ECSE Important questions -MID B.

Tech-DS & CSE

5marks questions

Q1) What is software process or Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

Ans) The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured framework guiding
the entire process of software development, encompassing planning, creation,
testing, deployment, and maintenance. It ensures systematic and efficient
development while adhering to project goals and requirements, promoting high-
quality software outcomes. The SDLC is essential for effective project management
and successful software delivery.

Q2) List out the SDLC models available? And What are various phases of SDLC?

Ans) Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) encompasses various models for
guiding the process of software creation. Here are brief descriptions of some key
SDLC models:

a. Waterfall Model

b. Iterative Model

c. Incremental Model

d. V-Model

e. Agile Model

f. Big Bang Model

g. RAD Model

h. Prototyping Model
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) comprises several key phases, each
playing a crucial role in the systematic creation and maintenance of software. Here's
a concise overview of each phase:

a. Planning :

- Establish project scope, goals, and resources.

- Conduct feasibility analysis and assess project viability.

- Define timelines and assemble the project team.

b. Requirements :

- Gather detailed functional and non-functional requirements.

- Utilize methods such as interviews, surveys, and analysis of existing systems to

gather information.

c. Design

- Develop a high-level system architecture.

- Specify system components and their interrelationships.

- Create detailed technical specifications.

d. Implementation (Coding) :

- Write code based on the provided design specifications.

- Integrate individual components to form a cohesive system.

- Execute unit testing for each module to ensure functionality.

e. Testing :

- Conduct various testing phases, including unit, integration, system, and

acceptance testing.
 - Verify that the system meets specified requirements and is free of defects.

f. Deployment :

- Release the software for production use or distribution.

- Install the software on end-user systems.

g. Maintenance :

- Address and rectify defects or issues identified during testing or after deployment.

- Implement enhancements or updates to adapt to changing requirements.

Q3) Difference between database and database management system?

Ans)
Q4) Explain ACID properties

Ans) Certainly! The ACID properties are fundamental principles in the context of
database management systems (DBMS) to ensure the reliability and consistency of
transactions. Let's delve into each of these properties:

a. Atomicity: Every transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, i.e.. either all of its
operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a
transaction is left partially completed

b. Consistency: Any changes made within a transaction are consistent with database
constraints. Namely rules, constraints, and triggers. If the data gets into an illegal
state, the whole transaction fails.

c. Isolation: It ensures that all transactions run in an isolated environment. That

enables running transactions concurrently because transactions don't interfere with
each other.

d. Durability: It guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are
written to the database, they are persistent even in the case of system failures like
crashes or power outages.

Q5) Types of Operating Systems

Ans) There are 8 types of Operating Systems:

a. Batch Operating System:

A batch operating system is a type of operating system that processes jobs in

groups, or batches, without requiring user interaction during execution. Users submit
a sequence of jobs, and the operating system executes them one after another,
optimizing resource utilization and automating repetitive tasks. Batch systems are
designed for non-interactive, high-volume processing, commonly used in scenarios
like data processing, payroll calculations, and large-scale business applications.

b. Multiprogramming Operating System:

Multiprogramming OS is a strategy where multiple programs are loaded into

memory concurrently, and the OS efficiently switches between them, maximizing
CPU utilization. This enhances system throughput and responsiveness, allowing for
parallel execution of tasks in a multitasking environment. Examples include
Windows, macOS, and Linux.

c. Time Sharing (Multi Tasking) Operating System:

Time-sharing is an operating system paradigm that enables multiple users to

share a single computer simultaneously. The CPU rapidly switches between different
users' tasks, allocating a small time slice to each, providing the illusion of dedicated
and simultaneous access. This approach optimizes resource utilization and is
particularly suited for interactive computing environments where users can input
commands and receive responses in real-time. Unix and its derivatives are notable
examples of time-sharing operating systems.

d. Multiprocessor Operating Sysytem:

A multiprocessor operating system efficiently oversees and coordinates the

simultaneous functioning of multiple processors or CPU cores within a single
computer system. It optimizes tasks for parallel execution, enhancing overall system
performance. Examples include Windows Server, Linux distributions, and Unix-based
systems.

e. Distributed Operating System:

A distributed operating system manages a network of interconnected computers,

enabling collaborative and efficient computing by distributing tasks across multiple
machines. Examples include Chrome OS, Linux variants, and distributed Unix
systems.
f. Network Operating System:

A network operating system (NOS) is an operating system specifically designed to

support and manage network resources and services. It facilitates communication
and coordination between computers within a network, providing functionalities
such as file sharing, printer access, and user authentication. Network operating
systems are crucial for establishing a seamless and organized environment for users
and devices to interact over a network. Examples include Novell NetWare and
Microsoft Windows Server for networking purposes.

g. Real Time Operating System:

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is designed to process data and complete

tasks within predetermined time constraints. It is optimized for applications where
time-sensitive operations and responses are critical. RTOS ensures that specific tasks
are executed with minimal delay, making it suitable for systems such as industrial
control, robotics, aerospace, and other applications where precise timing and
predictability are essential. Examples of real-time operating systems include
VxWorks, QNX, and FreeRTOS.

h. Embedded Operating System:

An embedded operating system (Embedded OS) is a specialized type of operating

system designed to operate on embedded systems. These systems are dedicated
computing devices with specific functions or tasks and are often part of a larger
product. Embedded OS is tailored to the constraints and requirements of the
embedded system, providing essential functionalities to control and manage the
device's hardware. Examples include embedded Linux, FreeRTOS, and Windows
Embedded. Embedded OS is commonly found in devices like consumer electronics,
industrial machines, medical devices, and automotive systems.
Q6) Working of OS.

Ans) An operating system (OS) is a fundamental software layer that facilitates

communication between computer hardware and user applications. It performs several
key functions to ensure the efficient and secure operation of a computer system:

a. Process Management :

- The OS creates, schedules, and terminates processes, managing the execution of

multiple programs to optimize CPU utilization.

b. Memory Management :

- It oversees the computer's memory hierarchy, including RAM and secondary

storage, providing virtual memory for programs to use more memory than physically
available.

c. File System Management :

- The OS organizes and stores data on storage devices through a file system,
managing files, directories, and access permissions.

d. Device Management :

- Through device drivers, the OS communicates with hardware devices, managing

input/output operations and providing a uniform interface for applications.

e. Security and Protection :

- The OS ensures system security by implementing user authentication, access

control policies, and protecting data and resources from unauthorized access.

Q7) CPU Scheduling algorithms with examples.

Ans) CPU scheduling algorithms are used to manage the execution of processes in a
computer system. They determine the order in which processes are executed by the
CPU. Here are a few CPU scheduling algorithms with examples:

a. **First-Come, First-Served (FCFS):**

 - **Description:** Processes are executed in the order they arrive in the ready queue.

- **Example:** Consider three processes, P1, P2, and P3, with burst times 24, 3, and 4
units, respectively. The order of execution would be P1, P2, P3.

b. **Shortest Job Next (SJN) or Shortest Job First (SJF):

- **Description:** The process with the shortest burst time is selected for execution
first.

- **Example:** If processes P1, P2, and P3 have burst times of 6, 2, and 8 units,
respectively, the order would be P2, P1, P3.

c. Round Robin (RR):

- **Description:** Each process is assigned a fixed time slice or quantum, and they
take turns executing in a circular order.

- **Example:** If processes P1, P2, and P3 are assigned a quantum of 5 units, the
execution order might be P1, P2, P3, P1, P2, and so on.

d. **Priority Scheduling

- **Description:** Each process is assigned a priority, and the process with the highest
priority is selected for execution first.

- **Example:** If processes P1, P2, and P3 have priorities 2, 1, and 3, respectively, the
order would be P2, P1, P3.

e. **Multilevel Queue Scheduling:

- **Description:** Processes are divided into multiple queues based on priority. Each
queue may use a different scheduling algorithm.

- **Example:** High-priority processes might use Round Robin, while low-priority

processes use FCFS. Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm.

Q8) Short notes on the transmission media and the pros and cons of each.
Ans) Transmission media refers to the physical pathways or channels that carry signals
between devices in a communication network. There are several types of transmission
media, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.

a. Twisted Pair Cable:

Pros: Inexpensive, easy to install, suitable for short to medium distances.

Cons: Susceptible to electromagnetic interference, limited bandwidth.

b. Coaxial Cable:

Pros: Higher bandwidth, less susceptible to interference.

Cons: More expensive, bulkier, installation complexity.

c. Fiber Optic Cable:

Pros:High bandwidth, immune to electromagnetic interference, suitable for long

distances.

Cons: Expensive, fragile, complex maintenance.

d.Wireless Transmission (Radio Waves):

Pros: No physical cables, flexibility, quick setup.

Cons: Susceptible to interference, limited bandwidth, environmental impact.

e. Microwave Transmission:

Pros: High data rates, long-distance communication.

Cons: Line-of-sight required, susceptible to atmospheric conditions.

f. Satellite Transmission:

Pros: Global coverage, suitable for remote areas.

Cons: High latency, expensive setup, susceptible to environmental factors.

g. Infrared Transmission:

Pros: Secure over short distances, no radio interference.

Cons: Limited range, line-of-sight required.

Q9) Notes on Network physical topologies

Ans) Network physical topologies refer to the physical layout or arrangement of network
devices and cables. Different physical topologies offer distinct advantages and
disadvantages in terms of performance, scalability, and fault tolerance. Here are some
notes on common network physical topologies:

a. Bus Topology:

- Single central cable (backbone) with terminators at each end.

- Simple and inexpensive to implement.

- Performance degrades as more devices are added.

- Susceptible to a single point of failure.

b. Star Topology:

- Central hub or switch with individual cables connecting to each device.

- Easy to install and manage.

- Failure of a single cable or device does not affect the entire network.

- Dependency on the central hub; failure of the hub impacts the entire network.

c. Ring Topology:

- Devices are connected in a closed loop.

- Data travels in one direction (or bidirectional in a dual-ring).

- Simple and easy to install.

 - Failure of one device or cable can disrupt the entire network.

d.Mesh Topology:

- Every device is connected to every other device.

- Highly redundant and fault-tolerant.

- Complex and expensive to implement.

- Provides excellent performance and reliability.

e. Tree Topology:

- Hybrid topology combining characteristics of star and bus topologies.

- Hierarchical structure resembling an organizational chart.

- Scalable and allows for expansion.

- Dependence on the central hub, and failure can affect a portion of the network.