GENERAL MATHEMATICS

1st Quarter Reviewer

First Semester

FUNCTIONS
Function is a rule of correspondence between two
nonempty sets, such that, each element of the first set
corresponds to one and only one element of the second
set.

Vertical Line Test is used to determine if the graph is a

function or not.

(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)]
1) {(5,15), (6,16), (7,17), (8,18)}
Examples:
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥2 + 𝑥) + 1
2) {(−4, −3), (−2, −3), (0,1), (2,3), (4,3)}
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
3) {(−6,12), (−3,6), (0,5), (3,6), (6,12)}
✓ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈[𝒇(𝒙)]
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1)
Evaluation of Functions

of 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑦 that corresponds to a given value (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1

✓ Evaluating a function means finding the value

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥.
of

Solving Problems Involving Function

Find 𝑓(1) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3.
✓ Steps in Evaluating a Function

pesos) by the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1,500𝑥 + 7,000.

The cost of producing x gadget by a company is given (in
1st: Substitute the given value of 𝑥
𝑓(1) = 2(1)2 + 1 − 3
What is the cost of producing 50 gadgets? 100 gadgets?

Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1500𝑥 + 7000

✓ Understand the Problem

𝑓(1) = 2 + 1 − 3
nd
2 : Simplify

𝑓(1) = 0
50 gadgets
100 gadgets
Task: Find the cost of producing 50 gadgets and
Operations on Functions 100 gadgets

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥

Perform the following fundamental operations given ✓ Devise a Plan

✓ (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑥 in the given function to find the cost

Substitute the number of gadgets as the value of

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥2 + 𝑥)
𝑓(50) = 1,500(50) + 7,000
✓ Carry out the Plan
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(50) = 82,000
✓ (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥2 + 𝑥) 𝑓(100) = 1,500(100) + 7,000
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝑓(100) = 157,000
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = −𝑥2 + 1
✓ Review the Solution

✓ (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)

RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥2 + 𝑥)
Real-life Applications of Rational Functions
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥
✓ Speed

(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥
✓ Amount of money earned and hours of work
✓ Population growth rate
 Rational Function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔
4𝑥+4−3(𝑥) >0
(𝑥)
ℎ(𝑥) 𝑥

where 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are polynomial functions and 𝑥+4

ℎ(𝑥) is not equal to 0. >0
𝑥
Rational Equation Rational 2nd: Determine over what intervals the rational
Inequality Rational Function expression takes on positive and negative values.
= − 2𝑥
2𝑥 4 a. Locate the x values for which the rational
= ✓ >
✓
𝑥 −1
3
𝑥
15 5 ✓ 4𝑥+5 5𝑥 𝑥−4
✓ 𝑟(𝑥) =
expression is zero or undefined (factoring
4
−3
the numerator and denominator is a useful
𝑥−4
𝑥+1
2−𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑥+4=0 𝑥=0
strategy).
𝑥
<3− 2
𝑥−2 ✓ 𝑔(𝑥) = 1

𝑥−2 𝑥 = −4
✓
𝑥
b.Mark the numbers found in (a) on a
number line. Use a shaded circle to

Solve the rational equation 2𝑥 =

indicate that the value is included in the
3 solution set, and a hollow circle to indicate
that the value is excluded. These numbers
Solving Rational Equation
partition the number line into intervals.
𝑥+4 2𝑥+8
st
1 : Eliminate denominators by multiplying each term of
the equation by the least common denominator
(−∞, −4) (−4,0) (0, ∞)

c. Select a test point within the interior of

each interval in (b). The sign of the
rational expression at this test point is also
the sign of the rational expression at each
interior point in the interval.

2nd: Substitute the obtained value of 𝑥 in the

equation to check if it satisfies the equality
3
2( 4)
=
3
3 3
4
+4 2( 4) +8
3

d.Summarize the intervals containing the

{𝑥|𝑥 < −4, 𝑥 > 0} 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −4) ∪

solutions.

(0, ∞)

Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) =

2𝑥 +2
2
Solving Rational Inequality
Solve the rational inequality 4 𝑥+4
>3 Intercepts of a Rational Function
𝑥 4𝑥 −4
1st: Rewrite the inequality as a single rational ✓ x-intercept o 1 : Equate the numerator to zero
st

2𝑥 + 2 = 0
expression on one side of the inequality symbol
and 0 on the other side.
−3>0
o 2nd: Factor the expression
4𝑥+4
𝑥
 No need to factor o 3rd: o 𝐷𝑁 > 𝐷𝐷 (1 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟); No HA but

2𝑥 + 2 = 0
Equate each factor to 0 has an

2𝑥 = −2 o 𝐷𝑁 > 𝐷𝐷 (𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1

oblique asymptote

𝑥 = −1 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟); No HA and No oblique

∴ (−1,0)
∴ 𝐻𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 0
asymptote

o 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0

✓ y-intercept

Find the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+ 2

𝑓(0) =
2

nd
o 2 : Simplify Domain and Range of a Rational Function
4𝑥 −4

𝑓(0) =
✓ Domain

𝑓(0) = −
o 1st: Make sure that the function is in its

2
simplest form.
The function is in its simplest form
already.

𝑓(𝑥)
nd
o 2 : Find the vertical asymptote(s) of

Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2 − 4 = 0

by setting the denominator equal to zero.

(2𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = 0
2𝑥 +2
2

Asymptotes of a Rational Function 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑥 − 2 = 0

4𝑥 −4 ✓ 2𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 = 2 𝑥=
Vertical Asymptote o Equate the denominator to −1 𝑥 = 1 o 3 : Exclude the vertical
rd

asymptote(s) obtained in the previous step

4𝑥2 − 4 = 0
zero

{𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −1,1}
from the set of real numbers.

(2𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = 0
o Factor the expression
✓ Range
o 1st: Make sure that the function is in its

2𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
o Equate each factor to zero
simplest form.

2𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 = 2
The function is in its simplest form

𝑥 = −1 𝑥=1
already.

𝑓(𝑥) by comparing the degrees of the

o 2nd: Find the horizontal asymptote of
o Make sure that the obtained x-value is not

HA is 𝑦 = 0 o 3rd: Exclude
an x-intercept of the function. If it is an numerator and the denominator.
xintercept, it is not considered as vertical

𝑥 = −1 is an x-intercept of the function

asymptote. the horizontal asymptote(s) obtained in the

{𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 0}
previous step from the set of real numbers.

𝑥=1
o State the vertical asymptote

✓ Horizontal Asymptote Solving Problems Involving Rational Function A

(DN is degree of numerator; DD is degree of movie rental store charges ₱250 initial fee, then ₱50 for

o 𝐷𝑁 < 𝐷𝐷; HA is 𝑦 = 0
denominator) each movie you rent. What is the average cost function
and the average cost per movie if you rent 5 movies?

o 𝐷𝑁 = 𝐷𝐷; HA is 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑚

✓ Understand the Problem
𝑎 𝑛
𝑏 𝑚 Given: ₱250 initial fee
are the leading coefficients of numerator ₱50 additional for each rented movie Task:
Determine the rational function which represents
and denominator)
 𝑦= +5
5
the average cost and the average cost if 5 movies

✓ Devise a Plan o Let 𝑥 be the number of rented o 2nd: Interchange the variable 𝑥 and 𝑦
were rented

movies o Let 𝐶(𝑥) be the average cost per 𝑦

𝑥= +5
movie o The charge of the movie rental store can
5
be represented as 250+50𝑥
o 3 : Solve for y in terms of 𝑥
movie can be represented as 𝐶(𝑥) = 250
✓ Carry out the Plan o The average cost per
𝑦
rd

+50𝑥
5 (𝑥 = + 5)
.
𝑥
5
5𝑥 = 𝑦 + 25
oIf 5 movies were rented, the solution

250 + 50(5) 500 5𝑥 − 25 = 𝑦 o 4th:

would be:

𝐶(5) = == 100 Change 𝑦 from Step 3 to 𝑓−1(𝑥)

5 5 𝑓−1(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 25
The average cost per movie if 5 movies
were rented is ₱100 Representations of Inverse of a Function: Table of
✓ Review the Solution Values and Graph

INVERSE FUNCTIONS Construct the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 and its

One-to-one Function inverse.
✓ Construct the table of values of the given
A function is one-to-one if every second element is
function
paired to only one first element.
Choose at least 5 values of x. Substitute each
value of x in the give function to obtain the y
Horizontal Line Test is used to determine if the graph is
values.
a one-to-one function or not.
x -4 -2 0 2 4
y 4.2 4.6 5 5.4 5.8
A function 𝑔 is the inverse function of 𝑓 if the ordered
Inverse Function
✓ Construct the table of values of the inverse of
pairs of 𝑔 are the ordered pairs of 𝑓 written in reversed the function
order. Interchange the x values and y values for the
inverse
Note: A function has an inverse function if and only if it x 4.2 4.6 5 5.4 5.8
is one-to-one. Y -4 -2 0 2 4

Finding the Inverse of a Function

✓ Inverse of a Set of Ordered Pairs
Find the inverse of the function described by the

{(3, −2), (1,0), (5,7), (4, −4), (10,2)}

set of ordered pairs

o To find the inverse of the given function,

interchange the coordinates of each
ordered pair. If it is one-to-one, then the

∴ {(−2,3), (0,1), (7,5), (−4,4), (2,10)}

given function has an inverse.

Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5

✓ Inverse of a Function

5
Change 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦
o 1st:
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑥
 ✓ Graph the function and its inverse Plot the Domain and Range of an Exponential Function

the set of all real numbers, {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} or (−∞,

ordered pairs of the function and its inverse in ✓ The domain of an exponential function is always

∞).
the cartesian plane

✓ If 𝑘 is positive, then the range is 𝑦 > 𝑐 is

because the points of the graph will appear above

✓ If 𝑘 is negative, then the range is 𝑦 < 𝑐 is

the asymptote.

because the points of the graph will appear

below the asymptote.

Solving Problem Involving Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥)

Exponential Function

= 𝑘𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑘 ≠ 0 and is any

real number.

Two Trends of Exponential Function

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
o In this trend, 𝑎 > 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) increases.
✓ Exponential Growth

✓ Exponential Decay o In this trend, 0 < 𝑎 < 1

and 𝑓(𝑥) deacreases. A logarithm is an exponent which 𝑏 must have to
Logarithm

produce 𝑦. A logarithm is in the form log𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 if and

only if 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑦 for 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
Solve the exponential equation 162𝑥 = 64𝑥+2
Solving an Exponential Equation
Note: Logarithmic function and exponential function are
✓ 1st: Make the bases the same (42)2𝑥 = (43)𝑥+2 inverses.
44𝑥 = 43𝑥+6
Changing

4𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 6
✓ 2nd: Equate the exponents with each other Exponential

✓ 3rd: Solve for 𝑥

to Logarithmic

4𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 6
and Vice Versa

𝑥=6

✓
✓ If 𝑘 and 𝑐 have opposite signs, then there is an
Intercepts of an Exponential Function

✓ If 𝑘 and 𝑐 have the same signs, then there is no

xintercept.
✓

✓ The y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥) is (0, 𝑘 + 𝑐).

xintercept.

Solve the logarithmic equation log3 9 = 4𝑛 + 6

Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Asymptotes of an Exponential Function ✓ 1st: Apply law of logarithm No law of logarithm

to be applied
✓ The horizontal asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 = 𝑐.
✓ The function has no vertical asymptotes.
✓ 2nd: Change the logarithmic equation into its

34𝑛+6 = 9
exponential form
 ✓ 3rd: Apply the one-to-one property of exponential

34𝑛+6 = 32
equation

✓ 4th: Since the bases are the same, then their

4𝑛 + 6 = 2
exponents are equal

✓ 5th: Solve for 𝑥

4𝑛 = 2 − 6
4𝑛 = −4
𝑛 = −1

Find the intercepts of 𝑦 = log3(3𝑥 + 9)

Finding the Intercepts of a Logarithmic Function

o 1st: Let 𝑦 be equal to 0

✓ x-intercept

0 = log3(3𝑥 + 9)
nd
o 2 : Express the logarithmic function to its

30 = 3𝑥 + 9
exponential form

o 3rd: Solve for 𝑥

1 = 3𝑥 + 9
1 − 9 = 3𝑥
−8 = 3𝑥

− =𝑥
th
o 4 : State the x-intercept

(− , 0)

o 1st: Let 𝑥 be equal to 0

✓ y-intercept

𝑦 = log3(3(0) + 9)
𝑦 = log3 9
nd
o 2 : Express the logarithmic function to its

3𝑦 = 9
exponential form

o 3rd: Solve for 𝑦

3𝑦 = 32
Since the bases are the same, then the

𝑦=2
exponents are equal.

th
o 4 : State the y-intercept
(0,2)

domain is the set of all positive real numbers (0,

Domain and Range of a Logarithmic Function ✓ The

∞) 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ+}.
✓ The range is the set of all real numbers (−∞,
∞)𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}.