DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE6006 - Traffic Engineering and management
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Part- A (2 marks)

1. Define - Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of traffic performance
of road networks and terminals. This is achieved by systematic traffic studies, scientific analysis and
engineering applications.
2. What is the scope of traffic engineering?
The basic objective of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient free and rapid flow of traffic, with the least
number of traffic accidents. Factual studies of traffic operations provide the foundation for developing
methods for improvement in general and for solving specific problems.
3. What are the various vehicular characteristics affecting the road design?
The various vehicular characteristics affecting the road design may be classified as static and dynamic
characteristic of vehicles.
4. State the static and dynamic characteristics of vehicle.
Static characteristics of the vehicles affecting the road design are the dimensions, weight and maximum
turning angle.
Dynamic characteristics of vehicles affecting road design are speed, acceleration and braking
characteristics and some aspects of vehicle body design.
5. What are the factors which affect the characteristics of road users?
The various factors which affect road user characteristics are classified as follows:
a) Physical characteristics
b) Mental characteristics
c) Psychological characteristics
d) Environmental characteristics
6. How does age of the driver influence driving behaviour?
As the age of the driver is associated with factors like, his vision, hearing, strength and reaction time,
which are associated with the driving behaviour, the age of the driver influences driving behaviour.
7. What is meant by cone of vision?
The cone of vision can be explained as follows:
The zone of acute vision is formed by a cone whose angle is 3 0 about the centre of the retina. This
signifies that for very distant vision, the objects should be within this narrow cone for satisfactory
perception.
The vision will still be satisfactory when the angle of the cone of vision is upto 10 0 or 120. This is important
when locating traffic signs and signals.
 The cone of peripheral vision has an angle of about 160 0 in the horizontal direction and 1150 in the
vertical direction. Peripheral vision deals with the total visual field for the two eyes.
8. What are the psychological human factors governing road user behaviour?
The various psychological human factors governing road user behaviour are:
a) Perception
b) Intellection
c) Emotion
d) Volition
9. What are the various resistances to the motion of a vehicle?
The various resistances to the motion of a vehicle are:
a) Rolling resistance
b) Air resistance
c) Grade resistance
d) Inertia forces during acceleration and deceleration
10. What is the significance of braking test?
The significance of braking test is that, by conducting the braking test on the road at the desired running
speed, the skid resistance of the pavement surface under prevailing conditions can be measured.
11. In a braking test, vehicle travelling at a speed of 80 km/hr was stopped by applying brakes fully and
the skid marks were 7.8 m. Determine the average skid resistance of the pavement surface. Initial
speed, u = 80/3.6 = 22.22 m/s
Braking distance, L = 7.8 m = u2/2gf
Average skid, f = (22.22)2/(2 x 9.8 x 7.8) = 493.72/152.88 = 3.22
Average skid, f = 3.22
12. What is off tracking?
The difference in distance between the curved wheel paths of a particular set of front and rear wheels
(i.ie., either the set of front and rear wheels on the outer side of horizontal curve or the set on the inner
side) is called off-tracking or the mechanical widening for a vehicle.
Off tracking= l2 / 2R (where ‘l’ is the wheel base in meters and ‘R’ is the radius of the curved path
13. State the components of traffic engineering.
The components of traffic engineering are:
a) Road characteristics
b) Traffic characteristics
c) Land use characteristics
14. What are the various traffic studies?
The various traffic studies generally carried out are:
a) Traffic volume study
b) Speed and delay study
c) Origin and destination (O&D) study
 d) Traffic flow characteristics
e) Traffic capacity study
f) Parking study
g) Accident studies
15. What are the interactions between land use and traffic characteristics?
It is observed that various kinds of activities based on land use, generated different amounts and kinds of
traffic. The most basic level of action for a long-run solution of the traffic problems is the planning,
guidance and control in the pattern of land use. Just as transport is a function of land use, the reciprocal
statement that land use is a function of transport is also true. As systems of transport are built, the land
use pattern that follows has a close relation to the accessibility that has been made possible.
16. State PIEV theory
Perception
Process of perceiving the sensation received through eyes, ear, nervous system and the brain. This time
depends on Psychological and physiological build up
Intellection
Identification of the stimuli by the development of new thoughts
Emotion
It is the personal trait of the individual that governs his decision making process after perception &
intellection of the stimuli.
Volition
Will to react to the situation
17. Define - stopping sight distance
Stopping sight distance (SSD) is the minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot having
sufficient length to enable the driver to stop a vehicle traveling at design speed, safely without collision
with any other obstruction.
18. List the various factors affecting skid resistance.
19. What do you mean by modal integration?
Modal integration is the integration of some or all of the different public transport modes (mainly the
minibus-taxi, bus and train modes) into the public transport system in such a way that these modes
support and complement each other and that they operate as a co-ordinated public transport system.
20. What is meant by PCU? How its value is fixed?
Passenger Car Unit (PCU), is a measure of the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such
as headway, speed, density) compared to a single standard passenger car. This is also known as passenger
car equivalent.
The actual (design) flow rate can be calculated by dividing the peak hour volume by the PHF, 743.6/0.85 = 879
PCU/hr, or by multiplying the peak 10 minute volume by six, 6 × 146.5 = 879 PCU/hr.
 Part – B (16 marks)

1. Explain the various vehicular characteristics which affect the road design and traffic performance.
2. A passenger car weighing 2 tonnes is required to accelerate at a rate of 3 m/sec 2 in the first gear from
a speed of 11 km/hr. The gradient is +1% and the road has a black topped surface. The frontal
projection area of the car is 2.15 m2. The car tyres have radius of 0.33 m. The rear axle gear ratio is
3.82:1 and the first gear ratio is 2.78:1. Calculate the engine horsepower needed and the speed of the
engine. Make suitable assumptions.
3. Write in short the significance and scope of traffic engineering.
4. Explain rolling and air resistance.
5. Explain the factors affecting road user characteristics.
6. Discuss about the various urban transport problems in India.
7. Explain the fundamentals of traffic flow.
8. How does the land use characteristics influence the planning and design of traffic facilities?
9. Explain briefly the human characteristics governing traffic performance.
10. Describe the characteristics and power performance of vehicles.
 UNIT II TRAFFIC SURVEYS AND ANALYSIS
Part- A (2 marks)
1. What are the methods of volume counting?
The different methods of volume counting are:
a) Manual methods
b) Combination of manual and mechanical methods
c) Automatic devices
d) Moving observer method
e) Photographic method
2. Define - Traffic Volume and Density
Volume, also known as flow, is the number of vehicles passing a specified point during a stated period of
time. It is usually expressed in vehicles per hour.
Density, also known as concentration, is the number of vehicles present in a stated length of road at an
instant. It is usually expressed in vehicles per kilometre length of road per lane.
3. Differentiate basic from possible highway capacity.
Basic capacity Possible capacity
The maximum number of passenger cars that can The maximum number of vehicles that can pass a
pass a point on a lane or a roadway during one given point on a lane or roadway during one hour,
hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.
traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.
4. What is meant by PCU?
When the traffic is composed of a number of types of vehicles, it is the normal practice to convert the flow
into equivalent Passenger Car Unit (PCU), by using certain equivalency factors. The flow is then
expressed as PCUs per hour or PCUs per day.
5. Define - Spot Speed
Spot speed is defined as the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified location.
6. What are meant by 85th, 50th and 15th percentile speeds?
85th percentile speed is the speed below which 85% of all the vehicle travel, and is used for determining
the speed limits for traffic regulation.
50th percentile speed or the median speed, is the speed at which there are many vehicles going faster as
there are going slower.
15th percentile speed is the speed below which 15% of all the vehicles travel.
7. What is 98th percentile speed? State its significance.
The 98th percentile speed is the speed below which, 98% of all the vehicle travel.
Significance: 98th percentile speed is used as a design speed in geometric design.
8. What are the methods of conducting origin destination survey?
The following are the methods for conducting origin destination survey:
a) Home interview survey
 b) Road-side interview
c) Post-card questionnaire survey
d) Registration number plate survey
e) Tags on vehicles
9. List out any two uses of origin and destination survey
The following are the uses of origin and destination survey:
a) To determine the amount of by-passable traffic that enters a town, and thus establish the need for a
bypass
b) To develop trip generation and trip distribution models in transport planning process
c) To determine the extent to which the present highway system is adequate and to plan for new facilities
10. What is meant by the term desire line diagram?
Desire line diagram is a pictorial representation in which, the trips between any pair of zones are
represented by a straight line connecting the centroids of the two zones and having a band width drawn
to a suitable scale to represent the actual volume count.
11. What are the off - street parking facilities commonly considered?
The off - street parking facilities commonly considered are:
a) Surface car parks
b) Multi - storey car parks
c) Roof parks
d) Mechanical car parks
e) Underground car parks
12. What are the statistical methods for analysis of accident data?
The statistical methods for analysis of accident data are:
a) Regression methods
b) Poisson distribution
c) Use of Chi-squared test for comparing accident data
d) Quality control method
13. List out classification of urban roads
In India, the classification of urban roads is as follows:
a) Expressways
b) Arterial streets
c) Sub - arterial streets
d) Collector streets
e) Local streets
14. Specify the minimum footway width recommended by IRC for urban roads in residential and
industrial zones.
 Recommended minimum Recommended minimum
Type of road footway width in residential footway width in industrial
zone zone
District Distributor 2.4 m 2.7 m
Local Distributor 1.8 m 2.7 m
Access road 1.8 m 2.7 m
15. Write the characteristics of level of service ‘C’ in traffic flow on the road.
Level of service C is a zone of stable flow, but speeds and manoeuvrability are more closely controlled by
higher volumes. Most of the drivers restricted in the freedom to select their own speed, lane changing or
overtaking manoeuvres. A relatively satisfactory operating speed is still obtained with service volumes
perhaps suitable for urban design practice.
16. Explain the term parking turn over.
The ratio of the total number of parked vehicles accommodated during a given period in a specified area to the total
number of parking spaces in that area.
17. What is meant by parking survey?
A count of the number of vehicles parked within a defined zone at regular, predetermined time intervals. The most
common parking surveys conducted are in-out survey, fixed period sampling and license plate method of survey.
18. Define – running speed and journey speed
Running speed is the average speed maintained over a particular course while the vehicle is moving and is found by
dividing the length of the course by the time duration the vehicle was in motion. i.e. this speed doesn't consider the time
during which the vehicle is brought to a stop, or has to wait till it has a clear road ahead.
Journey speed is the effective speed of the vehicle on a journey between two points and is the distance between the two
points divided by the total time taken for the vehicle to complete the journey including any stopped time.
19. Define – parking index
Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of number of bays occupied in a time
duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate measure of how effectively the parking space is utilized.
20. What is meant by “level of service” in traffic analysis?
Level of service (LOS) is a qualitative measure used to relate the quality of motor vehicle traffic service. LOS is used to
analyze roadways and intersections by categorizing traffic flow and assigning quality levels of traffic based on
performance measure like vehicle speed, density, congestion, etc
 Part – B (16 marks)
1. Enumerate the different methods of carrying out traffic volume studies.
2. Explain in detail various origin destination surveys.
3. Write briefly the different factors causing accidents.
4. Discuss with neat sketch the data to be collected while parking inventory syrvey.
5. Explain the factors affecting capacity and level of service.
6. What are speed and delay surveys? Explain in detail.
7. Mention the methods available for OD survey. Explain in detail about questionnaire survey?
8. List out the various uses of volume count survey data.
9. Explain various types of off-street parking facilities.
10. Elaborate on traffic forecasting.
 UNIT III TRAFFIC CONTROL
Part- A (2 marks)
1. What are the various types of traffic signs?
The various types of traffic signs are:
a) Prohibitory signs
b) Mandatory signs
c) Information signs, further sub-divided into:
i) Indication signs
ii) Advanced direction signs and direction signs
iii) Place and route identification signs
2. What are mandatory signs?
Mandatory signs are part of regulatory signs and are intended to convey definite positive instructions
when it is desired that motorists take some positive action.
3. What are warning signs?
Warning signs are used when it is deemed necessary to warn traffic of existing or potentially hazardous
conditions on or adjacent to a highway or street. Warning signs are of great help in ensuring safety of
traffic.
4. What are informatory signs?
Informatory signs are intended to guide the motorist along streets and highways, to inform him of
interesting routes, to direct him to cities, villages or other important destinations, to identify rivers and
streams, parks, forests and historical sites, and generally give him information as well as help him along
his way in the most simple, direct manner possible.
5. List out any four regulatory signs

HORN PROHIBITED NO PARKING NO STOPPING STRAIGHT

PROHIBITED
NO ENTRY
6. Draw the GIVE WAY sign as per Indian Road Congress (IRC) with its relevance.
 GIVE WAY is a mandatory sign. The GIVE WAY sign as per IRC is a downward pointing equilateral
triangle having a red border and a white background. The side of equilateral triangle is 900 mm long in
the standard sized sign and 600 mm long in the smaller sized sign. It shall be used in combination with a
definition plate carrying the message GIVE WAY.
7. Draw any four sketches of warning signs.

INTERSECTION INTERSECTION CROSS ROAD IRREGULAR

INTERSECTION
8. What are the different types of road markings available?
The two types of road markings are:
a) Carriage markings
b) Object markings
9. Write the formula to calculate optimum cycle time.
C0 = (1.5 L + 5) / (1-Y)
where, C0 = Optimum cycle time (s)
L = Total lost time per cycle (s)
Y = y1 + y2 .... + yn { y1 + y2 .... + yn are the maximum ratios of flow to saturation
flow for phases 1, 2,... n (i.e. q / s, where q is the flow and s is the saturation flow)}.
10. Write any two advantages of vehicle actuated signals.
The advantages of vehicle actuated signals are:
a) They are flexible and are able to adjust to changing traffic conditions automatically
b) Delay is held to a minimum and maximum capacity is achieved
11. What are the main traffic control aids?
The various traffic control aids are:
a) Roadway delineators
b) Safety barriers
c) Speed breakers
d) Barricades
e) Railings
f) Traffic signs
12. What are the different methods by which street light arrangement can be done?
The different methods by which street lighting arrangements can be done are:
a) Single - sided
b) Staggered
 c) Central
d) Opposite
e) Combination of (c) and (b) or (c) and (d)
13. State the factors governing the spacing of lanterns in street lighting.
The factors governing the spacing of lanterns are:
a) The spacing of lanterns is determined by the shape, and in particular the length, of the bright patch
and the extent to which it is desired that individual patches should overlap
b) The spacing has to be satisfactory from the point of view of pedestrian requirements
c) In general, the spacing should not exceed 55 m, and should preferably be 35-45 m on important
routes
14. Differentiate silhouette from reverse silhouette in street lighting.
Silhouette Reverse silhouette
In artificial lighting, if the conditions are such that In artificial lighting, if the brightness of the objects
the brightness of the objects is less than that of is more than that of the background, discernment
the background (i.e. pavement) discernment of the is by reverse silhouette.
objects is said to be by silhouette.

15. What are the types of traffic signals?

The various types of signals are:
a) Fixed time signals
b) Vehicle - actuated signals
c) Semi - vehicle - actuated signals
16. Briefly explain salient features of a typical rotary intersection.
Rotary intersections are special form of at-grade intersections laid out for the movement of traffic in one direction
around a central traffic island. Essentially all the major conflicts at an intersection namely the collision between
through and right-turn movements are converted into milder conflicts namely merging and diverging. The vehicles
entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction in orderly fashion.
17. Explain danger sign in two sentences.
Danger signs are safety signs for warning when a hazard or a hazardous condition is likely to be life-threatening.
The word 'Danger' is featured inside a red oval which in turn is inside a black rectangle and often feature other
warning symbols.
18. What are road markings?
The road markings are defined as lines, patterns, words or other devices, except signs, set into applied or
attached to the carriageway or kerbs or to objects within or adjacent to the carriageway, for controlling,
warning, guiding and informing the users.
19. What is VMS and what are its uses?
Variable Message Signs (VMS) is an electronic traffic sign often used on roadways to give travelers information
about special events. Such signs warn of traffic congestion, accidents, incidents such as terrorist attacks.
It allows to convey dynamic information to the road users in line with the current traffic situation.
20. Define - Channelization in traffic flow studies
It is the separation or regulation of conflicting traffic movements into definite paths of travel by traffic islands or
pavement marking to facilitate the safe and orderly movements of both vehicles and pedestrians.

Part – B (16 marks)

1. Explain the various types of traffic signals and their functions. How are the signal timings decided?
2. Explain in detail, the various types of road markings commonly used with neat sketches.
3. A fixed type 2 – phase signal is to be provided at an intersection having a North – South and an East –
West road, where only straight ahead traffic is permitted. The design hour flows from the various arms
and the saturation flows for these arms are given in the following table.
Details of flow North South East West
Design hour
flow 810 380 770 950
(PCU/hour)
Saturation flow 2500 1900 2800 3100
(PCU/hour)
Design the traffic signal with timing diagram and phase diagram. Assume relevant data.
4. Write the various advantages and disadvantages of different types of signals.
5. (a) List out the advantages of traffic signals.
(b) What is meant by saturation flow?
(c) State the need for signal co-ordination.
6. The average normal flow of traffic on cross roads A and B during design period are 400 PCU per hour
and 250 PCU per hour respectively, the saturation flow values on these roads are estimated as 1250
PCU per hour and 1000 PCU per hour respectively. The all – red time required for pedestrian crossing
is 12 sec. Design two phase traffic signal with sketch by Webster’s method.
7. Explain the diamond interchange with neat sketch.
8. What are the functions and principles of road markings? Explain the road markings at a four armed
intersection with median.
9. Explain in brief with diagram the design elements of rotary type intersection with IRC standards.
10. Traffic flow in a rural section at intersection of two highways in design year is given below. The highways
intersect at right angles and have a carriage way width of 15m. design the rotary intersection.
 UNIT IV GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF INTERSECTION
Part- A (2 marks)
1. Define – Intersection
An intersection is defined as the general area where two or more highways join or cross, within which are
included the roadway and roadside facilities for traffic movements in that area.
2. What are the various types of conflicts at intersections?
The various types of conflicts at an intersection are:
a) Crossing conflicts
b) Merging conflicts
c) Diverging conflicts
3. Give the conflict point sketch of one-way regulation on both roads.

Total numbers of potential conflict points are 6 nos.

4. What is an at-grade intersection?
An intersection where all roadways join or cross at the same level is known as an at-grade intersection.
5. Draw any four basic forms of at-grade intersections.

Cross Roads T-Junction Y-Junction Staggered Junction

6. What are channelized and unchannelized intersections?
A channelized intersection is one in which traffic is directed into definite paths by islands and markings.
An unchannelized intersection is the one without islands for directing traffic into definite paths.
7. With a neat sketch, write any one Channelizing island as per IRC standard with its function.
One of the important functions of channelized island is the control of speed. To reduce the speed of traffic
entering the intersection and increase the speed of traffic leaving the intersection, bending or funnelling
by suitable channelization techniques is resorted to.

8. What are the advantages of channelized intersections?

a) Separation of conflicts
 b) Control of angle of conflict
c) Control of speed
d) Protection of traffic for vehicles leaving or crossing the main traffic stream
e) Protection of pedestrians
9. What are the advantages of rotary intersections?
a) An orderly and regimented traffic flow is provided by rotary one - way movement
b) All traffic proceeds simultaneously and continuously at fairly uniform, low speed
c) All turns can be made with ease, although little extra travel distance is required for all movements
expect left turns
d) For moderate traffic, rotaries are self - governing and need no control by police or traffic signals
10. What are the drawbacks of a conventional round about?
a) A rotary requires more land and may not be feasible in many built-up locations
b) Where pedestrian traffic is large, a rotary by itself is not sufficient to control traffic and has to be
supplemented by traffic police
c) When used on high speed roads, rotaries require extremely large size
d) Where the angle of intersection between two roads is too acute, it becomes difficult to provide
adequate weaving length
11. What is a grade separated intersection?
An intersection layout which permits crossing manoeuvres at different levels is known as grade -
separated intersections.
12. What are the types of grade - separated intersections?
The two types of grade - separated intersections are:
a) Grade - separated intersections without interchange
b) Grade - separated intersections with interchange
13. What are the factors on which the choice between an At Grade Intersection and a Grade Separated
Intersection depend upon?
The factors on which the choice between an At Grade Intersection and a Grade Separated Intersection
depend upon are traffic, economy, safety, aesthetics, delay, etc.
14. What is an interchange?
An interchange is a system whereby facility is provided for movement of traffic between two or more
roadways at different levels in the grade separated junction.
15. How are interchanges classified?
a) Three leg interchange
i) T interchange
ii) Y interchange
iii) A partial rotary interchange
b) Four leg interchange
i) Diamond interchange
 ii) Half clover leaf interchange
iii) Clover leaf interchange
iv) Rotary interchange
v) Directional interchange
c) Multi-leg interchange
i) Rotary interchange
16. List the causes of road accidents.
Over Speeding
Drunken Driving
Distractions to Driver
Red Light Jumping
Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets
17. Name the pollutants in vehicle emission.
The major pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and particulates.
18. What are the advantages of promoting non-motorized transport?
Reduced pollution emissions
Indirect external benefits from more efficient land use patterns
Long-term benefits from reduced vehicle ownership and sprawl
19. What is the need for street lighting?
The purpose of street lighting is to assist drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists in finding their way in the dark.
Many neighborhood groups believe that extra illumination helps prevent crime, and business district lighting
also may help create a pleasant environment.
20. List out the environmental hazards due to road traffic.
The main hazards are climate change, deterioration of air quality and noise. Roads and parking take a great
deal of space.

Part – B (16 marks)

1. Explain in detail, the channelization of intersection and its purposes with neat sketches.
2. Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of rotary intersection.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of grade separated intersections?
4. Explain in detail, the various design elements of rotary type of intersection based on IRC standards
with neat sketches.
5. What is an intersection? Explain in detail, the two broad classifications of intersections.
6. Describe the measures adopted to reduce noise pollution with respect to vehicular traffic.
7. Discuss briefly with neat sketched the collision and condition diagrams.
8. Explain the various types of street lighting.
9. Explain the various environmental hazards due to road traffic.
10. Explain how promotion and integration of public transport can be done?
 UNIT V TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Part- A (2 marks)
1. What are the traffic management measures?
Some of the well-known traffic management measures are:
a) Restrictions on turning movements
b) One - way streets
c) Tidal - flow operations
d) Exclusive bus lanes
e) Closing side streets
2. What is Transportation System Management (TSM)?
Transportation System Management (TSM) is a package of short term measures to make the most
productive and cost - effective use of existing transportation facilities, services and modes.
3. List out the various types of Travel Demand Management (TDM) techniques
The following are some of the techniques of Travel Demand Management (TDM):
a) Car pooling and other ride-sharing programmes
b) Peripheral parking schemes
c) Road pricing
d) Entry fee
e) Priority for buses in traffic.
f) Restriction on entry of trucks during day time
4. What is period of forecasting?
Since the traffic forecasting is needed for transport plans, the design period selected for transport plans
should be sufficient for traffic forecasting. In general, transport plans are for a period of about 5 to 10
years in detail and an additional five years in less detail. In U.K., it is customary to forecast traffic for a
design period of 15 years when dealing with rural roads. In India, National Highways are designed for 15
years after completion of work.
5. What is Aggregate and Disaggregate Models in Traffic Forecasting?
Aggregate models deal with the estimation of travel of a group of travellers.
Disaggregate models deal with the smallest decision making unit, the individual
traveller.
6. What is the purpose of one - way streets?
One-way streets provide the most immediate and the least expensive method of controlling the traffic
conditions in a busy area. In combination with other methods such as banned turning movements,
installation of signals and restrictions on loading and waiting, the one-way street system is able to achieve
great improvement in traffic congested areas.
7. What are the disadvantages of one - way streets?
a) Although the journey times and delays are reduced, the actual distances to be covered by drivers
increases
b) Where buses operate on the streets, the stops will have to be relocated and in many instances the
passengers will have to walk extra distances
c) In the initial stages of introduction of one-way streets, confusion is likely to be created amongst
motorists and pedestrians
8. Write any two advantages of closing side streets.
a) Since interference from the traffic from side streets is eliminated, the speed increases, journey time
reduces and accidents reduces
b) The side - streets which are closed can be utilised for parking of vehicles, if there is an acute shortage
of parking space in the area
9. What is meant by traffic regulations?
The traffic regulations should cover all aspects of control of vehicles, driver and all other road users. The
regulations should be rational. Traffic regulations and laws give legal coverage for strict enforcement.
Traffic regulations and laws cover the following four phases:
a) Driver controls
b) Vehicle controls
c) Flow regulations
d) General controls
10. Define - Traffic Calming
Traffic calming consists of physical design and other measures for the intention of reducing the motor
vehicle speed as well as to improve the safety of pedestrians and cyclists.
Traffic calming includes the engineering measures such as: Narrowing traffic lanes, Speed bumps, Speed
humps, Speed cushions and Speed tables
11. What is meant by tidal flow operation in Traffic Management?
The morning peak results in a heavy attraction of flow towards the city centre, whereas the evening peak
brings in heavier flow away from the city centre. In either case, the street space provided for the opposing
traffic will be found to be in excess. This phenomenon is called as ‘Tidal flow’.
12. What is meant by Exclusive Bus Lanes?
Exclusive bus lane is provided by reserving a lane of the carriageway exclusively for bus traffic. This is
possible only in situations where the carriageway is of adequate width and a lane can be easily spared for
 the buses. This implies that there should be atleast 3 lanes in each direction. For reasons of convenience
of alighting and embarking passengers at the curb, the exclusive bus lane has to be adjacent to the curb.
13. What are the uses of exclusive bus lanes in road traffic?
The following are some of the uses of exclusive bus lanes in road traffic:
a) The journey time of buses can be considerably reduced
b) Bus journey can be made more attractive
c) Regularity of buses can be improved
14. Define – ITS
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), also known as Transport Telematics, are transport systems that
apply modern information technologies to improve the operation of transport networks. The ITS acquires
vast volume of data on various aspects of transport operation (such as traffic volume, speed, headway),
process them and apply the result to guide traffic, improve operations, enhance safety and transport
costs.
15. List out the uses of ITS in traffic engineering
ITS can cover a wide variety of application such as:
a) Monitoring traffic flow
b) Monitoring incidents on the road
c) Traffic control on urban roads
d) Public Transport Management Systems
e) Electronic collection of toll
f) Electronic Road Pricing System
16. Define – Traffic segregation and what it is done for.
Moving vehicles, particularly in industrial applications, pose the constant threat of damage to both equipment
and structures. A Safe traffic barriers offer the most effective way to protect these vital assets by clearly
defining traffic routes both physically and visually. This is Traffic segregation.
17. What is known a congestion pricing?
Congestion pricing or congestion charges is a system of surcharging users of public goods that are subject to
congestion through excess demand such as higher peak charges for use of bus services, electricity, metros,
railways, telephones, and road pricing to reduce traffic congestion
18. List any four TDM techniques.
 Transportation management associations: leverage public and private funds to increase the use of
ridesharing and other commuting options that reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality
 Including or improving pedestrian-oriented design elements, such as short pedestrian crossings, wide
sidewalks and street trees.
 Requiring users of parking to pay the costs directly, as opposed to sharing the costs indirectly with others
through increased rents and tax subsidies.
 Including and improving public transportation infrastructure, such as subway entrances, bus stops and
routes.
19. What are the advantages of Intelligent Transport System?
Improving traffic safety
Reducing infrastructure damage
Traffic control
Parking management
Gathering traffic data
20. What are the advantages of exclusive bus lane?
Travel Time Savings
Green House Gas and Local Air Pollutant Emissions Reduction
Traffic Safety Improvements
Increased Physical Activity
Part – B (16 marks)
1. Write short notes on few of the traffic management measures:
a) Tidal flow operation
b) Exclusive bus lane
2. Discuss in brief about
a) Restriction on turning movement
b) Traffic calming
3. Write briefly on the following:
a) Locations where parking is prohibited
b) Peripheral parking schemes
4. Discuss in detail
a) Speed breakers
b) Rumble strips
5. Explain the applications of ITS in traffic management.
6. What is the significance of traffic management? Write the various travel demand management
techniques commonly used in managing traffic on roads.
7. Elaborate the advantages of one-way streets.
8. What are the TSM measures that can be adopted? Explain any 6.
9. Write short notes on Traffic Segregation methods.
10. Write in detail methods of forecasting in traffic volume prediction.

Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

D.Shanmuga priya HoD/CVIVL PRINCIPAL