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Chapter 5B

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14 views15 pages

Chapter 5B

Uploaded by

Sloom Nusirat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Yarmouk University

Department of Electrical Power Engineering


Academic Year 2021/2022, Second Semester

Prof Yaser Anagreh


Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Generators

The per-phase equivalent circuits of a synchronous


generator is shown below
Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generators

Since the voltages in a synchronous generator are AC voltages, they are usually
expressed as phasors. A vector plot of voltages and currents within one phase is
called a phasor diagram.
A phasor diagram of a synchronous generator
with a unity power factor (resistive load)

Lagging power factor (inductive load).

Leading power factor (capacitive load).

For a given field current and magnitude of


load current, the terminal voltage is lower for
lagging loads and higher for leading loads.
Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators

Pin   appm

Pcon   ind m  3EI a cos 

Prof Yaser Anagreh


Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators
• A synchronous generator can be Y or  connected:
IL IL
Ia
Ra Ra
Ra E1
jXs jXs
Vph
Ia jXs
E2 Vph jXs Vt
E3
Vt Ra
E1 E3

jXs Ra jXs E2

Ra

Vt  3V ph Vt  Vph
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators
• The real and reactive output powers of the synchronous
generator are:
Vph
Pout  3Vt I L cos   3V ph I a cos 

Qout  3Vt I L sin   3V ph I a sin 
Ia

Prof Yaser Anagreh


Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators


bc
sin    bc  E sin 
E
bc
cos    bc  X s I a cos 
X s Ia
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators
E sin 
E sin   X s I a cos   I a cos  
Xs

3V ph E sin 
Pout 
Xs

Pconv  Pout
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators

Prof Yaser Anagreh


Power and Torque of Synchronous
Generators

3V ph E
Pmax 
Xs

3V ph E sin 
Pcon   ind m   ind 
Prof Yaser Anagreh
X s m
Voltage Regulation

| VNL |  | VFL |
VR   100%
| VFL |

Prof Yaser Anagreh


Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generators
• Most of the synchronous generators operate in parallel to
supply a common load.
• For example, as the power requirements of a large utility
system increase during the day, generators are successively
connected to the network to provide the extra power needed.
• When the power demand falls, some generators are
disconnected from the system until the power demand
increases again.
• Synchronous generators are therefore regularly being
connected and disconnected in response to the power
demand without causing changes to the power system voltage
and/or frequency.
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generators
• Definition: An infinite bus is a power system that is so large
that neither the voltage nor the frequency can be altered
regardless of how much real power or reactive power is
drawn from or supplied to it.
• Before a synchronous generator is connected to an infinite
bus (i.e. in parallel with an other generator) it must be
synchronised.
• A generator is said to be synchronised when the following
conditions are met:
 The generator frequency is equal to the system
frequency.
 The generator voltage is equal to the system voltage.
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generators
 The generator voltage is in phase with the system voltage.
 The phase sequence of the generator is the same as that
of the system.
• To synchronize a generator, we proceed as follows:
 Adjust the speed regulator of the turbine so that the
generator frequency is close to the system frequency.
 Adjust the excitation so that the generator voltage is equal
to the system voltage.
 Observe the phase angle between the
generated voltage and the system voltage
using a synchroscope.
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generators
 The synchroscope is a meter that measures the difference
in phase angle between the a phases of the 2 systems.
 The needle shows the phase difference between the two
phases.
 If the oncoming generator or system is faster than the
running system (the desired situation), then the phase
angle advances and the synchroscope needle rotates
clockwise.
 If the oncoming machine is slower, the needle rotates
counterclockwise.
 When the synchroscope needle is in the vertical position,
the voltages are in phase, and the generator can be
connected to the system.
Prof Yaser Anagreh

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