GENERAL MATHEMATICS (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 1

1st Quarter Reviewer (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

First Semester
✓ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈[𝒇(𝒙)]
FUNCTIONS (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)
Function is a rule of correspondence between two (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1
nonempty sets, such that, each element of the first set (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
corresponds to one and only one element of the second
set. Solving Problems Involving Function
The cost of producing x gadget by a company is given (in
Vertical Line Test is used to determine if the graph is a pesos) by the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,500𝑥 + 7,000. What is
function or not. the cost of producing 50 gadgets? 100 gadgets?
✓ Understand the Problem
Examples: Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1500𝑥 + 7000
1) {(5,15), (6,16), (7,17), (8,18)} 50 gadgets
2) {(−4, −3), (−2, −3), (0,1), (2,3), (4,3)} 100 gadgets
3) {(−6,12), (−3,6), (0,5), (3,6), (6,12)} Task: Find the cost of producing 50 gadgets and
100 gadgets
Evaluation of Functions ✓ Devise a Plan
✓ Evaluating a function means finding the value Substitute the number of gadgets as the value of
of 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑦 that corresponds to a given value of 𝑥 in the given function to find the cost
𝑥. ✓ Carry out the Plan
✓ Steps in Evaluating a Function 𝑓(50) = 1,500(50) + 7,000
Find 𝑓(1) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3. 𝑓(50) = 82,000
1st: Substitute the given value of 𝑥
𝑓(1) = 2(1)2 + 1 − 3 𝑓(100) = 1,500(100) + 7,000
2nd: Simplify 𝑓(100) = 157,000
𝑓(1) = 2 + 1 − 3 ✓ Review the Solution
𝑓(1) = 0
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Operations on Functions Real-life Applications of Rational Functions
Perform the following fundamental operations given ✓ Speed
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ✓ Amount of money earned and hours of work
✓ (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) ✓ Population growth rate
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥)
ℎ(𝑥)

✓ (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) where 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are polynomial functions and ℎ(𝑥)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) is not equal to 0.
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 1 Rational
Rational Equation
Inequality Rational Function
✓ (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙) ✓
2𝑥 4
= − 2𝑥 4𝑥+5 5𝑥 𝑥 3 −1
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 15 5 ✓ > ✓ 𝑟(𝑥) =
𝑥 4 𝑥−4 𝑥−4 𝑥+1
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ✓ = − 3 𝑥 2 1
2−𝑥 𝑥+4 ✓ <3− ✓ 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥

𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
✓ ( ) (𝒙) = Solving Rational Equation
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)
𝑓 𝑥+1 2𝑥 3
( ) (𝑥) = Solve the rational equation =
𝑔 𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥+4 2𝑥+8
𝑓 𝑥+1 1st: Eliminate denominators by multiplying each
( ) (𝑥) = term of the equation by the least common
𝑔 𝑥(𝑥+1)
𝑓 1 denominator
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥 3
(2𝑥 + 8) ( = )
𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 8
✓ (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] 2𝑥(2) = 3
 4𝑥 = 3 d. Summarize the intervals containing the
3 solutions.
𝑥=
4 {𝑥|𝑥 < −4, 𝑥 > 0} 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −4) ∪ (0, ∞)
2nd: Substitute the obtained value of 𝑥 in the
equation to check if it satisfies the equality
3 Intercepts of a Rational Function
2(4) 3 2𝑥+2
3 = 3 Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+4 2(4)+8 4𝑥 −4
4
3 ✓ x-intercept
3
2
19 = 38 o 1st: Equate the numerator to zero
4 4 2𝑥 + 2 = 0
3 4 4
( ) = 3( ) o 2nd: Factor the expression
2 19 38
12 12 No need to factor
=
38 38 o 3rd: Equate each factor to 0
2𝑥 + 2 = 0
Solving Rational Inequality 2𝑥 = −2
4𝑥+4
Solve the rational inequality >3 𝑥 = −1
𝑥
st
1 : Rewrite the inequality as a single rational ∴ (−1,0)
expression on one side of the inequality symbol ✓ y-intercept
and 0 on the other side. o 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0
4𝑥+4
−3>0 2(0) + 2
𝑥 𝑓(0) =
4𝑥+4−3(𝑥) 4(0)2 − 4
>0 o 2 : Simplify
nd
𝑥
𝑥+4 2
>0 𝑓(0) =
𝑥 −4
nd
2 : Determine over what intervals the rational 1
expression takes on positive and negative values. 𝑓(0) = −
2
a. Locate the x values for which the rational 1
expression is zero or undefined (factoring ∴ (0, − )
2
the numerator and denominator is a useful
strategy). Asymptotes of a Rational Function
𝑥+4= 0 𝑥=0 2𝑥+2
Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
4𝑥 −4
𝑥 = −4
✓ Vertical Asymptote
b. Mark the numbers found in (a) on a
o Equate the denominator to zero
number line. Use a shaded circle to indicate
4𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
that the value is included in the solution set,
o Factor the expression
and a hollow circle to indicate that the
(2𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = 0
value is excluded. These numbers partition
o Equate each factor to zero
the number line into intervals.
2𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
2𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=1
o Make sure that the obtained x-value is not
(−∞, −4) (−4,0) (0, ∞) an x-intercept of the function. If it is an x-
intercept, it is not considered as vertical
c. Select a test point within the interior of asymptote.
each interval in (b). The sign of the rational 𝑥 = −1 is an x-intercept of the function
expression at this test point is also the sign o State the vertical asymptote
of the rational expression at each interior 𝑥=1
point in the interval. ✓ Horizontal Asymptote
(DN is degree of numerator; DD is degree of
denominator)
o 𝐷𝑁 < 𝐷𝐷; HA is 𝑦 = 0
𝑎
o 𝐷𝑁 = 𝐷𝐷; HA is 𝑦 = 𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑚 are
𝑏𝑚
the leading coefficients of numerator and
denominator)
o 𝐷𝑁 > 𝐷𝐷 (1 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟); No HA but has an
oblique asymptote
 o 𝐷𝑁 > 𝐷𝐷 (𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟); No o
If 5 movies were rented, the solution
HA and No oblique asymptote would be:
∴ 𝐻𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 0 250 + 50(5) 500
𝐶(5) = = = 100
5 5
Domain and Range of a Rational Function The average cost per movie if 5 movies
Find the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥+2 were rented is ₱100
4𝑥 −4 ✓ Review the Solution
✓ Domain
o 1st: Make sure that the function is in its
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
simplest form.
The function is in its simplest form One-to-one Function
already. A function is one-to-one if every second element is paired
o 2 : Find the vertical asymptote(s) of 𝑓(𝑥)
nd to only one first element.
by setting the denominator equal to zero.
4𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 Horizontal Line Test is used to determine if the graph is
(2𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = 0 a one-to-one function or not.
2𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
Inverse Function
2𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 = 2
A function 𝑔 is the inverse function of 𝑓 if the ordered
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=1
pairs of 𝑔 are the ordered pairs of 𝑓 written in reversed
o 3rd: Exclude the vertical asymptote(s)
order.
obtained in the previous step from the set
of real numbers.
Note: A function has an inverse function if and only if it is
{𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −1,1}
one-to-one.
✓ Range
o 1st: Make sure that the function is in its
Finding the Inverse of a Function
simplest form.
✓ Inverse of a Set of Ordered Pairs
The function is in its simplest form
Find the inverse of the function described by the
already.
set of ordered pairs
o 2 : Find the horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥)
nd
{(3, −2), (1,0), (5,7), (4, −4), (10,2)}
by comparing the degrees of the numerator
o To find the inverse of the given function,
and the denominator.
interchange the coordinates of each
HA is 𝑦 = 0
ordered pair. If it is one-to-one, then the
o 3rd: Exclude the horizontal asymptote(s)
given function has an inverse.
obtained in the previous step from the set
∴ {(−2,3), (0,1), (7,5), (−4,4), (2,10)}
of real numbers.
✓ Inverse of a Function
{𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 0} 𝑥
Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = + 5
5
Solving Problems Involving Rational Function o 1st: Change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦
A movie rental store charges ₱250 initial fee, then ₱50 for 𝑥
𝑦 = +5
each movie you rent. What is the average cost function 5
and the average cost per movie if you rent 5 movies? o 2nd: Interchange the variable 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑦
✓ Understand the Problem 𝑥 = +5
Given: ₱250 initial fee 5
o 3rd: Solve for y in terms of 𝑥
₱50 additional for each rented movie 𝑦
Task: Determine the rational function which 5 (𝑥 = + 5)
5
represents the average cost and the average cost 5𝑥 = 𝑦 + 25
if 5 movies were rented 5𝑥 − 25 = 𝑦
✓ Devise a Plan o 4th: Change 𝑦 from Step 3 to 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
o Let 𝑥 be the number of rented movies 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 25
o Let 𝐶(𝑥) be the average cost per movie
o The charge of the movie rental store can Representations of Inverse of a Function: Table of
be represented as 250+50𝑥 Values and Graph
✓ Carry out the Plan 1
o The average cost per movie can be Construct the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 and its inverse.
5
represented as 𝐶(𝑥) =
250+50𝑥
. ✓ Construct the table of values of the given
𝑥 function
 Choose at least 5 values of x. Substitute each ✓ If 𝑘 and 𝑐 have the same signs, then there is no x-
value of x in the give function to obtain the y intercept.
values. ✓ The y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) is (0, 𝑘 + 𝑐).
x -4 -2 0 2 4
y 4.2 4.6 5 5.4 5.8 Asymptotes of an Exponential Function
✓ Construct the table of values of the inverse of ✓ The function has no vertical asymptotes.
the function ✓ The horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 = 𝑐.
Interchange the x values and y values for the
inverse Domain and Range of an Exponential Function
x 4.2 4.6 5 5.4 5.8 ✓ The domain of an exponential function is always
Y -4 -2 0 2 4 the set of all real numbers, {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} or
✓ Graph the function and its inverse (−∞, ∞).
Plot the ordered pairs of the function and its ✓ If 𝑘 is positive, then the range is 𝑦 > 𝑐 is
inverse in the cartesian plane because the points of the graph will appear above
the asymptote.
✓ If 𝑘 is negative, then the range is 𝑦 < 𝑐 is
because the points of the graph will appear below
the asymptote.

Solving Problem Involving Exponential Function

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Exponential Function
An exponential function is a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑘𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑘 ≠ 0 and is any real
number. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Logarithm
Two Trends of Exponential Function A logarithm is an exponent which 𝑏 must have to produce
✓ Exponential Growth 𝑦. A logarithm is in the form log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 if and only if
o In this trend, 𝑎 > 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) increases. 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 for 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
✓ Exponential Decay Note: Logarithmic function and exponential function are
o In this trend, 0 < 𝑎 < 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) inverses.
deacreases.
Changing Exponential to Logarithmic and Vice Versa
Solving an Exponential Equation
Solve the exponential equation 162𝑥 = 64𝑥+2
✓ 1st: Make the bases the same
(42 )2𝑥 = (43 )𝑥+2 ✓
44𝑥 = 43𝑥+6
✓ 2 : Equate the exponents with each other
nd

4𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 6 ✓
✓ 3rd: Solve for 𝑥
4𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 6 Solving a Logarithmic Equation
𝑥=6 Solve the logarithmic equation log 3 9 = 4𝑛 + 6
✓ 1st: Apply law of logarithm
Intercepts of an Exponential Function No law of logarithm to be applied
✓ If 𝑘 and 𝑐 have opposite signs, then there is an x- ✓ 2nd: Change the logarithmic equation into its
intercept. exponential form
34𝑛+6 = 9
 ✓ 3rd: Apply the one-to-one property of exponential
equation
34𝑛+6 = 32
✓ 4 : Since the bases are the same, then their
th

exponents are equal

4𝑛 + 6 = 2
✓ 5th: Solve for 𝑥
4𝑛 = 2 − 6
4𝑛 = −4
𝑛 = −1

Finding the Intercepts of a Logarithmic Function

Find the intercepts of 𝑦 = log 3 (3𝑥 + 9)
✓ x-intercept
o 1st: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0
0 = log 3 (3𝑥 + 9)
o 2nd: Express the logarithmic function to its
exponential form
30 = 3𝑥 + 9
o 3 : Solve for 𝑥
rd

1 = 3𝑥 + 9
1 − 9 = 3𝑥
−8 = 3𝑥
8
− =𝑥
3
o 4th: State the x-intercept
8
(− , 0)
3
✓ y-intercept
o 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0
𝑦 = log 3 (3(0) + 9)
𝑦 = log 3 9
o 2nd: Express the logarithmic function to its
exponential form
3𝑦 = 9
o 3 : Solve for 𝑦
rd

3𝑦 = 32
Since the bases are the same, then the
exponents are equal.
𝑦=2
o 4th: State the y-intercept
(0,2)

Domain and Range of a Logarithmic Function

✓ The domain is the set of all positive real numbers
(0, ∞) 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ }.
✓ The range is the set of all real numbers
(−∞, ∞)𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.