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Light Notes For Exams

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24 views11 pages

Light Notes For Exams

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happypal.edu365
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LIGHT- REFLECTION AND

REFRACTION
Light- Light is a form of energy which
causes in us the sensation of sight.

Source of light/luminous objects-


The objects which emit their own light are
known as source of light. They are also
called luminous objects.
Ex- Sun, electric bulb, lamp, burning candle,
etc.

Non-luminous objects-
Those objects which do not emit their own
light but only reflect the light falling on
them are called non-luminous objects.
Ex- Chair, table, blackboard, pen.

Propagation of light-
Light travels in a medium/vacuum in a
straight line. This is called rectilinear
propagation of light.
Ray of light- Straight line path of light is
called ray of light. It has an arrow.

Ray of light

Beam of light- A group of parallel rays of


light emitted by the source of light is
called beam of light.

Some properties of light


(Comparison of light and sound)
 Light doesn’t need a material medium to
travel, i.e. it can travel through vacuum
also. This is proved by the example of
light coming to Earth from the Sun. But
sound needs a medium to travel.
 Light travels with a speed of
approximately 3*108 m/s (299,792,458
m/s). But sound travels at the speed of
340 m/s.

 Light has very small wavelength (1/1000


cm). But sound has a larger wavelength
(few cm/m)

Reflection of light
The process of returning the light to
the same medium after striking a
surface is called reflection of light. A
surface which reflects light ‘as it is’ is
known as a reflector. Silver metal is
the best reflector.
Transparent objects

Transparent objects- Those objects


which allow light to pass through them
are called transparent objects.
If the object allow light to pass
through itself, then it is called a
transparent object.

Transparent medium- A medium in


which light can travel freely over large
distances is called transparent medium.

Opaque medium- A medium in which


light can not travel is called opaque
medium.

Translucent medium- A medium in


which light can travel some distance but
its intensity reduces rapidly, is called
translucent medium.

Laws of reflection
The angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection. i.e. i=r.
i. The incident ray, the normal to the
mirror at the point of incidence and
the reflected ray, all lie in the same
plane.

NOTE- THE LAWS OF


REFLECTION ARE APPLICABLE
TO ALL TYPES OF REFLECTING
SURFACES, INCLUDING
SPHERICAL SURFACES.

Objects- Anything which gives out


light rays, either its own or
reflected by it, is called an object.
E.g. Tree, table, chair, etc.

Image- The picture of an object in


any reflective surface is called
image.

CONDITION FOR FORMING AN


IMAGE
An image is formed when the light
rays coming from the object meets
at a point, after reflection from a
reflective surface.

TYPES OF IMAGES:->
There are 2 types of images-
 Real image
 Virtual image
Real Image-
When a beam of light from an object actually meets
at a point after reflection, then
the image formed is called a real
image.
A real image can be obtained on a screen.

Virtual Image-
When a beam of light doesn’t meet at a
point but appears to diverge from
it after reflection, then the image
formed is called virtual image.
Characteristics of an image formed
by a plane mirror: -
i. The image in a plane mirror is of the
same size of the object.
ii. The image formed by a plane mirror
is at the same distance behind the
mirror.
iii. The image formed by a plane mirror
is virtual.
iv. The image formed by a plane mirror
is erect.
v. The image formed by a plane mirror
is laterally inverted.

Uses of a plane mirror-


Plane mirrors are used to-
 See ourselves
 Make periscopes, kaleidoscopes, etc.
 Prevent accidents by fitting at a blind turn.
 Enlarge jewelleries.

IMPORTANT NOTES-
Magnification produced in a plane mirror in unit
i.e. m=1.
Radius of curvature as well as focal length of
plane mirrors are infinity.
To see a complete image in a plane mirror, the
size of the mirror should be at least half the
object’s size.
Plane mirrors can form real image, but only for
virtual objects.

SPHERICAL MIRROR
 a spherical mirror is a mirror whose reflecting
surface is the part of a hollow sphere of glass.
 Spherical mirrors can converge or diverge the
parallel rays of light which fall on them.
 Spherical mirrors are also known as curves
mirrors.
 Spherical mirrors are of two types.
 Concave mirror.
 Convex mirror.

Concave Mirror-
A concave mirror is a spherical mirror in which
the reflection of light takes place at the
contact surface.

IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CONCAVE


MIRROR-
(i) Centre of curvature (C) :-> It is the
centre of the hollow sphere glass of
which mirror is a part.
(ii) Aperture:-> The portion of a mirror
from which reflection of light actually
takes place is called the aperture of the
mirror. It is denoted by MM’.
(iii) Pole:-> The mid point of the spherical
mirror or aperture is called pole. It is
denoted by ‘P’.
(iv) Principal axis:-> The imaginary
straight line passing through pole and the
centre of curvature of a spherical mirror
is called principal axis.
(v) Radius of curvature:-> The radius of
the sphere of which the reflective
surface of a spherical mirror forms a
part, is called the radius of curvature of
the mirror.
(vi) Principal focus- It is a point on the
principal axis of concave mirror where all
the light rays which are parallel and close
to the axis, converge after reflection
from the concave mirror. It is denoted
by ‘F’.
(vii) Focal length- It is the distance
between the pole and the principal focus
of the mirror. It is denoted by ‘f’.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘f’ and ‘R’

PF=f & PC=R


F is midpoint of PC.
Hence PF=PC
Now, PF+FC= R
PF + PF= R  f + f= R  2f= R 
R
f=
2

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