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HLTAAP002 1B CVS ST - Answers

Confirm physical health status

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21 views7 pages

HLTAAP002 1B CVS ST - Answers

Confirm physical health status

Uploaded by

Soniya G08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HLTAAP002 Confirm Physical Health Status Session 1A & 1B

The Cardiovascular System and Blood


Consists of the heart and network of blood vessels. Functions to transport nutrients gases and waste products;
Protection from pathogens; Regulate of homeostasis
Define homeostasis: Homeostasis is the state of balance in the body system.

The heart is a 4 chambered hollow muscular organ that lies within the thorax in the mediastinal space. It is about
10 cm long and weighs about 225 g in females and 310 g in males, and is about the size of your closed fist (size
may vary based on your age, size and health). An average heart rate 72 BPM (beats per minute) and usually beats
about 2.5 billion times and pumps 7,571 litres of blood during an average lifetime.
Structures of the Heart
Label the following diagram:

Ref: https://studyfullkarin.z19.web.core.windows.net/the-human-heart-diagram-labeled.html
Describe the function of the following heart structures:
Right atrium (RA) receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

Right ventricle (RV) accepting venous blood and propelling it to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its CO2 eliminate

Left atrium (LA) receive oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and subsequently deliver it to the LV

Left ventricle (LV) The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump oxygenated blood to the bod
Define:
Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Veins veins carry blood towards the heart

Major vessels of the heart – Describe function


Aorta the largest artery of the body and carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system

Superior vena cava (SVC) vein responsible for returning deoxygenated blood collected from the body to the right atrium.

Inferior vena cava (IVC)


transport of almost all venous blood (deoxygenated) from the abdomen and lower extremities back to the right side of the heart for oxygenation.

Pulmonary arteries blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of heart to your lungs

Pulmonary veins blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.

Coronary arteries run along the coronary sulcus of the myocardium of the heart

Coronary sinus coronary sinus describes a major coronary vein located in the rear section of the heart.

Ref: R.ff7e7da5f344af775cb7a97c18d0a4b2 (2014×1574) (bing.com)


\
Ref: The coronary arteries of the heart, anterior view, including the aorta, left, and right coronary arteries.isolated
on white background. Medical, healthcare, and science education. 27798626 Vector Art at Vecteezy
The heart is made up of three layers -
• Endocardium- The inner thin layer of endothelium (a type of epithelial tissue)
• Myocardium- The second layer cardiac muscle tissue. Its muscle fibres lines the four chambers of heart. This
layer is responsible for contraction of heart.
• Pericardium is made up of three membranes
▪ an outer fibrous pericardium that forms the loose fitting pericardial sac around the heart.
▪ The second or middle layer is the parietal pericardium which is a serous membrane
▪ the third and innermost layer is the visceral pericardium or epicardium
The space between the parietal and visceral layer is called pericardial cavity or pericardial space and comprises of
a thin film of fluid to avoid friction. The total volume of this pericardial fluid is only about 25 to 35 ml.

The Heart Valves


The purpose of valves of heart is to keep the blood flow in one direction and preventing back flow and mixing up
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
The heart has four valves (describe the location of each) :
The tricuspid valve is one of the four heart valves and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve
The pulmonary valve is one of the four heart valves and is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
The bicuspid, or mitral valve, is one of the four heart valves and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)
Aortic valve
The aortic valve is one of the four heart valves and is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta.
The Cardiac Conduction System
This cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. During the diastole phase of the cardiac
cycle, the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the
ventricles contract sending blood to lungs and body. Describe what happens in each step of the cycle
Step 1: Pacemaker Impulse
A pacemaker is a specialized device for producing electric signals reposnible for conducting het beat .

Step 2: AV Node Impulse Conduction


AV) node plays a crucial role in the heart’s electrical conduction system by regulating the impulse between the atria and ventricles

Step 3: AV Bundle Impulse Conduction


the proper functioning of the AV bundle ensures synchronized ventricular contractions, maintaining efficient blood circulation.

Step 4: Purkinje Fibres Impulse Conduction


Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that play a crucial role in the heart’s electrical conduction system
Cardiac Conduction System and Understanding ECG, Animation. (youtube.com)

Electrocardiograph
An electrocardiograph (ECG) is a visual representation of the electrical activity in the heart. Each part if the ECG
wave is represented by a letter. Each letter represents depolarization of the heart’
What is depolarizarion?
Depolarization is a key electrical event in cells, particularly in neurons and muscle cells, including cardiac muscle

PQRST - Medical Exam Prep


Briefly describe what each wave represents
P wave Represents atrial depolarization, signaling the contraction of the atria.
QRS complex Indicates ventricular depolarization, leading to ventricular contraction.
T wave Reflects ventricular repolarization, marking the recovery phase of the ventricles.
Arteries, capillaries and veins
Arteries carry oxygenated blood to all areas of the body. Arteries consist of three layers:
• Tunica adventitia – outer layer
• Tunica media – middle layer
• Tunica intima – inner layer

Arteries get smaller and smaller, dividing in to arterioles. Arterioles deliver oxygenated blood to the
capillaries. Capillaries diffuse oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. Then capillaries converge into venules,
the venules into veins which return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

blood-vessels-capillaries-sep102018-min.jpg (5200×2000) (popoptiq.com)


Blood
Prefix haem- or suffix –aemia means pertaining to blood. Define the following words:

Haematology – Study of blood and it's components

Haemorrhage – Loss of blood

Anaemia – Deficiency in RBC'S or Heamoglobin


Haematuria – Loss of blood via urine

Blood in vomit
Haematemesis -

Haematoma- bruise

Haematochezia – passing of fresh blood through the rectum or stool

Blood generally has 4 components. Name them and their function:

1 Red blood cells

2 White blood cells

3 Platelets

4 Plasma

Around 45% of blood is cells, 55% is plasma

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