MATH 214 - Intermediate Calculus III

Review Formulas

In the table below, u = u(x), v = v(x), f = f (x) and g = g(x) represent four differentiable
functions of x, n ∈ R and a > 0.

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y =u±v ⇒ y ′ = u′ ± v ′
y = uv ⇒ y ′ = u′ v + uv ′
u u′ v − uv ′
y= ⇒ y′ = (v ̸= 0)
v v2
y = (f ◦ g)(x))′ = (f (g(x))′ ⇒ y = f (g(x)) · g ′ (x)
′ ′

y = xn ⇒ y ′ = nxn−1 y = un ⇒ y ′ = nun−1 u′
√ 1 √ u′
y = x ⇒ y′ = √ y= u ⇒ y′ = √
2 x 2 u
1 −1 1 −u′
y= ⇒ y′ = 2 y= ⇒ y′ = 2
x x u u
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

y = sin(x) ⇒ y ′ = cos(x) y = sin(u) ⇒ y ′ = cos(u)u′

y = cos(x) ⇒ y ′ = − sin(x) y = cos(u) ⇒ y ′ = − sin(u)u′
y = tan(x) ⇒ y ′ = sec2 (x) y = tan(u) ⇒ y ′ = sec2 (u)u′
y = cot(x) ⇒ y ′ = − csc2 (x) y = cot(u) ⇒ y ′ = − csc2 (u)u′
y = sec(x) ⇒ y ′ = sec(x) tan(x) y = sec(u) ⇒ y ′ = sec(u) tan(u)u′
y = csc(x) ⇒ y ′ = − csc(x) cot(x) y = csc(u) ⇒ y ′ = − csc(u) cot(u)u′
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
y = ex ⇒ y ′ = ex y = eu ⇒ y ′ = eu u′
′
y = a ⇒ y = ax ln(a)
x y = a ⇒ y = au u′ ln(a)
u ′

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1 u′
y = ln(x) ⇒ y′ = y = ln(u) ⇒ y′ =
x u

1 u′
y = loga (x) ⇒ y ′ = y = loga (u) ⇒ y ′ =
x ln(a) u ln(a)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 u′
y = sin−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = √ y = sin−1 (u) ⇒ y′ = √
1 − x2 1 − u2
−1 −u′
y = cos−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = √ y = cos−1 (u) ⇒ y′ = √
1 − x2 1 − u2
1 u′
y = tan−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = y = tan−1 (u) ⇒ y′ =
1 + x2 1 + u′ 2
−1 −u
y = cot−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = y = cot−1 (u) ⇒ y′ =
1 + x2 1 +′u2
1 u
y = sec−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = √ y = sec−1 (u) ⇒ y′ = √
x x2 − 1 u u2 − 1
−1 −u′
y = csc−1 (x) ⇒ y′ = √ y = csc−1 (u) ⇒ y′ = √
x x2 − 1 u u2 − 1
In the formulae below, u = u(x) is a differentiable function, n ̸= −1 and a > 0, and c represents
an arbitrary constant.

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Z
un+1
un du =
R du
n+1 + c, u = ln |u| + c
Z
au
eu du = eu + c,
R u
a du = ln a +c

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In the formulae below a ̸= 0.
R cos(ax) R sin(ax)
sin(ax)dx = − + c, cos(ax)dx = +c
a a
R ln | cos(ax)| R ln | sin(ax)|
tan(ax)dx = − + c, cot(ax)dx = +c
a a

Z
sec xdx = ln(sec x + tan x) + c
Z
csc xdx = ln(csc x − cot x) + c

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Integration by Parts
Z Z Z b Z b
udv = uv − vdu, udv = uv|ba − vdu
a a

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Trigonometric Integrals
Depending on the integral we have, we use some of the following identities.

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x, 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x

sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x, cos(2x) = 2
2 cos x − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
= cos2 x − sin2 x

1−cos(2x) 1+cos(2x)
sin2 x = 2 , cos2 x = 2

1
sin x cos y = (sin(x − y) + sin(x + y))
2
1
sin x sin y = (cos(x − y) − cos(x + y))
2
1
cos x cos y = (cos(x − y) + cos(x + y))
2

du 1 u
Z
= tan−1 + c
a2
+ u2 a a
du u
Z
√ = sin−1 + c
a − u2
2 a
du 1 u
Z
√ = sec−1 + c
u u2 − a2 a a

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 Trigonometric Substitutions
If an integral contains one of the following terms, make the suggested substitution:
p
a2 − x2 =⇒ sub in x = a sin t
p
x2 − a2 =⇒ sub in x = a sec t
p
x2 + a2 =⇒ sub in x = a tan t

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Partial Fractions
p(x)
This technique is only used for rational functions of the form f (x) = q(x) .
If deg(p(x)) ≥ deg(q(x)) then we first apply long division.

After we factorizing the denominator q(x), we use a partial fractions decomposition depend-
ing on the factors of q(x) only.

q(x) contains remark partial fractions decomposition

A1 An
(a1 x + b1 ) · · · (an x + bn ) a1 x+b1 + · · · + an x+bn
A1 A2 An
(ax + b)n ax+b + (ax+b)2 + · · · + (ax+b)n
A1 x+B1
(a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 ) · · · (an x2 + bn x + cn ) ∆ < 0 a1 x2 +b1 x+c1
+ · · · + an xA2n+b
x+Bn
n x+cn
A1 x+B1 A2 x+B2 An x+Bn
(ax2 + bx + c)n ∆<0 ax2 +bx+c
+ (ax2 +bx+c)2
+ · · · + (ax2 +bx+c)n
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Improper Integrals
TYPE I

Z ∞ Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx, if f(x) is continuous on [a, ∞),
t→∞ a
Z aa Z a
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx, if f(x) is continuous on (−∞, a],
−∞ t→−∞ t
Z ∞ Z a Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx + lim f (x)dx, if f(x) is continuous on (−∞, ∞).
−∞ t→−∞ t t→∞ a

TYPE II

Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx, if f(x) has a vertical asymptote at x = a,
a t→a+ t
Z b Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx, if f(x) has a vertical asymptote at x = b,
a t→b− a
Z b Z t Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx + lim f (x)dx, if f(x) has a vertical asymptote at x = c ∈ (a, b).
a t→c− a t→c+ t

If we need to check whether an improper integral converges or diverges (without evaluating the
integral), we can use the direct or the limit comparison tests.

Faruk Uygul
September 2022