FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

MAESTRÍA EN ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES Y

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA

Proceso de admisión 2024

tERMODINÁMICA

Dr. Felipe Noh Pat

1 17 de junio de 2024
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 Rho = f(z)

rho

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 Z2=25 km
rho = m/V

Si rho fuera constante

Z1= 0 km
m=rho*V
Atmósfera

Aire z
rho=dm/dV rho = f(z) r dz
ro<=r<=ro+z2
dm=rho*dv
dm=f(z)*dv
dv= A(r)*dz
dv=4pi*r2dz Tierra
ro=6377 km
dv=4pi(r+z)2dz

Por lo tanto:
dm=f(z)*4pi(ro+z)2dz

Se integra:
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 Patm Pa=Pb

Pa=Paire+P (debido a la columna

del fluido de DR1)

Pb= Patm + P (debido a la

columna del fluido de DR2)

Pb
Pa

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 Q
Cambio E Q pierde

Sistema

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 Estado 2

Estado 1
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 Projections of the p-v-T Surface
►Projection of the p-v-T surface
onto the pressure-temperature
plane is a phase diagram.
►Saturation temperature
designates the temperature at
which a phase change takes
place at a given pressure.
►Saturation pressure
designates the pressure at
which a phase change takes
place at a given temperature.
►Within two-phase regions pressure and temperature
are not independent.
 Projections of the p-v-T Surface
►Projection of the p-v-T surface
onto the pressure-specific volume
plane results in a p-v diagram.

Línea de
saturación

►Projection of the p-v-T surface

onto the temperature-specific
volume plane results in a T-v
diagram.
 Phase Change
►Consider a closed system consisting of a unit mass
of liquid water at 20oC contained within a piston-
cylinder assembly.
►This state is represented by l (highlighted by the blue
dot).
►Liquid states such as this, where temperature is
lower than the saturation temperature corresponding
to the pressure at the state, are called compressed
liquid states.

Líquido
comprimido
(subenfriado)
●
l
 Saturated Liquid
►As the system is heated at constant pressure, the
temperature increases considerably while the specific
volume increases slightly.
►Eventually, the system is brought to the state
represented by f (highlighted by the blue dot).
►This is the saturated liquid state corresponding to
the specified pressure.

f
●
 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Mixture
► When the system is at the saturated liquid state,
additional heat transfer at fixed pressure results in the
formation of vapor without change in temperature but with
a considerable increase in specific volume as shown by
movement of the blue dot.
► With additional heating at fixed pressure, more vapor is
formed and specific volume increases further as shown by
additional movement of the blue dot.
► At these states,
the system now
consists of a
two-phase
liquid-vapor
mixture. ●f ●
 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Mixture
►When a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium,
the liquid phase is a saturated liquid and the vapor phase
is a saturated vapor.
►For a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, the ratio of the
mass of vapor present to the total mass of the mixture is
its quality, x. mvapor
x
►The value of mliquid  mvapor
quality ranges from
0 to 1.
►At saturated liquid
states, x = 0.

●
 Saturated Vapor
►If the system is heated further until the last bit of
liquid has vaporized it is brought to the saturated
vapor state.
►This state is represented by g (highlighted by the blue
dot).
►At saturated vapor states, x = 1.

●
g
 Superheated Vapor
► When the system is at the saturated vapor state, further
heating at fixed pressure results in increases in both
temperature and specific volume.
► This state is represented by s (highlighted by the blue dot).
► Vapor states such as this, where temperature is higher than
the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure at
the state, are called superheated vapor states.

●
Tabla A-4 ó Tabla A-5
 Steam Tables
►Tables of properties for different substances are frequently set up in
the same general format. The tables for water, called the steam
tables, provide an example of this format. The steam tables are in
appendix tables A-2 through A-5.
►Table A-4 applies to water as a superheated vapor.
►Table A-5 applies to compressed liquid water.
►Tables A-2 and A-3 apply to the two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture of
water.
 T=45º C u= 2000 kJ/kg

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 T=45º C u= 2000 kJ/kg
Si u = 2000 kJ/kg uf<u<ug se concluye que es
una mezcla (liquido+vapor)
Posibles casos.

Si u = 100 kJ/kg u<uf se concluye que es líquido

comprimido.
Si u = 2800 kJ/kg u>ug vapor sobrecalentado.

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uf=188.43 ug=2436.1
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 120.21 0.6204 Se tiene una mezcla.

177.66 0.001124 Líquido saturado

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