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OS (1)

The document outlines the structure and functions of operating systems, detailing four layers: hardware, operating system software, system programs, and application programs. It discusses the evolution of operating systems through various types, including batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and real-time systems, as well as the distinction between single-user and multi-user systems. Key responsibilities of an operating system include managing hardware resources, ensuring program isolation, and providing a platform for application software.

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11 views17 pages

OS (1)

The document outlines the structure and functions of operating systems, detailing four layers: hardware, operating system software, system programs, and application programs. It discusses the evolution of operating systems through various types, including batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, and real-time systems, as well as the distinction between single-user and multi-user systems. Key responsibilities of an operating system include managing hardware resources, ensuring program isolation, and providing a platform for application software.

Uploaded by

karunakar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structure of Operating System:

Application Programs

System Programs

Software (Operating System)

HARDWARE
Structure of Operating System

 The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:


1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)


Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management,Msoffice etc.,
Types of OS:
 The evolution of operating systems went through seven
major Types.

 Six of them significantly changed the ways in which


users accessed computers through the batch
processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal
computing, Parallel and distributed systems.

 In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent


programming were developed and demonstrated in Real
time operating systems.
(Contd…)
Types OS :
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
Tape batching, BKS system (1961)
Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Parallel Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel
14 Boss 2 system
languages
(1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
System
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)
APIs,CPI VxWorks, QNX,
Real time RTX/RTOS, FreeRTOS
Systems
Batch Processing:
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
 The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.
Batch Processing (Contd…):
 Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer
systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the
program, the data, & some control information).
OS

User
program
area
Multiprogramming:

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of


programs simultaneously by a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in
the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figureindicates the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases


•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.
Time Sharing Systems:

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of


multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
Operating Systems functions:

 The main functions of operating systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection
Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems


Single User Systems:

 Provides a platform for only one user at a


time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top


operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are
required.
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems:
 Provides regulated access for a number of users by
maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more


simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems.


 Example: Unix
 Functions of Operating System
 Operating systems perform the following important functions:
 i) Processor Management: It means assigning processor to different tasks which has to be performed by the
computer system.

 ii) Memory Management: It means allocation of main memory and secondary storage areas to the system
programmes, as well as user programmes and data.

 iii) Input and Output Management: It means co-ordination and assignment of the different output and input devices
while one or more programmes are being executed.

 iv) File System Management: Operating system is also responsible for maintenance of a file system, in which the
users are allowed to create, delete and move files.

 v) Establishment and Enforcement of a Priority System: It means the operating system determines and maintains the
order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system.

 vi) Assignment of system resources, both software and hardware to the various users of the system.

 VI) Security

An operating system has three main responsibilities:
1. Perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending
output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
2. Ensure that different programs and users running at the same time do not
interfere with each other.
3. Provide a software platform on top of which other programs (i.e., application
software) can run.
The first two responsibilities address the need for managing the computer
hardware and the application programs that use the hardware. The third
responsibility focuses on providing an interface between application software
and hardware so that application software can be efficiently developed. Since
the operating system is already responsible for managing the hardware, it
should provide a programming interface for application developers.

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