review well folks, perfect score cutie!!

ARTHEO 112 FINAL EXAM (REVIEWER) VALUE

OTHER ELEMENTS OF DESIGN ● Light and dark are relative perceptions of
- tools you work with when you design. light.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Form/Mass The volume of a structure
- are the concepts that determine how a
Line Creates visual direction design is organized.

Unity All parts of the design work

Texture Surface pattern or physical
together as a whole.
materials
Proportion The size relationship of a part to
Space Interior or exterior enclosure
the whole.

Value The play of light & shadow on a

Emphasis The focal point of the design.
structure
Balance Symmetrical or asymmetrical
Color Applied or inherent to the building
organization of elements
material
Repetition Creates a visual rhythm
FORM
Contrast The variation of opposites
● The primary identifying characteristics of a
volume. Established by shapes &
interrelationship of planes. Rhythm
● A volume can be solid space displaced by ● If you look carefully at the patterns on
mass or void contained by planes. buildings, you can sense a rhythm to their
Elements of form defining space order.
Horizontal Plane ● These rhythmic patterns give a dynamic
quality to a building, making it seem to be
Base plane
very lively.
SYMMETRY / ASYMMETRY
Elevated plane ● When there is correspondence in size or
shape of parts on either side of a bisected
whole we say it is symmetrical.
Depressed plane BALANCE
● is the characteristic of equal weights
opposing one another.
PATTERN / REPETITION
Overhead plane
● When lines and shapes are repeated, they
Roof plane
create a pattern.
Ceiling plane
● Patterns can be regular or irregular,
however, architects try to repeat elements
TEXTURE of design in a regular manner.
● is the apparent look or feel of the surface CONTRAST
of an art object. ● exists when two adjacent parts are very
SPACE different from one another.
● is the relative position of one ● In architecture, we speak about such
three-dimensional object to another. things as materials that have contrasting
colors and textures.
review well folks, perfect score cutie!!

PROPORTION GRID
● is the term used to describe the ● Consists of forms and spaces
relationship between two things of whose position in space and
different size. relationship with one another are
THEME regulated by three – dimensional
● is a dominant feature of a work of art that grid pattern or field.
is carried throughout the piece.
PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION
FORM, SPACE, ORDER AXIS
● A line established by two points in space,
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION about which forms and spaces can be
CENTRALIZED arranged in a regular or irregular manner.
● Consists of a number of secondary spaces
grouped around a dominant, central
space that is generally regular in form and
large enough to gather a number of
secondary spaces about its perimeter.

HIERARCHY
● Implies that in most, if not all, architectural
composition, real difference exists among
forms and spaces that reflects their
LINEAR
degree of importance as well as the
● Consists of a series of spaces that can
functional, formal and symbolic role they
either be directly related to one another or
play in the organization.
be linked through a separate and distinct
linear space.
● Usually consists of repetitive
spaces which are alike in
size, form, and function.
● May also consist of a single
linear space that organizes along its length
DATUM
a series of spaces that differ in size, form or
● A line, plane or
function.
volume to which
RADIAL
other elements in a
● Consists of a central
composition relate.
space from which a
RHYTHM
number of linear
● Refers to any movement characterized by
organizations extend
a patterned recurrence of elements or
in a radial manner.
motifs at regular or irregular intervals.

CLUSTERED
● Relies on physical proximity to relate its
spaces to one another.
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

DESIGN PRINCIPLES1

Order without diversity can result in monotony or boredom; diversity without order can produce chaos.
A sense of unity with variety is the ideal. The following ordering principles are seen as visual devices
that allow the varied and diverse elements of design to coexist perceptually
and conceptually within an ordered, unified and harmonious whole.

AXIS

The axis is perhaps the most elementary means of organizing forms and spaces
in design. It is a line established by two points in space, about which forms and
spaces can be arranged in a regular or irregular manner.

Although imaginary and not visible except to the mind’s eye, an axis can be
powerful, dominating, regulating device.

The terminating elements of an axis serve to both send and receive its visual thrust. These culminating
elements can be any of the following:

• Points in space established by vertical, linear elements or

centralized building form
• Vertical planes, such as symmetrical building facades or
fronts, preceded by a forecourt or similar open space
• Well-defined spaces, generally centralized or regular in
form
• Gateways that open outward toward a view or vista
beyond
Examples:

1
Extracted from Chapter 7- Design Principles of Francis D.K. Ching’s Architecture: Form, Space and Order, Third Edition, 2007, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This handout is meant
for guideline only. Further reading on the topic is highly recommended.

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 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

SYMMETRY

While an axial condition can exist without a symmetrical condition being simultaneously present, a
symmetrical condition cannot exist without implying the existence of an axis or center about which it is
structured. An axis established by two points; a symmetrical condition requires the balanced
arrangement of equivalent patterns of form and space on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane, or
about a center or axis.

There are two fundamental types of symmetry:

• Bilateral symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement

of similar or equivalent elements on opposite sides of a
median axis so that only one plane can divide the
whole into essentially identical halves.

Radial symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of similar, radiating elements such that the
composition can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle around a
centerpoint or along a central axis.

Examples:

2
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

HIERARCHY

The principle of hierarchy implies that in most if not all design

compositions, real differences exist among their forms and spaces.
These differences reflect the degree of importance of these forms
and spaces, as well as the functional, formal and symbolic roles
they play in the organization.

For a form or space to be articulated as being important or

significant to an organization, it must be made uniquely visible. This visual emphasis can be achieved
by endowing a form or shape with:

Exceptional size A unique shape A strategic location

In each case, the hierarchically important form or space is given meaning and significance by being
an exception to the norm, an anomaly within an otherwise regular pattern.

Examples:

DATUM

A datum refers to a line, plane or volume of reference to which other

elements in a composition can relate. It organizes a random pattern of
elements through its regularity, continuity and constant presence.

To be an effective ordering device, a linear datum must have sufficient

visual continuity to cut through or bypass all of the elements being
organized. If planar or volumetric in form, a datum must have sufficient
size, closure and regularity to be seen as a figure that can embrace or
gather together the elements being organized within its field.

3
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

Given a random organization of dissimilar elements, a datum can organize the elements in the
following ways:

• Line: a line can cut through or form a

common edge for the pattern, while a
grid of lines can form a neutral, unifying
field for the pattern
• Plane: a plane can gather the pattern of
elements beneath it or serve as an
encompassing background for the
elements and frame them in its field

• Volume: a volume can collect the pattern

of elements within its boundaries or organize
them along its perimeter

Examples:

RHYTHM

Rhythm refers to any movement characterized by a

patterned recurrence of elements or motifs at regular or
irregular intervals. The movement may be of our eyes as
we follow recurring elements in a composition or of our
bodies as we advance through a sequence of spaces. In either case, rhythm incorporates the
fundamental notion of repetition as a device to organize forms and spaces in design.

Examples:

4
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

REPETITION

The simplest form of repetition is a linear pattern of redundant elements.

Elements need not be perfectly identical, however, to be group in a repetitive
fashion. They may merely share a common trait or a common denominator,
allowing each element to be individually unique, yet belong to the same family.

Basically categorized into 3 main

groups:

• Size

• Shape

• Detail characteristics

Examples:

5
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

TRANSFORMATION

The principle of transformation allows a designer to select a prototypical

design model whose formal structure and ordering of elements might be
appropriate and reasonable and to transform it through a series of
discrete manipulations in order to respond to the specific conditions and
context of the design task at hand.

A design is a generative process of analysis and synthesis, of trial and

error, of trying out possibilities and seizing opportunities. In the process of
exploring and idea and probing its potentials, it is essential that a designer
understand the fundamental nature and structure of the concept. If the
ordering system of a prototypical model is perceived and understood, then the original design
concept can, through a series of finite permutations, be clarified, strengthened and built upon, rather
than destroyed.

Examples:

OTHER RELATED PRINCIPLES

BALANCE

Balance is an equilibrium that results from looking at images and judging them
against our ideas of physical structure (such as mass, gravity or the sides of a
page). It is the arrangement of the objects in a given design as it relates to their
visual weight within a composition. Balance usually comes in two forms:
symmetrical and asymmetrical.

• Symmetrical
Symmetrical balance occurs when the weight of a composition is evenly
distributed around a central vertical or horizontal axis. Under normal
circumstances it assumes identical forms on both sides of the axis.
Symmetrical balance is also known as formal balance.

6
 Theory of Architecture 1
Input Lecture – Design Principles

• Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical balance occurs when the weight of a composition
is not evenly distributed around a central axis. It involves the
arranging of objects of differing size in a composition such that
they balance one another with their respective visual weights. In
general, asymmetrical compositions tend to have a greater
sense of visual tension. Asymmetrical balance is also known as
informal balance.

Examples:

UNITY

Unity is the underlying principle that summarizes all of

the principles and elements of design. It refers to the
coherence of the whole, the sense that all of the parts
are working together to achieve a common result; a
harmony of all the parts.

Unity can be achieved through the effective

and consistent use of any of the elements,
but pattern- that is, underlying structure- is
the most fundamental element for a strong
sense of unity. Consistency of form and
color are also powerful tools that can
pull a composition together.

7
review well folks, perfect score cutie!!

SOCIOPETAL
Proxemics ● describing environmental conditions that
promote social interaction, such as circular
- is the study of measurable distances seating arrangements and a comfortable
between people as they interact and refers ambient room temperature. A physical
to man's use of space as an aspect of his environment with these characteristics is
culture (Edward Hall) termed a sociopetal space.
- Nature, degree and effect of spatial
separation individuals naturally maintain

Intimate distance
● for embracing, touching or whispering
Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF CROWDING
Personal distance
SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF CROWDING
● for interactions among good friends or
● The presence of a high density of people
family members Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5
per unit space
feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet
INTERPERSONAL STIMULATION AND INTERACTION
(76 to 120 cm)
● Defined by “being crowded” as “receiving
Social distance
excessive stimulation from social sources
● for interactions among acquaintances
Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far
phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
Public distance
● used for public speaking Close phase – 12
to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase – 25 feet
(7.6 m) or more. PERSONAL SPACE AND TERRITORY
● Having an area of personal territory in a
CLASSIFICATION OF SPACES public space is the key feature of many
SOCIOFUGAL architectural designs
● describing environmental conditions that PLACE IDENTITY
discourage or prevent social interaction, ● As a person interacts with various places
such as rows of seats facing the same way and spaces, he/she is able to evaluate
(e.g., church pews) or ambient noise that which properties in different environments
interferes with communication. A physical fulfill his/her various needs.
environment with these characteristics is
termed a sociofugal space. Compare
sociopetal.
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 Color Mixing Color Mixing Visible Spectrum of Color
Primary Colors – red, blue, and yellow. These can be Tertiary Colors – Colors created by mixing one primary
mixed from any other colors and are the starting point for and one secondary color.
every other color.
RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET

RED YELLOW BLUE

Secondary Colors – this is the term used to describe RED-ORANGE YELLOW-GREEN BLUE-VIOLET
colors that are created by mixing two primary colors.

RED BLUE RED YELLOW BLUE YELLOW

VIOLET ORANGE GREEN

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Color Terminologies Color Scheme

Hue : Another name for color Color Scheme – combination of Colors that harmonize with each
other
Chroma : Intensity or saturation of
Mono-Chromatic– Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing that
colors colors various tints, tones and shades.
Value : The lightness or darkness of Complimentary– Using two colors (hue) that are opposites such as
color red and green or violet and yellow. Psychology of Colors
Analogous– Using three colors (hue) that are neighboring each
Tint : Color + White other on the color wheel. These schemes can be warm or cool
Tone : Color + Grey since colors are adjacent on the color wheel.
Triadic– Using three colors (hues) that are equal distance apart on
Shade : Color + Black the color wheel, such as red, yellow and blue or using
Key Color : Dominant color in a color secondary colors yellow-green, blue-violet and red-orange.
scheme or mixture
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Red Orange
Orange gives the impression and feeling of cheerfulness, low cost,
Yellow
Yellow gives the impression and feeling of attention-grabbing, comfort,
Red gives the impression and feeling of warmth, love, anger, danger, liveliness, cowardliness, hunger, optimism, overwhelm, Summer,
affordability, enthusiasm, stimulation, creativity, aggression, food,
comfort, liveliness, intellect, happiness, energy, conflict for safety color
boldness, excitement, speed, strength, energy, determination, desire,
Cheap, ambition, success, retro and mellow. Orange as safety color guide, guide, yellow means “CAUTION” or “RISK”
passion, courage. Red as safety guides, it means “STOP” or “WARNING”
It means, “DANGER” It also denotes Gayety; Yellow is most luminous color.

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 GREEN
Green gives the impression and feeling of durability, reliability,
BLUE
Blue gives the impression and feeling of peace, tranquil, professionalism,
PURPLE
Purple gives the impression and feeling of power, royalty, nobility, elegance,
environmental, luxurious, optimism, well-being, nature, calm, relaxation, loyalty, reliability, honor, melancholia, boredom, coldness, Winter, depth, sophistication, artificial, luxury, mystery, royalty, elegance, magic
Spring, safety, honesty, optimism, harmony, freshness as safety color stability, professionalism, honor, trust
guide, green means “SAFETY” Purple is sedative and soothing. It also suggest stately melancholy atmosphere.
Green has cooling quality and acts as a sedative. Blue reduces excitability and therefore helps one to concentrate.

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BLACK
Black gives the impression and feeling of Elegance, sophistication, formality,
power, strength, illegality, depression, morbidity, night, death

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