DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

(Course Code: ECE 1003)

Module-1:Lecture-4
Number Systems
 CONTENTS

Module-1 (Part-1)

❖ Number systems and conversions

❖ Binary arithmetic operations
❖ b’s and (b-1)’s compliment
❖ Binary signed and unsigned numbers
❖ Weighted and non-weighted binary codes

Number Systems 2
 CONTENTS

Lecture-4

❖ (b-1)’s Complement
▪ 1’s Complement
▪ 9’s Complement
❖ b’s Complement
▪ 2’s Complement
▪ 10’s Complement

Number Systems 3
 COMPLEMENT OF NUMBERS

✓ In general, complements are used to simplify the subtraction operation and for logical
manipulation.
✓ There are two types of complement method in any base-b number system.
▪ b’s Complement (Radix Complement)
▪ (b-1)’s Complement (Diminished Radix Complement)
✓ In base-2 number system
▪ 2’s complement
▪ 1’s complement
✓ In base-10 number system
▪ 10’s complement
▪ 9’s complement

Number Systems 4
 DIMINISHED RADIX [(b-1)’s] COMPLEMENT

✓ If a number N having n digits with base b, then the (b-1)’s complement is given by

𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝑵
✓ For binary number, it is 1’s complement and can be represented as

𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝑵
✓ For Example: 1’s complement of (10101)2

(𝟐𝟓 −𝟏) − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟐

⇒ 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟐

⇒ 𝟑𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟐

Number Systems 5
 DIMINISHED RADIX [(b-1)’s] COMPLEMENT

Note:
✓ The 1’s complement of a binary number can be obtained by changing each 0’s to 1’s and
each 1’s to 0’s.
✓ For example: 1’s complement of (11101)2

1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 1 0

1’s complement of (11101)2 = (00010)2

Number Systems 6
 DIMINISHED RADIX [(b-1)’s] COMPLEMENT

✓ For decimal number, it is 9’s complement and can be represented as

𝟏𝟎𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝑵
✓ For Example: 9’s complement of (54230)10

(𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟏) − 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟎

⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏 − 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎
⇒ 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 − 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎
⇒ 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟗

Number Systems 7
 DIMINISHED RADIX [(b-1)’s] COMPLEMENT

Note:
✓ The 9’s complement of a decimal number can be obtained by subtracting each digit from 9.
✓ For example: 9’s complement of (12345)10

9 9 9 9 9
−1 2 3 4 5
8 7 6 5 4

9’s complement of (12345)10 = (87654)10

Number Systems 8
 RADIX (b’s) COMPLEMENT

✓ If a number N having n digits with base b, then the b’s complement is given by

𝒃𝒏 − 𝑵 = 𝒃𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝑵 + 𝟏 = (b-1)’s Complement + 1

✓ For binary number, it is 2’s complement and can be represented as

𝟐𝒏 − 𝑵
✓ For Example: 2’s complement of (10111)2
1’s complement of (10111)2 = (01000)2
𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐
2’s complement of (10111)2
⇒ 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐
= 1’s complement of (10111)2 + 1
⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟐 = (01000)2 + 1 = (01001)2

Number Systems 9
 RADIX (b’s) COMPLEMENT

✓ For binary number, it is 2’s complement and can be represented as

Number Systems 10
 RADIX (b’s) COMPLEMENT

Note:
✓ The 2’s complement of a binary number can be obtained by leaving the least significant 0’s
and the first 1 unchanged and then remaining bits, replace 1’s with 0’s and 0’s with 1’s.

✓ For example: 2’s complement of (1110100)2 2’s complement of (100000)2

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

unchanged unchanged

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

2’s complement of (1110100)2 = (0001100)2 2’s complement of (100000)2 = (100000)2

Number Systems 11
 RADIX (b’s) COMPLEMENT

✓ For decimal number, it is 10’s complement and can be represented as

𝟏𝟎𝒏 − 𝑵
✓ For Example: 10’s complement of (54230)10

𝟏𝟎𝟓 − 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎 9’s complement of (54230)10 = (45769)10

𝟏𝟎

⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎 10’s complement of (54230)10

= 9’s complement of (54230)10 + 1
⇒ 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟎 = (45769)10 + 1 = (45770)10

Number Systems 12
 RADIX (b’s) COMPLEMENT

Note:
✓ The 10’s complement of a decimal number can be obtained by leaving the least significant
0’s unchanged and the first least non-zero element should be subtracted from 10 and other
digits from 9.
✓ For example: 10’s complement of (2860010)10

2 8 6 0 0 1 0
unchanged

9 9 9 9 9 10 0
− 2 8 6 0 0 1 10’s complement of
(2860010)10 = (7139990)2
7 1 3 9 9 9 0

Number Systems 13
 SUBTRACTION WITH COMPLEMENT

✓ In digital hardware, complement method for subtraction provides more efficient results
compared to borrow concept method.
✓ Here, the subtraction is pursued for unsigned numbers using the following method
▪ Subtraction of unsigned numbers with b’s Complement
▪ Subtraction of unsigned numbers (b-1)’s Complement

Number Systems 14
 SUBTRACTION WITH b’s COMPLEMENT

Subtraction of unsigned numbers with b’s Complement

✓ The subtraction of two n‐digit unsigned numbers M - N in base b can be done as follows:

1. Add the minuend M to the b’s complement of the subtrahend N. Mathematically,

M + (bn - N) = M - N + bn

2. If M ≥ N, the sum will produce an end carry bn, which can be discarded; what is left is the
result M - N.
3. If M < N, the sum does not produce an end carry and is equal to bn - (N - M), which is the
b’s complement of (N - M). To obtain the answer in a familiar form, take the b’s
complement of the sum and place a negative sign in front.

Number Systems 15
 SUBTRACTION WITH b’s COMPLEMENT

Example-1:
✓ Using 2’s complement, subtract (101111)2 − (100110)2.

Solution: Here, M = (101111)2 and N = (100110)2 11 1 1 1

2’s complement of N = (011010)2 1 0 1 1 1 1
+ 0 1 1 0 1 0
Step -1: Add M with 2’s complement of N ---------------------
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Discard End Carry

Step -2: Here M>N, hence, the result is (101111)2 − (100110)2 = (001001)2

Number Systems 16
 SUBTRACTION WITH b’s COMPLEMENT

Example-2:
✓ Using 2’s complement, subtract (100)2 − (110000)2.

Solution: Here, M = (100)2 and N = (110000)2

2’s complement of N = (010000)2 0 0 0 1 0 0

+ 0 1 0 0 0 0
Step -1: Add M with 2’s complement of N ----------------------
0 1 0 1 0 0

Step -2: Here M<N, hence, the result is obtained by taking the 2’s complement of sum with a
negative sign in front.
(100)2 − (110000)2 = −[2’s complement of (010100)2] = −(101100)2

Number Systems 17
 SUBTRACTION WITH b’s COMPLEMENT

Example-3:
✓ Using 10’s complement, subtract 52532 − 3250.

Solution: Here, M = 52532 and N = 3250

10’s complement of N = (99999 − 03250) + 1 1 1

= 96749 + 1 = 96750 5 2 5 3 2
+ 9 6 7 5 0
Step -1: Add M with 10’s complement of N -------------------
1 4 9 2 8 2
Discard End Carry

Step -2: Here M>N, hence, the result is 52532 − 3250 = 49282

Number Systems 18
 SUBTRACTION WITH b’s COMPLEMENT

Example-4:
✓ Using 10’s complement, subtract 1020 − 2056.

Solution: Here, M = 1020 and N = 2056

10’s complement of N = (9999 − 2056) + 1

1 0 2 0
= 7943 + 1 = 7944 + 7 9 4 4
Step -1: Add M with 10’s complement of N ---------------
8 9 6 4
Step -2: Here M<N, hence, the result is obtained by taking the 10’s complement of sum with a
negative sign in front.
1020 − 2056 = −[10’s complement of 8964] = −[(9999 − 8964) + 1] = − [1035 + 1] = − 1036

Number Systems 19
 SUBTRACTION WITH (b-1)’s COMPLEMENT

Subtraction of unsigned numbers with (b-1)’s Complement

✓ The subtraction of two n‐digit unsigned numbers M - N in base b can be done as follows:

1. Add the minuend M to the (b-1)’s complement of the subtrahend N. Mathematically,

M + ((bn – 1) - N) = M - N + bn - 1

2. If M ≥ N, the sum will produce an end carry bn. To obtain the result, remove the end
carry and add 1 to the sum which also termed as end around carry.
3. If M < N, the sum does not produce any carry. To obtain the answer in a familiar form,
take the (b-1)’s complement of the sum and place a negative sign in front.

Number Systems 20
 SUBTRACTION WITH (b-1)’s COMPLEMENT

Example-1:
✓ Using 1’s complement, subtract (101111)2 − (100110)2.
1 1 1 1 1
1
Solution: Here, M = (101111)2 and N = (100110)2 1 0 1 1 1 1
+ 0 1 1 0 0 1
1’s complement of N = (011001)2 ---------------------
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Step -1: Add M with 1’s complement of N
End Around Carry
+ 1
---------------------
0 0 1 0 0 1

Step -2: Here M>N, hence, the result is (101111)2 − (100110)2 = (001001)2

Number Systems 21
 SUBTRACTION WITH (b-1)’s COMPLEMENT

Example-2:
✓ Using 1’s complement, subtract (100)2 − (110000)2.

Solution: Here, M = (100)2 and N = (110000)2 1 1

1’s complement of N = (001111)2 0 0 0 1 0 0
+ 0 0 1 1 1 1
Step -1: Add M with 1’s complement of N ----------------------
0 1 0 0 1 1

Step -2: Here M<N, hence, the result is obtained by taking the 1’s complement of sum with a
negative sign in front.
(100)2 − (110000)2 = −[1’s complement of (010011)2] = −(101100)2

Number Systems 22
 SUBTRACTION WITH (b-1)’s COMPLEMENT

Example-3:
✓ Using 9’s complement, subtract 52532 − 3250.
1 1 1
Solution: Here, M = 52532 and N = 3250 5 2 5 3 2
+ 9 6 7 4 9
9’s complement of N = (99999 − 03250)
-------------------
= 96749 1 4 9 2 8 1
End Around Carry
Step -1: Add M with 9’s complement of N + 1
-------------------
4 9 2 8 2

Step -2: Here M>N, hence, the result is 52532 − 3250 = 49282

Number Systems 23
 SUBTRACTION WITH (b-1)’s COMPLEMENT

Example-4:
✓ Using 9’s complement, subtract 1020 − 2056.

Solution: Here, M = 1020 and N = 2056

9’s complement of N = (9999 − 2056)

1 0 2 0
= 7943 + 7 9 4 3
Step -1: Add M with 9’s complement of N ---------------
8 9 6 3
Step -2: Here M<N, hence, the result is obtained by taking the 9’s complement of sum with a
negative sign in front.
1020 − 2056 = −[9’s complement of 8963] = −(9999 − 8963) = − 1036

Number Systems 24
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. Using 1’s, 2’s, 9’s and 10’s complement perform the following
(a) 23-56
(b) 98-34

Number Systems 25