d 49
c 90 − 40 gives 2
e 1
52
25
d 43 gives 4 f 256
8×2
33 + 30 gives 3 g 729
e
20 − 1
3 a 8
100 − 22
f gives 60 1
0.1 b
9
3
1000 c 32
g gives 50
0.1 + 0.1
3 × (9 − 4 )2 d 81
h gives 5
20 − 5
e 25
3 a 1400 m
f 1
b 2 significant figures / nearest hundred 1
g
7
c Estimate of 1460 m is closer to the actual
distance, but is now correct to only 1 4 a 4
significant figure (nearest thousand) b 27
4 a 50 ºC 1
c
25
b $100 000 1
d
2
5 a i 2 decimal places or 5 significant
figures
ii 660 cm2
Exercise 1.7B
1 a 144
b 10 cm up to 15 cm
b 10 000

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c 81 f 7
9
d 4 3
3 g
2
9
e 4 h 4
2 a 10 1
i
3
b 8 8
j
125
c 729
d 16 Exercise 1.8
e 1
7 1 a 2372.5
f 1 b 71 000.17
4
g 1 c 38.99
125
h 1 d 0.64
16
e 0.007 301
3 a 12
f 0.000 863
b 4
9 g 0.000 074 65
c 64
25 2 a 6.7 × 102
d 3
b 6.66 × 10–1
e 27
8 c 6.034 × 105
f 6 d 6.793 × 10–4
g 2 e 8.546 × 101
h 1
2 f 8.64 × 104
i 108 g 9.696 × 101
j 1 h 6.003 × 103

4 a 212 i 2.8351 × 102

b 310 j 6.78 × 103

c 3−12 k 9.6432 × 10–3

d 26 l 6.43 × 10–1

e 3−3 3 a 4.6 × 1010

f 2 −8 b 2.279 × 108

( 23 ) or 2 × 3
6
g 6 –6 c 3.72 × 1013
d 2.1 × 10–8
5 a 11
4 a 4.8 × 107
b 2
b 1.44 × 108
c 36
c 1.2 × 10–8
d 1
d 2 × 106
e 4

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

e 2 × 10–8 14 500 times

f 5.2 × 10–1 15 a Seven hundred and ninety-six thousand
square kilometres
g 4 × 10–7
b i 7.14 × 105 km 2
h 6.4 × 107
ii 9.65 times
i 2.16 × 10–7
16 a 8.05 × 109
j 2.5 × 10–7
b One hundred and forty-nine million
5 a 2.7 × 108
c 1.85 × 10 4 m 2
b 6 × 105
17 1.44 × 105
c 7 × 108
18 a 1.2 × 107
d 5.5 × 1014
e 9 × 109 b 9 × 1012

f 7.2 × 100 c 2 × 10–6

g 1.8 × 100 19 a 2 × 101

h 1.25 × 102 b 2.5 × 10–3

i 6 ×104 c 2 × 101

j 2 × 10–4 d 4.4 × 102

6 a 390 000 and 3.9 × 105 20 a 1.68 × 103

b 0.29 and 2.9 × 10–1 b 4 × 108

c 8370 and 8.37 × 103 c 1.04 × 105

d −1100 and −1.1 × 103 d 6.4 × 102

7 a 2.3 × 106 e 4.2 × 10–2

b 2.2 × 105
Check your skills
c 2.5 × 10–7
(Sections 1.9–1.11)
d 2.7 × 1015
1 60
8 a 4.538 × 107; forty-five million,
2 600 km/h
three hundred and eighty thousand
3 $21.24
b 2.3 × 107
9 a 1.08 × 1011 m
Exercise 1.9A
b 8 × 10–7 s
1 a 5:4
10 a 2 × 107
b 5:2
b 1.5 × 10–9
c 3:4
11 a 125
d 5:6
b 100
e 3:2
12 1.2 × 10–2
f 125 : 9
13 1.1 × 10–3
g 5 : 16

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

h 7 : 15 9 a n = 200 000
i 4:5 b 13 km
j 5 : 16 c 18 mm
2 a 1 : 250
b 1 : 75 Discussion activity 1.1
c 1 : 0.2
1 25 + 50 = 37.5 but 4200 + 7200 = 5700 < correct
d 1 : 400 2 2
rating of 6000
e 1 : 800
50 +100
= 75 but 7200 + 9900 = 8550 <
f 1 : 200 2 2
correct rating
g 1 : 16
Alice’s room requires a rating greater than
h 1 : 3200 8550 units
i 1 : 60
j 1: 2
3
Exercise 1.9B
3 a $10 and $30 1 $75

b $240 and $360 2 25 minutes

c $200 and $120 3 1 hour 40 minutes
d 66 kg and 88 kg 4 1.88 kg
e 168 m and 210 m 5 a 600 m by 960 m
f 68 cm and 3400 cm b 576 000 m2
g 837 mm and 511.5 mm c 5 760 000 000 cm2
h $400, $600 and $800 d n = 1.6 × 109
i $2150.20, $1984.80 and $1819.40 6 60 windows
j $50, $80 and $70 or $50, $81.25 and $68.75 7 4 days
4 a 1 : 40 000 8 10 hours
b 1 : 250 000 9 27 hours each
c 1 : 500 000 10 6.3 h or 6 h 18 m
d 1 : 12 000 000 11 15 hours
e 1 : 30 000 000
5 68 Discussion activity 1.2
6 2091 1 That the new groups do not work more slowly
or more quickly than the original groups /
7 $556 that the groups work at the same rate
8 a 142.5 g
b 512 g Exercise 1.10
1 a 85 km/h
b 70 m/s

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c 7.2 km/h and 2 m/s 14 6 kg box is the best value

d 288 km/h and 80 m/s Costs per kg for 1 kg, 2.5 kg and 6 kg are
$3.40, $3.36, $3.33
e 5 m/s
15 Medium-sized bag is the best value
f 24 km/h
Costs per kg for medium, large and small are
g 40.32 km/h and 11.2 m/s $2.50, $2.80, $3.20
h 7200 km/h 16 a i 1865 km2
2 a $7.20 per hour ii 99 372 people
b $37.80 b 3.1
3 13.5 absences per day 17 a 14.4 km/h
4 a 1.25 litres b 238 km
b 56 minutes c 54.3 km/h
5 a 5 km per litre
3
b 60 litres per 100 km Discussion activity 1.3
6 a 25 miles per hour 1 a Learners’ own answers

b 32 ms−1 b Areas per $ are B = 3.888 m2,

C = 3.879 m2, A = 3.6 m2
7 a 4 h 20 m
Costs per m2 are B = $0.2571,
b 300º C = $0.2578, A = $0.2777

8 0.075 mm per minute Type B (medium tin) is the best value

for money
9 Monday; 7.38 m per hour compared with
7.11 m per hour on Tuesday
Exercise 1.11A
10 a 0.04 m2
1 a 12.5
b 187 500 N/m2
b 66
11 a 0.48 g/cm3
c 30.6
b 190 cm3
d 30.6
c 0.733 g/cm 3
e 319.8
12 a i 196.75 PKR f 3.6
ii 30 299 500 PKR g 49 cm
b £123 200 h 9 minutes
c £4066.07 2 a 69.6 kg
13 a 91.50 dinars b 96.48 g
b US $500.00 c 296.1 mm
c US $6.22 d $1620
d 26.38 dinars e 8.5 km
e 292 457.70 pesos f 1584 cm

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

g 0.224 μm 10 a 30%
h 0.002 52 mg b 70%
3 a $600 11 a $2176
b 21 g b $3152
c 1.9 mg
d 1.26 μm Discussion activity 1.4
e 7.31 km 1 1.10 × 0.90 = 0.99 = 1% decrease overall

f 155.44 cm
Exercise 1.11B
g 223.26 mm
1 a $64
h 63.342 kg
b $480
4 a $409.20
c $240
b $225.70
d $120
c $2485
e $2800
5 a 6%
2 a $4050
b 15%
b $2227.50
c 22%
3 a $5290
d 3.15%
b $22 497.28
e 16%
c $2136.75
f 0.35%
d $8217.95
g 75%
e $1221.72
h 27%
4 $24.48
6 a 110 < 5 × 25
5 $2519.42
b 12%
6 Loss of $387.50
7 a 5% increase
7 $39 308.69
b 25% decrease
8 $729
c 20% increase
9 a $42 985.88
d 15% decrease
b 12
e 30% decrease
10 a $2330.97
f 7.5% decrease
b 7.77%
g 37.5% increase
11 $978.09
h 150% increase
i 2.5% increase
Exercise 1.11C
8 56%
1 a 80, 160
9 a 15%
b 81, 121.5
b 1.2 × 1.15 = 1.38

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c 583.2, 524.88 5 2.4 hectares

d 97.336, 111.9364 6 72.36 kg
e 21 437.5, 37 515.625 7 a 2 457 600
f 0.432, 0.2592 b 614 400
2 a 138 915 8 840
b 115.7625% 9 8 h 40 m
c 15.7625% increase 10 7450
3 a 10 903 or 10 904 11 6 h 15 m
b 6 years 12 a 1500 g
4 40 years or 39 years b 39 g
5 a 72 months or 6 years 13 a 11 811 072
b 3.0 × 10 −5 g b 1.05 × 107
6 1079 14 a 0.65 × 1.40 = 0.91
7 $0.700 b $1800
8 Decreased by 2.97% c 15%
15 a 42 000 × 1.1 = 46 200 or 46 200 ÷ 1.1
Exercise 1.11D = 42 000
1 a 80 kg b q = 50 000
b 52 cm c p = 40 000
c 37.4 g
d $25 Mid-chapter 1 review exercise
1 a 44%
e 56.4 mm
f 12.5 μm b 4.8

2 a 9
g 5700 litres 20
b 7 , 4 , 17
h 8800 rupees 10 5 20
2 a 20 cm 3 a 65 000 000
b 35 g b 3000
c 96 m 2
4 a 70
d 350 N b 125
e 55 J 5 a 230
f 154.4 cm b 2 13
21
g 15 ml
6 a 60 m
h 21 000 Malaysian ringgit
b 70 000 cm 2
3 x = 50 000
4 y = 260 800

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

7 a 23 × 33 e 100, 97, 94; 36th is −5

b 54 and 72 f 2, 0, – 2; 52nd is −100

8 a 200 ml g 22.5, 20, 17.5; 10th is 0

h 40.5, 37, 33.5; 90th is −271
b 100
2 a 10n + 14
9 3 h 30 m
b 214
10 a $32.55
c 57th
b 16
3 a 4n – 13
11 a $21 600
b 147
b i 34.4% or 34.44 to 34.45%
c 66th
ii $518
4 a 55 – 5n
c $2400
b −20
12 10, 12, 5
c 55th
13 a 0125 or 01:25 or 1.25 a.m.
3 5 a 6n + 13.5
b
20
b 193.5
14 a 20%
c 600
b 50 years
6 a 4, 7, 10, 13
15 a i 1.4 × 1011
b 3n + 1
ii 5 × 10 −9
c 151
b 5
d Pattern 33
16 $219.47
7 a 5, 9, 13, 17, 21
Check your skills b 4n + 1
(Sections 1.12–1.15) c 101
1 28
d Pattern 37
2 85 and 94
8 a
3 12 Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . 20
4 Yes for 1 and 2.25; no for 2 Coloured tiles 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . . 21
White tiles 6 8 10 12 14 16 . . . 44
2 is irrational / there is no decimal number
that can be multiplied by itself to make Total tiles 8 11 14 17 20 23 . . . 65
exactly 2 b x = n + 1, y = 2n + 4, z = 3n + 5
c i Pattern 48
Exercise 1.12A
ii 100
1 a 8, 10, 12; 20th is 46
b 7, 12, 17; 30th is 152
Exercise 1.12B
c 7, 18, 29; 25th is 271
1 a 21, 32, 45, 60
d −11, −2, 7; 40th is 340
b 1, 8, 21, 40

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c 494, 479, 454, 419 11 a Square and octagon

d −3, −2, 0, 3 b 12 , 32 and 52
2 a b=8 c i 4n2
b 179 ii ( 2 n − 1)2
3 a n2 + 2( n + 3) − 1 or n2 + 2 n + 5 d a = 8, b = −4, c = 1
b 445 12 a 6 people and 15 handshakes
c 13th
4 a Via U n = ( n + 1)2 − 4 n
b p = 12
5 a 1715 – 5n3
b q=7 1 n 2 − 1 n = n( n − 1)
b
2 2 2
6 a
c 24
Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of
columns
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exercise 1.13
Number of 1 a 0.2̇ or 0.222̇
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
rows
b 0.7̇8̇ or 0.787 87̇8̇
Number of dots 6 12 20 30 42 56 72
c 0.6̇ or 0.666̇
b x = n + 1, y = n + 2, z = (n + 1)(n + 2)
d 0.1̇6̇ or 0.161 61̇6̇
7 a
e 4.26̇ or 4.2666̇
Pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f 0.06̇ or 0.0666̇
Coloured tiles 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
White tiles 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 g 1.180 or 1.180 180 180
Total tiles 5 10 17 26 37 50 65 h 0.714 285
1
b p = n2 , q = 2 n + 2, r = n2 + 2 n + 2 2 a 9
b 8
c 34 9
49 c 13
8 a 99
8
b n2 13
n +1 d
33
c k = 21 e 7
30
9 a n+2 341
f 999
b a = 1, b = 2
g 9
c 20 37
h 1 2 = 11
10 a 256 and 400 9 9

b 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 i 2 5 = 27
11 11
3 5 7 9 11
j 7 107 = 2438
8n 2 − 4 n = 2 n − 1 333 333
c
8n 2 + 4 n 2 n + 1 k 3 28 = 523
165 165

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

3 0.3̇, 33%, 3 2 a Rufqa 11.5 years; Haryati 18.5 years

10
b 30 years
4 a 0.6̇
c 19.5 − 11.5 = 8
b 0.4583̇
3 a 15.25 ø length < 15.35 cm
c 1.916̇
b 91.5 cm
d 3.583̇
c 92.1 cm
5 a 1 and 0.9̇
4 a 22.5 cm and 8.5 cm
b 71 and 0.7̇1̇
99
b 62 cm
c 70 and 0.7̇0̇
99 c 223.25 cm2
d 697 and 0.70̇4̇
990 5 a 47.5 cm and 35.5 cm
e 4 and 0.4̇
9 b 19.5 cm and 9.5 cm
f 1 and 0.1̇ c 1501 cm2
9
g 33 and 0.891 d 1613 cm2
37
111 and 0.403̇6̇ 6 a 3.35 ø volume < 3.45 litres
h
275
b 40.2 litres
6 22
3 c 181.125 litres
7 41 1 7 1 g/cm3
3
8 q = 9 or 0.225 8 36.25 m
40
9 13 7 or 13.6̇3̇% 9 a 315 mm and 115 mm
11
10 16 2 or 16.6̇% b Via 3152 + 1152
3
c i 20 312.5 mm2
11 57 1 or 57.3̇%
3 ii 203.125 cm2
12 x = 47
10 a 6 km/h
b 10 km/h
Exercise 1.14
11 a 41.2 km/h
1 a 3.5 m and 4.5 m
b 3.3 km/h
b 85 kg and 95 kg
12 a 592 915.375 cm3
c 8.15 mm and 8.25 mm
d 39.5 cm and 40.5 cm b 710 s or 11 m 50 s

e 250 km and 350 km 13 139 025 cm2

14 a 33 cm and 33 cm
f 0.105 g and 0.115 g 2 4
g 97.5 hectares and 102.5 hectares b a = 33, b = 99

h 52.5 minutes and 67.5 minutes c x = 4805

i 1.185 m and 1.195 m 15 a Via 0.75 × (35 + 55 + 45 + 35 + 65)

= 176.25
j 7535 litres and 7545 litres
b $235.20 (max. 44, 64, 54, 44, 74 loaves
and $0.84 per loaf)

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 1.15A d 10
4
1 a 5 2
3
e
b 2 3 3

c 6 2 7 3
f
5
d 4 5
3
g
e 4 2 2
6 a k=2
3 5
f
2 b k=3
2 7
g c k= 3
3
d k= 2
2 a 7
7 a 2 5
b 55
b 6 2
c 10
c 4 53
d 15
8 a 23 3
e 18
b 18 2
f 13
c 38 5 + 2 2
3 a 4 3
d 3 7 − 5 11
b 3 10
9 a 105 + 25 14
c 2 17
b 32 130 − 104
d 3 13
c 176 − 6 77
e 2 33
d 210 3 + 420
f 5 7
10 a 4 5 km
g 7 11
b 20 minutes
h 6 2
11 a 2+ 3
i 11
b 3− 5
j 7
c 2+ 5
4 a a=2 2
d 3− 7
b b = 10 5 2
c c = 6 13 7− 3
e
3
d d = 8 33
−3+ 2 5
f
e e=7 3 2

f f = 4 15 6 − 2 10
g
3
5 a 5 h 7
b 3 2 i 4
5 j 7
c 100
3

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Discussion activity 1.5 6 a=4

1 b The answers (7, 22, 37 and 4) are all 7 b = 11

rational numbers
8 c = −4 or c = 4
c a = 7, b = 2
9 d = − 5 2 or d = 5 2
2 2
d a = 9, b = 3
10 x = 10
e a = 7, b = 11
f a = 12 = 2 3 , b = 18 = 3 2 Discussion activity 1.6
1 a i (tan 60° )2 = 3
Exercise 1.15B
ii (sin 60° )2 = 0.75 = 3
1 a 21 4
iii ( −1 + 4 sin 54° ) = 5
2

b 28
c 9 b tan 60° = 3 ; sin 60° = 3 ; sin 54° = 1+ 5
2 4
d 5 c p=8
24
d sin36° = 5 − 5
2 a 4 2 8

b 7 3
End-of-chapter 1 review exercise
c 8 5 1 a 0.013
d 3 2 b 14
2 33
c 2
e 51 10
2 2 a 63.5 mm
f 5 3
3 b 200 mm

g 16 3 3 a 7.5 cm2
5
b 3 cm
3 a 245 cm2
4 a 49.7 km/h or 49.72 to 49.74 km/h
b 160 cm2
b 45.6 km/h
c 45 cm2
5 a 16%
4 15 3 m
b No; maximum possible mass is 23.25 kg
5 a 2− 3 c $72
10 + 2 2 d $36.44
b
23
56 + 7 5 e 7 nights at $115 per night $131
c
59 4 dinners at $32.75 each $936
d 55 −15 2
103 23 27
6 a 24 and 28
13 5 − 2 35
e
141 b k = 300
f 3− 2 c 4 n −1
4n
g 5 2 + 35
3

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

7 a 23 – 6n 3 21 – 2x
b i 4, 10, 18, 28 4 3(2a – 3b)
n 2 + 3n
ii via 5n −12 = 6 3 and 24 5 6x + 11y
8 a 71
b p = 2, q = 1 Exercise 2.1A
c A = 2, B = 4, C = 1 1 a y = 7x + 3
9 a b p = 4q + 6
c z = 5w + 3
2 a y = 25
b y=1
c p = 13
d w=2
e j=3
3 a y = 4x + 3
b p = 3q – 7
b a = 15, b = 21, c = 10, d = 15
c b = 2c + 10 = 2(c + 5)
Pattern number, n 1 2 3 4 5 6
d j = 1k+2
2
Number of crosses 1 3 6 10 15 10
Number of circles 0 1 3 6 21 15 e m = n − 3 = n −6
2 2
Total number of 1 4 9 16 25 36
crosses and circles 4 a y = 5.5 − 3x = 11−6 x
2
b y = 2.5
c n2 15 + 8q
5 a p = 7.5 + 4q =
d 465 2

e (2
Via n2 − 1 n2 + 1 n
2 ) 6
b
a
p = 9.5
b = 3c − 2.6 = 15c −13
f m=9 5
b b = 5.8
10 a a=3
7 a j = 16 k − 14 = 2(8k − 7 )
b 9 6
b j = −30
11 a 4 7 cm 2
8 a m = 2 n − 4 = 2n − 4
b 0 3 3 3
b m=2
c b = 270
9 a A = 48π cm 2
d p=6
l = A − r = A−π r
2
b i
πr πr
ii l = 12 cm
Chapter 2 10 a v = 200 m/s
Check your skills b t = v − u ; t = 48 s
a
1 y = 30
2 p=q+5

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

11 a A = 99 − 8x ; A = 75 Investigation 2.1
b A = 96 − 6 x; A = 78 1 a i and ii
c A = 100 − 4 x ; A = 88 x −4 −3.5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 3.5 4

12 a 2 h 30 m y 2
0 3.75 7 12 15 16 15 12 7 3.75 0

b 1.8 kg y 0 1.94 2.65 3.46 3.87 4 3.87 3.46 2.65 1.94 0

2 2
n +n
13 a − 6 = n + n −12 b Points plotted from table
2 2
b 20 094 c Smooth curve drawn; half the
circumference of a circle with centre
14 a k = 10 (0, 0) and radius 4 units
b 76 d Only positive values of y are used
c 51
d 60 Exercise 2.2A
12 p − 6q + 4r 1 a 15a + 10
15 a s = 4 p − 2q + 4 r =
3 3
b s = 26 b 2b + 16
c 3c + 19
Exercise 2.1B d 14d + 15
1 a p= 7 e e – 31
2
b s = 14 f 7f + 32
c q=8 g x+1
d x = 11 h 2x + 10
e c = 13 i 3x + 7
2 a x=8 j 14
b x=4 k x2 + 2x
c x = −4 l 7 y2 − 6 y + 10
3 a A = 176 − 3 p2 ; A = 128 m 13x 2
b A = 150 − 2q 2; A = 118 n x 2 + 7 x + 15
c A = 144 − 6r 2; A = 48 o x 2 − 16
4 a t = −1 p x 2 − 3x + 10
b 2 s = 6; s = 18 q x 2 − 9x − 6
5 a c=5 r x 2 + 11x + 21
b c=3 s 21 + 5x − x 2
6 a c = 6π t 10 x − 12 − x 2
b A= π u x 2 − 3x − 10
7 a h = 16 v x 2 + 5x − 24

b A = 16π w xy + 3x − 5 y + 40

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

x ay + 3a − bx + 8b 29 33x − 42 − 6 x 2
y 6 x 2 + 3x − 25 30 2 x 2 + 40
31 2 x 2 − 32
Exercise 2.2B
32 5 − 10 x
1 a x 2 + 5x + 4
33 x3 − x
b x2 + 6x + 9
34 x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x
c x + 3x − 10
2

35 2 x3 + 16 x 2 + 30 x
2 x + 2x + 1
2

36 x3 + 15x 2 + 71x + 105

3 x 2 + 11x + 24
37 x3 + 8x 2 + 19x + 12
4 x 2 + 16 x + 63
38 x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
5 x 2 + 15x + 44
39 x3 + 6 x 2 − x − 30
6 x 2 + 13x + 42
40 x3 + x 2 − 44 x − 84
7 x2 − 6x + 9
41 x3 + 5x 2 − 33x + 27
8 x 2 + 5x − 14
42 62 x 2 + 31x − 105 − 24 x3
9 x2 − 4x − 5
43 ( 2 x + 4 ) cm 2
10 14 + 5x − x 2
44 (3x 2 − 57 x + 271) cm 3
11 x 2 − 11x + 30
12 x − 19x + 84
2
Discussion activity 2.1
13 x 2 − 18x + 81 1 a p = a + b; q = ab
14 x − 11x + 28
2
b p = ac; q = bc + ad; r = bd
15 x − 362

16 x 2 − 49 Exercise 2.3A
17 25 − x 2 1 x=6

18 169 − x 2 2 x=5

19 2 x 2 + 17 x + 35 3 x=4

20 3x 2 + 22 x − 16 4 x=9

21 6 x 2 − 34 x + 20 5 x =1

22 35x 2 − 82 x + 48 6 x = −3

23 2 x 2 + 6 x − 20 7 x=5

24 3x 2 − 3 8 x=6

25 6 x 2 + 8x − 8 9 x = −4

26 3x 2 + 9xy + 6 y2 10 x = −2

27 4 x − 8 y + 8xy − 4 11 x = 12

28 48xy − 60 x − 72 y + 90 12 x = 2
3
13 x = − 3
4

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

14 x = 3 2 a 6(x + 5) + 1 = 4(x + 9)
15 x = 2 b x = 2.5
7
16 x = 2 c 31 cm

17 x = 11 3 11 1 and 28 1
2 2

18 x = −2 4 91 + 98 = 189

19 x = 13 5 25
2
20 x = 1 6 −24

21 x = 59 7 7
31
22 x = 8 8 17

23 x = 15 9 $13
x
24 x = 15 10 a i 12
2
12−x
25 x = −5 ii 4
b x + 12 − x = 5 ; cycled x = 10.5 km
26 x = 2 12 4 4
27 x = 4
Exercise 2.4A
28 x = 7
6 1 x = 1, y = 4
29 x = 95 = 15 5
6 6 2 x = 3, y = 10
30 x = − 3
4 3 x = 5, y = –2
31 x = 2
4 x = −6, y = −3
32 x = −12
5 x = 1, y = 9
2 2
33 x = 18
6 x = 1 , y = −1
34 x = −15 2
7 x = 4, y = −2
35 x = −2 3 3
8 x = 3, y = 1
2
Exercise 2.3B 9 x = 1, y = 2
1 a 
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 339 10 x = 3, y = 4
111, 113 and 115
11 x = −2, y = 7
b x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) + (x + 3) = 314
77, 78, 79 and 80 12 x = 3, y = −9
c x + (x + 3) + (x + 6) = 117 13 x = 1 , y = 6
2
36, 39 and 42
1
14 x = , y = −2
d 2x + 12 = 20 3
4 15 x = 0, y = 5
e 84 – x2 = 6 16 x = −11, y = 17
156
17 x = 11 , y = 18
5 5
f 15 – x = 20
3 18 x = −3, y = −4
−15
19 x = − 7 , y = 3
g 9.6 cm 4 4

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

20 x = − 3 , y = 7 13 3(3x + 5 y − 4 z )
2 2
21 xy = 54 14 7 xy( 2 x − 3 y + 4 )
15 m ( m + 1 + 2a )
5
Investigation 2.2 16 x (12 x + 3 + 8 y )
42
1 a Learners’ own answers
17 ( p + 7 )( q + 3)
b No unique solution because there is only
18 (9 − m )( n − 2 )
one equation: multiplying 6 x − 8 y = 2 by
− 3 gives 12 y − 9x = −3 19 ( a + 5 )( b + 4 )
2
20 ( p + 3)( q + 2 )
Exercise 2.4B 21 (c + 4 )( d + 3)
1 37 and 63
22 ( 2 f + 5 )( 2 g + 3)
2 Petrol $1.50/litre; oil $4.20 per litre
23 ( 2 + 3q )(5 − 2 p )
3 Child $14.40; adult $18.80
24 (8 − 7 x )(3 y − 5 )
4 7 + −5 = 2
25 (1 − y )(1 + x )
5 Fourteen $20 notes; sixteen $50 notes
26 ( y − 4 )(6 − x )
6 98 at $27; 22 at $42
27 ( 2 − 3 y )( 2 x − 3)
7 Father 42 years; boy 12 years
8 a 3 km/h Exercise 2.5B
b 18 km/h 1 ( x + 2 )( x + 5)
9 a 40 m 2 ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
b 31 s 3 ( x + 8)( x + 9 )
10 3 4 ( x + 6 )( x + 7 )
7
5 ( x + 2 )( x + 2 ) = ( x + 2 )2
Exercise 2.5A 6 ( p + 5 )( p + 5 ) = ( p + 5 )2
1 2( x + 2 y )
7 ( q + 1)( q + 3)
2 6(3 p + 2q )
8 ( r + 6 )( r + 8)
3 m(9 + 7 n )
9 ( x − 7 )( x + 4 )
4 x( x − 5 )
10 ( x + 8)( x − 3)
5 b( b −1)
11 ( x − 9 )( x + 7 )
6 c(1 + 2c )
12 ( x − 1)( x + 4 )
7 5 p( 4 p + 3)
13 ( x − 6 )( x + 2 )
8 7 y(3 − 2 y )
14 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
9 3x( 2a + 3bx )
15 ( x − 5 )( x + 5 )
10 4 pq( 2q − 3)
16 ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
11 xy(8x + 7 y )
17 ( x − 8)( x − 5 )
12 17 pq( 2 − 3 p )

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

18 ( x − 3)( x − 7 ) 14 4440
19 ( x − 2 )( x − 3) 15 1.65
20 ( x − 6 )( x − 1) 16 0.006
21 ( x − 9 )( x − 3)
Exercise 2.6A
22 (3 − x )( x + 5 ) or (3 – x)(5 + x)
1 x = 0, x = 5
23 (7 − x )( x + 8) or (7 – x)(8 + x)
2 x = 0, x = −2
24 (5 − 2 x )( x + 3) or (5 – 2x)(3 + x)
3 x = 0, x = 4
25 ( 2 x + 5 )( x + 6 )
4 x = −7, x = 7
26 (3x + 2 )( x + 1)
5 x = −6, x = 6
27 2( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 )
6 x = −6, x = −7
28 (8x − 1)( x + 5 )
7 x = −1, x = −3
29 (7 x − 4 )( 2 x + 3)
8 x = −2, x = −5
30 ( 2 x − 3)( 2 x − 1)
9 x = −8, x = −9
31 (3x − 5 )( x − 4 )
10 x = −3, x = −4
32 2( x + 5 )( x + 6 )
11 x = 2
33 2(5 − x )( 2 + x )
12 x = −5
34 3(7 − x )( x + 6 ) or 3(7 – x)(6 + x)
13 x = −7, x = 9
35 2( 2 x + 17 )( x − 18)
14 x = −4, x = 1

Exercise 2.5C 15 x = −8, x = 3

1 ( x + 10 )( x − 10 ) 16 x = −4, x = 7

2 ( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) 17 x = −2, x = 6

3 ( p + 1)( p − 1) 18 x = −6, x = −8

4 ( x + 2a )( x − 2a ) 19 x = −4, x = 5

5 (8 + 7x )(8 − 7x ) 20 x = 3, x = 7

6 (5x + 6b )(5x − 6b ) 21 x = 1, x = 6

7 (
3 x+ 1 x− 1
2 )( 2 ) 22 x = 5 , x = 3
2

8 ( 9x +
y
5 )(
9x −
y
5 ) 23 x = −2, x = 1

24 x = 2, x = 3
3

9 ( 2x+ 5 y 2x−5 y
3 7 3 7 )( ) 25 x = −8, x = 7
10 (9a − b )(9b − a ) 26 x = −5, x = 3
11 181 27 x = 5
12 284 28 x = −11, x = 5
13 1960

24 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

29 x = −2, x = − 7
2
Discussion activity 2.2
1  he value of b2 − 4ac determines the number
T
30 x = 3 , x = 5 of solutions
2 2

Two solutions when b2 − 4ac > 0

Exercise 2.6B
One solution when b2 − 4ac = 0
1 x = −3.41, x = −0.59
No solution when b2 − 4ac < 0
2 x = −4.30, x = −0.70
3 x = 3, x = 7
Exercise 2.6C
4 x = 0.59, x = 8.41 1 9 cm
5 x = 0.68, x = 10.32 2 27
6 x = −10.39, x = 0.39 3 7 cakes
7 x = −4.74, x = 2.74 4 2 minutes

8 x = 0.63, x = 6.37 5 6 and 15 or −15 and −6

6 3
9 x = 1.17, x = 6.83
7 2 h 30 m
10 x = 0.20, x = 14.80
8 9 cm
11 x = 0.18, x = 2.82
9 124 km
12 x = −3.64, x = 0.14
( π − 1)x 2 − x − 4 = 0; x = 1.62
10 a 
13 x = −0.85, x = 1.18 (or x = −1.15)
14 x = 0.18, x = 6.96 b 1.7 cm
15 x = −2.05, x = 1.65
Mid-chapter 2 review exercise
16 x = −0.35, x = 2.85
1 a y = 3 − 7 x = 9 −7 x
17 x = 0.38, x = 15.62 3 3
b y = 10
18 x = −5.36, x = 4.61
2 a a = 28 m/s2
19 x = −0.68, x = 3.68
b u = v − at ; u = 2 m/s
20 x = −1.25, x = 0.76
3 a p=1
21 x = −0.85, x = 18.85
b p = 0.494
22 x = 2, x = 3
4 a 15x + 77
23 x = −1.05, x = 2.65
b 4x – 1
24 x = 3 , x = 1
2 2 c 2 x 2 + 24
25 x = 1± 5 d x3 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 24
2
5 a x =1
26 x = 7 ± 109
6
b x=7
27 x = −13± 201
4 6 6.3 cm
28 x = 3 ± 7

(
29 x = 1 3 ± 3
2 )

25 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

7 a 7x + 18 = 116; David is x = 14 years old 8 19 + 10 x − x 2

b 2 years 9 29 + 2 x − x 2
8 a x = 2, y = 4 10 12 x − x 2 − 43
b x = 9, y = −20 11 3x 2 + 30 x + 35
9 a Main $8.45; dessert $5.65 12 x 2 − 3x + 5
b $28.20 13 ( x + 2 )2 − 5
10 a 13xy(3 − 7 x ) 14 ( x − 2 )2 + 6
b ( x − 2 y )(3x + 4 y ) 15 ( x + 6 )2 − 40
11 a ( x − 4 )( x − 9 ) 16 ( x − 6 )2 + 4
b (6 − x )( 4 + x ) 17 ( x + 5 )2 − 30
c (8x − 1)( x + 2 ) 18 ( x −13)2
12 a (3x + 13 y) (3x − 13 y) 19 ( x − 7 )2 − 25
b 95 000 20 ( x − 9 )2 + 19
13 a x = 2, x = 4 21 ( x + 3)2 − 10
b y = −1, y = 1 22 ( x − 11)2 + 9
2 4
c x = −1.65, x = 6.65 23 20 − ( x + 4 )2
d x = −6.71, x = 3.38 24 15 − ( x + 1)2
14 a 7 x 2 + 7 x − 164 = 0 25 13 − ( x − 1)2
b x = −5.37, x = 4.37
26 −7 − ( x + 8)2

(x + 12 ) − 94
c 1 h 22 m or 82 m 2
27
15 a Via x (x − 2 + 2 x + 3) = 133
2
(x − 32 ) − 294
2
b x = 9.25 or –9.58 33.54 cm2 28

16 a Via x = k − k −8k +16 = 1 or by

2
29 2( x + 5 )2 − 7
4
substituting x = 1 30 3( x − 2 )2 + 1
b x = k −2 31 81 − 2( x − 4 )2
2

( 6)
c k = 21 2
32 25 − 3 x − 7
12

Exercise 2.7A
Exercise 2.7B
1 x2 + 2x + 8
1 x = 2± 5
2 x2 − 2x − 3
2 x = 3± 6
3 x + 6x + 1
2
3 x = 10 ± 2
4 x − 8x + 3
2
4 x = −3 ± 10
5 x 2 + 14 x − 1
5 x = −6 ± 13
6 x2 − 4x + 7
6 x = 18 ± 31
7 18 − 6 x − x 2
7 x = −1 ± 2

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

8 No solutions ( −3 does not exist) 11 −2

2q
9 x = 2 ± 11 12
1+ 3q
10 x = 4 ± 43
2 13 1
4
11 2 at x = 7
14 x − 3
12 11 at x = 3
15 5 + 2a
2b
13 −5 at x = 1 x −2
16 x + 3
14 −8 at x = −2
x+4
17 x + 6
15 3 at x = 8
x −8
18 x −1
16 30 at x = 11
17 −18 at x = 4 19 1
3
18 27 at x = 3 20 x + 9
x +5
19 0 at x = 2 21 x
3
2x −5
20 4 at x = − 1 22 x +8
2
21 10 at x = 2 23 −1
5−x
22 15 at x = 3 24 x + 4

23 99 at x = 8 25 x+1
2
24 37 at x = −3
25 85 at x = −7 Exercise 2.8B
5x + 10
26 17 at x = 1 1
6
3(3x − 2 )
27 −5 at x = −2 2
14
x −6
3
12
Exercise 2.8A 8x + 17
4
2 15
1 3 23x + 22
y 5
2 20
3
7 x −18
4 6
3 6
3p
x +10
3a 7
4 24
2
5( x + 3)
x2 8 x( x + 5 )
5
3
9x − 8
2x + y 9 x( x − 4 )
6 2x − y
3x + 13
2− y 10
7 ( x + 3)( x + 7 )
20 − 2 y
2 x+ 4 x 2 + 13x + 8
8 11
3 ( x + 2 )( x + 9 )

9 1 2 x 2 − 23x −1
2 12
( x + 1)( x − 7 )
10 3 4 x + 21
2 13
( x + 3)( x − 6 )

27 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

3x + 2 12 ± 19
14 j x=
( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) 5

15 3( x + 2 ) 4 Via x 2 − 2 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 ± −3
x +5

16 7 x + 49x + 78
2

( x + 3)( x + 5 ) Exercise 2.9A

1
17 a 9y 1 a x = 7y
3p y2
b b x=
14q y+2

c
a ( 2 a +3 ) c x = 16 y + 3
3b 7 − 2y
16 y
d x=
3
18 a
3 3y − 4
5 e x=
b 5
8
f x = 3( 2 y − 3)
c −3
2 g x = 5 y − 23
19 a = 10, b = −5
h x= 3
y+8
20 c = −17, k = 11
2
i x=
21 p = 5, q = 34 3(5 − y )
j x = 4(3 y − 7 )
23 − 6 y
Exercise 2.8C k x=
7
1 a x = −6, x = 6 2 z − 8 y + 10
l x=
y
b x = −4, x = 5
12w −7v
m x=
c x = −23, x = 0 2w 2
2y
d x = −5, x =1 n x=−
5
3
2 a x = −5.15, x = 8.15 9C + 160
2 a
5
b x = −0.84, x = 11.84
5F −160
c x = −0.92, x = 5.42 b C=
9
d x = 0.21, x = 4.79 c k = –40
v−u
3 a=
3 a x = 3± 5 t

b x = 3 ± 12 4c − 960
4 a p=
27
−5 ± 5
c x= b 324 pages
2
−19 ± 665 y +3
d x= 5 a x=
2 4
−3 ± 105 b Square them
e x=
6
6 a a 2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
f x = −8 ± 28
−19 ± 201 b Take the square root
g x=
10 3(1− y )
7 a x3 =
−5 ± 229 2
h x=
6 b Take the cube root
9 ± 129
i x=
4

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 2.9B 27 x = 5 ± 2 y + 9

1 x= 1 28 x = −7 ± 5 y + 3
4 + 3y
−3± 4 y + 7
2 x= 9 29 x =
5y − 4 2
30 x = y or x = − ( y + 6 )
3 x = 16
y −10

4 x=
( p −q ) 2 Exercise 2.10A
4
1 a True
5 x = ( 5 y + 3 )2
b True
6 x = 9(1 − 7 y ) 2
c False
7 x = 36t 2 − 168t + 101 d True

8 x = (± ) 3y + 8 e False

13 − 5 y − 7 z f False
9 x = (± )
2
g True
10 x = ( ± ) 13 1 − 2 y − y 2
h True
i False
11 x = 8 p3 − 1
j False
12 x = 1 3 11q − 2
2
2 a x > 13
4( 2a −1)
13 x = b x<5
7 y −12a
c x>7
y( 2a + 1)
14 x =
1 − 2a d x>6
6y
15 x = − e x<4
4q + p
1+ 2 y f x>8
16 x =
1− 2 y g x > −2
y + 500
17 x = 1 ± 1 h x > −7
10 10 y

2 i x < −4
18 x =
( 2 y +1)( 2 y −1) j x< 7
2
19 x = y2 + 2
k x>8
y 2 − 6 y + 10
20 x = l x> 9
2 10
21 x = y2 − 18 y + 74 or x = ( y − 9 )2 − 7
m x<2
22 x = 5 y − 14 y + 10
2
n x < − 41
10
23 x = ( ± ) 4 y + 3
o x> 2
24 x = ( ± ) 3 y + 15 9

25 x = 2 ± y + 3 p x < − 10
19

26 x = 6 ± 4 y − 1

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3 Each shown on a number line: iii R indicated between dotted

x = −2, x = 3, y = −1 and full
a x > −2 y = 3; rectangle
b x <1 iv R indicated between dotted x = 1,
c x> 4 x = 3, y = 2 and y = 4; square
5
d x<−5 v R indicated between full y = x,
2 y = −x and y = 3; isosceles
4 a 1 < x < 4 ; x = 1, 2, 3 or 4 (right-angled) triangle

b 7 < x < 11; x = 7, 8, 9 or 10 vi R indicated between dotted y = 2,

y = 5, x = −1 and y = x; trapezium
c 1 < x < 7 ; x = 2 or 3
2 vii R indicated between full x = 1,
2 < x < 2 ; x = 1 or 2 x = 3, y = 2x and y = 2x + 3;
d
5 parallelogram
e −2 < x < 7 ; x = −1, 0, 1, 2 or 3 2 b Triangular R indicated between dotted
2
x = 0, y = 0 and full y = 5 − 3 x
2
f −3 < x < 9 ; x = −3, −2, −1, 0 or 1 25 units 2
5 c
3
g x > 8 and x < −10; no integers d p = 5, q = 60
3
h 1 < x < 1; x = 1 3 b Lines y = 3x, y = 5 − x and x = 0 drawn

5 x < 9 ; x = 2, 3 or 4 c Triangular R unshaded between full

2 y = 5 − x , x = 0 and dotted y = 3x
6 y > 4; y = 9, 16, 25, 36 or 49
d Six
7 z < 11; z = 2, 3, 5 or 7
e Least is 1; greatest is 25
8 10 < f < 12; f = 4, 6 or 8
3 4 b Lines y = 2 x − 1, y = x −1 and y = 6 − 1 x
2
drawn
Exercise 2.10B c Triangular R unshaded between dotted
1 a i x > 2, y > 3 y = 2 x − 1, y = x −1 and full y = 6 − 1 x
2
ii x < 5, y > −2 d Four

iii 3 < x < 7, y > 1 e (3, 4)

iv x > 0, y + x < 3 f (4, 4); 8
v y < 3, y − x > 1 5 a 2 y + 5x < 20 or y < − 5 x + 10
2
vi x < −1, y − 2 x < 3 b 2 y + 5x + 15 > 0 or 2 y + 5x + 15 > 0
vii 0 < y < 3, y + x > 0
viii x > −3, y < 2, y > x Exercise 2.11A
ix x < 1, 2 y − x < 2, 2 y + x + 4 > 0 1 a x2
b The regions in parts viii and ix are 1
b y3
closed, but the others are open
c p2
c R indicated between dotted y = −1
i 
and y = 2 d 2q 5
ii R indicated between full x = 0, x = 3 e x2
and y = 5
f x10 y8

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5
g 24 p − 6 4 c = 11
2
h 1

i 2 xy2 Investigation 2.3

1 1 It tells us the index required to raise 10 to
j 27 x6 y12 make the number entered
k 8x7 y5 E.g. log10 1000 = 3 tells us that 103 = 1000
9 y8
l
x7
xy3
Exercise 2.12A
m
2 1 a y = 27
y8
n b x=8
4x2 9
x 5
2 a y = −8
o
9 y10
16 x10 b p= 7
p 4
3 y7
3 a y= −8
5
2 32
b t = 50
3 (± ) 1
4 a z = 21
1
4 b a = −1
x9

5 1 5 a p = 45
4
b q = ±8
Exercise 2.11B 6 a m = 432
1 a x=5 b n = −25
b x=1 7 a $378
3
c x=4 b 12 metres
d x=2 8 a b2 = 1089
e x = −6 b c=0
f x= 3 c − 24
2 5
g x= −2
3 9 x −2 8 24 32
h x=3
y −4.8 16.2 798.6 2025
i x=8
j x = −5 10 q −2 1 2.4 5
p 84 39 18 −21
k x=6
l x= 7 11 a k = 2.007
4
m x = −2 b 1.42 seconds

n x = −5 c 2.70 metres
9
2 a=4 12 a m = kx3

3 b=5 b The density of the material (in g/cm 3 )

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13 a $2700 10 a 4 hours
b 150 kg b Ten
11 4 metres
Investigation 2.4 12 n = 1.5, k = 20; y = 1.36
1 Using k = 4.2666 × 10 −5

Average
Orbit time,
End-of-chapter 2 review exercise
Planet distance,
t (Earth months) 1 y = 12
d (million km)
Earth 150 12 2 a 15 − 2c
Mercury 58 2.9 b ( 2 + 3x )( 4 − 5 y )
Venus 108 7.3
3 a k = −5
Mars 220 21.3 2
1
Jupiter 780 142.3 b
8x 2
Saturn 1420 349.5 4 10, 11 or 12
Uranus 2870 1004.3
5 a i 6
Neptune 4500 1971.8
ii 3
b 16b6
Exercise 2.12B a2
1 a y=4 6 a i ( 2 p + 3q )( 2 p − 3q )

b x = 12 ii ( 2 n − 1)( n + 3)
9 y + 8x
2 a p= 2 b
12 xy
3
b q= −3 7 y = 360
2
3 a z=4 8 a ( x + 5 )2 − 19
b t= 1 b x = −5 ± 19
2
4 a w = 10
9 a i 7 < x<7
b v = ±5 3
ii Five
5 a m = −2.4
b y > 0, y < x, y + 2 x < 6
b n=6
3
6 a y = −16 10 a i 25y
ii k+4
b x = −2, x = 3 k +2
7 x −8 −3 2 6 9 b x = 14 or 4 2 or 4.67 or 4.666 to 4.667
3 3
y 0.9 1.6 3.6 10 40 c t = −2.26, t = 0.59
8 q 0.16 0.64 1.44 4 1600 11 a x> 3
2
p 200 100 66 23 40 2 b 4n + 3p = 17.5 and 2n + 5p = 14
Notebook $3.25; pen $1.50
9 a 0.75 newtons
x( x − 5 ) −3( x + 2 )
c i Via =4
b 0.8 cm ( x + 2 )( x − 5 )
ii x = −2.77, x = 4.10

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12 a i T = 2.24 g 23.1 cm2

T 2g
ii h= h 13.5 cm2
4π 2
b p = 14 i 1740 cm2
c x = −5.5 j 28.56 cm2
d y = −3.26, y = −0.41 k 205.84 cm2
l 63.5 cm2
13 a i p = − 25 or − 1.92
13
2 a 44 cm
ii q= 8
p +5
b 172.8 cm2

b i Via x + x − 2 × H = 15 and c 43.2 cm

2
x + x +3
× h = 15 3 1.68 m2
2
4 a (60 − 2x) cm
15( 2 x + 3) −30( x −1)
ii Via
( x −1)( 2 x + 3) b (225 − 15x) cm2
iii a Via 75 =3
( x −1)( 2 x + 3) 2 5 14 cm
b x = 4.90 6 96 m
14 a ( x − 7 )2 − 9 7 10 cm
b −9 at x = 7 8 a 19.4 cm
b 19 cm

Chapter 3 9 Any such that base × height = 400 cm2

10 476 cm2
Check your skills
11 a AX = 6 cm
1 a 630
b DX = 8 cm
b 100; 0.32
c i 24 cm2
c 10 000; 0.52
ii 120 cm2
2 Circumference and diameter of a circle
12 Any two diagonal lengths whose product is
3 a Square, rectangle, parallelogram, d1 × d2
rhombus 12 cm2; 6 × 9 − 4 × = 30
2
b They have no thickness / they are 13 a i 28 cm
two-dimensional
ii 31 cm2
b i 24 cm
Exercise 3.1
ii 24 cm2
1 a 16.8 cm2
14 33.8 cm2
b 40.7 cm2
c 187.2 cm2
Discussion activity 3.1
d 320 cm2
1 a Group A: a, c, h
e 0.21 cm 2
Group B: f, g, h, i, j, k, l
f 468 cm2 Group C: b, d, e

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b Group A perimeters are 16.6 cm, 56.2 cm 11 1 : 9

and 18 cm
12 r = 7 m, C = 7 m, A = 49 m 2
2π 4π

Discussion activity 3.2 13 a Height and width of rectangle are 18 cm

and 12 cm; 18 × 12 = 216
1 a and b Learners' own answers
c ii, v and vi tell us that it is a rhombus b Via 1 π × 62 + 1 π × 122
2 4
iv and vii tell us that it is not a rhombus c b = 12, c = 1 or 12( π + 1)
i and iii tell us that it may or may not be 14 111 cm 2
a rhombus

Investigation 3.1
Exercise 3.2
1 a–h Learners’ own answers
1 a 62.8 cm; 314 cm2
i Experimental P(stick crosses a line)
b 75.4 cm; 452 cm2
total number of line-crossing sticks
c 136 m; 1480 m2 =
total number of stickss dropped
d 1.26 mm; 0.126 mm2
Theoretical P(stick crosses a line) = 1
e 46.3 mm; 127 mm2 π
total number of sticks dropped
f 6.17 m; 2.26 mm2 j So ≈π
total number of line-crossingg sticks
g 21.4 cm; 28.3 cm2 k Learners’ own answers

2 a 12.9 cm; 9.82 cm2

b 15.4 cm; 14.1 cm2 Exercise 3.3
c 7.14 cm; 3.14 cm2 1 a 8.38 cm

d 10.7 cm; 6.03 cm2 b 28.7 cm

e 64.0 cm; 273 cm2 c 4.52 cm
f 32.1 cm; 17.4 cm2 2 a 50.9 cm 2
g 62.8 cm; 179 cm2 b 797 cm 2
h 36.0 cm; 87.5 cm2 c 1.57 cm 2
i 113 cm; 643 cm2
3 10 cm, 23.9 cm 2
3 5.64 cm
4 a 13.2 cm
4 561 cm2
b 13.2 cm
5 58.0 cm
c 45.8 cm
6 380 cm2
5 a 68.8 cm 2
7 a i Via πr = 2r + 8
b 925 cm 2
ii 77.1 cm 2
c 105 cm 2
b 174 cm 2
6 a 18.3 cm 2
8 35.0 cm
b 54.2 cm 2
9 2880
c 14.4 cm 2
10 300 π cm 2

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7 a Via equal ratios 50 : 94 and θ : 360 − θ 16 1.90 cm

b 12 cm 17 b Any shaded segment below a horizontal
25 π cm line between 1.5 and 3
c
3
8 44.6 cm
Exercise 3.4
9 (6 + 2 π) cm
1 a 19.5 cm
10 a 66π cm 2
b 16.1 cm
b (12 + 22 π) cm
c 30.7 cm
2 a 5.92 cm
Investigation 3.2
b 3.60 cm
1 a–d Learners’ own answers
c 94.9 cm
e A = l × r where θ and π are ‘hidden’ in the
2 3 a 9.60 cm
value of l
b 13.3 cm

Mid-chapter 3 review exercise c 74.7 cm

1 Diameter 4 a 1 r 2 or 1 πr 2 − 40
2 4
2 a 7.2 cm 1 r 2 = 1 πr 2 − 40; r = 11.8 cm
b 2 4
b 44.4 cm c 55.8 cm
3 20 times larger d 35.3 cm
4 12.4 cm 5 a Right-angled triangle with short sides x
5 231 cm 2 and 2x, hypotenuse 10

6 a 191π cm 2 b 8.94 cm

b ( 20 π − 28) cm 6 5.50 cm

7 a 107 cm, 908 cm 2 7 75 cm 2

b 21.0 mm, 35.3 mm 2

c 0.463 m, 0.0127 m 2 Investigation 3.3
1 a–g Learners’ own answers
8 a 8.55 cm
b 118 cm 2 2 b Minor sector makes a tall, thin cone and
major sector makes a short, wide cone
c 12.3 cm
d 42.2 cm 2
Exercise 3.5
9 15.75 cm 1 a 614.125 cm 3
10 7.5 cm b 336 cm 3
11 Via 1 C > 26 + 312 = 38 c 0.504 cm 3
2 26
12 13 : 17 2 18.5 cm
13 0.760 m or 76.0 cm
3 a 120 m 3
14 6.18 cm
b 120 000 litres
15 r = 8.4 cm
c 49 200 cm 3

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4 0.33 cm 3 6 2.73 cm

5 5100 cm 3 , 5.1 litres 7 1728

6 4000 cm 3 , 4 litres 8 a 19.5 cm

1
7 6.37 cm b 12
r = 25
8 1.96 cm 9 a Via 15 40

9 4.2 cm b 7.12 litres

10 a 3.9 cm
10 9.23 cm
b 3.60 cm
11 4770 or 4775 cm 3
11 9.26 cm
12 16 cm
12 0.25 cm
13 0.564 mm
13 1 : 8
14 64.7 cm
15 525π cm 3
Discussion activity 3.3
16 a 2.714 litres 1 A3, B6, C4, D5, E1, F2
b 6.14 hours
17 a Cross-section has one pair of parallel sides Exercise 3.7
b 5.94 × 10 −3 m 3 1 a 150 cm 2

18 a 1004 cm 3 b 22 cm 2
c 1300 cm 2
b 602 g
2 328.56 cm 2

Exercise 3.6 3 729 cm 3

1 a 327 cm 3 4 a 32π cm 2
b 73.6 cm 3 b 120π cm 2
c 3.05 cm 3 c 152π cm 2
d 264 cm 3 5 64π cm 2
e 405 cm 3 6 2.82 cm
3
f 263 cm 7 a 60 cm 2
3
g 232 m
b 920 cm 2
3
h 547.4 cm
8 240 cm 2
3 3
i 470 400 cm or 0.4704 m
9 a 20.1 cm
j 1.73 cm 3
b 569 cm 2
2 a 6426 cm 3
c 823 cm 2
b 8:9
10 15π cm 2
3 2078 cm 3
11 a 6 cm
4 23.5 cm
b 180π cm 2
5 1.20 cm
c 252π cm 2

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12 $369.45 3 a 7 π cm 2
9
13 a 807.4 cm 2
b i 20 π cm 2
b 1008 cm 2 3
11
ii 15
c $756.33
4 y = 45
d 4.40 kg
5 a 7.52 − 62 = 4.5
14 a r = 48× 21 = 14; 482 + 142 = 50
72
b i h = 18
b 2749 or 2750 cm 2
ii 468
15 a Via C = 2πr = 1 × 2 π × 40
4 c i $0.50
2
b 400π cm ii 26%
16 a p = 299 6 a i L = 154 cm
b 10π cm ii 4200 cm 2
c 100° b 672 cm 2
d 90π cm 2 7 a i 11.9 m 2
e 452.7 cm 3 ii 1.73 or 1.74 m 2
17 400 cm 2 iii 9.1%
h +3 4
18 a = b i 19 100 cm 2
h 1
b 751 π ml
3 ii 22 minutes
c Capacity of base hemisphere > capacity 8 a h = 6 cm
of top frustum
b 396 cm 2
d 46.9%
c 3.6 cm
e $39.89
9 k = 12

Investigation 3.4
1 a and b B and D = 18.4, C = 17.3, A = 13.7 Chapter 4
Check your skills
Discussion activity 3.4
1 One hundred and eighty degrees / 180°
1 a Learners’ own answers
2 Equal
b θ = r × 360° = r × 360°
l r + h2
2
3 Triangle

End-of-chapter 3 review exercise 4 Sides / angles

1 a 6.67 m3 5 Two, sides

b 1.68 litres 6 Three-hundred and sixty degrees / 360°

c 40.8° 7 Quadrilateral
2 8πx3 cm 3 8 Polygons

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Exercise 4.1 8 a vertical QS = 4.8 cm drawn

1 a = 48° b two arcs of radius 6 cm drawn from each

of Q and S
2 b = 111°
c rhombus
3 c = 72°, d = 136°
d PR = 11 cm; area = 26.4 cm2
4 e = 130°
5 f = 161°, g = 19°, h = 19° Exercise 4.3
6 j = 36° 1 a n = 7, heptagon

7 k = 72° b 900°

8 l = 115° c x = 93
d 87°
9 m = 20°
2 a 30°
10 n = 114°
b 2340°
11 p = 82°, q = 21°
c 172.8°
12 r = 42°, s = 84°
d 40

Discussion activity 4.1 e 36

1 360 has more factors than 10, 100 or 1000, f 173°

so more fractions of a complete turn can be g 76.8°
written as a whole number of degrees
3 p = 30

Discussion activity 4.2 4 a Isosceles triangle

1 a Consider the hand turning b Trapezium (isosceles)

clockwise when it is in each of the c 36°
following positions:
5 16
6 a (Regular) octagon
b 12

Exercise 4.2 Discussion activity 4.3

1 57° 1 a 
i rectangle, ii trapezium, iii rhombus,
iv square, v parallelogram, vi kite
2 75° or 76°
b i–ii Learners own answers
3 68°
iii Square: equal lengths; bisect each
4 52 mm other at right angles
5 120 or 121° Rectangle: equal lengths; bisect each
other but not at right angles
6 b 94 mm
Trapezium: different lengths; do not
7 a Triangle constructed with angles bisect each other
48°, 96° and 36°
Kite: different lengths; one bisects
b Angles define the triangle’s shape, the other at right angles
not its size

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Parallelogram: different lengths; 4 114 m

bisect each other but not at
right angles 5 35.5 km

Rhombus: different lengths; bisect 6 4.05 m

each other at right angles 7 a 14.1 cm
b 56.6 cm
Exercise 4.4
8 a 6x + 34 = 106; x = 12
1 a = 120°, b = 60°
b BD = 26.8 cm, AC = 41.8 cm
2 c = 156°, d = 24°
9 48.8 cm
3 e = 52°, f = 82°
4 g = 28° so 2 g = 56°, 4 g + 12 = 124°
Investigation 4.1
5 j = 121°, k = 148°, m = 32° 1 From C parallel to BA
6 p = 133°, q = 227° Through A to the base of the square on AC
7 r = 23°, s = 59°, t = 98°, u = 98°
Exercise 4.6
Exercise 4.5 1 a 5; order 5
1 a 13 cm b 1; order 1
b 17 cm c 2; order 2
c 14.1 cm d 2; order 2
d 21.1 cm e 1; order 1

e 69.1 cm f 4; order 4

2 a 9 cm g 4; order 4
h 0; order 2
b 28.3 cm
i 4; order 4
c 10.7 cm
j 3; order 3
d 94.2 cm
k 0, order 2
e 0.173 cm
l 2; order 2
3 a p = 13.0 cm
m 2; order 2
b q = 10.3 cm
2 a, b and f are nets of a cube
c r = 15.1 cm
3 Net with two 3 × 4 cm, two 3 × 5 cm and
d s = 83.8 cm two 4 × 5 cm rectangles drawn, with all
lengths labelled
e t = 24.3 cm
f u = 6.93 cm, v = 10.6 cm
g w = 19.0 cm, x = 21.9 cm
h y = 13.1 cm, z = 12.2 cm

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4 a 7 Isosceles (triangle); order 1

8 b

or

c For example:

or

9 a and b
2
b Axis is through the apex and centre of
square base; order 4
2
5 a
2

10 a 100° or 50°
b b 110° or 160°
11 a RS^Q

b 48°
c Intersection of diagonals PR and SQ
12 a 3 cm to the right/east
b 3 cm to the right and 8 cm up or 15 cm to
the left
13 a 64°
b i Isosceles triangle
ii 1 line of symmetry; rotational
symmetry order 1
c
14 4 lines of symmetry; rotational symmetry
order 4
15 a 35°
b 55°
c 100°

6 Any isosceles trapezium: Discussion activity 4.4

1 a A cube has nine planes of symmetry

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

b 8 61 cm
9 18.4 cm
10 8.66 cm
11 b 16.9 m
12 a a = 12
b b = 10
c c = 15
d d=7
e e = 112
f f = 2813

Discussion activity 4.5 13 43.7 cm

1 a and b Learners’ own answers 14 a 10 cm
c A trapezium; B and F rhombus and b x 2 + (3x )2 or x 2 + 9x 2 or 10 x 2
rectangle; C square; D parallelogram;
c x 2 + (3x )2 = 102
E kite
d x = 10 or 3.16
Discussion activity 4.6 e 9.49 cm
1 a Thirteen (01, 03, 08, 10, 13, 18, 30, 31,
33, 38, 80, 81, 83) Exercise 4.7
b 00, 11, 88 1 a i x = 7.5 cm, y = 8.5 cm
c 00, 11, 69, 88, 96 ii a = 12 cm, b = 7.5 cm
d Fifteen (000, 010, 080, 101, 111, 181, 609, iii c = 21 cm, d = 20 cm
619, 689, 808, 818, 888, 906, 916, 986)
iv e = 80 cm, f = 68 cm
v g = 12 cm
Mid-chapter 4 review exercise
1 a = 42°, b = 96° vi h = 6 cm, j = 2.25 cm

2 p = 141°, q = 63° vii k = 15.75 cm, m = 7.875 cm

b i x = 7 cm
3 b 80° or 81°
ii n = 20 cm, p = 40 cm
4 15°
iii r = 56 cm, s = 123 cm
5 176.4°
iv x = 120 cm, y = 96 cm
6 2160°
2 a D^ ; alternate angles
7 a 
x – 5 + 2x – 55 + 5x + 20 + x + 40 + 2x –
10 = 540; x = 50 b ^ E; DC
DC ^ E is vertically opposite AC
^B

b Angles are 45°, 45°, 90°, 90° and 270° c Triangle DEC

41 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

3 b 
X^ = 180 − (84 + 36 ) = 60° (angles in a Investigation 4.3
triangle) so P^ = X^ 1 a 
AC = 1.618 033 989 . . . and
AC = 2 sin 54° or AC = 2 cos 36°
XY = 25 = 2.5 and XZ = 30 = 2.5
PR 10 PQ 12 b The square of the number is exactly one
The triangles have two pairs of sides in more than the number itself
the same proportion and the same angle
between them c x2 = x + 1
1+ 5
c Triangle XZY d or a = 1, b = 5, c = 2
2
4 ^ C = AB^ E = 92° (given)
AD
AD = 110 = 2.2, DC = 99 = 2.2  
Exercise 4.8
AB 50 BE 45 1 a 48 cm 2
or AD : AB = DC : BE = 11 : 5
b 850 cm 2
The triangles have two pairs of sides in
c 143.75 cm 2
the same proportion and the same angle
between them d 64 cm 2
5 a Vertically opposite e 100 cm 2

b E.g. AB and PQ are the diagonals of a f 120 cm 2

rectangle g 450 cm 2
OA^ P = OB^ Q (alternate)
h 200 cm 2
^ A = OQ
OP ^ B (alternate)
2 a Ratio of both tile dimensions is 2 : 3 or
28 = 42 = 1.4
6 a i All squares have the same angles 20 30
and their corresponding sides are
b $9.80; $5 × 1.42
in proportion
3 343 hectares, 3 430 000 m2
ii Not all rectangles have
corresponding sides that are in the 4 $9.60
same proportion
5 1200
b E.g. circles, regular pentagons, right-
angled isosceles triangles 6 799.2 cm

7 a Any equivalent to x x+ 4 = 30
34 7 a a = 12.3 cm

b x = 30; the two rectangles are similar b b = 36 cm

only if the lawn is square c c = 7 cm
8 ZX = 6 cm, XY = 7 cm and ZY = 8 cm d d = 27 cm
^ = 58°, X
To the nearest degree, Z ^ = 76° 8 17 cm
and Y^ = 47°
9 60.5 cm
10 a $294
Investigation 4.2 b That they have the same thickness and
1 a Learners’ own answers are of the same quality

b AC = 25 cm, BD = 12 cm 11 Decreased; last week, $1 bought 480 cm 2 , this

week, $1 buys 504 cm 2
c ΔBDC (9,12,15), ΔADB (12,16,20),
ΔABC (15,20,25); similar by SSS
(or AA or SAS)

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Investigation 4.4 Exercise 4.10

1 a Sequence of triangle side lengths are: 1 a 21.6 cm
50000 , 40000 , 10000 b 67.4°
40000 , 32000 , 8000 c 112.6°
32000 , 25600 , 6400 2 a 40.6 cm
a = 6400 = 80 units b 76°
b b = 64 units c 39.4 cm
c 0.8 or 80% 3 a 53°
b 23.9 cm
Exercise 4.9
c 28.8 cm
1 a 7250 cm 3
d 10.8 cm
b 686 cm 3
4 a Triangle BXO
c 62.5 cm 3
b 14 cm
d 378 cm 3
c 30 cm
e 40500 cm 3
d 9.80 cm, 49.0 cm 2
3
f 166.4 cm
5 12.4 cm
g 10 125 cm3
h 0.033 536 cm3 or 33.536 mm 3
Exercise 4.11
2 a a = 16 cm 1 25°
b b = 12 cm 2 134°
c c = 2 cm 3 a 68°
d d = 9 cm b 34°
e e = 7.5 cm 4 a 100°
f f = 32 cm b 86°
3 10.8 cm3 5 a 45°

4 x = 8232 b 31°

5 a 2:3 c 62°

b $13.50 6 a 19°
b 322°
6 980 cm2
7 a 49°
7 700%
b 93°
8 a 480 cm2
c 111°
b 135
8 a 32°
c That the blocks are made from the same
material b 58°
c 82°
9 400π cm 2
d 98°

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9 a 44°
b 11°
Chapter 5
c 272° Check your skills
d 79° 1 21 cm; 294 cm2
a −c c−a
10 a 36° 2 b= or 2c −1
1− 2c
b 126° 3 x = − 5, x = 5

c 72°
Exercise 5.1A
End-of-chapter 4 review exercise 1 a 37.6º

1 12 b 29.7º

2 x = 32° c 60.3º

3 x = 45, y = 20, z = 115 d 36.5º

4 a 24 e 54.7º

b i a 180° − q 2 a x = 23.4º

b p–q b x = 34.2º
ii a 8 cm c x = 70.1º
b 4.9 cm d x = 7.0º
5 a 5 3 a a = 5.85 cm
b 38°, 70° and 72° b b = 13.8 cm
6 a BC^ X = DC ^ Y (vertically opposite)
c c = 4.64 cm
XB^ C = BC ^ X, YD^ C = DC ^Y
d d = 2.69 cm
(angles in isosceles triangle)
e e = 41.1 cm
Hence XB^ C = YD ^C
^ B = DY
^ C (third angle in triangle) f f = 14.6 cm
CX
Hence, the triangles are similar 4 a a = 34.0º

b i 90 − x b b = 36.2º

ii 180 − 2 x c c = 52.7º

c 16.64 cm d d = 22.8º

7 a 5030 cm 3 (3 significant figures) e e = 36.7º

b Via 2 π × 4 × 95 + π × 4 × 152 + 42 f f = 71.3º

= 2582.69 . . . cm 2 5 YZ = 6.01 cm
2
c 4800 cm (3 significant figures)
6 UW = 12.0 cm
8 a x = 106°
7 a BC = 17.3 cm
b y = 127°
b AC = 21.9 cm
c z = 59°
8 a DE = 27.9 cm
d t = 31°
b Area DEF = 198 cm2

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9 a S^ = 39.9°; R
^ = 50.1°
Discussion activity 5.1
b 28.9 cm 1 a sin x = a ,cos x = b ,tan x = a
c c b
b Any equivalent to tan x = sin x
Investigation 5.1 cos x

1 a Any equivalent to A + B = 90º c sin y = ,cos y = ,tan y = b

b a
c c a

b ^ × tan B^ = 1
Any equivalent to tan A sin y
Any equivalent to tan y =
cos y

d tan A = sin A for any acute angle A

Exercise 5.1B cos A

1 a a = 27.0º
Exercise 5.1C
b b = 35.7º
1 a BD = 35.7 cm
c c = 62.3º
b BC = 49.7 cm
d d = 67.1°
2 a PR = 22.3 cm
e e = 46.6°
b SR = 52.6 cm
f f = 51.8°
3 a VX = 14.9 cm
2 a a = 18.8 cm ^ = 40.4°
b U
b b = 8.36 cm ^ D = 64.5°
4 a BA
c c = 3.14 cm ^ D = 14.3°
b CA
d d = 11.8 cm
5 a PS = 12.8 cm
e e = 14.4 cm
b QR = 7.98 cm
f f = 111 cm
c PR = 21.3 cm
g g = 1.41 cm ^ = 25.4°
6 a Y
h h = 9.73 cm
b YZ = 36.1 cm
i i = 25.2 cm ^ C = 49.1°
7 BD
j j = 18.5 cm
8 ^ Y = 50.2°
VX
k k = 2.10 cm
9 a 8.6 cm
l l = 2.47 cm
b 24.2º
3 a BC = 16.2 cm
^ = 32.6° 10 a AM = 2.74 cm
b D
b 4.33 cm2
c HI = 11.1 cm
11 a BC = 6 cm
d JL = 53.9 cm
^ = 42.5° b AC = 6.93 cm
e O
QR
^ = 71.8° 12 a Via = 5 = 1 and tan −1 1 = 45°
f Q SR − PQ 16 −11

g UT = 15.7 cm b 39.1 cm

h VW = 31.5 cm 13 n = 12

i YZ = 21.0 cm

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Investigation 5.2 Exercise 5.3

1 a sin x = a , cos x = b 1 a 135º
c c
2 2 b 315º
b sin2 x = a2 , cos 2 x = b2
c c
2 a P to Q = 113º, Q to P = 293º
2 2 a 2 + b2
c sin x + cos x = a2 + b2 =
2 2
=1 b S to R =199º, R to S = 019º
c c c2

d sin2 y + cos 2 y = 1; sin2 A + cos 2 A = 1 for c X to Y = 052º, Y to X = 232º,

any acute angle A Z to Y = 328º

e Learners’ own conclusions 3 a 240º

b 015º
Exercise 5.2 4 b 134 m
1 11.3° 5 b 6.7 metres
2 16.3° 6 a 75 km
3 193 m b 55.9 km
4 a 84.6 m 7 b 32.0 m
b 26.7 m 8 b 28.4 km
5 13.8 m c 128º
6 39.1 km, 39 104 m or 39 100 m 9 b i 18.5 to 19.0 km
7 a 37.2 m ii 282 to 284º
b 68.4 m 10 a 34 nautical miles
8 a Jemima is taller than Jeremy b 151.9º
b Jemima is 0.109 m or 10.9 cm taller
11 16.4 km
c Estimate is for the difference between
12 a i 132.0°
the heights of their eyes, not the tops of
their heads ii 312.0°
9 0.0049º b More than 63 km/h

Discussion activity 5.2

1 a Learners’ own answers
b Distance in metres = 828 ÷ tangent of
comfortable angle
c The greater the comfortable angle (x), the shorter the distance needed to move away
( distance to move away = 828 − 828
tan( x −10 ) tan x )
Comfortable angle, x 11º 20º 30º 40º 45º 50º 60º
Distance to move
43 176 m 2421 m 1313 m 447 m 355 m 292 m 217 m
away

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Discussion activity 5.3 3 a 4.36 cm

1 a Learners’ own answers b Via 2 × 1 × 9 × 19 = 39.23

2
b Because learners know how to do 4 a Anticlockwise from north at W to
calculations involving right-angled D = 360 – 300 = 60°
triangles DW^ E = 60 + 30 = 90°

c Letter from builder to include b a = 110; b = 30; c = 40; d = 50

information in table:
c 6.43 km
Location of C1 C2 C3 C4 d 8.12  km
new clinic
Bearing from 354.8º 117º 239.2º 297º
5 a 4.0º
school b 86.0º
Distance from 3 3 3 3
school (km) 6 a Via XO ( 23 )
^ Y = 2 sin −1 15

N N b 376 cm 2

C1
c 17.4 cm
d 114.3 cm2

27° 7 17.7 m
C4
8 27.2 km
1.4
P 9 c 5.0 m
1.6
S d 4.971 m or 497.1 cm
3 10 a 21.5 cm
C2
C3 b 20.6 cm 2

11 a AM = 12 or 2 3 ; PR = 128 or 8 2

d Letter from committee to include b i Via cos 60° = 2

4
information in table:
ii Via tan 60° = 12 or 2 3
2 2
Location of C1 C2 C3 C4
new clinic iii Via cos30° = 12 or 2 3
4 4
Bearing from 027º 117º 207º 297º
police station iv Via tan30° = 2 or 2
12 2 3
Distance from 2.54 4.6 2.54 1.4
v Via cos 45° = 8 or 8
police station
128 8 2
(km)
12 a Degrees
Mid-chapter 5 review exercise b Sequence A
1 a a = 3.74 cm c A increasing, B increasing, C decreasing
b b = 60.0º d 28.1º
c c = 71.9º
e Sequence A: there is no upper bound for
d d = 58.6º, e = 60.4º, f = 7.86 cm the value of the tangent of an angle
2 2.90 m

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f Sequence B has 10 terms; last term is The two possible lines BC are the equal-
sin −1 1 = 90° length sides of an isosceles triangle
The equation sin AC ^ B = 18 sin 36° has two
Sequence C has 10 terms; last term is 11
cos −1 1 = 0° possible solutions that sum to 180º:
AC^ B = 74.1° or 105.9°
Exercise 5.4
1 a a = 36.3 cm Exercise 5.5
b b = 23.8º 1 a x=7
c c = 14.4 cm b x = 12.7
d d = 49.6º 2 a ^ = 41.8°
A
e e = 44.0º b ^ = 122.1°
A
f f = 8.87 cm 3 a a = 95.7°
g g = 142.2º, h = 14.2 cm b b = 14.9 cm
2 QR = 8.74 cm c c = 8.55 cm
3 JL = 35.8 cm d d = 28.1°
4 ^ = 39.3°
C e e = 52.4°
5 F^ = 32.5° f f = 142.6°

6 ^ = 3.9°
V g g = 10.8 cm

7 114.2° h h = 15.3°, i = 152.5°

8 a Learners’ own answers 4 AB = 7.57 cm

b i 217 km to port A 5 DE = 13.7 cm

6 ^ J = 111.8°
GH
ii 282 km to port B
c 16.0 minutes 7 LM = 46.2 cm
8 b ^ X = 44°
ZY
9 a 19.0 km
b h = 7735 m c ZX = 9.13 km
9 a AB = 333 units
Investigation 5.3 b ^ B = 104.3°
AO
1 a ^ = h and h = b sin A
sin A ^ 10 a PT = 12.3 m
b
b PT^ R = 45.6°
b sin B = h and h = a sin B^
^
b
^ ^ , so sin A^ sin B^ c 29.6º
c a sin B = b sin A = b or
a b
a
11 a Via ( x + 6 )2 = x 2 + ( x + 3)2 − 2 x( x + 3) ( 12 )
−
^ = sin B^
sin A b x = 4.5, (or x = −3)
d The sine rule c 22.5 cm
12 a 26.4 km
Discussion activity 5.4 b i 217º
1 b There are two possible positions for C in
ii 305.1º
this ambiguous case

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Exercise 5.6 c 68.9º

1 a 11.5 cm2 d 292 cm2

b 41.4 cm2 4 a 
PR = 30 cm, PM = 97 cm,
c 21.7 cm 2 RM = 673 cm

d 174 cm2 b ^ R = 104.7°

PM
2 53.9 cm2 c 123.5 cm2
3 110 cm2 5 a 34 cm
4 71.3 cm2 b 40.6 cm
5 43.3 cm2 c 67.3º

6 a 19.6 cm d 21.0º
b 9.47 cm e 39.9º
c 48.6 cm 6 a 21 168 cm3
7 a i x = 77.6º b 83.0 cm
ii y = 72.4º c 5.4º
iii 17.2 cm 2
7 a x = 10
b i x = 102.4º b (15 )
Via tan −1 14 − tan −1 8 or (15 )
ii y = 47.6º
 2
 2
cos −1  17 + 421− 6 
iii 13.3 cm 2  2 ×17 × 421 

8 a x = 108º; area = 0.4755 units2 c 19.4°

b EB = 1.62 units 8 a Via tan −1 30 ( 810 )
c y = 36º; area = 0.769 units 2
b 1754 m
d 1.72 units2 c 0.887 km2
Via r + r −2 400 = −0.788
2 2
9 a
2r d 25.0 m
b 34.4 cm2
e 159 m closer
c 104 cm2
9 a 15 cm
10 130.0º
b 26.9 cm
11 a Via 2 cos −1
( )
6
30 c 29.1º
b 37.4%

Investigation 5.4
Exercise 5.7
1 b x 2 + y2
1 a PR = 14.1 cm
c x 2 + y2 + z 2
b PS = 17.3 cm
d i 108 = 6 3 or 10.4 cm
2 15.3º
ii 194 or 13.9 cm
3 a 28.3 cm
iii 11014 or 333 cm
b BG = DG = 25 cm; isosceles
e 12 cm

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End-of-chapter 5 review exercise 11 a ^ B = 600 + 800 − 750

Via cos AC 2 × 600 × 800
1 a 22.1 cm b 403 m
b 43.6 cm c 26.7º or 26.8º or 26.73º to 26.76º
c 553 cm 2
d 133.8º to 134.0 . . .º
d 128.3º
2 52.0 cm2
Chapter 6
3 a 2.14 m
b 40.6 m2
Check your skills
1 a B
4 a i 4.79 cm
b D
ii 15.7 cm
c D
iii 16.6 cm
d C
b 24.9º
e A
5 a 100º
2 a x = 5 and x = 17
b 15.3 cm b y = 4 and y = 9
c 42º
d 63.5 cm2 Exercise 6.1
6 a 207.2º to 207.3º 1 a Midpoint of:
b 17.6º to17.8º AB = (5, 0)

7 a 128.03º to 128.04º CD = (6, 4)

EF = (0, 5)
b 6.93 or 6.92 km
c 3 h 28 m ( )
GH = −1, − 12

8 a i 150 m JK = ( 1 , 2 )
2
ii 54.1 m b Length of:
b a = 5 10 m or 5.53 m AB = 5.66 or 4 2 units
19
c 107.8º CD = 4.47 or 2 5 units
9 a Via AY = 3.652
2 EF = 6.32 or 2 10 units
b 7.93 m GH = 5 units
c 26.6º JK = 5.39 or 29 units
d i 11.2 m c Gradient of:
ii 80.7º AB = 1
10 a i 5.38 to 5.39 m CD = 2
ii 0.517 to 0.518 m 1
EF = 3
iii 68.8º to 68.9º GH = − 34
b i 80.9º JK = − 52
ii c 2 > ( a 2 + b2 )

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2 a Midpoint of: 10 a Q(1, 4), S(2, −3) or vice versa

LM = (12, 7) b 1 × −7 = −1
7
(2 )
NP = 11 , 10
c ( 32 , 12 )
QR = (15 , 6 )
2
ST = (−2, 12) Discussion activity 6.1
( 2)
UV = 0, 7 1 a–c Learners’ own answers

WZ = ( 4, − 7 )
d Gradient of horizontal line requires
2 division into zero, which is possible
b Length of: Gradient of vertical line requires division
by zero, which is not possible
LM = 10.8 or 2 29 units
NP = 9.85 or 97 units
Exercise 6.2
QR = 5 units
1 k=2
9
ST = 8.25 or 2 17 units
2 a y = 4x + 7
UV = 16.6 or 277 units
b y = −3x + 8
WZ = 18.2 or 3 37 units
c y = −1x+ 5
c Gradient of: 2 2
3 a m = 1; y = x + 5
LM = 52
b m = 5; y = 5x −2
NP = 94
c m = 2; y = 2 x − 5
2
QR = − 4 3 d m = 3; y = 3x + 4
ST = 14
e m = 2; y = 2 x +3
5 5
9
UV = − 14
f m = 5 ; y = 5 x − 31
6 6 2
WZ = 61
3 g m = − 2 ; y = − 2 x + 10
3 7 7
2
4 (3, 11) or (12, 11) 4 a
3( 3)
y = 3x + 1 ; m = 3; 0, 1
5 F(4, −13) b y = −4 x + 3 ; m = −4; (0, 3 )
5 5
6 a M(1, −1)
c y = 1 x + 5; m = 1 ; (0, 5)
2 2
b OM = 1.41 or 2 units
d y= 1 x + 7; m = 1 ; (0, 7)
c a=5 4 4
e y= 2 x − 6; m = 2 ; (0, −6)
7 D(6, 3) 3 3

8 V (4, −2) f y= 1 x + 1 ; m = 1 ; 0, 1
3 2 3 2 ( )
9 a Via ( b + 5 )2 + ( b − 23)2 = 202 g y= 1 x + 1 ; m = 1 ; 0, 1
2 3 2 3 ( )
b b = 11, b = 7 h y= 4 4
− x + 1; m = − ; (0, 1)
5 5
c B(11, −6) i y= 4
3
8
− x − ; m = − 4 ; 0, − 8
3 3 3 ( )
j y= 2 3
− x + ; m = − ; 0,
7 14
2
7
3
14 ( )

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5 a b = 3, c = −6 Investigation 6.1
b Labelled sketch of y = 2x − 6 through 1 The product of the gradients of two
(3, 0) and (0, −6) perpendicular lines is equal to −1
6 a Horizontal line through (0, 4)
b Vertical line through (−2, 0) Exercise 6.3
c Line through (2, 0) and (0, 3) 1 a −1

d Line through (4, 0) and (0, 5) b −1

2
e (
Line through − 2 , 0 and 0, 1
3 2 ) ( ) c 1
3
f Line through (2, 0) and (0, −7) d −5

7 y = 2x + 4 e 7

8 y = 3 x − 27 f −3
2 4 4
g 5
9 a 280 PKR 3

b 6.83 MR or better h 0

d Line with gradient 41 and vertical 2 y = 4x – 5

intercept at (0, −280)
3 y = 2x+ 5
3 3
e i p = 41m − 280
4 a i y = −2x+4
ii m = 1 p + 280 3
41 41
f Effective exchange rate is one-to-one ii y = −2x+ 8
3 3
when exchanging 7 MR b Any two points with integer coordinates
10 a $48.50 on y = − 2 x + 1, e.g. (0, 1) and (3, −1)
3
b Fixed charge = $3.50; $2.50 per km
5 a y = 1 x+3
4
c x = 2 y−7
5 5 b y=x
d They can work out how far they can
travel for a fixed amount of money 6 y = − 1 x + 11
3
E.g. with $50, a passenger can travel up 7 y = 5 x − 26
2
to 2 × 50 − 7 = 18.6 km 8 y = – 4x + 4
5 5
11 a ( 9 )
C-axis at − 160 , 0 ; F-axis at (0, 32)
9 a y = − 3 x + 13
2 2
b C = 5 F − 160
9 9 b b=2
c F-axis at (32, 0); C-axis at 0, − 160 ( 9 ) 10 ( 58 , 195 )
12 Aa, Bd, Cc, Db
13 a x = −1, y = 4 11 y = − 1 x + 2
3 3
b x = 4, y = 5 12 y = 2x – 5

c x = 2, y = −3
d x = 6, y = 2

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13 a Kite sketched, bounded by lines 4 a 90 km/h

labelled x = −1, y = 2, y = 2x − 6 and a
fourth line b 12 km/h

y c 18  km/h slower
d i 26.7 km/h
ii 21.8 km/h
x = –1

e 09:00 < time < 09:05; 40 < distance from

hotel < 45 km
5 a Lines joining (06:00, 0), (07:30, 60),
(09:30, 100), (11:00, 100) and (12:40, 0)
if ‘distance from home’, or (12:40, 200) if
‘distance travelled’
y=2 b 12:40
c 30 km/h
x
6 b Lines joining (0, 0), (50, 10), (80, 12),
y = 2x – 6
(130, 0)
b (−1, 2), (4, 2) and (−1, 7) c 14.4 km/h
c (9, 12) d Average speed = 11 1 km/h ≠ 10 2 km/h
13 15
d y = 1 x + 15 7 b Lines joining (0, 0), (30, 200), (84, 600),
2 2
(156, 900)
e 50 units 2
c 346.15 km/h

Exercise 6.4A d i 1 h 11 m or 71 minutes

1 a 4 1 m/s or 15 km/h ii On a bearing of 284.0º
6
b 1 m/s or 0.2 km/h 8 b Lines joining (0, 0), (45, 3), (75, 0),
18
(80, 0), (90, 6) or (7.00, 0), (7.45, 3),
c 25 m/s or 90 km/h (8.15, 0), (8.20, 0), (8.30, 6)
d 0.035 m/s or 0.126 km/h c 8.30 a.m.
e 200 m/s or 720 km/h d Dotted line produced from (0, 0) through
f 30 m/s or 108 km/h (45, 3) to (90, 6)

2 a 1 hour
b Elder 20 km/h; younger 7.5 km/h
Investigation 6.2
1 1D, 2A, 3B, 4C
c Elder 1 hour; younger 30 minutes
d Elder 6 2 km/h; younger 10 km/h
3 Exercise 6.4B
e Elder 8 km/h; younger 7.5 km/h
1 a 240 km/h 2
f Elder 10 km/h; younger 8 4 km/h
7 b 0.01 m/s 2
3 a i Lines joining (0, 0), (30, 2), (50, 9),
(60, 10) c −1.5 m/s 2
d 16 km/h 2
ii Lines joining (10, 0), (30, 8), (50, 1),
(60, 0) e −3000 km/h 2
b 10 km/h f −3.125 × 10 −6 m/s 2

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2 a 12 m c Line joining (0, 80) and ( 2251 , 60); 311.1 m

b 30 m
d Lines joining (0, 6), (10, 6) and (18, 0);
c 6 m/s 2 84 m
3 a 0 m/s 2 e Line joining (0, 0) to (0.0005, 7200) or to
(1.8, 2000)
b 6m
Acceleration = 14 400 000 km/h2 or
c i 48 m
1111 1 m/s 2 ; distance = 1.8 km or 1800 m
ii 208 m 9
f Line joining (0, 0) and (90, t); t = 17 s
4 a 25 m
14 2.5 s
b 1 1 m/s 2
3
15 0.076 km or 76 m
c 76 m
16 b Lion: line from (0, 0) with gradient 5
d 4 3 m/s
4 Jackal: line from (0, 4.5) with gradient 2
5 a 1.4 m/s 2
c Lion and jackal are running at the same
b 430 m speed (7.5 m/s)

c 23.25 m/s d Via d lion = 3 ×15 = 22.5 and

2
d 15 seconds d jackal = 4.5 +10.5 × 3 = 22.5
2
6 a a=4 Area under both graphs between t = 0
b 5 1 m/s 2 and t = 3 is equal to 22.5 m
3
c 5m 17 21604.32 km/h 2; 1 2 m/s 2
3
7 a b = 16 18 0.5 m/s or 6480 km/h 2
2

b 195 m
c 9 3 m/s Discussion activity 6.2
4
8 a c = 185 1 a i ii iii iv

b 25 m/s 2
c 222.5 m
9 a p = 4.2
Mid-chapter 6 review exercise
b 8 1 m/s 2 1 13 units
3
c t = 3.6
2 (−2, −10)
10 a q = 1.32
3 b=5
b 52.8 m/s
4 a (5, 5)
11 a r = 11.2
b y = 2x − 5
b s = 5.8
5 a y= 4x−1
3 3
12 13.5 m/s
b 3
y = − x+8
4
13 a Line joining (0, 0) and (8, 30); 120 m
c (4, 5)
b Line joining (0, 4) and (5, 8); 30 m

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6 a ( 32 , 4) b Graph of y = 2 + 5x − x 2

b 2 c x = 2.5
3
c (0, 3) d 8.25; (2.5, 8.25)

d (10, 5) or (−8, −7) e y≈7

7 a a=2 f 1< x < 4

5 a
b b=3
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c y = 1 x −3
3 y 8 0 −6 −10 −12 −12 −10 −6 0 8
8 x = − 3 and y = 3
2 b Graph of y = x 2 − 3x − 10
9 a Lines joining (0, 0), (10, 7.2), (30, 13.2)
c x = 1.5
b 26.4 km/h
d −12.25; (1.5, −12.25)
10 a 16 km/h
e a = −2, b = 5 or vice versa
b Lines joining (0, 10), (80, 10), (100, 0) f x < 0 and x > 3
11 a v = 25 6 a Graph of y = 4 − x 2 ; roots x = −2, x = 2;
b 1.25 m/s2 y-intercept 4; max (0, 4)

12 a (4, − 12 ) b Graph of y = x 2 − 4 x ; roots x = 0, x = 4;

y-intercept 0; min (2, −4)
b 5
6 c Graph of y = x 2 + 6 x; roots x = −6,
c i k=4 x = 0; y-intercept 0; min (−3, −9)

ii A= −5 d Graph of y = x 2 − 2 x − 15; roots x = −3,

2 x = 5; y-intercept −15; min (1, −16)

Exercise 6.5A e Graph of y = x 2 − x − 6; roots x = −2,

x = 3; y-intercept −6; min (0.5, −6.25)
1 a x=5
2
Graph of y = 3 − 2 x − x 2; roots x = 1,
( )
5 ,− 9
f
b x = −3; y-intercept 3; max (−1, 4)
2 4
c x = 1 and x = 4 g Graph of y = 2 x − 1 − x 2 ; root x = 1;
d 1< x < 4 y-intercept −1; max (1, 0)

2 a x = −1.5 h Graph of y = 2 x 2 + 8x + 3; roots x ≈ −3.6,

x ≈ −0.4; y-intercept 3; min (−2, −5)
b (−1.5, 3.25)
c x < −3.3 and x > 0.3
Discussion activity 6.3
3 a x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 a and b For a single root at x = a, the
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 equation is x = a

b Graph of y = ( x − 2 )2 For two roots at x = a and x = b,

the equation is x = a + b
c One 2
When there are no roots,
d i 0<x<4 the equation is
ii 0.6 < x < 3.4  2 2 
x = 1  − b + b − 4ac + − b − b − 4ac 
2 2a 2a 
4 a x −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
=− b
y −4 2 6 8 8 6 2 −4 2a

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Discussion activity 6.4 ii Graph of y = 7 − ( x − 1)2

 0 iii Two
1 a A: Translated by   ; same shape
 5
iv E.g. reflection in y = 0 then
 0  1
B: Translated by   ; same shape translation by   or any two
 −6  7
C: Reflected in y = 0; same shape valid and correctly ordered
transformations
D: Reflected in y = 0 then translated by
 0 2 Sketch graphs showing:
 3 ; same shape
a Min at (0, 1); c = 1; no roots
E: Stretched vertically by factor 2 b Min at (1, 0); c = 1; root at x = 1
b A: sketch of y = x + 52
c Min at (2, 4); c = 8; no roots
B: sketch of y = x 2 − 6 d Max at (0, 16); c = 16; roots at x = −4
C: sketch of y = − x 2 and x = 4

D: sketch of y = − x 2 + 3 e Max at (2, 9); c = 5; roots at x = −1 and

x=5
E: sketch of y = 2 x 2
f Min at (−3, −16); c = −7; roots at x = −7
and x = 1
Exercise 6.5B g Max at (5, 4); c = −21; roots at x = 3 and
1 a i x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x=7
y 7 2 –1 –2 –1 2 7
Exercise 6.6
ii Graph of y = x 2 − 2
1 a x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
iii Two y 10 5 2 1 2 5 10
 0
iv Translation by  
 −2 Graph of y = x 2 + 1; gradient is 2 at x = 1
b i x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 b
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −14 −7 −2 1 2 1 −2 −7 −14
ii Graph of y = ( x − 3)2
Graph of y = 2 − x 2 ; gradient is −4 at
iii One
x=2
 3
iv Translation by   c
 0 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −2.7 −0.8 −0.1 0 0.1 0.8 2.7
c i x –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 Graph of y = 0.1x3; gradient is 0.3 at
x = −1
ii Graph of y = ( x + 4 )2
d
iii One x 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
 −4
iv Translation by   y 4 2 1 0.666 0.5 0.4 0.333 0.286
 0
d i Graph of y = 1 ; gradient is − 4 at x = 1.5
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 9
y –2 3 6 7 6 3 –2

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e x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8

Graph of y = 2 x ; gradient ≈ 1.4 at x = 1

2 a x −3 −2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y 0.11 0.16 0.25 0.44 1 4 - 4 1 0.44 0.25 0.16 0.11

b Asymptote at x = 0; sketch of y = 12
x

c Graph of y = 12
x
d Gradient is −2 at x = 1
e Gradient is 2 at x = −1
3 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −4 0 2 2 0 −4

b Tangent at x = 0
c Gradient is 1 at x = 0
d Gradient is 0 at (0.5, 2.25)
4 a x −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2   2.5 3   3.5 4 4.5
y −5.625 0 2.625 3 1.875 0 −1.875 −3 −2.625 0 5.625

b Graph of y = x3 − 6 x 2 + 8x
c i Gradient is 8 at x = 0
ii Gradient is 2.75 at x = 0.5
5 a x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y −0.4 −0.5 −0.67 −1 −2 – 2 1 0.67 0.5 0.4

b Graph of y = 2
x −2
c Gradient is −0.5 at (0, −1)
d (4, 1)
e y = x − 2 and y = 2 − x
f Centre of rotational symmetry is at (2, 0)
g x = 2, y = 0
6 a a = 61 035, b = 76 294, c = 95 367
b Graph of y = 20 000 × 1.25x
c 4.9 or 5 years
d The gradient increases as time passes
e Tangent at x = 5; gradient = 13 000 to 14 000
f Any $35.61 to $38.36 per day

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7 a a = 699, b = 673 c = 457, d = −29

b Graph of p = 700 − 3t
c The predicted rate of decline is increasing as time passes
d This species of bird will become extinct
8 a x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 0.48 0.75 1.33 3 12 - 12 3 1.33 0.75 0.48 0.33

Graph of y = 12
( x −1)2
b Tangents at x = −1 and x = 3
c Gradient is 3 at x = −1; gradient is −3 at x = 3
d (1, 9)
e x=1

Investigation 6.3
1 a Formula B matches best with the data in the table
b Graph of y = 64 + 32 x − 16 x 2
c 80%; 1 hour

Exercise 6.7
1 a x = 2, y = 1 and x = 4.5, y = 2.25
b x = −2, y = 9 and x = 3.5, y = 6.25
c x ≈ 0.84, y ≈ 0.59
2 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −9 1 7 9 7 1 −9

b ii Graph of y = 7 + 4 x − 2 x 2
c Two
d k=9
e i x = −1, x = 3
ii x ≈ −1.1, x ≈ 3.1
iii x ≈ −0.6, x ≈ 2.6 (draw y = 4)
3 a i x=4
ii x=1
iii x = 0.8 (draw y = 4)

iv (
x = 2 draw y = 1 x
2 )
b k = −0.5

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4 a i One
ii Three
iii One
iv Two
b No line symmetry; rotational symmetry order 2 about (0, 2)
c x = −2, x = 1
5 a End of year, x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Account value, $y 800 896 1004 1124 1259 1410 1579 1769 1981

b Curved graph drawn from values in table

c i 6 years and 2 months
ii ≈ $390
d Graph of y = 80x + 800 drawn for 0 ø x ø 8
e The line is a tangent to the curve at x = 0
6 a Time in months, x 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Mass, y (grams) 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4

b Curved graph drawn from values in table

c i 10 months
ii 4 or 4.1 months
d 9.31 × 10 −10 g

Discussion activity 6.5

1 a–c For question 5, the equation is y = 800 × 1.12 x, where y is the account value after x years

(2)
x
For question 6, the equation is y = 1024 × 1 , where y is the mass after x months
3

Exercise 6.7 (continued)

7 a Via 2l + 2 x = 18
b A = x( 9 − x ) = 9 x − x 2
c x (cm) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A (cm2) 0 8 14 18 20 20 18 14 8 0

d Graph of A = 9x − x 2
i 11.25 cm2
ii 1.3 cm and 7.7 cm
8 a a = −2, b = −3, c = 7, d = 6
b ii Graph of y = 2 + 6 x − x3

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c i x ≈ −2.8 ii y = 3x − 5 has an asymptote at y = 3

x−2
ii x ≈ −2.7, x ≈ 0.5, x ≈ 2.1 (draw y = 5) because:
iii x = −2, x ≈ −0.4, x ≈ 2.4 (draw y = x) 3x − 5
3=
d y = 2 − 3x x−2
3x − 6 = 3x − 5
9 y=3 −6 = −5 [this is not true for
10 y = 2x any value of x ]
11 y = x + 4 c Vertical and/or horizontal asymptotes
are at:
12 y = 1 − 4x
i x = 0 and y = 3
13 y = 8x − 10
ii y = −5
14 a y=3
iii y=1
b y=8
iv x = 3 and y = 0
c y = 5x + 2
v x = 5 and y = 2
15 y = 3
vi x = −4 and y = −3
16 a x = −3, x = 3
vii x = 0, y = −4 2 and y = 4 2
b i y = 15
viii x = −3, x = 3 and y cannot take
ii y = 10
values in the range 1 < y < 1
iii y = −17 18 2

iv y=8 d Learners’ own answers

v y = 5x
End-of-chapter 6 review exercise
vi y=x+2
1 a −2
c The line y = 5 − 4x does not intersect the
b (0, 1)
curve y = 9 − x
2

x −2
c y = 1 x+3
2
d k = −21
2 Via CD is y = 2 x + c through (9, 6) and c = 0
17 p = 6, q = −2 3
3 b = −3
18 a = 32, b = 8
4 a a = −2
19 a p ≈ 1.8, q ≈ 9.9, r ≈ 80.2
b x=5
c Graph of y = x x 2

d i x = 3.2 c y = − 81
4
ii x = 2.7 (draw y = 14) d y=x+1
iii x = 3 (draw y = 8x + 3) 5 1E, 2A, 3B
6 a 5.5 and 5.5
Discussion activity 6.6 b Graph of y = x − 3x + 2
2

2
1 b y = 3x − 5 has an asymptote at
i  c −1.7 to −1.3
x−2
x = 2 because x – 2 = 0 and we d x > 5.1 to 5.4 and x < 0.6 to 0.9
cannot divide by 0

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e i Line through (0, 3) and (4, 0) c None

ii A = −9, B = −4 d Reflection, rotation, enlargement
7 a 0.1 2 32 = 4 2 or 5.66 m on a bearing of 045º or
north-east
b Graph of y = 4 × 2 x
5
c 1.8 to 2.4
Exercise 7.1A
d x = 0.25 to 0.4 (draw y = 1)
1 a
8 a Via L = x + x + 50
x
+ 50
x
b 41.5 to 41.6 and 45
c Graph of L = 2 x + 100
x
d 2.8 to 3.2 < x < 16.8 to 17.2 b

e i 27.5 < minimum length < 28.5

ii 7 m and 7 m
f 10 m and 10 m
c
9 a x−4
b CB = area = 80 ; CQ = CB − 4 = 80 − 4
AB x x

c
2 (x )
Via 80 − 1 ( x − 4 ) 80 − 4
d
d 74
e Graph of y = 32 + 2 x + 160
x
f 67.4 ø minimum shaded area < 68
10 a 36 e

b Graph of d = t 2 + 48 − 20
x
c i 4 < gradient < 6
ii Speed (of the object) f
d 2.5 minutes
e i 1.65, towards; 4.65, away from
ii Any equivalent to t 2 + 48 − 20 = 12
t
g
iii A = −32

Chapter 7
Check your skills h
1 a Enlargement
b Reflection, rotation, enlargement and
translation

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

i f

j g

2 a h

b 3 a L1
A’

L2

B’
c
A

b L2

A’
d
B’

L1

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c e

L1

A’ B

B’ A
f
L2

4 A'( −3, 1); B'( −4, −3); C'( −1, −4 ); D'( 4, 1) ;

E'(7, 2 ); F'(1, 8); G'( −5, 4 ); H'( −1, 5 ); I'( −1, − 3);
-

J'(3, − 4 ); K'( 2, 5 ); L'(7, −5 ) g

Exercise 7.1B
1 a

2 a

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e f

4 c B vertices at (2, 3), (2, 5), (6, 5)

d C vertices at (−2, 3), (−2, 5), (−6, 5)
3 a e Reflection in x = 0 (y-axis)
5 c Q vertices at (4, 1), (7, 1), (4, 3), (5, 3)
d R vertices at (−2, 1), (−5, 1), (−2, −1),
(−3, −1)
e Rotation 180º about (1, 1) or enlargement
b SF = −1 through (1, 1)
6 c L vertices at (0, 0), (−3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 1)
d M vertices at (4, 1), (3, 4), (2, 1), (3, −1)
c e Rotation 90º anticlockwise about
(1 12 , − 12 )
Exercise 7.1C
1 a i SF = 2, centre (−6, 0)
ii SF = 1 , centre (5, −7)
d 2
iii SF = 1 , centre (2, 4)
2
iv (
SF = −1, centre −1, 5 1
2 )
v SF = − 1 , centre (−2, 6)
2
vi SF = − 1 , centre (4, 2)
e 4

b Enlargement, SF = −1, centre −3, 4 1 or ( 2 )

(
rotation 180º about −3, 4 1
2 )

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2 c Q vertices at (−2, 2), (0, −2), (4, −2), (2, 2) 4 a (−2, 2)

 −6
d R vertices at (3, 5), (9, 5), (12, −1), (6, −1) b  1 
e S vertices at (7, 1), (5, 1), (4, 3), (6, 3)
 −1
f i Enlargement, SF 2 , centre (−12, −4) 5  −2
3
ii (
Enlargement, SF = 3, centre 4 1 , 2
2 ) 6 a = 4, b = 3
3 a 3 or 0.75 7 (0, 3), (6, 3), (0, −1) or (6, −1)
4
b 9 or 0.5625  3
16 8 a  −3
4 (5, 3)
 4
5 (0, 1) b  4
6 (−1, 4)
 4
7 (−3, 2) c  2

8 (9, 5)  5
d  1

Exercise 7.1D e
 5
 3
 5
1 a  3  −4
f  −1
 6
b  0
Exercise 7.2
 −2
c  −7 1 P is F followed by C.
Q is D followed by A.
 −8
d  −6 R is B followed by E.

 3 2 c K vertices at (2, 3), (−2, 5), (4, 5)

e  6
d L vertices at (−3, 4), (−7, 6), (−1, 6)
 −4 e M vertices at (2, 7), (4, 11), (4, 5)
f  4 
 5
f i Translation by vector  
 0  0  −1
2 a  0 ; sum is equivalent to  0 ii Rotation 90º clockwise about (1, 3)
U  →U
 6 3 c Q vertices at (2, −1), (4, 1), (4, 3), (8, −3)
b  0 ; the vector is horizontal with
d R vertices at (2, 5), (4, 3), (4, 1), (8, 7)
length 6 units
e S vertices at (2, 11), (4, 13), (4, 15), (8, 9)
c Z and X (length 5 units)
f T vertices at (−5, 8), (−3, 10), (−3, 12),
3 c i Enlargement, SF = 2, centre (−5, 0) (1, 6)
 −1 g Enlargement, SF = 1 , centre (3, −4)
ii Translation by vector   2
 3
4 a (4, 2)
iii Enlargement, SF = − 12 , centre (3, 2) b (4, −2)
d ( ) 1, 1 1
2 c (4, 8)

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d (4, 0) 2 a Reflection in x = −1
e (2, −4) b Vertices at (0, 6), (−1, 5), (−2, 5)
f (8, 0) c 4
5 a (0, 1) 3 a Centre (4, 2), SF = 3
b (0, 0) b Vertices at (−2, −1), (−3, −1), (−3, −3)
c (−1, −2) 4 a Reflection in y = − x
d (5, 3) b Vertices at (−1, 2), (−1, 5), (−2, 4)
6 a (2, 2) 5 a 2

 1 b Vertices at (5, −1), (8, −1), (8, 1)

b Translation by vector   or any other
 3
 5
that maps (0, −2) to (1, 1) c  −1

 4  4
7 a translation by vector   ; enlargement, 6 a Translation by vector  
 −3  −2
SF = −2 through (0, 3)
b Vertices at (4, 2), (4, 3), (2, 3)
b i (−4, 5)
c Vertices at (−1, −2), (−1, 4), (−4, −2)
ii (2, 1)
7 (−1, 0)
8 c i vertices at (6, 8), (2, 11), (2, 5)
8 c B vertices at (4, 2), (4, 4), (5, 4)
ii vertices at (−4, −2), (−7, 2), (−1, 2)
d C vertices at (0, 4), (0, 5), (2, 4)
iii vertices at (−2, −4), (2, −7), (2, −1)  1
e Translation by vector  
d 90º clockwise rotation about (– 3, 0)  3
e P(−3, −3) 9 c Q vertices at (0, 0), (0, 2), (−1, 0)
9 a y=6−x d R vertices at (0, 4), (−2, 4), (−2, 5)
b (6, 6) e S vertices at (3, 5), (3, 7), (4, 7)
c (4, 1) f (6, 4)
d (8, −1) 10 c K vertices at (2, 1), (3, 1), (2, 3)
d L vertices at (4, 0), (4, −2), (5, −2)
Investigation 7.1 e M vertices at (6, 0), (6, −2), (5, −2)
1 a (1, 1) → (0, 0) so P is at (1, 1)  6
f Translation by vector  
(3, 5) → (0, 0) so Q is at (3, 5)  −3
b They both map M(2, 3) onto (2, 1)  −6
g Translation by vector  
 3
The order of the combined
transformations on M is not significant 11 a = 2, b = −2

Mid-chapter 7 review exercise Exercise 7.3

1 a Rotation 90º clockwise about (3, 1) ⟶|
1 a ​​|AZ ​
​  ​​ = 5 units
b Vertices at (−2, 4). (−4, 0), (−4, 4) ⟶
|​​ BZ ​
b ​  |​​ = 10 units

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|​​ CZ ​ ⟶|
c ​  ​​ = 13 units b a = 7, b = −14
|​​ DZ ​ ⟶| c a = 11 , b = 13
d ​  ​​ = 30 units 3 6
|​​ EZ ​ ⟶
​  |​​ = 2 units a = , b = −9 or a = − 1 , b = −1
d 1
e 2 2
⟶
f ​​|FZ ​ ​  |​​ = 29 units 5 a

|​​ GZ ​ ⟶| 5
3
1
g ​  ​​ = 65 units 2
⟶|
​​|HZ ​
4
h ​  ​​ = 3 2 units 1

|​​ IZ ​ →
i ​  |​​ = 7 units b 6
⟶ –2
j ​​|JZ ​
​  |​​ = 23 units 2
–2
–4
 6   −6 0
2 a Yes; −1 ×   =  
 −5  5  c
3
 4  −8 1
–3
b No;   is not a scalar multiple of  −4
3
 −3
 4 12 4
c Yes; 3 ×   =   0
 6  18
d –5
1
 12   18 
d Yes; 3 ×   = 
2  −8  −12
1
–4 –4
 10 
e No;  is not a scalar multiple of –3
 −12
 24  e –5
 −20 1

 −18  15  –2
f Yes; − 5 ×  = 3
6  21   −35  3
2
2
 15   −10 f 4
g Yes; − 2 ×   = 
3  −9  6  1

2
1
13 13 2 3
3 a  3  and  3  = 178
–1

 7  7 12
6 a
b  4 and  4 = 65  5 

 3  3 b 13 units
c  3 and  3 = 3 2
c i 67.4º (or 112.6º)
 6  6 ii 22.6º (or 157.4º)
d  0 and  0 = 6
iii 40.8º (or 139.2º)
 −8  −8
e  15  and  15  = 17  16   4
7 a  −12 or 4  −3
 −4  −4
f  21 and  21 = 457 b Magnitude is 20; the train travelled 20 km
from its starting point
4 a a = 4, b = −1 c 126.9º

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Discussion activity 7.1 ⟶  −2 

7 a ​​  PQ ​​ =
 2  −10
 3 = 22 + 32 + 42 = 29 ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
1 b ​​  OM ​​ = OP ​​
​​  + 1 PQ ​​
​​ 
  2
 4
⟶  5
(compared with longest diagonal of cuboid) c ​​  OM ​​ = 
 2
⟶  5 
8 a ​​ OB ​​ = 
Exercise 7.4  k + 4
⟶  −5 b k = 8; equation of AC is y = 8
1 a ​​  PQ ​​ = 
 −6 ⟶  6
9 a ​​  OB ​​ =   ; OB = 37 units
⟶ 10  −1
b 2​​ QP ​​ =  
12 b AC = 221 units
⟶  −12 c 38 units2
2 a ​​  AB ​​ =
 16 
⟶  4
b 100 units 10 a TS ​​
​​  = 
16
⟶ ⟶
3 a ​  |​​ = 4 units, |​​ BC ​
|​​ AB ​ ​  |​​ = 3 units k=3
b 4
⟶  4 ⟶ 11
b ​​  AC ​​ = 
 3 c ​​  ON ​​ = 
⟶ ⟶ ⟶  6
​​|AC ​
|​​ = 5; ​​|AB ​
​  |​​ + ​​|BC ​
​  |​​ = 7
(11)
c ​ 
d Via tan −1 6 ≈ 28.6°
⟶  5 ⟶
​​|OM ​
|​​ = 2 26 units
4 a ​​  AC ​​ = 
 2 e ​ 

⟶  −1 ⟶ 5⟶
b ​​  PR ​​ =  11 QR ​​
​​  = ​​ PQ ​​ and Q is a common point
2
 12  ⟶ ⟶
12 Not collinear; CD ​​
​​  ≠ k​​ DE ​​  or equivalent
⟶  9
c ​​  SU ​​ = 
 −9
⟶  −7 Exercise 7.5
d ​​  CE ​​ = 
 −5 1 a AX = 1 AB
4
⟶  −4
e ​​  XZ ​​ =  b AX = 1 AB
 13  5

⟶ 1 ⟶  4 ⟶  6 c AX = 2 AB
5 a ​​  OA ​​ =   , OB ​​
​​  =   , OC ​​
​​  =  5
1  6  3
d AX = 3 AB
4
⟶  3
b i ​​  AB ​​ = 
 5 e AX = 5 AB
9
⟶  2 f AX = 7 AB
ii ​​  BC ​​ =  11
 −3
 3  2   5 2 a i 2a
c  5 +  −3 =  2
ii 3b
6 a i a=2 iii 3b – 2a
ii b = 73
b a+ 3b
2
⟶  40 ⟶
b ​​  | |
QR ​​ =   ; ​​ QR ​
​  ​​ = 41 units
 −9

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3 a i 2p 5 (q − p )
b i 12
5q
ii 2 ii 5 : 12
1 7 p − 23 q − r 1
or 60 (35p − 23q − 60r )
5 q − 2p
iii 2 or 2 (5q − 4p) iii 12 60
3p+ 5q 1 (12p + 5q ) 9 A, C and D are collinear
b 8 or 8
2 ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶
​​  AC ​​ = −4p + 2q, AD ​​
​​  = 10p − 5q; AD ​​
​​  = − 52 AC ​​
​​ 
4 k = −4
10 a i 2a + k
5 a i 5a
ii 2k − a
ii 5b
iii 1 a + 5 k or 1 (a + 5k )
iii 5b – 5a 2 2 2
⟶
b 5b − 5a ≠ k(3b − 2a) b i ​​  OX ​​ = 3λ a + λ k
⟶
c 1 a + 5 b or 1 (a + 5b ) ii ​​  OX ​​ = (1 + µ )a + 2 µk
2 2 2
⟶ ⟶ c 3λ = 1 + µ and λ = 2 µ
6 a i 
​​  ED ​​ and AB ​​
​​  are parallel, in the same
direction and the hexagon is regular d λ = 2, µ = 1
⟶| | ⟶|
so |​​ ED ​
5 5
​  ​​ = ​​ AB ​
​  ​​
⟶ ⟶ 11 a i a+ 5c
ii ​​ EF ​​ and BC ​​
​​  are parallel, in opposite 3
directions and the hexagon is regular ii c−a
| ⟶|
so ​​ EF ​
​  | ⟶|
​​ = ​​ BC ​
​  ​​ b i
⟶
​​  OP ​​ = ka + 5k c
3
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
iii ​​ AD ​​ and BC ​​
​​  are parallel, in the same ii ​​  OP ​​ = (1 − m )a + mc
direction and the hexagon can be
divided into six equilateral triangles c k = 1 − m and 5k = m
3
| ⟶|
so ​​ AD ​
​  | ⟶|
​​ = 2 ​​ BC ​
​  ​​ d k = 3, m = 5
8 8
b i x+y
ii −2x End-of-chapter 7 review exercise
iii y−x 1 3a + 6b = 3(a + 2b)
iv x−y  1
2 a i  −8
⟶ ⟶| ⟶|
c ​  |​​ + |​​ BC ​
|​​ AB ​ ​  ​​ = 2; |​​ AC ​
​  ​​ = 3 via 2 sin 60°,
ii C(−1, −2)
2 cos 30°, 2 − 2 cos 120° or sin120°
sin 30° iii n = −4 and n = 10
7 a r−p
b 2:3
b q−p
3 a i (−1, 4.5)
c r−q
ii (−1, 13)
5q−r
d 8 iii 7.21 or 2 13
8 a i q−p
b i b−a
1 (q + r )
ii 2 ii 1 a + 1 b = 1 (a + b)
4 4 4
3 q+ 1r 1 (3q + 5r )
iii 10 2 or 10 4 a i 4a
ii 2b − 4a = 2(b − 2a)

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b i 3b b i a 2p
2
b p+q
ii 3:2
3p+q
iii Trapezium ii 2

5 a i b−a 1 p + 4 q = 1 (3p + 8q )
iii 2 3 6
ii 3b − 2a
11 a PQ = 29 ≠ PS = 58
b i 4a
3 ⟶  9
b i ​​  PR ​​ = 
ii Trapezium  8
6 a 3p ⟶  5
ii ​​  QS ​​ = 
(
3 p + 5 q = 1 3p + 5q
)  −2
b 2 2 2
⟶  9  9λ 
( ) 2(
3 p + 9 q = 1 3p + 9q = 3 p + 3q
) c i ​​  PX ​​ = λ  =  
c 2 2 2  8  8λ 
d k = 1.5 or 32 ⟶  5   2  2 + 5 µ 
ii ​​  PX ​​ = µ  +  = 
 −2  5  5 − 2 µ 
7 a i 4q − 2p = 2(2q – p)
ii 5q d 9λ = 2 + 5 µ and 8λ = 5 − 2 µ

b kp + 5q e λ = 1 and µ = 1
2 2
c k = 10 f Parallelogram; diagonals bisect
one another
8 a i a 2 2
( ) 2(
3 p + 3q = 1 3p + 6q = 3 p + 2q
)
360 −90 = 135°; n = 8 via 180( n − 2 ) = 135n
12 a 
5p 2
b 2 360
or
⟶ ⟶ 180 −135
ii Trapezium; PQ ​​
​​  is a multiple of SR ​​
​​ 
b i a+b
or PQ is parallel to SR because
⟶ ⟶ 5 ii b−a
​​  PQ ​​ = 4p and SR ​​
​​  = p
2 ⟶
iii 8:5 c i ​​  DA ​​ = (1 + 2 )a
⟶
 2 ii ​​  AB ​​ = (1 + 2 )b
b i  −3 2
d  2 × (1 + 2 ) = 6 + 4 2 or 11.7 units 2
 
ii 6.32 to 6.325 or 2 10

iii
 6
 1 Chapter 8
9 a 7 Check your skills
1 8
 −3 + 2 k 
b i  4  2 y=3

ii k=9 3 x = −4
2
 −8
10 a i  4  Exercise 8.1
ii 8.94 or 4 5 1 a {16, 25, 36}
b {Monday, Friday}
 1
iii  4 c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

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2 a Odd natural numbers less than ten ℰ

A
b Months with thirty days B
c Letters of the alphabet
3 a, d and e are empty
4 a and d are true
A∩B
5 a {I, M, P, S}
b n(A) = 4 ℰ
A
6 a i {3, 5, 7} B

ii {5}
iii {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
iv {3, 7, 8, 9} A’ ∪ B
v {4, 6, 8, 9}
ℰ
vi {3, 7}
A
vii {8, 9} B

b 5
c 2
d C = {4, 9}; n(C ' ) = 5 A’ ∩ B
e E.g. 9 ∈C but 9 ∉ A or A' ∩ C ≠ ∅ or
A ∩ C ≠ C or A ∪ C ≠ A b ℰ

7 Z described or named with elements 2, 4, 6, 8 A B

and exactly two of 1, 3, 5 or 7
E.g. Z = {factors of 24 that are less than 9}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}

A∪B
Discussion activity 8.1
1 Learners’ own answers. ℰ
A B

Exercise 8.2
1 a ℰ
A
B
A∩B

ℰ
A B
A∪B

A’ ∪ B

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ℰ 8 a ℰ
A B
A B 7
13
11 5
3 15

9 1
A’ ∩ B C

2 a A' ∩ B b {9}
b A∪ B' c 3
c X' 9 a True
d Y ∪Z b b=5
e X ∩Y ∩ Z c Lines represented by y = 2x + 5 and
y = 2x – 3 are parallel / do not intersect
f X' ∩ (Y ∪ Z )
d {(2, 9)}
g X' ∩ (Y ∩ Z )
3 a {7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Discussion activity 8.2
b 6
1 b E.g. A = {figures with all sides / lines the
c A∩ B = ∅ same length} = {1, 6, 7}

d 11 B = {figures with rotational symmetry

17 order 2} = {2, 4, 6}
4 a 48 C = {figures with line symmetry} =
A {1, 2, 3, 6}
15

B
c Here, ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C ' = ∅ , so any figure
10 8 with all sides / lines the same length
and rotational symmetry order 2, but
23
no line symmetry, would be acceptable.
For example, either of:
b i 15
ii 23

5 20
R S
7 6 1 10 11

3 Mid-chapter 8 review exercise

1 5
n( R ∩ S ) = 1
2 a (A ∪ B ) ∩ C
6 a {15, 25}
b i 6
b 7
ii {d, e, f}
7 a {5, 7, 11}
3 a {p, q, r, s, t, u}
b We cannot list all the prime numbers
greater than 3 b {s, v}

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4 a b x = 3, y = 6, z = 9
c A ∩ G ∩ D'
A B
d 4
8 a i 1
ii {10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20}

iii 7
11
C
b i 8

b i 6 ii 28
45
ii {10, 14, 16}
5 a A ∩ B' Exercise 8.3
1 a 0
b C ⊂D
b 9.6
6 a
ℰ c 12 1
2
A
d 21
2 a 11
B
b 242

c 82

d 57
3 a −31
b i
b 64
ℰ
P c 71
T C
d −5
11
4 a f(x) = {−5, 7, 9, 15}
21 18
19 14
b f(x) = {0, 1, 21, 91}

c {8
f(x) = 1 , 1, 2, 128 }
17
d f(x) = {−16, 4, 16, 32}

ii 17 5 a x = {−7, 0, 9}

7 a ℰ
A D
b { 2 2}
x = −3 1 , 1, 4 1

12 x c x = {−31, 11, 3 2 }
y 7
1 d x = {−23, −55.2, 69}
0 4
6 a i 2
5 z ii 0.5
G

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b x = 3.5 n −1 ( x ) = x 2 + 22 x + 125 = ( x + 11)2 + 4

i
c The denominator will be zero and we
cannot divide by zero j p −1 ( x ) = x + 3
x−2
7 a 16 k q −1 ( x ) = 17 − 13x
5x + 8
b −5
c i 2a 2 − 16 l r −1 ( x ) = 7 x + 8
2x + 3

ii 4a 2 a a=7
5
d x = −4, x = 2
b b= −1
4
e −2.83 and 2.83
3 a i 2
8 a x = −6, x = 11
ii −1
b x = 0 cannot belong
b x = −8
9 a = 1 , b = 2, k = 12
6 c x = 10
10 a c = −4 2( x + 1)
4 p −1 ( x ) = 2 + 2 = 2 x + 2 = ,
x x x
b x = −3, x = 7 −1 1
q ( x ) = 2x − 2 ; x = − , x = 4
4
11 a 0.8
5 (1, 1)
b x=8
6 x=5
12 a x=6
b a = −1
Investigation 8.1
13 m = 9, c = −8
1 a and b Learners’ own answers
14 x = 4
c y = f(x) is mapped onto y = f −1 ( x )
15 a = 3 (and vice versa) by a reflection in y = x
16 a g( x ) = ( x − 5 )2 + 2 d The point (a, b) on y = f(x) is mapped
onto the point (b, a) on y = f −1 ( x )
b g( x ) ù 2
If f(a) = b then f −1 ( b ) = a

Exercise 8.4
Exercise 8.5
1 a f −1 ( x ) = x − 7
1 a fg(x) = 2x – 12
b g −1 ( x ) = 2 x
b gf(x) = 2x – 6
x −7
c c −1 ( x ) =
2 2 a i gh(x) = 5 – 3x
−111 − x
d d (x) = 5 ii hg(x) = 23 – 3x
−1
e h ( x ) = 3( x + 2 ) iii hh(x) = 9x + 8

f j−1 ( x ) = 3 x + 9 or 3x +18 b x = −1
2 2
3 a j−1 ( x ) = 2 x − 5
g k −1 ( x ) = 3 x + 5 or 3x + 5
2 2 2
b k −1 ( x ) = 2 x + 5
h m −1 ( x ) = ( x − 2 )2
c jj−1 ( x ) = x

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k −1k( x ) = x 4 a i 43
d
ii g −1 ( x ) = x −6
2x +1 2
4 a mn(x ) =
2x + 2
b x = 1 , x = −3
3x + 1 2
b nm(x ) = 2 x + 1 =
x +1 x +1 5 a −11
x +1 b −10
c nm −1 (x ) =
1− x
x −1 c x=1
d mn −1 (x ) = 3
x +1
d x=8
5 a a = 7, b = −4 or w(x) = 7x – 4
b i ww(x) = 49x – 32 6 a x = 11

ii wv(x) = 7 x 2 + 28x + 24 or b fg(x) = x + 10

7( x + 2 )2 − 4 7 a vw( x ) = 4 + x

c 25 b x = 1 and x = 7

6 fg( x ) = 2 x 8 (2)
q( x ) = 2 x 2 ; q 1 = 1
2
7 a fg(x) = 100 – 6x
9 a x= 1
4
13
b gg(x) = 729x
b x = −7
−1 (100 − x )2
c f (x) =
4
10 a Sketch graph of f ( x ) = 1 x + 3
100 − x 2
d g −1f −1 ( x ) = ( ± )
6 b −1
Sketch graph of f ( x ) = 2x − 6
8 a h( x ) = 4 − x
c Reflection in the line y = x
b g( x ) = 4 x − 5
11 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
9 f −1g −1 ( x ) − g −1f −1 ( x ) y = f(x) 3 4 7 12 19 28
= 4 x + 3 − ( 4 x − 3)
b Parabola from min point (−2, 3) through
= 6 for all x
(0, 7) to (3, 28) sketched
10 a k = 27
c 3 ø f ( x ) ø 28
b gg(4) = 64
12 a = 9, b = 13
c x = 36 ≈ 3.30
3

End-of-chapter 8 review exercise Chapter 9

1 a −5
8
Check your skills
7 1 12
b f −1 ( x ) =
2 x +3
2 Scatter diagram
2 a −3
5 3 Categorical (qualitative) data
b f ( x ) = x −1
−1
4

3 a 1
8

b f −1 ( x ) = 4 x

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Exercise 9.1 d Country Boys, f Girls, f Children, f

1 a Egypt 11 9 20
Two-month period Number of
accidents, f USA 9 12 21
Jan–Feb 28 China 5 3 8
Mar–Apr 16 S. Africa 7 4 11
May–Jun 8 Totals 32 28 60
Jul–Aug 8
Sept–Oct 16
8 a 47
Nov–Dec 20 b Wednesday and Friday

b 44 c Tuesday

c 12 d 6

d 96 9 a Bars labelled from 0 to 6

2 a Symbol representing 3 patients with 1, 2, Bar heights: 9, 12, 5, 3, 4, 0, 2

4, 5 and 3 symbols drawn b Add the products of the numbers of
b 45 goals and their frequencies; 59 goals

c 45 and 5 c 3

45 ÷ 5 = 9 gives the average/mean 10 a

number of patients per hour
Approx. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Total
3 mass (g)
Mark 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Items in 18 20 12 8 4 2 2 0 66
bag, f
Frequency, f 1 3 2 4 6 5 5 4 5 4 1
Items in 0 4 6 4 4 8 20 20 66
4 a Sector angle for B ≈ 90° and 90 is 25% box, f
of 360
b The bag and the box both contain
b Grade A 66 items
c 2400 Items in the box are heavier than items
in bag
5 a 24 = 8
27 9
The ranges of masses are about the same
b 4
7 11 a 280
c 88.3% b Salad, pizza, curry, stew
d Girls; 88.9% for girls, 87.9% for boys c 1:3
6 a Assembly 30°; lunch 50°; sport 110°; d Bar heights: 20, 10, 70, 40 for girls and
lessons 170° 60, 30, 20, 30 for boys
b 47.2% Key showing the four types of meal
c 17 : 19
7 a 28 Investigation 9.1
b 14 1 a and b Learners’ own answers

c 20 = 1
60 3

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Discussion activity 9.1 c Positive correlation when the price is

below $25; negative correlation when the
1 a Learners’ own answers price is above $25
b Pie chart: Chandra and Esme’s names are d As the price falls, more bottles are sold
written in the wrong sectors (as expected) but, once the price drops
The total number of books is missing below $25, customers suspect that the
from the title, so the chart does not show perfume is of low quality, so fewer
the numbers of books read bottles are sold

Pictogram: There is no key telling us 5 b Positive correlation; the higher the atomic
what the symbol represents; Bhuti has number, the higher the melting point
one of Ankit’s symbols c 90 to 100 K from graph (it is actually
Bar chart: Fatima’s and Ankit’s bars are 116.6 K)
the wrong heights (should be 4 and 8);
Dilip’s bar should be half-way between
Chandra’s and Esme’s
Investigation 9.2
1 a–h Typically, a person’s foot is 5 to 15%
longer than their hand span
Discussion activity 9.2
1 a and b Pie chart on the right distorts sector
angles (transport is made to look Exercise 9.3
proportionally larger) 1 Mode; it gives the most popular size
Neither line graph distorts the 2 All three are correct: Ramin has found the
information but this type of diagram median, Shadrack has found the mean, and
tempts us to read values from the Tron has found the mode
lines between plotted points, which
actually have no meaning 3 a Range = 92, there is no mode,
median = 17
Bar chart on the left distorts the
comparative percentage increases b Range = 33, mode = 13, median = 12
because the vertical scale does not c Range = 113, mode = 31 and 44,
start at zero (on the left, countries median = 44
A and B appear to be 11 times and
7 times country C) 4 a 28
b 25.5
Exercise 9.2 c 27
1 a C
d 13 1 or 13.1
13
b Positive correlation
e 5.6
2 There is positive correlation between the two
sets of data f 31 2 or 31.7 if 0 is excluded; 22 2 or
3 3
3 b The points fall into two distinct groups 22.7 if 0 is included

c Two different types of rock were g 20

collected (with different densities) 5 Median allows the teacher to see who is in the
4 b The points do not all cluster around the top half or the bottom half of the class
same straight line / the lines appear to 6 a 800 cm
cluster around two different straight lines
(do not accept ‘there is no correlation’) b 159 cm

77 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

7 a 28.5 e The beetles are of greater but less varied

lengths in country A (than in country B)
b 5
c 24.5
Discussion activity 9.3
8 4 m 6.2 s
1 a For all 31 values, mean = 38.0,
9 a i 8 median = 42, mode = 0

ii 8 b Mode is not appropriate because it is an

extreme value and not at all central
iii 7.785
There appears to be only one Sunday
b i 1.2 flight per month, so the four zeros could
ii 1.1 be ignored

iii 1.13 For the remaining 27 values,

mean = 43.6, median = 44, mode = 45
c i 58
Best representative average would be
ii 58 44 or 45
iii 57.02
d i 9.8 Investigation 9.3
ii 9.8 1 a Sums are 1540, 5151 and 500 500.

iii 9.8 b i 558

e i 7 ii 4914

ii 7 iii 157 290

iii 8 iv 280 034

10 a 5 v 8 576 920

b 4.5 c There are (b – a + 1) natural numbers;

c 4.15 mean is a + b and sum is ( b − a + 1) × a + b

2 2
11 a 14
Mid-chapter 9 review exercise
b 54
1 a 2020
c 432
b $24 000
d 8
c $80 000
e 18
2 Patients slept for (much) longer and lost
12 a = 2 (a little) weight
13 a 9 < b < 17 3 1215
b b = 12 4 a Mode = 0 days, range = 4 days
14 a A = 3.5 cm, B = 3.2 cm b Number of days 0 1 2 3 4
b A = 3.5 cm, B = 3.3 cm Frequency 10 5 2 2 1

c A = 3.5 cm, B = 3.3 cm c Bars labelled 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

d 0.4 cm Bar heights: 10, 5, 2, 2, 1

78 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

5 a 840 b 1
2
b If the sample is not representative of c They are grouped with the senior citizens
the population who have 1 or 2 grandchildren
6 a Physics = 30%, chemistry = 20%, d
biology = 37.5% Number of grandchildren Frequency, f
0–5 18
b 28 = 14
78 39 6–11 15
c 1 12–18 3

7 a 11.44 3 a 42.5 minutes

b 10 appears more frequently than all other
b Time (hours) Frequency, f
values; the 13th ordered value is 11
1 to under 1 2
8 a 162 g 2
b $0.16 or 16 cents 1 to under 1 1 3
2
9 a N = 15
1 1 to under 2 6
b 136.5 2

c q = 49 2 to under 2 1 5
2
10 a 2.67 m
4 a 5, 15 and 10
b 95.6 kg
b i 10 ø x < 25 (second)
c 1 h 19 m and 1 h 29 m
ii 25 ø x < 35 (third)
11 a i Mode
iii 10 ø x < 25 (second)
ii 11
iv 5 ø x < 10 (first)
b i Median
5 a 5
ii 25
b 65
c p = 38
c 30
12 a 31
b 23 Investigation 9.4
c 22.5 1 a–d Learners’ own answers
13 p = 7
14 y = 31 Exercise 9.5
1 a 16

Exercise 9.4 b 23.5

1 a Time (seconds) Frequency, f c 40.8125

130.5 ø t < 135.5 7 d 12.2825
135.5 ø t < 140.5 12 2 195.3 kg
140.5 ø t < 145.5 11
3 16 2 minutes
3
b All widths are 5 seconds.
4 a 32.4 minutes
Mid-values: 133, 138 and 143 seconds
b 3 hours
2 a 36

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

5 a Estimate of total time taken is (45 × 4 + b Ruled line from (15, 4) to (25, 6) to
55 × 28 + 62.5 × 10 + 67.5 × 12 + 74 × (35, 3.5) to (45, 2) to (55, 1.5)
6 mins) 59 hours and 59 minutes
c 20 < t ø 30
Yes, they are justified in organising a trip
d 20
to celebrate
e 25
b 60 minutes and 12 seconds
7 a Class boundaries: 2, 4, 8, 10, 14
6 p = 33
Frequency densities: 15, 35, 25, 10
7 a q is a non-negative integer
b 7.15 cm
b q=7
c 40 = 2
c 8 < y ø 14 260 13
d 38.5%
Investigation 9.5 8 a The class widths of 0.5 metres
1 a Estimate of mean will be unchanged b Numbers and label on the horizontal
(distance) axis would be the same
b Estimate of mean cannot be predicted
(must be recalculated) Vertical axis numbered and labelled for
frequency on frequency diagram, but for
c Estimate of mean will be multiplied by 2
frequency density on a histogram (do not
d Estimate of mean will increase by 2 accept ‘one diagram would be taller than
the other’)

Exercise 9.6A c Class boundaries: 3, 3.5, 4, 4,5, 5, 5.5

1 a a = 6, b = 7, c = 9, d = 4.5, e = 6, f = 2 Frequency densities: 8, 32, 24, 12, 4

b Class boundaries: 4, 8, 14, 21, 30 d Estimate of mean = 4.075 m

1000 +1100 = 1050 or class interval is
Frequency densities: 5, 4.5, 6, 2 9 a 
2
2 a p = 9, q = 11, r = 6, s = 4 450 to 1050 steps

b Class boundaries: 1, 3, 8, 12, 20 b 600 (steps)

Frequency densities: 4.5, 2.1, 1.5, 0.5 c Class boundaries: 450, 1050, 1650, 2250,
2850.
3 Class boundaries: 5, 15, 20, 35
Frequency densities: 0.05, 0.09, 0.2, 0.12.
Frequency densities: 4, 6, 2
10 a 2.5
4 Class boundaries: 4, 12, 22, 34
b 225
Frequency densities: 3.5, 4.5, 2.5
c 9 × 140 = 125 or
5 + 30 + 14
5 a Class boundaries: 0, 8, 24, 48
2.5(2 + 12 + 36) = 125
Frequency densities: 5, 4, 3
d 30 = 6
b 0<tø8 35 7

c 21.5 minutes 11 a i 85 – 55 = 30

d 20 ii 16 = 16 = 0.8
35 −15 20
6 a Class boundaries: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 b Class boundaries: 15, 35, 45, 55, 85
Frequency densities: 4, 6, 3.5, 2, 1.5 Frequency densities: 0.8, 1.2, 1, 0.2

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c 21 ii ≈ 0.29 seconds
d k = 50 iii 31 or 32
d t > 0.15 seconds
Investigation 9.6 6 a 800
1 a–f Learners’ own answers
b 3 h 30 m to 3 h 45 m
g Class boundaries cannot be found when
class intervals have unequal widths c Range: width of curve for women is
narrower than for men
There will be many possible frequency
tables, all agreeing with what appears on Interquartile range: middle section of
the graph paper curve for women is steeper than for men
d i 160 men and 160 women watched
Exercise 9.6B for less than 20 hours

1 a = 31, b = 67, c = 88, d = 15, e = 7 p + q + r + s = 2 × 160 = 320

2 a i 112 ii p ≈ 52, q ≈ 76, r ≈ 84, s ≈ 108

(must sum to 320)
ii 7 kg
15
e Column height = fd ×
b i 3.8 kg 32
ii ≈ 1.9 kg p + q 15 r + s 15
× = 8 cm and × = 9 cm
7.5 32 10 32
c i 102
7 a Plots at (10, 0), (10.1, 6), (10.15, 26),
ii 18 (10.2, 55), (10.3, 71), (10.4, 75)

d ≈ 2.7 kg b 10.17 or 10.18 seconds

3 a 0, 3, 15, 32, 45, 54, 58, 60 c 10.11 or 10.12 seconds

b Plots at (20, 0), (25, 3), (30, 15), (35, 32), d i ≈ 0.09 seconds
(40, 45), (45, 54), (50, 58), (55, 60)
ii 64 to 67
c i Any from 34 to 35 kg exclusive
8 a 50
ii ≈ 10 kg
b 40
iii ≈ 43 kg
9 Median = 165 cm, interquartile range = 17 cm
d 20 < mass ø 31.5 / 31.5 kg or less
4 a Median Discussion activity 9.4
b ≈ $40 000 1 a Learners’ own answers

c 35 = 7 b 1E, 2C, 3D, 4A, 5B

150 30
d 87 to 89 (%)
End-of-chapter 9 review exercise
5 a Upper boundaries: 0, 0.1, 0.26, 0.35, 0.4,
0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.92, 1.0 1 a −0.5

Cumulative frequencies: 0, 10, 40, 74, b 0.1

104, 148, 180, 200, 217, 232, 240 2 a −2
b Plots at paired coordinates in part a b i −3
c i ≈ 0.44 seconds ii −7, 8

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

3 a 0.155 Exercise 10.1

b 20 1 a Biased or unfair
4 88 b Mutually exclusive
5 a Vertical axis label should be ‘frequency c Mutually exclusive
density’ or heights should be 3, 8, 10, 2
d Random; outcome
b Class boundaries: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8
2 a and d are mutually exclusive;
Frequency densities: 3, 8, 10, 2
b, c and e are not mutually exclusive
6 a 4
3 0.2
b 3.94 4
4
2 7
c
5 5 a The rectangle with 4 in it does not
d 2700 occupy 1 of the total area
4
7 a i 27 m b i 1
ii 5m ii 4
b Median = 28 m, interquartile range = 5 m 6 a 160°
8 a Class boundaries: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 70 = 7
b i
80, 100 360 36

ii 230 = 23
Frequency densities: 1, 3, 6, 8, 1, 0.6 360 36
b i Plots at (50, 0), (100, 4), (150, 54), iii 200 = 5
(200, 132), (250, 204), (300, 236), 360 9
(350, 240) 2=1
7 a
6 3
ii a 195 g
b 4=2
b 82 to 88 g 6 3

c 3=1
iii Missing frequencies: 50, 78, 72, 32, 4 6 2
iv a 36 d 5
6
b 85th or 86th
e 0
f 1
Chapter 10 8 19 > 14 or there are more girls than boys
33 33
Check your skills 9 a i 5 =1
10 2
1 a E.g. Extremely unlikely; any value that is
very close to zero ii 3
10
b Depends on the time of year and 7
iii
your location 10
6=2
2 p = 11 b
9 3
24
3 A and C 10 2
13

11 7
12

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

12 a 0.2 Investigation 10.2

b 0.8 1 a–c Learners’ own answers
c 0.5 2 a The more trials, the more symmetrical
the chart is likely to be
d 1
b Lowest are likely to be 2 and 12; highest
13 a i 20 = 1
40 2 is likely to be 7

ii 15 = 3 c Learners’ own answers

40 8
d As estimates for the probability of
iii 35 = 7
40 8 obtaining any particular score

b 2 = 1
20 10
Exercise 10.2
14 a 5
8 1 a 112

b 3 b 0.24
8
5 c 102
15 a i
6
d N = 360
ii 5
2 36 531 or 36 532
b 10
3 a 4
16 a i It is equally likely to come to rest
on any of its six edges (the hexagon b Frequencies range from 9 to 34;
is regular) if unbiased, frequencies should all be
closer to 25
ii There are not the same numbers of
1s, 2s and 3s 4 a i 6 =1
18 3
b 3=1
6 2 ii 7
18
17 x = 3
18 a i 4 b P(sum < 9) = 5 ≈ 0.278
7 18
2 c 50
ii
7 3
5
b None of the children owns a bicycle and 4
a computer
6 gridlines labelled G,W,Y, R and R.Y.G
c 6 3 =1
7 a
12 4

b 2 =1
Investigation 10.1 12 6

c 1
1 a Learners’ own answers 12
b Without thinking, we would make d 0
associations between one number and the
next (if we choose a number beginning 7 a Gridlines labelled R, B, G, Y and R, B,
with 6, our next number would be less G, P, W; 20 intersections
likely to begin with 6 than with 2) 3
b
20

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

8 a Gridlines labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and In Experiment 1, there are 9 equally likely

H, T; 12 intersections outcomes, but only 6 in Experiment 2

b i 1
12 1 Take, replace, Expected relative
take frequency
ii 3 =1
12 4 Same 0.556
4 =1 Different 0.444
iii
12 3
9 a Gridlines labelled 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 and 2, 3, 2 Two together Expected relative
4, 5; 24 intersections frequency
Same 0.333
b 4 =1
24 6 Different 0.667
c 300 e Students’ own reasons
10 a Both sets of gridlines labelled 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6; 36 intersections
Mid-chapter 10 review exercise
b 7
1 49 or 0.49 or 49%
c i 4 =1 100
36 9
2 a 1
ii 15 = 5 5
36 12
b 5
d 350
c 20%
11 a A and B
3 3880
b A is an overestimation
B is an underestimation 4 a 993 or 0.993
1000
c Class A axis is incorrectly labelled;
b No; some variation is expected / average
a girl and a boy are not equally likely to
number faulty in these batches would be
be selected
about 14
d Write girl 10 times and boy 14 times
5 a 20
along the class A axis 47
e A is an overestimation by 1 35
24 b
47
B is an underestimation by 1 3
24 6 a
7
These errors cancel each other out to
b 6
make C = 1 − (A + B) correct 7

7 14 = 7
30 15
Investigation 10.3
8 a 0.04
1 a–c Learners’ own answers
d Experiment 1: ‘same colour’ means b 36
2 black or 2 white 124 = 31
c
384 96
In Experiment 2, ‘same colour’ means
2 black 9 a 5 =1
20 4
It is possible to take the same object 13
twice in Experiment 1, but not in b
20
Experiment 2
10 270

84 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

Exercise 10.3 9 a 30 −x
30
1 a 2
5 b 361
900
b 7
15

c 7 Investigation 10.4
25
1 a–d Learners’ own answers
d 14
75 e The more trials, the closer the
1 experimental and theoretical frequencies
2 a
12 are likely to be; differences may exist
1 because some variation must be expected
b when results occur at random
4

c 1
6
1
Exercise 10.4
3 a i
12 2 , 3 and 2
1 a
5 5 5
ii 4 =1
12 3 9
b i
25
iii 2 =1
12 6 4
ii
25
b 2×2 = 4 =1
3 4 12 3 13
iii
25
c (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1); 3 = 1 2 a 0.45, 0.4, 0.4; golf, golf
12 4
4 a 0.6 b i 0.33
b 0.05 ii 0.27
c 0.35 iii 0.73
5 a i 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 or 0.125
2 2 2 8 iv 0.55

ii 1 or 0.125 3 a First dice 1 ; second dice 2 = 1

8 6 6 3
b i HTH, THH b 1 and 5 ; 2 and 4 ; 2 and 4
6 6 6 6 6 6
ii 3 or 0.375 20 = 5
8 c i
36 9
iii 3 or 0.375 16 = 4
8 ii
36 9
6 a 4 4 a
121 Bag Box

b 18 3
121 7 gold

c 21 gold
121 1
5 4 silver
−8 7
7 1 × 2 or a = 2, b = −8
3
12 = 1 4 7
gold
8 a
108 9 5
silver
b 63 = 7
4 silver
108 12 7

c 37
108

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 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

b i 19
35
Discussion activity 10.1
32 1 a 
w = 0.2, x = 0.7, y = 0.8, z = 0.8 are the
ii correct values
35
5 a 0.0288 b These are of no use to the learner
because her tree diagram is incorrect
b 0.192
(the final outcomes ‘rain in A and no
6 a 0.25 + 3 × 0.25 = 1 rain in A’ and ‘rain in B and no rain in B’
9 make no sense)
b i
64
27
ii
64 Exercise 10.5
1 a 13 ; 13 and 12
7 a 8 = 1 25 24 24
1728 216
b i 132 = 11
b 600 = 25 600 50
1728 72
ii 312 = 13
x ( x + 3 ) x 2 + 3x
8 a = 600 25
20 × 20 400

)( )
45 ; 45 ; 55 and 44
b i ( x x +3 1287
Via 1 − 20 1 − 20 = 1600
2 a
100 99 99 99
3
2( ) b i
ii x = 1 or x = 73
2
10

ii 4
c 7 5
40
3 a First tin Second tin
9 a 81
5 2
b i 7 T
9
4 T
ii 3
9 8 5 V
7
c First (10s) digit Second (units) digit
3
5 7
T
5
9 odd 8
V
odd 4
5 V
9 4 7
even
9

5 b i 6 = 3
4 9
odd 56 28
9
even ii 20 = 5
56 14
4 even
9 30 = 15
iii
56 28
d i 25
81 c P( V) + P(T and V) = 50 = 25
56 28
ii 16
81 4 a 1
52
iii 40
81 b 1
78
e i 36 = 4
81 9 c 59
78
ii 9 =1
81 9

iii 5
81

86 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

5 P(no snack) + P(snack and no banana) 14 a a = 0.4, b = 0.7, c = 0.3, d = 0.4, e = 0.6

7 (
= 3+ 4× 3
7 10 ) b 0.34

= 42 =3 15 a a = 6, b = 15, c = 20, d = 33, e = 11

70 5
b 1056 = 24
6 a 110 = 11 1892 43
420 42
c 30 = 3
b 106 × 105 = 11130 = 159 110 11
701 700 490700 7010
16 a 42 = 1
7 a 1980 = 1 210 5
9900 5
b 990 = 33
b 552 = 46 2730 91
9900 825
17 a i 2 = 1
c 7832 = 178 72 36
9900 225
ii 22 = 11
d 9828 = 273 72 36
9900 275
b 24 = 1
8 a 40, 64 and 72 72 3

1560 = 39 18 a 6 = 3
b i 650 325
30 800 770
552 = 69 b 506 = 253
ii 650 325
30 800 3850
3200 = 40 19 a (red, red), (blue, blue), (green, green)
9
6320 79
b There is only one disc of each colour, so
10 a 12 = 3
380 95 he cannot pick two of the same colour

30 × 29 + 33 × 32 = 1926 = 107 c 2=1

b 6 3
63 62 63 62 3906 217
n −1 and 45 − n 20 a x = 10
11 a
44 44
b 54
b 45 − n × n = 45n − n2
45 44 1980 110 = 1
c
9900 90
Via 45n − n = 1
2
c
1980 5

d n2 − 45n + 396 = 0 Discussion activity 10.2

( n − 12 )( n − 33) = 0 1 a Statement A has more truth to it
n = 12 b–d Learners’ own answers
n = 33
2 a There is a slightly better chance of
e 8
15 winning by picking two coins together

12 a 1−p (100 100 )

20 compared with 19

b Via (1 − p)(1.2 − p) = 0.8 With the replacement method, there is a

90% chance that Charlie puts back a coin
c p2 = 0.64 that he knows will not win him the prize
13 a 5 b Learners’ own answers
16

b 11
14 End-of-chapter 10 review exercise
c 53 1 a p = 60, q = 48
112
b 140

87 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

2 a Frequencies: 3, 8, 7 d p = 17
b 0.55 or 11 10 a 12 − x ; x and 11− x
20 11 11 11
3 72 x(12 − x )
b
66
4 Colour Red Green Blue Yellow
c x 2 − x − 56 = 0
Probability 0.15 0.3 0.13 0.42
( x + 7 )( x − 8) = 0
5 a 4 ; 2 black and 5 white [ x = −7 is not valid] so x = 8
7 7 7
There are 8 black balls in the bag
b 13
35
6 a
× 1 2 3 4 Cross-topic review
1
2
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
exercise 1
3 3 6 9 12 1 a i $1980

4 4 8 12 16 ii 14 : 31
b $77.65
b 5 or 0.3125 or 31.25%
16 c i 1.333 × 107
c 3
4 ii $749 or $7.49 × 102

d No; P(square) = 6 < 7 = P( factor of 6 ) iii $739 000 or $7.39 × 105

16 16
7 or 0.233 2 a n = m+3
7 a i 4
30
11
b Via second equation × 2 10x – 2y = 6
ii
15
then subtract from first 9y = –9
iii a 7 ; 6 15 8 ; 7 14 8 ; 7 15 7 x = 0.4, y = −1
30 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
3 a i BA^ C = 64°
b 308 = 154 or 0.354
870 435 ^ C is alternate to BC
^A
QB
b i Class boundaries: 0, 250, 500, 1000,
2000, 3500 ABC is an isosceles triangle / angle
Frequency densities: 0.14, 0.08, 0.03, sum of Δ = 180°
0.008, 0.004 ii CD^ E = 75°
ii 61 or 62 b x = 117
iii 10 4 a 3.76 to 3.77 cm
8 a 2 blue; 3 red
5 5 b 9.99 to 10.01 cm

b i 1 c i Via 1.8 + (1.8 tan 60° )2 + 1.82

10
17 ii 2.28 cm
ii
50
5 a 14 units2
9 a 1 or 0.0625
16 b 10.8 units
b 42 = 21 or 0.164
256 128 c 22.8 units
c i 26 d 21.8º
ii m = 5, n = −3

88 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

6 a (3, 2)
b y = 2x − 4
Cross-topic review
7 a 0.2 m/s exercise 2
b i B 1 y= 1
2
ii A 2 a a = 24, b = 35
 7 b n( n + 2 ) = n 2 + 2 n
8 a i Translation by vector  
 −2 c i p = 35
ii Reflection in the line y = x + 1 ii q=7
iii Enlargement, SF = −2, 3 a −7.5 ° C
through (−2, −1)
b 17° C
iv Rotation, 90º clockwise about (0, −1)
4 a 4 5 cm
b a = 9, b = 3
b 2:3
9 a i Apples = 10, bananas = 8,
oranges = 12 c 3 6
ii Bars equally spaced with height for 5 a 5
37
apple 10, banana 8 and orange 12
b 0.01̇2̇
b i 7
30 6 a x > 0, x < 4, y > x
ii 48 b 8 units2
10 a $9370 7 a Half base diagonal
b Bonus cars; $67 = 12 6.22 + 4.32 = 3.772 . . .
11 1 : 60 000
EF = 9.52 − 3.772 . . .2 ≈ 8.72 cm
12 a i 0
b 77.47 to 77.50 cm2
ii 1
c 38.1º or 38.09 . . .º
b 63 kg
d 76.1º to 76.2º
13 a Correctly scaled triangle with
intersecting arcs 8 a i a = −4.5, b = −4.5
b (90º + ABC =) 143º ii Curve drawn through correctly
plotted points
14 a $7.50
iii −2.4 to −1.6
b 45%
iv a k = −2
c 35%
b x = −2.4 to −2.3, x = 4.3 to 4.4
d 25
b i p=4
15 a
P Q
ii a=3
iii q = 324
1 x ( 2 x −5 )sin θ
9 a Via 1 ( x2+12 )( 2 x −1)sinθ
R 2

x ( 2 x −5 )
b 12 b Via ( x +12 )( 2 x −1) = 13

89 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023
 CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ANSWERS

c i x = 9.17 and x = 0.33 13 a n and 35 −n

35 35
ii x = 0.33 because it gives AC < 0
b n × 36 − n
d 6.35 cm 36 35

10 a i x = −4.62, x = −2.38 c Via n × 36 − n = 1

36 35 7
ii B = 7, C = 11 d ( n − 6 )( n − 30 ) = 0; n = 6, n = 30
b x < −2 29
e
42
c (x + 3y)(6 – t)
14 a 19.9 cm2
d a = 17, b = −16
^ C = ( 4 k ) + ( 5 k ) − ( 8k )
2 2 2

11 a i 55 ø t < 60 b i Via cos AB

2 × 4 k ×5 k
ii 60.8 s ii BC = 13.54 cm
23 or 0.46 c i ^ P = −0.6̇3̇
cos BT
iii
50
b i 34 s ii ^Q = 6 2
tan BT
7
ii 4.5 s
15 a 16.3 units
iii Smooth curve through plots at
(28, 0), (32, 15), (36, 45), (40, 60)  2  −7
b i Via k   −  
 1  3 
12 a i 8
3 ii k = − 51
ii 22
x+1
iii 2
b i 4

ii x= −5
6

c i 2 ø k(x) ø 5 or 2 ø y ø 5

ii 4 or 0.444
9

90 Cambridge O Level Mathematics – Chalmers & Saya © Cambridge University Press 2023