Anatomy Urinary

 study of the structure and shape of the body and its  eliminates nitrogenous wastes
parts  maintains acid-base balance
Physiology  maintains water and electrolytes
 study of how the body and its parts work
Reproductive
Levels of Study  produces offspring
1. Gross Anatomy  testes produces sperm and male hormones
‒ large structures  ovaries produces eggs and female hormones
‒ easily observable
2. Microscopic Anatomy NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
‒ structures that cannot be seen by the eyes 1. Maintain boundaries
‒ structures that can only be viewed by a 2. Movement
microscope  locomotion, movement of substances
3. Responsiveness
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW  ability to sense changes and react
Integumentary 4. Digestion
 forms external body covering  breakdown and absorption of nutrients
 protects deeper tissue from injury 5. Metabolism
 helps regulate body temperature  chemical reactions within the body
 location of cutaneous nerve receptors  breaks down complex molecules into smaller
ones
Skeletal  build larger molecules form smaller oneS
 protects and supports body organs  produces energy
 provides muscle attachment for movement  regulated by hormones
 site of blood cell formation 6. Excretion
 stores minerals  eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
 waste may be removed in urine and feces
Muscular 7. Reproduction
 provides movement  occurs on cellular level or organismal level
 maintains posture  produces future generations
 produces heat 8. Growth
 increases cell size and number of cells
Nervous
 fast acting control system SURVIVAL NEEDS
 responds to internal and external change Nutrients
 activates muscles and glands  chemicals for energy and cell building
 includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
Endocrine minerals
 secretes regulatory hormones Oxygen
 growth, reproduction, metabolism  required for chemical reactions
Water
Cardiovascular  60-80% of body weight is composed of water
 transports materials in the body via blood pumped by  most abundant chemical in the body
the heart  provides for metabolic reactions
 oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes Stable body temperature
 37C
Lymphatic Atmospheric pressure
 returns fluids to blood vessels  must be appropriate for gas exchange
 cleanses blood
 involved in immunity
HOMEOSTASIS
Respiratory  maintenance of a stable internal environment
 keeps blood supplied with oxygen  a dynamic state of equilibrium
 removes carbon dioxide  necessary for normal body functions to sustain life
Homeostatic Imbalance
Digestive  a disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease
 breaks down food Maintaining Homeostasis
 allows for nutrient absorption into the blood  the body communicates through neural and hormonal
 eliminates indigestible materials as feces control systems
Receptor
 responsive to changes in the environment (stimuli)
 sends information to control center
Control center
 determines set point
 analyzing information
 determines appropriate response
Effector
 provides a means to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback
 includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
 shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
 works like a household thermostat
Positive feedback
 increases the original stimulus to push the variable
further
 in the body, it only occurs in blood clotting and during
birth of a baby

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

 special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 exact terms are used for position, direction, regions,
structure
Regional Terms
 Anterior or ventral
 Posterior or dorsal

Directional Terms
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
 toward the head or upper part of a structure of the
body
Inferior (caudal)
 away from the head end or toward the lower part of a
structure of the body

Ventral (anterior)
 toward or at the front of the body
Dorsal (posterior)
 at the backside of the body

Medial
 toward or at the mid-line of the body
Lateral
 away from the middle of the body
Intermediate
 between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal
 close to the origin of the body part or point of
attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Distal
 farther from the origin of a body part or the point of
attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial
 toward or at the body surface
Deep
 away from the body surface or internal

Body Planes and Sections

Sagittal
 divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
Median (midsagittal)
 divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right
parts
Frontal (coronal)
 divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior
parts
Transverse (cross)
 divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior
parts

Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
 Cranial cavity houses the brain
 Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
 Thoracic cavity houses the heart, lungs, and other
 Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system
and most urinary system organs