Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
Cotabato Division
NOTRE DAME OF ARAKAN, INC.
Doroluman, Arakan, 9417, North Cotabato, Philippines
S. Y. 2023 – 2024

LEARNING PLAN IN SCIENCE 9

Teacher: ANGELICA LLAMAS, LPT

Topic/s: Chemical Bonding Schedule: MTTHF
Sub Topic: The Octet Rule Allocated Time: 8 hours
References: Science Links 9 & Quipper, Teacher’s Content Duration: Week 1 and 2

Integrated Values: Appreciating the value of sharing and giving through the mechanisms of
chemical bonding.

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of how atoms combine with other
atoms by transferring or by sharing electrons;

Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to analyze the percentage composition of
different brands of two food products and decide on the products’ appropriate percentage
composition

Learning Competencies/Objectives: At the end of the lesson the students explain the formation of
ionic and covalent bonds. S9MT-IIa-13

Transfer Goal: The students on their own and in the long run will be able to strengthen their critical
thinking and problem-solving skills through studying elements and their behaviours in various
conditions.
Essential Question: Why do we need to solve for the composition of compounds?
Enduring Understanding: The students will understand that everything we see, touch, smell, hear,
and taste are made of molecules that make up compounds whereas for us to be able to efficiently use
them, we must learn what are inside them.
Performance Task in GRASPS form:

You are tasked to determine the percent composition of the ingredients of one of
G-oal
your household cleaning products at home.
R-ole You are a chemist doing laboratory experiment.
Your audience includes the following:
A-udience  Your classmates
 Your teacher
You are assigned to examine your household cleaning products by determining the
S-cenario
percent composition of its major ingredients.
In doing your task, the following should be accomplished:
 Prepare your data sheet where you will put your experiments result.
 Pick one cleaning product from your home and bring it to the laboratory and
P-roduct take note of its active ingredients. The product can be in its liquid, solid, or gas
state.
 The data sheet to be submitted should have your detailed solutions and
results.
S-tandards Organization, Accuracy, Neatness, Percentage Error

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ACQUISITION
________________________________________________________________________________

Learning Targets for Acquisition:

Learning Target for Acquisition

1. I can identify octet rule, electron configuration, valence electron, and Lewis Electron Dot structure
(LEDS).

Chemical Bonding

Tiny atoms are what comprise everything in this world. The varieties of materials we are
enjoying right now are products of the unending chemical reactions and combination of different
atoms. They bond with other atoms to produce new materials. But what holds atoms together?

This lesson will help you understand the process of chemical bonding between atoms that
leads to the formation of various compounds. You will get involved with the three basic types of
bonding which are ionic, covalent, and metallic but before we discuss let us know first what is Octet
rule, the electron configuration and Lewis electron dot structure (LEDS).

The Octet Rule

Everyone is seeking for stability. Stability refers to the strength to stand or resistance to
chemical change or to physical disintegration. If humans seek stability, so do the atoms. Stability in
atoms involves the possession of eight electrons in its outermost energy level or valence electrons.
Therefore, atoms of all elements have eight valence electrons to become stable. We call this octet
rule which was proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis, an American chemist. Lewis spent one year in
the Philippines as the Superintendent of weights and measures for the Bureau of Science.

Electron Configuration and Valence Electrons

The configuration of electrons and valence electron are highly important in the study of
chemical bonding. Basically, electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons at different
positions in an atom. It becomes more complex as you move along the periodic table of element due
to an increase of atomic number and therefore an increase of energy level of atoms. On the other
hand, valence electrons are the electrons occupying the highest energy level in an atom. Sometimes

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called as the outermost electrons, the valence electrons are the ones actually involved in chemical
bonding and not the electrons closest to nucleus.
Recall how electron configurations are written and how valence electrons are determined.
Electron configuration uses mnemonic as shown in the figure below.

Electron configuration mnemonics

S=2

P=6

d = 10

f = 14

The elements in group 8A of the periodic table of elements such as Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn
have 8 valence electrons and thus are called the noble gases, in exemption of helium (He) which has
only two valence electrons.

Let us look at the electron configuration and distribution of these noble gases.
10
Ne - 1s22s22p6
18
Ar – 1s22s22p63s23p6
36
Kr – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
54
Xe – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6
86
Rn - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6
As you will notice, all the elements mentioned on the previous page have 8 electrons in their
outermost energy level. Therefore, they are all stable. This means that they do not need to react with
other atoms to satisfy the octet rule.
However, there are atoms that do not comply with the octet rule. Others have lesser valence
electrons than 8. These atoms are the ones located in the Group/Column 1 to 17 of the periodic
table, including the transition elements. Group 1 has one valence electron, Group 2 has two valence
electrons while group 15 and 17 have five and seven valence electrons, respectively. Let us look at
some of them.

11
Group 1 Na 1s22s22p63s1

20
Group 2 Ca 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

13
Group 3 Al 1s22s22p63s23p1

14
Group 14 Si 1s22s22p63s23p2

33
Group 15 As 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3

8
Group 16 O 1s22s22p4

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 53
Group 17 I 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p5
The elements above have valence electrons that are less than 8. This means that they are not
stable. Therefore, they need to react with other atoms to attain 8 valence electrons, just like that of
the noble gases by way of a chemical reaction producing a new substance. This is in fact the most
important principle of chemical bonding: Atoms bond in such way that they achieve the electron
configuration of a noble gas. In doing so, atoms either gain, lose, or share its electrons.

Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

A system known as LEDS, proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis, is used to emphasize the atom’s
valence electrons. It is a shorthand method which consists of a symbol of the element surrounded by
dots. The symbol represents the nucleus of the atom while the dots represent the valence electrons
of the atom.

How to draw the LEDS?

The following instruction will guide you. Let us use carbon atom (C) as an example.

 Step 1: Write the chemical symbol of the atom or element.

Example: Carbon chemical symbol is C.

 Step 2: Determine the column or group where an atom belongs in the periodic table of
elements or write down its electron configuration to find out the atom’s number of valence
electrons. For representative elements, the number of valence electron is the same as the
atom’s group number or column.

Carbon, a representative element, belongs to Group 4A, therefore its number of valence electron is 4.

 Step 3: Draw the dots that correspond to the number of the atom’s valence electrons.
Distribute the dots evenly, may be above or below and/or either side of the chemical symbol.

Let us have another example. This time let us draw the LEDS of fluorine atom (F).

Step 1: F

Step 2: Fluorine belongs to group 7A.

Step 3:

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 H He
Lewis Electron Dot Structures

Li Be B C N O Ne

 Check Your Knowledge

Activity 1: Identification
Instruction: Identify the following statements/definitions. Choose your answer from the box.

Octet Rule Valence Electron Stability 6

Electron Configuration Lewis electron dot structure 8 12

________________ 1. What rule states that “atoms of all elements have eight valence electrons to
become stable?
________________ 2. It is used to emphasize the atom’s valence electrons.
________________ 3. It refers to the distribution of electrons at different positions in an atom.
________________ 4. How many valence electron does element have to become stable?
________________ 5. It refers to the strength to stand or resistance to chemical change or to
physical disintegration.

MEANING-MAKING
________________________________________________________________________________

 Check Your Understanding

Learning Target for Meaning-Making:
1. I can solve for electron configuration of the given elements.
Activity 2: Configure Me!
Direction: Write the electron configuration of the following elements. You can use your periodic table
to see the elements’ atomic number.

1. Iron (Fe)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________

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2. Aluminum (Al)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
3. Silver (Ag)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
4. Sulfur (S)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
5. Arsenic (As)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
6. Xenon (Xe)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
7. Lithium (Li)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
8. Nickel (Ni)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
9. Silicon (Si)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
10. Gold (Au)
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________

TRANSFER
________________________________________________________________________________

 Apply What You Know

Learning Target for Transfer
1. I can draw the Lewis electron dot structure (LEDS) of the given elements.

Activity 3: Draw My Structure!

Direction: Draw the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) of the following elements on the box
provided. You can use the periodic table for reference of the elements’ group. (2 points each)

1. Xenon

2. Bromine

3. Sulfur

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4. Barium

5. Antimony

6. Germanium

7. Tin

8. Potassium

Prepared by:

ANGELICA LLAMAS, LPT

Subject Teacher
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