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Types of operating system

A Micro-Project Report
On
‘Types Of Operating System'
Submitted To
MSBTE
In Partial Fulfilment of Requirement of
Diploma of Computer Engineering
Under I Scheme
Submitted By

MS. SHIVALI SHASHIKANT DHUMAL.

MR. ARYAN KALIDAS GAD.

MS.DARSHANI HARI SHETKAR.

MS.SHWETA RAMESH SAWANT.

MR.OMKAR RAMCHANDRA SANGVEKAR.

Under The Guidance Of

Prof. Mr.S.M.Mayekar

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

YASHWANTRAO BHAONSALE POLYTECHNIC, SAWANTWADI.

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Types of operating system

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Names Roll No

Ms. SHIVALI SHASHIKANT DHUMAL. 44

Mr. ARYAN KALIDAS GAD. 47
Ms.DARSHANI HARI SHETKAR. 57
Ms.SHWETA RAMESH SAWANT. 58
Mr.OMKAR RAMCHANDRA SANGVEKAR. 59

Of FIFTH semester of diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute Yashwantrao Bhonsale

Polytechnic (1742) has completed the MICRO PROJECT satisfactorily in subject OPERATING
SYSTEM (22516) for the academic year 2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

……………… ……………… …………………

Subject Faculty HOD Principle

Seal of the
Institution

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Types of operating system

INDEX

Sr
Contain Page No
No.

1. Abstract 4
2. Introduction 5
3. Objective 6
4. Scope 6
5. Type of Operating System

1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS 7
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS To
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS 22
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS

6. Linux vs Windows vs MacOS

23

7. Batch OS vs Time-sharing OS vs Distributed OS vs

Network OS vs RTOS 24 to 25

8. Conclusion
26

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Types of operating system

Abstract

The operating system is the performance of a computer system hardware

abstraction, through which people control the hardware, and to use the resources
of the computer system. Course groups is proposed, using a variety of measures
to uphold the theory and practice, both innovative strategies to improve teaching
effectiveness, develop computer applications personnel. In order to cultivate the
students' basic knowledge, practical ability, innovation and system design
capability for the subject to course through software and hardware as a method,
the computer circuit basis, computer composition principle, embedded system
design, operating system, compiler theory melt together five courses, top-down
design course group knowledge, transfer of knowledge from the bottom up, from
the inside out, from parts to whole again to the system, layers, and eventually fall
into place. As a result, links between courses are strengthened, and the students'
computer systems analysis and design capability and innovation is improved.

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Types of operating system

Introduction

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that control the execution of

application programs and act as an intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware. OS is software that manages the computer hardware
as well as providing an environment for application programs to run.
Examples of OS are: Windows, Windows/NT, OS/2 and MacOS.
An operating system is a type of system software that manages and controls the
resources and computing capability of a computer or a computer network, and
provides users a logical interface for accessing the physical computer to execute
applications. Almost all general-purpose computers need an operating system
before any specific application may be installed and executed by users. The role
of an operating system as a conceptual model of a physical computer.
In this project, we will discuss various classifications of operating systems.Most
modern operating systems are based on multi-programmed timesharing
technologies

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Types of operating system

The objectives of OS are:

(1) To make the computer system convenient and easy to use for the user.
(2) To use the computer hardware in an efficient way.
(3) To execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Scope:
• Have a look at the various types of operating systems.
• Contrast the various classes of operating systems.
• Look at some examples, use cases, benefits, and disadvantages of each
type.
• Draw parallels between:
o Linux, Windows, macOS
o 64-bit OS and 32-bit OS
o Batch OS, Time-Sharing OS, Distributed OS, Real-Time OS,
Networking OS

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Types of operating system

Types of Operating System

Batch Operating Systems

A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch form and then processes
them. The main aim of using a batch processing system is to decrease the setup time while
submitting similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were implemented in the hard
disk and card readers as well. In this case, all jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the
pool of jobs for their execution as a batch form.

A batch monitor is started for executing all pooled jobs, after reading them. These jobs are
divided into groups, and finally, precede the same jobs in a similar batch. Now all batched jobs
are ready for execution one by one, and due to this system enhances the system utilization while
decreasing the turnaround time.

Advantages

• In a batch system, all jobs are performed in repeating form without the user’s
permission.
• Can be feed input data in the batch processing system without using extra hardware
components.
• Small scale businesses can use batch processing systems for executing small tasks to
their benefit.
• Forgiving rest to the system’s processors, your batch system is capable to work in off-
line mode.
• Batch processing system consumes less time for executing all jobs.
• Sharing of the batch system for multiple users is possible.
• The idle time of the batch system is very less.
• You can assign a specific time for the batch jobs so when the computer is idle it starts
processing the batch jobs.
• The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.

Disadvantages

• `Batch processing system's online sensors are often not available.

• Time-varying process characteristics.
• If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting time.
• Due to any mistake, any job can enter into an infinite loop.
• If your protection system is not well then, anyone's job can affect pending jobs.
• Computer operators must be trained for using batch systems.
• It is difficult to debug batch systems.
• Batch systems are sometimes costly.
• If some job takes too much time i.e. if an error occurs in the job then other jobs will
wait for an unknown time.

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Types of operating system

Examples

• Payroll System
• Bank Invoice System
• Transactions Process
• Daily Report
• Research Segment
• Billing System

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Types of operating system

Time-sharing Operating Systems

Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU executes multiple jobs by

switching, among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with
each program while it is running. An interactive computer provides direct communication
between the user and the system. The user gives instructions to the OS or a program directly,
using hardware, and waits for results.

A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each
user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. Each user has at least one separate
program in memory. When a process executes, it executes for only a short time before it either
finishes or needs to perform input/output. In time-sharing operating systems several jobs must
be kept simultaneously in memory, so the system must have memory management and
protection.

Advantages

• Each task gets an equal opportunity.

• Fewer chances of duplication of software.
• CPU idle time can be reduced.

Disadvantages

• Reliability problem.
• One must have to take of security and integrity of user programs and data.
• Data communication problem.

Examples

• Windows 2000 server

• Windows NT server
• Unix
• Linux

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Types of operating system

Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system allows the distribution of entire systems on the couples of center
processors, and it serves on multiple real-time products as well as multiple users. All processors
are connected by valid communication mediums such as high-speed buses and telephone lines,
and in which every processor contains its local memory along with other local processors.

The Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled systems. They involve
multiple computers, nodes, and sites. These components are linked to each other with
LAN/WAN lines. A distributed OS is capable of sharing its computational capacity and I/O
files while allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.

Advantages

• A distributed operating system may share all resources from one site to another,
increasing data availability across the entire system.
• It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is replicated across all sites.
• The entire system operates independently of one another, and as a result, if one site
crashes, the entire system does not halt.
• A distributed operating system is an open system since it may be accessed from both
local and remote locations.
• It helps in the reduction of data processing time.
• Most distributed systems are made up of several nodes that interact to make them fault-
tolerant. If a single machine fails, the system remains operational.

Disadvantages

• The system must decide which jobs must be executed when they must be executed, and
where they must be executed. A scheduler has limitations, which can lead to
underutilized hardware and unpredictable runtimes.
• It is hard to implement adequate security in a distributed operating system since the
nodes and connections must be secured.
• The database connected to a DOS is relatively complicated and hard to manage in
contrast to a single-user system.
• The underlying software is extremely complex and is not understood very well
compared to other systems.
• The more widely distributed a system is, the more communication latency can be
expected. As a result, teams and developers must choose between availability,
consistency, and latency.
• Gathering, processing, presenting, and monitoring hardware use metrics for big clusters
can be a real issue.

Examples

• Solaris
• OSF/1
• Micros
• DYNIX
• Locus
• Mach

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Types of operating system

Network operating systems

Network Operating System is an operating system that has special functions for connecting
computers and devices into a local-area network or Inter-network. Some popular network
operating systems are Windows NT/2000, Novell Netware, Linux, UNIX, Sun Solaris, and
IBM OS/2. The network operating system which was first developed is Novell Netware, in
1983.

An operating system that provides connectivity among several autonomous computers is called
a network operating system. A configuration for a network operating system is a collection of
personal computers along with a common printer, server, and file server for archival storage,
all tied together by a local network. There are two basic types of network operating systems,
discussed as follows:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems: allow users to share network resources

saved in a common, accessible network location. In this architecture, all devices are
treated equally in terms of functionality. Peer-to-peer usually works best for small to
medium LANs and is cheaper.
2. Client/Server Network Operating Systems: provide users with access to resources
through a server. All functions and applications are unified under one file server that
can be used to execute individual client actions regardless of physical location.

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Types of operating system

Advantages

• Highly stable centralized servers

• Security concerns are handled through servers
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system
• Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems

Disadvantages

• Servers are costly

• User has to depend on a central location for most operations
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly

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Types of operating system

Real-time Operating Systems

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that runs multi-threaded

applications and can meet real-time deadlines. Most RTOSes include a scheduler, resource
management, and device drivers. Note that when we talk about “deadlines”, we do not
necessarily mean “fast”. Instead, meaning we can determine when certain tasks will execute
before runtime.

An RTOS can be a powerful tool if you’re creating complex embedded programs. They help
isolate tasks and give you the ability to run them concurrently. You can set prioritization levels
of tasks in most RTOSes, which allow some tasks to interrupt and run before other tasks. This
is known as “preemption.” If you need concurrency or are getting into deeper embedded
concepts like IoT or machine learning, it's wise to add RTOSes and multi-threaded
programming to your toolkit.

Advantages

• Priority-Based Scheduling.
• Abstracting Timing Information.
• Maintainability/Extensibility.
• Modularity.
• Promotes Team Development.
• Easier Testing.
• Code Reuse.
• Improved Efficiency.
• Idle Processing.

Disadvantages

• Limited Tasks.
• Use Heavy System resources.
• Complex Algorithms.
• Device driver and interrupt signals.
• Thread Priority.

Examples

• Airline traffic control systems.

• Command Control Systems.
• Airlines reservation system.
• Heart Peacemaker.
• Network Multimedia Systems.
• Robotics.

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Types of operating system

Embedded Operating Systems

An embedded operating system is a specialized OS for embedded systems. It aims to perform

with certainty specific tasks regularly that help the device operate. An embedded operating
system often has limited features and functions. The OS may perform only a single action that
allows the device to work, but it must execute that action consistently and timely.

Embedded operating systems are built into Internet of Things devices. They are also part of
many other devices and systems. In most cases, embedded hardware doesn't have much
capacity and has fewer resources. So, the amount of processing power and memory is limited.

Advantages

• The OS is often low-cost.

• The OS tends to use few resources, including minimal power.
• The performance is generally trouble-free.

Disadvantages

• The OS can usually only run a single or very few applications.

• It is difficult to modify the OS once you establish a framework and build it into the
device.

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• Trouble-shooting the OS when there are issues can be difficult.

Examples

• Windows Mobile/CE (handheld Personal Data Assistants)

• Symbian (cell phones)
• Linux-based OSes.

Multiprogramming Operating System

A multiprogramming operating system runs multiple programs on a single processor computer.

If a program waits for an I/O transfer, the other programs are ready to use the CPU. As a result,
various jobs may share CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is not defined to be in
the same period. A multiprogramming OS is of the following two types:

1. Multitasking OS: Enables execution of multiple programs at the same time. The
operating system accomplishes this by swapping each program in and out of memory
one at a time. When a program is switched out of memory, it is temporarily saved on
disk until it is required again.
2. Multiuser Operating System: This allows many users to share processing time on a
powerful central computer from different terminals. The operating system
accomplishes this by rapidly switching between terminals, each of which receives a
limited amount of processor time on the central computer.

Advantages

• It may help to run various jobs in a single application simultaneously.

• It helps to optimize the total job throughput of the computer.
• Various users may use the multiprogramming system at once.
• Short-time jobs are done quickly in comparison to long-time jobs.

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• It may help to improve turnaround time for short-time tasks.

• It helps in improving CPU utilization and never gets idle.
• The resources are utilized smartly.

Disadvantages

• It is highly complicated and sophisticated.

• The CPU scheduling is required.
• Memory management is needed in the operating system because all types of tasks are
stored in the main memory.
• The harder task is to handle all processes and tasks.
• If it has a large number of jobs, then long-term jobs will require a long wait.

Examples

• Apps like office, chrome, etc.

• Microcomputers like MP/M, XENIX, and ESQview.
• Windows O/S
• UNIX O/S

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Multiprocessor Operating System

Multiprocessor operating system utilizes multiple processors, which are connected with
physical memory, computer buses, clocks, and peripheral devices (touchpad, joystick, etc). The
main objective of using a multiprocessor OS is to consume high computing power and increase
the execution speed of the system.

Following are four major components, used in the Multiprocessor Operating System:

1. CPU – capable to access memories as well as controlling the entire I/O tasks.
2. Input Output Processor – I/P processor can access direct memories, and every I/O
processors have to be responsible for controlling all input and output tasks.
3. Input/Output Devices – These devices are used for inserting the input commands, and
producing output after processing.
4. Memory Unit – Multiprocessor system uses the two types of memory modules - shared
memory and distributed shared memory.

Advantages

• Great Reliability.
• Improve Throughput.
• Cost-Effective System.
• Parallel Processing.

Disadvantages

• It is more expensive due to its large architecture.

• Its speed can get degraded due to failing any one processor.
• It has more time delay when the processor receives the message and takes appropriate
action.
• It has big challenges related to skew and determinism.
• It needs context switching which can be impacted its performance.

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Types of operating system

Desktop Operating System

The control program which operates in the machine of a user is referred to as a desktop system.
It is also called a Client Operating System. The client can be said as a computer in a network
where the user performs some task or activity over the network. Such operating systems do not
have complete control over the resources but use the network to access them.

These computer systems only use the network to execute tasks such as downloading a file from
the network or browsing the internet. Desktop systems usually operate with a server computer
that has complete control over the resources. The processing power remains in the hands of the
server OS, which is developed in such a way that it can fulfill all the requirements of the client
or the desktop operating system.

Advantages

• Centralization of resources as all the resources are present at a common location.

• Better management of resources as the files are stored in a single place. This also avoids
the redundancy of resources such as printers and scanners.
• Remote access to the server gives processing power to every user.
• High security as only the server needs to be secured from threats and attacks.
• The server can play different roles for the different

Disadvantages

• Network congestion as multiple requests from the clients can block the network traffic.
• The architecture of request and response is not robust enough for heavy processing.
• If the server fails, all the desktop systems connected over the network fail.
• If the service interrupts, the task has to be started from scratch. For instance, if a desktop
system requests a file download that gets interrupted, the file becomes corrupt, and the
entire process needs to be carried out from the start.
• The operating system architecture is highly costly.
• A professional IT personnel is needed to manage and maintain such an operating
environment.

Examples

• Windows
• Linux
• Unix
• MAC OS
• MS-DOS
• Solaris
• Ubuntu
• Fedora
• QNX

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Types of operating system

Mobile Operating System

A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps run application software on mobile
devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer operating systems Linux and
Windows, but they are light and simple to some extent. The operating systems found on
smartphones include Symbian OS, IOS, BlackBerryOS, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS,
Android, and Maemo.

Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD
and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix. It combines the power of a computer and the
experience of a hand-held device. It typically contains a cellular built-in modem and SIM tray
for telephony and internet connections.

Advantages

• Convenience inoperability.
• It also includes open-source platforms.
• Gives notification ease.

Disadvantages

• Instability.
• It also includes poor battery quality.
• Not sufficient computational power.

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Examples

• Android
• IOS
• HarmonyOS
• PalmOS

Clustered Operating System

Cluster systems are similar to parallel systems. Both use multiple CPUs. The primary
difference is that clustered systems are made up of two or more independent systems linked
together. They have independent computer systems and shared storage media, and all systems
work together to complete all tasks. All cluster nodes use two different approaches to interact
with one another, like a message passing interface and a parallel virtual machine.

There are two clusters available to make a more efficient cluster. These are as follows:

• Software Cluster: Allows all the systems to work together.

• Hardware Cluster: Facilitates high-performance disk sharing among systems.

Advantages

• High Availability
• Cost Efficiency
• Additional Scalability
• Fault Tolerance
• Performance
• Processing Speed

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Types of operating system

Disadvantages

• Cost-Effective
• Required Resources
• Maintenance

Examples
Oracle provides a Linux-based operating system that is clustered.

Handheld Operating Systems

Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants, and connectivity to a network such as
the Internet. They are usually of limited size due to which most handheld devices have a small
amount of memory, include slow processors, and feature small display screens.

Many handheld devices have a memory in a range of 512512 KB to 88 MB. As a result, the
operating system and applications must manage memory efficiently. This includes returning
all allocated memory to the memory manager once the memory is no longer being used. Not
many handheld devices use virtual memory techniques, thus forcing program developers to
work within the confinements of restricted physical memory.

Another issue programmers deal with while developing software for handheld devices is their
small display screens. One approach for displaying the content in web pages is web clipping,
where only a small subset of a web page is delivered and displayed on the handheld device.
Some handheld devices may use wireless technology such as Bluetooth, Wifi, NFC.

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Advantages

• Portability.
• Pricing.

Disadvantages

• Less computational power.

• Instability.
• Inefficient battery.

Examples

• Android
• Symbian
• PalmOS
• IOS

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Linux vs Windows vs MacOS

• Security

Microsoft established AI models that scan for possible threats continuously. It also features the
biggest malware signature database for its OS to ensure its users are guarded against cyber
scams and attacks and keeps your data well-protected.

Mac OS is known for its security provisions. Many of the newer Mac models even come
embedded with the Apple T2 Security Chip. This chip fits is capable of securing the system
even for the lowest levels of software. Its Secure Enclave coprocessor is the basis for secure
booting, encrypted storage capabilities, Touch ID, etc.

Since it’s open-source, Linux distributions could be the most secure operating system. When
you have hundreds of users analyzing the source code, vulnerabilities are easily tackled. Linux
correctly estimates the benefits of having security policies that complement each other. This
could be why a growing number of users and analysts are switching to Linux.

• Software

There's a miriad of application software choices in Windows. However, the lack of a unified
store combined with the abundance of options can make some users feel overwhelmed,
especially since there’s no guidance or support to walk them through it. PC gamers, as well as
gaming developers and publishers, are also favoring Windows.

The macOS is dependent on Apple’s mesh of integrated software. Everything within

the Apple enterprise is exclusive to this ecosystem.

Linux comes with a unified install setup system. Its smaller user base means fewer options.
Yet, its open-source nature is opening up new possibilities. One of these is in the gaming
industry.

• Cons

Windows suffers more from security breaches and hackings. More people use Windows
worldwide than any other operating system, which provides hackers with a massive pool of
targets. With more users, there’s a wider collection of marks to choose from.

There are vulnerabilities in the MacOS that arise from time to time. Now since over 10% of
the market share is Mac users. This is making cybercriminals take notice of this system.

Being open-source is both good as well as evil. Having that joint effort and cooperation makes
some people feel their data might be exposed. Because anyone can access the Linux source
code, some organizations are wary and a bit skeptical of its level of security.

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64-bit OS vs 32-bit OS
A 64-bit processor is more capable than a 32-bit processor because it can handle more data at
once. It can store more computational values, including memory addresses, which means it can
access over 4 billion times the physical memory of a 32-bit processor.

A key difference is, 32-bit processors are perfectly capable of handling a limited amount of
RAM (in Windows, 4GB or less), and 64-bit processors utilize relatively more. A major
difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors is the number of computations per
second they perform, which affects the speed at which they can complete tasks.

Batch OS vs Time-sharing OS vs Distributed OS vs

Network OS vs RTOS
• Batch OS

A batch OS fetches all programs and data in the batch form then performs processing. The
main goal of using a batch processing system is to decrease the setup time while submitting
similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were implemented in the hard disk and
card readers as well. In this case, all jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the pool of jobs
for their execution as a batch form. A batch monitor is started for executing all pooled jobs,
after reading them. These jobs are divided into groups, and finally, precede the same jobs in a
similar batch. Now all batched jobs are ready for execution one by one without wasting more
time, and this system enhances the system utilization while reducing the turnaround time.

• Time Sharing OS

Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU executes multiple jobs by

switching, among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with
each program while it is running. An interactive system provides direct communication
between the user and the system. The user gives instructions to the OS/program directly, using
a hardware device, and waits for results. Accordingly, the response time should be short.
A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each
user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. Each user has at least one separate
program in memory. When a process executes, it typically executes for only a short time before
it either finishes or needs to perform input/output.

• Distributed OS

A distributed system allows the distribution of entire systems on the couples of center
processors, and it serves multiple real-time products as well as multiple users. All processors
are connected by valid communication mediums such as high-speed buses and telephone lines,
and in which every processor contains its local memory along with other local
processors. Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled systems. They
involve multiple computers, nodes, and sites, and these components are linked to each other
with LAN/WAN lines. A distributed os is capable of sharing its computational capacity and
I/O files while allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.

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• Network OS

Network Operating System has special functions for connecting computers and devices into a
local-area network or Inter-network. Some popular network operating systems are Novell
Netware, Linux, IBM OS/2, etc. The network operating system which was first developed is
Novell Netware. There are two basic types of network operating systems, discussed as follows:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems: allow users to share network resources

saved in a common, accessible network location.
2. Client/Server Network Operating Systems: provide users with access to resources
through a server.

• Real time OS

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (often a lightweight OS) that runs
multi-threaded applications and can meet real-time deadlines.

Most RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and device drivers. When talking
about “deadlines”, “fast” is not the necessary implication. An RTOS can be a powerful tool if
you’re creating complex embedded programs. They help you isolate tasks and give you the
ability to run them concurrently. You can set prioritization levels of tasks in most RTOSes,
which allow some tasks to interrupt and run before other tasks.

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Types of operating system

Conclusion
• An operating system is a set of programs that enables a user to operate and interact with
a computer.
• Examples of operating systems are Linux distros (ubuntu, arch, open use, etc),
Windows, Mac OS, FreeBSD), Android, IOS, etc.
• Operating systems based on their use cases are categorized as being of the following
types:
1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS

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