CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LAYERS OF THE HEART

- responsible for transporting body 1. Epicardium

- delivers the oxygen and nutrients - thin, watery membrane on the
to all cells in human body outer layer of the heart
- transports carbon dioxide and - Function:
other wasted to the other organs o covers the heart and is
of the body and away from the attached to the pericardium
cells 2. Myocardium
- helps in coagulation process - Thick later of the cardiac muscles
- regulates body temperature in the middle layer of the heart
- assists the body in fighting diseases - Function:
o Pumps blood in the arteries
Arteries
by contracting
oxygenated blood from the heart 3. Endocardium
and lungs via the arteries - Thin layer of epithelial cells in the
inner layer of the heart
Veins
- Function:
oxygen-depleted blood returned o Lines the valves and interior
to its origin through veins chambers
TWO MAIN COMPONENTS CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
Cardiovascular System Right Atrium upper right chamber

- composed of the heart, blood Function:

vessels and blood - receive
- helps in the circulatory deoxygenated
blood from the
Lymphatic System body
made up of lymph, lymph nodes Right Ventricles lower right chamber
and vessels
Function:
HEART - receives the
blood from the
- hollow muscular organ
right atrium
- has 4 chambers
and pumps
- surrounded by thin, fluid-filled sac into the
- same size as a person’s clenched pulmonary
fist artery
Four Chambers Left Atrium upper left chamber

1. left atrium Function:

2. right atrium - receive
3. left ventricle oxygenated
4. right ventricle blood from the
lungs and
Pericardium pumps it into
thin, fluid-filled sac the left
ventricles
Left Ventricles lower left chamber Right semilunar pulmonary or
valve pulmonic valve
Function: located at the
- receives blood entrance of the
from the left pulmonary artery
atrium and
pumps it into Function:
the aorta - closes when
the right
ventricle
relaxes
preventing
blood from
flowing back
to the right
ventricle
Left semilunar aortic valve located
valve at the entrance of the
aorta
VALVES OF THE HEART
Right AV valve tricuspid valve Function:
located between the - closes when
right atrium and the the left
right ventricle ventricle
relaxes
Function: preventing
- closes as the blood from
right ventricle flowing back
contracts to the left
preventing ventricle
blood from
flowing back
to the right
atrium
Left AV valve bicuspid or mitral
valve located
between the left
atrium and left
ventricle

Function:
- closes as the
left ventricle
contracts
preventing
blood from
flowing back
to the left
atrium
 SEPTA Electrocardiogram provides the graphic
(ECG) representation of the
1. Interatrial septum
cardiac cycle’s
partition that separates the right activity
from the left atria Origin of the “Lubb”
2. Interventricular septum Heart Sounds - first sound of
separates the right and the left the ventricles
ventricles contract or the
AV valves
CORONARY CIRCULATION
close
- heart receives blood supply “Dupp”
through the left and right coronary - second sound
arteries which is heard
- the coronary veins return the when the
semilunar
oxygen-depleted blood from the
valves close
heart muscle back to the heart
and the
HEART FUNCTION ventricles
relax
- coronary circulation supplies the
Heart Rate and Heart rate
blood as well as provides drainage Cardiac Output - average heart
to the tissues rate is 72 bpm
- composed of the left and right Cardiac Output
coronary arteries and coronary - volume of the
veins blood
pumped per
Note:
minute
Poor circulation could lead to Pulse rhythmic throbbing
ischemia which is caused by resulting from the
inadequate supply of oxygen and alternating expansion
myocardial infraction or heart and contraction of
artery
attach which may be due to
Blood Pressure force exerted by the
complete obstruction of the
blood on the walls of
coronary artery.
the vessel
FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN HEART
Cardiac Cycle Systole measured by the
- contraction sphygmomanometer
Diastole
- relaxation - difference
between
last for about 0.8 systolic and
seconds diastolic
Electrical sends electric
Conduction impulses throughout
System the myocardium
which is initiated by
the sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker)
 DISORDERS AND DIAGNOSTICS TESTS - Potassium (K)
- Triglycerides
Angina Pectoris
- Troponin T (TnT)
chest pain resulting from reduced
TWO MAIN DIVISION AND
blood flow to the heart
FUNCTIONS OF THE VASCULAR
Aortic Stenosis SYSTEM
a murmuring sound produced Vascular System
when the aortic leaflets fail to fully
loop consisting of a network of blood
open during systole
vessels through which blood is circulated
Bacterial Endocarditis to the rest of the body.
an infection that happens when a 1. Pulmonary Circulation
bacterium enters and resides in the - moves the blood between the
heart lining or blood vessel right ventricle of the heart to the
lungs
Congestive Heart Failure
- during the process, oxygen is
a chronic progressive condition absorbed, and carbon dioxide is
that affects the pumping power of released, after which, the
the heart muscles oxygenated blood flows back to
Myocardial Infraction the left atrium of the heart
2. Systemic Circulation
known as heart attack, it is caused - moves the oxygenated blood and
by a decrease or full stoppage of nutrients from the left ventricle of
blood flow damaging the heart the heart to the rest of the body
muscle - the deoxygenated blood with
Pericarditis carbon dioxide and wastes flows
back to the right atrium
inflammation of the pericardial sac
that may be due to viral infection STRUCTURES OF THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM
LIST OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR
HEART DISORDERS 1. Arteries
- thick-walled blood vessels that
- Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) carry oxygen-rich blood from the
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) heart to the tissues of the body
or Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic 2. Arterioles
Transaminase (SGOT) - small-diameter blood vessels that
- Cholesterol branch out from the arteries and
- Creatine Kinase (CK) lead to the capillaries
- Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB 3. Veins
- Digoxin - tubes with thin walls that carry
- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) deoxygenated blood from tissues
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to the heart
isoenzymes 4. Venules
- Microbial cultures - very small veins that collect blood
- Myoglobin from the capillaries
 5. Capillaries - clot or bubble that causes
- fine hair-like blood vessels that obstruction of an artery
connect arterioles and veins
Embolus
TYPES, STRUCTURES, AND FUNCTIONS
- obstruction that is carried and
OF BLOOD VESSELS
lodged in a vessel
Blood Vessel Structure
Hemorrhoids
A. Layers – the blood vessels have 3
- swollen veins in the area of the
layers:
anus
a. tunica adventitia
o outer connective tissue Phlebitis
b. tunica media
- inflammation of the veins
o middle, muscle and elastic
particularly the wall
fiber
c. tunica intima Thrombophlebitis
o inner, endothelial cell - swelling of the veins of the legs
B. Lumen – space inside the blood that usually occurs during
vessel where the blood flows pregnancy
C. Valves – found in the veins, these
are thin membranous leaflets that Thrombus
prevent the backflow of blood - blood clot that impedes blood
The Flow of Blood flow

pathway for the blood flow of human Varicose Veins

body consists of arteries, veins, and - usually found in the legs, these are
capillaries that allow the transport of veins that have been twisted and
oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the enlarged
body, making it possible to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste materials DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
of metabolism. - D-dimer
DISORDERS OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM - Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
- Lipoproteins
Aneurism - Prothrombin Time (PT)
enlargement of the artery due to - Partial thromboplastin time
the weakening of the artery wall (PTT/APTT)
- Triglycerides
Arteriosclerosis

- hardening of the wall due to aging

Atherosclerosis

- formation of plaques in the inner

walls

Embolism