CHAPTER 2 : GAS RESERVOIR

.
2 I Volumetric Calculation

>
To calculate bulk volume
-

>
To original
calculate gas in
-

place

>
-

Compute the recovery factor from volume

-
Bulk Volume

i) Finstrum pyramid ii) Trapezoidal

VB (Ao + Az Ant AnAnl Vis A2 (Ao + An) [An

Az
= A+ +...t An + + AoA + AltAnt . . .t = 2A , + 2 Az +... + 2An -1 + +

where

A The cross sectional area

DZ The height of the between each contour line

2 The height at the top of the

:
average reservoir

Original Gas In-Place (OGIP/G)

3
* cuff > SCF a SCF

G : And(1-Sw) ,
An = Vi * cuff

By
Bg7 Gas Volume
Factor

G = 43560Ah(1-Sw) * SCF Luft

By

V
2 2
.
Recovery Factor

RF Estimated ultimate X 100 %: %

:
recovery Gp X 100

Initial gas in place G

Estimate ultimate recovery Gp Equivalent of how of movable gas produced with the assumption that
-

,
: value much amount can be the

aquifer is very active which resulted in no decline in reservoir pressure .

Gp An0C1-Swicc-Sgr(
=
p :
gas production

Bgi
gr :
gas residual saturation (until zero

Initial gas in place ,

G : The total amount of gas presence in the reservoir
·

G = And(1-Swc

Bgi

Strong water drive

-

<45 % RF
-

* 0-30 % RF Weak Water Drive *

G at abadonment

RF =
GP x 100 % RF =
Gp x 100 %, Gp : G-Ga : AnOCI-sw) -
AnoSga
gas residual Byi By a
G G

An(1-Swir-Sgr(
= = At(I-Sw)- Asga
Byi Byi Bg a
X100 % X100 %

*** (1-Sw) *** (1-Sw)

Agi Bgi

RF :
(1-su-Sgr) X 100 % RF = (l-Su) -

Sga
C1-Sw)
Bgi By a X 100 %

* Pi + & maintenance C-Sw)

Bgi

Gas Drive * 160 % RF

RF =
GP x 100 %, Gp : G-Ga : AnOCI-Sw) -
AnOCI-Sul
N
Byi By a
G
Excess residual gas
= A4w) -
AND)
Byi Bg a
X100 %

Asw)
Bgi

I 1
I -

B ga
Byi
X 100 %

Bgi

RF =
1- Bga

Bgi
2 . 3 Material Balance (MBE) (Dry Gas
Equation

Development of the MBE for Gas Reservoir

-

Pi Bgi Ti P1P ; By T

-- F To be replaced by water ,
S

-
-
Vin = Vont
Y gas expasion and rock expansion

Pi Pr

Range of Compressibility

Type of compressibility Notation Value (psi " (

Rock
Cr (3-10) x 10

10
Cur
-

Water (2-4) x10

Gas at pressure less than 3000 psi 29 1 x 10.4 1x102

-

Gas at pressure more than 3000 psi Cy Co 1) - x 10-4

1 AV rock Alwater
.

.
3

The result of rock compaction due to overburden pressure

-

Related to water drive

The term is removed due to gas expansion superseded

the rock compressibility AW = W - (W +

We-BuWp + WCAE) G

= -
We + BwWp + WCwAp

Argas + Arwater = 0 G ,
DV = VCPi , Ti) -
r(P
,
i)

Where

AV Initial
.
2
gas W reservoir water volume
,
bb

Resulted
-

in
gas expansion BwWp
:
Cumulative volume produce water at reservoir condition , bb

We :
Water volume leaving zone bb
,

Argas GBgi-CG-Gp(Bg & WCwAp :

compacted water bbl
=
volume ,

4
where . Final equation

GBgi
:
Initial free in-place (NmBoi AVgas + A Vwater o ②
gas volume bb1 =
,

(G -

Gp)Bg : Oilvolume at time T and Pressure ,

bb) (N-Np) Bo GBgi CG-Gp)Bg
- + W- (W + We-BwWp + WowA] = O ⑤

GBgi- (G-Gp)Bg + W - (W + We-BwWp) = O ③

GpBg + BrWp = We + (Bg Bgi) G - ⑦> For

gas expansion and water drive

GpBy =
(Bg- Bgi) G ⑧ If no water drive

Oil formation Cummulative produce3 >

Initial reservoir oil , STB
Produced
Initial water Initial
void space , bb
E reservoir, bb1
(Reservoir) gas, SCF Solution
volume factor , free
Value in <Surface) : Value out <gas cap (Initial Water Change in void space , psia
w >
oil ratio , ~ >
GOR Gas formation volume gas-
GIIP, STB gas
isothernity
<
bb1/STB
, psi
< Balance SCF/STB
volume factor, bb1/

NpBo NpRpBg NpBw IBWBoi

[NmBoi NpRp-CN-Np)Rso]Bg WCwAp VfCfAp
+ NmBoi
+ -
(N-Np)Bo + - + NRsoi -
+ We + +
Water influx into reservoir -
2
> initial oil formation volume Byi ~
by , Formation isothermal compressibility psi ,

Water factor , bb/ISTB

Voil Vgas Vwater
formation Change
of oil Change of Gas Change of water Change of void space

~ Cummulative volume Initial

~

factor , bb//STB solution solution gas

produced oil ,
STB >
Remaining
gas-oil ratio , in remaining oil , JCF
Free gas volume , SCF SCFISTB
Initial free NXGP
Initial dissolved gas,
x
Bg
gas , STB
#xGpxGx Bgi S(F P
#P

* GOR :
Gp xVg ,
SCFISTB

#
 Applying the MBE for Gas Reservoir
-

The gas formation volume factor :

Psc 2T I
By = Vres =
Ug ; PpcePpr
Tsc P
Vs( > P P12
* surface reservoir
Tpc > Tpr
= :

maxGp = GIIP

Pi -

zGi

GpBg (Bg- Byil G

:

Pi

Gp(F) GF)
( -S :
2Gi

I Gp
maxGp
Ep() :
( +)- ·It:

(i)()(7 + ]
2 . 5 The Gas Equivalent of Produced Condensate and Water (WetGas)

Process on Obtaining Oil from Gas

i Focuses on wet gas reservoir where there will be a liquid form for a gas that was
produced.

The process on obtaining the liquid from the gas is as illustrated in the figure below :

i) Three-stage separation system

Gpcsurf)
G Ps GSS Gst

Well fluid
* g + o (wet gas) * g+o (wet gas)

Primary Secondary Stock

Tank
Separator separator

ii) Two-stage separation system

Gpcsurf)
G Ps Gst

Well fluid

Primary Stock
Tank
Separator

Development of the MBE for Wet Gas Reservoir

i) Three-stage separation system

Gp =
Vgas + Voil

=
(Gps + Gss + Gs+ ) +
Np

=
(Gps + Gss + Gst) +
GECNp)

GE = V = nRTsc n = m =
VogwVo = (62 5)(5 608)
. . No * Assume Vo : /bb
,

my MWo
MWo
PSc

ii) Two-stage separation system

Gp =
Vgas + Voil

=
(Gps + Gst) +
Np

=
(Gps + Gst) +
GE(Np)

GpBg +
BwWp = We +
(Bg -

Bgi) G OR GpBg (By- Bgi) G

=

()Gp + Gs+ ) + GE(Np)] By +

BwWp = We +
(Bg BgiCG
-
((Gps + Gst) GE(Np)7 By
+ =
(By Bgi)G
-

Development of the MBE for Wet Gas Reservoir (Water produced

-

is

Gp Ugas = + Voil

=
(Gps + Gst) + GECNp) +
GEw(Wp

GEn = V = RTs n = m =
VogwVo = (62 5((5 605) No
. .

,
PSL mu MWo mwo

MWw = 5954 = 42 43 Ww.

fr-8 . 811 1 0008

.
-
Un
2 6 . Gas Reservoir as
Storage Reservoir

2
. 6 1 . Suitable period to produce gas
-

Gas is produced based on demand

i) Winter The gas demands skyrocket due to uses of heater

;

to heat the house

ii) The plummet the

summer ; gas demands since users are

not using the heater

Due to the seasonal demand of gas , the following objectives are listed :

1 . Verification of inventory :
Simply knowing the storage capacity of a reservoir as a function of pressure

to monitor the
.
2 Retention against migration :
Capability gas production
.
3 Assurance of deliverability Operator need to make that the gas reservoirable to at it maximum
: sure
operate

capacity during peak season

2 6 2
. . Gas resevoir design and operation

Based previous study there type of gas involved in storage

-

on
,
are a gas :

Pressure at which production is stopped and

3
injection is begun
1 .
Base gas or cushion gas
> Remains when the [base pressure] is reached

.
2
Working gas or working storage >
-
Produced and injected during the cycle processes Frictional Distillation

3 .
Unused gas -> The unused capacity of the reservoir

The operation of the gas reservoir in order to

cope with demand , some of the gas is injected
back into the reservoir .
By doing this the presure ,
will maintain and prolong the life time of the

reservoir
. This is done at the Working gas stage .

Basic gas is
Acidic gas
-
CO2 , HaS
,
* Inert gas not produced
NO 2 , Ha

can produce