TITTLE: Determining heat evolved by chemical reaction

AIM; To measure the enthalpies of formation of Mg2+(aq) and MgO(s).

To measure the enthalpy of neutralization of HCl and NaOH.

HYPOTHESIS; Enthalpies of formation of Mg2+ and MgO(s) is an endothermic while enthalpy of

neutralization is an exothermic.

INTRODUCTION;

The heat evolved by a chemical reaction can be determined using the calorimeter. In this experiment
two Styrofoam cups are used to construct a calorimeter to measure the specific heat of substances in
the chemistry laboratory. A calorimeter is a well-insulated container that can measure energy changes.
It is insulated to reduce the loss or gain of energy to or from surroundings. The enthalpy of
neutralization reaction of hydrochloric acid and a strong base (Sodium chloride) as well as the enthalpy
of formation of magnesium metal, magnesium oxide with the known enthalpy of formation of liquid
water will be determined through the experiment.

MATERIAL;

2 Styrofoam cup, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium chloride, Thermometer, Magnesium ribbon, Magnesium
oxide, Beaker, 2 Graduated cylinder and Funnel.

METHOD/PROCEDURE;

I) Construct a calorimeter using two (2) Styrofoam cups

One Styrofoam cup turn upside down and inserted into another.

Gap created for thermometer to reach the bottom.

II)The reaction of HCl and NaOH

Transfer 25ml of 0.2 mole of HCl from the solution into the 50ml graduated cylinder using the funnel
then pour it into the Styrofoam. Measure and record its temperature.

Transfer 25ml of 1 mole of NaOH into the other 50ml graduated cylinder using the funnel then poured it
into the beaker. Measure and record its temperature.

Carefully add 1 mole of NaOH solution into the HCl inside the Styrofoam cup. Cover the Styrofoam then
insert the thermometer and record the temperature with the maximum temperature.

Repeat the HCl and NaOH procedure for a second trial.

III) Enthalpy of reaction for Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)

Weigh 0.4g of Mg metal and record the weight to the nearest grams.

Add 100ml of 0.2 mole HCl solution to the calorimeter using the graduated cylinder.

Record its temperature and add Mg metal to into the calorimeter then stir the solution.
Take the temperature reading after stirring.

IV) Enthalpy of reaction for MgO(g) + 2H+(aq)

Repeat the same steps in procedure III (including re-measuring the temperature of the acid solution).

Use 0.7g of powdered MgO weighed to nearest milligrams. Assume the heat capacity of the paper is
negligible.

RESULTS;

I) Reaction of HCl + NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume of HCl 25ml 25 ml
Initial temperature of HCl 30 degree Celsius 29 degree Celsius
Volume of NaOH 25 ml 25 ml
Initial temperature of NaOH 31 degree Celsius 30 degree Celsius

Maximum temperature 31 degree Celsius 30 degree Celsius

II) Reaction for Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)

Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume of HCl 100ml 100ml
Initial temperature of HCl 30 degree Celsius 30 degree Celsius
Grams of Mg 0.7g 0.7g
Maximum temperature 29 degree Celsius 29 degree Celsius

Trial 1 Trial 2

Volume of HCl 100ml 100ml

Initial temperature of HCl 35 degree Celsius 35 degree Celsius
Grams of MgO 0.7g 0.7g
Maximum temperature 34 degreeCelsius 34 degree Celsius

III) Reaction for MgO(s) + 2H+(aq)

CALCULATION:
I) Reaction of HCl + NaOH

‫ ÷ ﮿‬2 = 30.5 C
a) (I) Initial average temperature = (HCl = 30 + NaOH = 31) C ‫ ﮿‬.

‫ ÷ ﮿‬2 = 29.5 C
(II) Final average temperature = (HCl = 29 + NaOH = 30) C ‫ ﮿‬.

‫ = ﮿‬-1‫﮿‬C and for NaOH = (30 - 31) C

b) change in temperature of HCl = (29 - 30) C ‫ = ﮿‬-1‫﮿‬C

‫ = ﮿‬-1‫﮿‬C
change in final temperature = (29.5 - 30.5) C

c) Mass of the final mixture = mass of HCl + mass of NaOH

(HCl = 25ml + NaOH =25ml) = 50ml

50ml x 1g/ml = 50g. Thus final mass of the mixture is 50g

d) Heat evolved during reaction is equal to the heat gain in the reaction.

First trial: q = mcsT (50g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x 30‫﮿‬C - 31‫﮿‬C) = - 209j

Second trial: q = mcsT (50g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x 29‫﮿‬C - 30‫﮿‬C) = - 209j

e) Moles of water formed

moles of water produce will depend on HCl because it is the limiting reagent.

moles = concentration x volume n (H2O) = 0.2mol/L x 0.025L = 0.005moles of water is formed.

f) Heat evolved per mole of H2O, Kj/mol for each trial is 4.18Kj/mole

First trial: q = mcsT [50g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x (30‫﮿‬C - 31‫﮿‬C)] = - 209j

- 209j (for 0.005mole of water) thus; -209j ÷ 0.005mole = - 41,800j/mole of water

- 41,800j/mole ÷ 1000 = - 41.8kj/mole.

Second trial: q = mcsT [50g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x (29‫﮿‬C - 30‫﮿‬C)] = - 209j

- 209j (for 0.005mole of water) thus; -209j ÷ 0.005mole = - 41,800j/mole of water

- 41,800j/mole ÷ 1000 = - 41.8kj/mole.

g) Average enthalpy change for neutralization;

(Heat evolved by first trial + heat evolved by second trial) ÷ 2

(- 41.8kj/mole + - 41.8kj/mole) ÷ 2 = (- 83.6kj/mole) ÷ 2 = - 41.8kj/mole

(II) Use change in temperature to compute heat of reaction (in kj/g) and (kj/mole) for each reaction.

a) (i) Reaction of HCl (25ml) + NaOH (25ml) = 50ml x 1g/ml = 50g

q = 50g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x -1‫﮿‬C = - 209j ÷ (1g/ml x 100ml) = - 2.09j/g ÷ 1000 = - 0.0021kj/g

q = - 209j ÷ 0.005mol = - 20.9j/mole ÷ 1000 = - 0.02kj/mole

(ii) Reaction of Mg (0.4g) + HCl (100ml x 1g/ml) = 100.4g

q = 100.4g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x (29‫﮿‬C - 30‫﮿‬C) = - 419.672j ÷ (1g/ml x 100ml) = - 4.197j/g ÷ 1000 = - 0.004297kj/g

q = - 4.197j ÷ (moles = 100.4g ÷ 60.5g/mole) = - 2.469j/mole ÷ 1000 = - 0.00247kj/mole

(iii) Reaction of MgO (0.7g) + HCl (100ml x 1g/ml) = 100.7g

q = 100.7g x 4.18j/g‫﮿‬C x (34‫﮿‬C - 35‫﮿‬C) = - 420.926j ÷ (1g/ml x 100ml) = - 4.2093j/g ÷ 1000 = 0.00421kj/g

q = - 420.926j ÷ (mole = 100.7g ÷ 112g/mole) = - 425.178j/mole ÷ 1000 = 0.42518kj/mole

b) Using enthalpy for H2O and Hess law, compute heat enthalpy for MgO.

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) → MgO(s) + 2H+(aq)

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(L)

Mg(s) + ½ O2(g) → MgO(s) (a known constant of -285.8jk/mol)

c) Use the enthalpy change value to calculate the percentage error.

(i) Neutralization reaction of HCl + NaOH is – 57.0kj/mol

(−41.8 )−(−57.0)
% error ¿ x 100 = - 26.67%
(−57.0)
DISCUSSION;

According to the results in the tables above the change in the temperature of the reaction between HCl
and NaOH is -1‫﮿‬C. For MgO and 2H+ including the reaction between Mg metal and 2H+ the temperature
change is still -1‫﮿‬C for both reactions. It shows that when MgO is placed into the solution of HCl the
temperature of the solution decreases as well as when Mg is placed in HCl solution. The results obtain
throughout the experiment may not be accurate due to some of the factors like; some of the
thermometers are not working, heat lost because Styrofoam cups are not prepared properly to trap the
heat or also it might not be the good insulator. Other errors faced in three of the experiments are like
using graduated cylinder which is used for the NaOH to transferred HCl without rinsing them. The
temperature change of the three experiment gives a negative value which proves that the three
experiment undergoes an exothermic reaction because the heat is produced or given off.

CONCLUSION;

To sum up the experiment was carried out without much obstacles. The aim was achieved unfortunately
for the hypothesis didn’t match the result because the three reaction were an exothermic reaction. It
would be best if the apparatus is well checked before the experiment and make sure apparatus were
used properly to always prevent errors in the experiment. The calculation may not be correct due to the
misunderstanding of the theoretical concept compared to the experimental part.