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UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA
659-A Cecilia Munoz St., Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONAL ASPECTS IN RESPONDING TO FIRE

INCIDENTS OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION SAN NICOLAS SUB-STATION

AN

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY

OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE

CRIM 327 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1

RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED STATISTICS

Submitted By:

Viñas, Joemel I.

Briones, Niño L.

Depano, Renzo C.

Luna, Albert Ashlie E.

Mabesa, Myke Laurence D.

Magpantay, Mark Vincent B.

Mendoza, Kathrine Nicole A.

Pascual, Clarence Ernest Y.

Pogenio, Ryu Q.

June 2024
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UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA
659-A Cecilia Munoz St., Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

ENDORSEMENT FOR PRE-ORAL DEFENSE

The under graduate thesis proposal “FACTORS AFFECTING THE

OPERATIONAL ASPECTS IN RESPONDING TO FIRE INCIDENTS OF THE
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION SAN NICOLAS SUB-STATION” is hereby
endorsed to the panel for pre-oral defense. The proposal was thoroughly checked
in content and in form and it suffice the requirement to pass the pre-oral defense.

PROF. VOLTAIRE L. PERALES DR. JOAQUIN J. DE CASTRO II

Research Professor Research Adviser

June 13, 2024 June 13, 2024

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Acknowledgement

This study has been made possible through the guidance, support, cooperation and
participation of numerous individuals Throughout the challenging phases of this
academic research, we leaned on the advice and experience of certain important fellow
contributors, without whom the completion of this thesis would have been impossible.
We express our sincerest appreciation to the following valued persons:

Dr. Joaquin J. De Castro II, our Research Adviser, we express our sincerest gratitude
for his continuous support in our research, for his patience, motivation, and immense
knowledge. This study would not have been possible without for his generous assistance
in correcting this research paper, for giving valuable suggestions and encouraging
comments and giving proper guidance that help us go through this study.

Prof. Voltaire L. Perales, our Research Professor, who has greatly shared his
knowledge with us with patience and diligence in helping us meet the necessary works
for the completion of our research, and gave us the opportunity to experience how to
broaden our understanding as well as to impart our knowledge to the other people.

San Nicolas Sub-Station, we extend our sincere thanks for their warm welcome and
invaluable guidance. Additionally, for letting us study the challenges they faced in every
fire operation they respond that was crucial to the successful completion of our search.

Angelyn A. Cornero, a fourth-year criminology student, who helped us every step of the
way. Throughout our study, she provided us the guidance that greatly helped us with the
progress of our research. We are indeed very blessed to have you, for you did not fail to
help, assist and support us.

Our Family, Friends, and Loved Ones, who served as our inspiration, motivator and
provider of our financial expenses.

And lastly, we thank the LORD ALMIGHTY to whom we owe our very existence for
providing us this opportunity and granting us the capability to proceed successfully. We
are grateful for His provision of joys, challenges and grace for growth that have been
bestowed upon us during this research work, and indeed, throughout my life: "I can do
everything through Him (God) who give me strength." (Philippians 4: 13).

The Researchers
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Dedication

To express our dedication to all those who contributed in many ways to the success of
this study and made it an unforgettable experience for us. This study is a blessing and
treasure for every researcher.

To the mentors and educators who share their knowledge to guide us from intellectual
growth shall extend our gratitude to them. Your mentorship paves the way in molding the
next generation of thinkers and innovators

To our dearest parents, Mrs. Maritess A. Mendoza, Mrs. Imelda Viñas, Mrs. Bernadeth
Yu Pascual, Mrs. Aranda Depano, Mrs. Julieta Luna, Mr. Michael Briones, Mrs. Leonora
Pogenio, Mrs. Marilyn Magpantay and Mrs. Maricel S. Mabesa, who tirelessly support
and has been the moral-boosting of the researcher through this academic journey. This
study is dedicated with our utmost appreciation, your motivation and understanding have
been invaluable, giving us the base to pursuit of intellectual excellence

To all the future researchers, may this study serve as your guide for your future and may
this study help you on your own life to learn the simple lesson that can save you and a
billion of lives.

Finally, we dedicate this research paper to the Almighty God who gives us strength,
wisdom, guidance, power of thinking, security, competence, and for giving us good
health while doing this. All of these, we offer to you.

“All for the Glory of God”

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Table of Contents
Preliminaries

Title Page ………………………………………………….. 1

Endorsement Letter ………………………………………………….. 2

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………….. 3

Dedication ………………………………………………….. 4

Table of Contents ………………………………………………….. 5

List of Tables …………………………………………………... 7

List of Figures ………………………………………………….. 8

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study ………………………………………………….. 10

Objectives of the study ………………………………………………….. 14

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………… 14

Hypothesis …………………………………………………... 15

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………... 15

Scope and Limitations …………………………………………………… 17

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literatures…………………………………………………… 18

Fire Operation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …... 18

Response Time …………………………………………………….. 20

Equipment …………………………………………………….. 23

Traffic Flow …………………………………………………….. 25

Radio Communication …………………………………………………….. 27

Community Relation …………………………………………………….. 28

Synthesis ….……………………………………………………….. 30

Theoretical Foundation …………………………………………………………… 33

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………… 34
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Paradigm … … … … … … … …. … … … … … … … … … … … … … 36

Definition of Terms … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……… 37

CHAPTER 3

Methodology …………………………………………………………… 39

Research Design …………………………………………………………… 39

Research Locale …………………………………………………………... 40

Sample and Sampling Techniques ……………………………………………… 41

Research Instrument ………………………………………………………….. 42

Validity and Reliability Testing………………………………………….…… 43

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………………. 44

Statistical Analysis ………………………………………………………….. 45

Ethical Considerations…………………………………………………………… 47

References ……………………………………………………………… 48
Appendices ……………………………………………………………… 53
Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………… 74
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List of tables

Table 1 ………………………………………………………………………… 42
Table 2 ………………………………………………………………………… 43
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List of Figures

Figure 1 …………………………………………………………………… 36
Figure 2 …………………………………………………………………... 41
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List of Appendices

Appendix A …................................................................................... 54
Appendix B …………………………………………………………….... 57
Appendix C ……………………………………………………………… 72
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Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Disaster is more devastating than losing an expensive luxury. The International

Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) and Red Crescent Societies defines a disaster as "a

sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society

and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the

community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources,” It encompasses a wide

range of events, including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, as well

as man-made disasters such as industrial accidents or conflicts. One of the major

catastrophes that occur in people's lives is fire whether accidental or intentional. While

experiencing a fire can lead to traumatic but strategies on how to wipe out the fire is more

difficult than we think.

Globally, fire incidents are a major challenge in terms of public safety and property

protection. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in the Philippines is the responsible

agency in maintaining of the safety of people, properties, and environment from fire. But

there are some situations that affect the BFPs operationally efficiency and effectiveness

in responding to fire incidents. The following research discusses these elements that are

relevant and should be focused on to work on the response capabilities of the BFP.

The BFP was created by Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the

"Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990." There have been many

changes and additions in the BFP since its establishment which are intended to improve

its performance. Even as the controls are strictly being implemented, fires continue to

remain as dreadful challenges partially due to rapid urbanization, increasing population

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density, and the evolving industrial practices throughout the country. The BFP has been

criticized for response times, availability of resources, and training of staff which leaded to

the need of investigation the operational determinants that may affect its function.

The BFP works in a well-structured framework that ensures that it is always ready

and responsive to fire incidents. These include the standard operating procedures in times

of emergency, fire prevention act, public education program, and continuous training and

drills for the personnel. The operation sector covers different components such as

equipment, traffic, radio service, public relations and response capability. To know how

these components affect the performance of BFP in terms of operation is important in

identifying the areas for improvement.

Several factors influence the operational aspects of the BFP in responding to fire

incidents. These factors can be broadly categorized into internal and external factor.

Resources available dictate the level of response in fire incidents. It is important to

assess if the fire trucks, personal protective equipment, and other tools used in firefighting

are adequate and enough for the personnel. Most often, limitations on budget and

procurement issues hinder BFP to provide the needed equipment for its personnel. This

could possibly cause delay and inefficiency in the operation section in times of fire incident.

A research study shows that sufficient budget allocation and optimal resource deployment

are very essential to enhance fire department response times (Rahardjo et al., 2019).

Public awareness is crucial in preventing and combating fire incidents. A majority

of the residents in the studied areas were found to be generally unaware of the services

offered by the BFP (McLennan et al., 2014). Community education programs such as fire

safety, reporting emergencies and evacuating in the event of emergencies can enhance

efficiency of BFP. The public awareness and participation however vary and this affects
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response efficiency. McLennan et al. (2014) revealed that community preparedness and

emergency self-assistance has a positive effect on firefighting efficiency.

Response time efficiency is mostly affected by traffic congestion and road network.

Most cities are experiencing a traffic nightmare and this has implications on response time

efficiency. Responding quickly to fire incidents is often hampered by heavy traffic and

narrow roads especially in urban areas where the fire incident is located. Fire trucks

struggle to navigate through congested roads to reach the incident site on time. Cova et

al. (2013) concluded that the main cause of longer emergency vehicle response times in

urban areas is the urban sprawl and street network density. Therefore, strategic planning

and real-time traffic response should be put in place to reduce traffic congestion

Communication is essential in any fire response operation. Firefighters depend on

reliable radiocommunication in order to coordinate their actions, receive updated situation

reports and make appropriate decisions on site (Asgary et al., 2010). However, poor radio

signal, old communication equipment and lack of staff training on communication

procedures affect efficiency of firefighting operation. Therefore, research by Asgary` et al.

(2010) highlighted that, emergency response activities can be well coordinated and thus

improving efficiency if there is a good communication system in place.

Response time is a vital aspect that affects fire service efficiency. From the time a

fire alarm is received, to when the fire truck reaches the incident site, fire fighters must

work swiftly to put the fire under control and prevent it from spreading. Several factors

determine the response time including traffic conditions, location of the fire and number of

resources available to respond (Pinto et al., 2017). Properties distance to the fire station,

number of fire engines and trucks deployed at the incident and their capacity affect

response time. Pinto et al. (2017) revealed that, there is a significant relationship between

shorter response times, less damage and higher survival rates. Therefore, it is worthwhile
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to consider all factors that will enable fire trucks to reach the incident site faster and thus

reduce property damage and loss of lives.

Despite these optimistic steps to enhance the fire response, the BFP is not without

its challenges. Traffic, radio communications, community awareness and delays in the

response are some of the major issues faced by the bureau. The solution to address these

lies in a multi-pronged approach. It requires change in policies, enhancement in funding

and strengthening the existing inter-agency coordination. Moreover, periodic assessments

and structured feedback mechanism will help in highlighting the existing gaps and aid in

implementing corrective measures in a timely manner.

The fire response of the Bureau of Fire Protection is the outcome of various factors.

Elucidation of these may provide the much-needed insight to develop focused strategies

to strengthen the BFP. There are both internal and external challenges to be addressed.

With the leverage of technology, opportunities and proper intention, the response time and

fire response of the BFP can be enhanced to a greater extent thus protecting the lives and

properties.

This study aims to delve deeper into these factors on measuring various elements

that impact the efficiency and effectiveness to support the BFP's mission in safeguarding

communities against fire. Through systematic examination and collaboration, it is possible

to build a more resilient and efficient fire operation system in the Philippines.
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Objectives of the Study

The researcher’s goals are to:

1. Determine the factors affecting the operation in fire rescue and fire incident of

Bureau of Fire Protection,

2. Identify what strategies are being used to address the factors that affect the BFP's

response to fire incidents and fire rescue,

3. Provide public awareness by promoting fire safety procedures and preventive

measures.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to measure the factors that affecting the operational effectiveness and

efficiency of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in responding to fire incidents and

specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the relationship of the following factors in the efficiency and effectiveness

of the Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub-Station in responding to fire

incidents:

1.1 Response time

1.2 Equipment

1.3 Flow of Traffic

1.4 Radio Communication

1.5 Community Relations

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2. Is there significant difference between the factors affecting fire operation and

fire rescue incidents of BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station?

3. What strategies are being implemented to address the identified factors that affect the

BFP in responding to fire incidents?

Hypothesis

Based on the previously mentioned problems the following hypotheses were formulated:

Ho: there is no significant difference between the factors affecting the fire operation on

fire rescue and fire incident of BFP San Nicolas Sub-station

H1: there is significant difference between the factors affecting the fire operation on fire

rescue and fire incident of BFP San Nicolas Sub-station

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will benefit the following:

Department of Interior and Local Government, this research will serve as their

knowledge about the needs for the operation in order for them to prevent the Hindrances

or Factors and to enhance safety protocols, address any vulnerabilities, and improve

emergency response capabilities of the Bureau of Fire Protection for effective delivery of

its services for citizens in the San Nicolas Area.

Bureau of Fire Protection, this study will help the future personnel to have base

information about the factors that they will face in fire operation. This knowledge also helps

in developing effective incident command systems and communication protocols to

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minimize the risks faced by firefighters during fire operation. Additionally, the study will

provide visions to the personnel to develop and improve their capabilities to such factors.

Fire Volunteers. the study and the result can determine the causes of factors in

fire operation. By Determining the causes they will develop best practices to mitigate those

factors from occurring during fire operations. They can participate in training programs

and workshops that will provide them with the necessary knowledge and skills to respond

to various fire scenarios for such factors

Barangay Officials, this research will give awareness to the Barangay Officials

about the factors that the Fire fighters are by providing them such seminars when it comes

to their fire operation, enabling them to help and assist them to the operations within the

area of their responsibility.

Community, this research will serve as a guide for the community to gain more

knowledge, in order to aware anyone in the community about the factors of delaying

responses of fire fighters to lessen casualties or damages in case of fire. provides an

opportunity for greater trust and respect to be built between academic researchers and

communities.

Educators, this research aims to provide insights into the factors that affect

operations during fire incidents. It will serve as a guide for the school to mitigate these

factors and implement strategies effectively. Additionally, this knowledge can be utilized

by students aspiring to serve the community as firefighters.

Future Researchers, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge

within the field of fire protection and emergency response. They can use this study in order

for them to have information and it can provide insights and data that is important to know

for further improvement of operational practices and develop the best practices.
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Scope and Limitations

This study is focuses on measuring some factors that affect the effectiveness and

efficiency of fire operational responses to fire incidents in residential area and informal

settlers such as the availability of equipment, traffic, radio communication, public relation

and the response time.

The study is limited to San Nicolas Sub-Station of the Bureau of Fire Protection.

The results of the study will foremost reflect the operational situation and challenges of

the sub-station.

The study will not include all the personnel of the Bureau of Fire Protection but will

be limited to the San Nicolas Sub-Station personnel. Hence, the results of the study may

not be generalized to other stations and other regions.

The study populations will be the uniformed personnel of the Bureau of Fire

Protection assigned at the San Nicolas Sub-Station in Metro Manila. These are the fire

officers composed of, operational personnel, admin personnel and support personnel that

are involved in fire response operations.

The study will be carried out for a duration of nine (9) months to cover the 2nd

Semester of the 2023-2024 academic year and the 1st Semester of the 2024-2025

academic year.
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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter contains related literature and studies that the researchers reviewed to

provide insight to the study being examined

Fire Operation

Fire-fighting is one of the world’s most honored but hazardous professions.

Therefore, the risk of disabling injuries and death is extremely high among fire-fighters

proportionate to other occupation. Fire-fighting strategic operations that are important for

successful rescue and fire confinement and extinguishment expose an individual to high

levels of personal danger. Fire-fighters undergo excessive numbers of line-of-duty injuries

and illnesses. Safety in the Fire-Fighting Profession (2021)

As one of the most versatile and widespread emergency organizations, fire

departments play an important role in the response to such events. Due to the pure

characteristics of an emergency, firefighters must typically make time critical, context-

dependent decisions on site. Basically, this applies for the Incident Commander (IC) who

organizes the whole operation as well as for any subordinate firefighter. To make

appropriate decisions, they all must gain so-called situation awareness during fire

operation. A review of the firefighter information technologies literature” by Julian

Weidinger (2022)

Firefighters are exposed to a variety of hazardous substances including

carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during firefighting. In order

to minimize the uptake of such substances into the body, firefighters wear personal

protective equipment. It could be shown that firefighters, especially captains, who entered

the scene without SCBA after firefighting and firefighters during interior attack, had higher
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internal exposures and uptake of PAH. During interior attack SCBA were used and

therefore exposure occurred most likely via the skin. Therefore, functional protective

clothing, and wearing SCBA is important to reduce the intake of PAH. Exposure to

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessed by bio monitoring of firefighters during fire

operations in Germany Dirk Tiger (2023)

In this year Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. The Bureau of Fire Protection officially

kicked off the observance of Fire Prevention Month 2024 in Cagayan Valley Region,

participated in by various regional line agencies. FCSupt Manuel G. Golino, director for

Fire Safety Enforcement at the BFP National Headquarters, said that this year’s highlights

the significance of unity and cooperation in ensuring fire-safe and disaster-resilient

communities. It is about equipping the communities with the knowledge and tools they

need and ensuring that our response mechanisms are updated, coordinated, and efficient

in line to fire operation. Philippine Information Agency (PIA) by Ma Jessica P. Telan (2024).

In Ozamiz City firefighters the second discovered theme implies that are having

problems coping with the demanding profession that needs a lot of physical and mental

fortitude. The aforementioned issue is a good indication that the factors that influenced

firefighters’ performance due to arduous work can still be improved and cured by adding

more personnel so that the workload is evenly distributed and providing new fire apparatus

for their comfort during the operation. Challenges Encountered and Insights of the Bureau

of Fire Protection Personnel Towards Responding Fire Incident (2022) Love S. Lagata.

In the National Fire Protection Authority (NFPA) provides an insight to innovate the

guidelines to BFP and other firefighters’ organizations for fire operation to any dispute,

hazardous materials, and such of this incidents to every operational matters in fire

incidents. However, the Philippines specifically BFP firefighters faces a challenges to link
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up those standards needed due to lack of financial constraints in acquiring innovative and

sufficient equipments and also it involves of lack of manpower to every station.

Moreover, beyond fire operations, fire officers can be found in a variety of jobs including

customer service, fee assessment, evaluating building plans, inspecting fire safety, and

performing rescue and recovery operations. Furthermore, fire operation issues include

also a shortage of fire engines and police officers to secure the perimeter operations of

firefighters because of that the safety protocols of firefighters and all people surrounding

that area that involve fire incidents are jeopardized. In operation, firefighters also complain

that they don’t always have air refills and frequently share breathing equipment. In addition

to having to manage multiple tasks at once and dealing with equipment shortages like

breathing apparatuses and personal protective gear for firefighting, firefighters in the

Philippines also have to deal with threats from disoriented residents. The situation in all

fire operations is always similar to for this matter to all fire stations in the nation, and it is

made worse by civilian interference during firefighting operations. Lived Experience of

Bureau of Fire Protection Officer’s of Dagupan City (De Castro, Cabbarubias, 2023).

Response Time

Several studies investigated response time to monitor the service performance and

capability of fire organizations. The response requirements vary greatly between

countries. The standard response time of the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia

(FRDM) is 10 min. There have been limited studies on FRDM response times in recent

years, which focused only on specific districts or states. This study conducted an initial

assessment of the response time across different fire station categories and states in

Malaysia. In addition, the distribution of fire station categories was identified and the mean

response times were compared using analysis of variance. Initial Assessment of Fire

Response Time between Different Categories of Fire Stations in MALAYSIA, MPDI (2022),
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They state Response time management is one of the most critical issues for

firefighting organizations in the process industries. Among those factors, the system

aspects, including scheduling, task analysis, and so on, might strengthen personnel and

operation efficiency in case of emergency incidents. Studies have shown a logarithmic

relationship between the number of fire damages and the rapid response of firefighters.

The studies stated that slight delay in the dispatch process can lead to serious injuries.

Thus, there would be severe consequences if there were no prompt intervention of

firefighters. Therefore, decreasing the response time and improving fire safety measures

can significantly reduce potential fire damage. Next to that, various standards were set to

measure firefighting response times performance and internal best practices adopted by

own organizations. Iranian Occupational Health Associations with the title Analysis on

Time Delay Factors Influencing Firefighters’ Response Time in Process Industries (2022).

We observed an increasing returns to population (density) scale when response

time was defined as an output. Unfavorable weather and traffic conditions, as well as being

on weekends, showed to prolong response time. We hypothesized that firefighters,

perhaps unknowingly, may react more promptly to potentially severe fires. The results

showed that fires on commercial, residential, and public buildings were responded 10-40

seconds more quickly than miscellaneous fires; travel times to field fires were 2.5 minutes

longer compared to miscellaneous fires. It also states that as was observed in the

suppression time model, the key fire engines, pumpers and tank trucks, also showed to

lead to worse fire outcomes in the service output model. We suspected that the congestion

of fire trucks could be a reason for response time. Hyong-gu Hwang with his studies

entitled with “A Theory of Fire Service Provision: With an empirical analysis of A Theory of

Fire Service Provision: With an empirical analysis of response time, suppression time, and

service output response time, suppression time, and service output” (2020)
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Abalos reported that as of September this year, some 1,484 cities and

municipalities now have fire stations. He elaborated that 72 new fire stations were

constructed in just over a year since he assumed office in July 2022, leaving only 150

LGUs without fire trucks and fire stations. He also states that “With more fire stations and

modern fire trucks, the response time of the firefighters in case of fire will be shortened

from the standard seven minutes for every kilometer and about seven minutes per 2.5

kilometers in Metro Manila due to traffic congestion. Abalos: Some 1,500 LGUs now have

BFP fire stations, fire trucks (DILG gov.ph 2022)

Firefighters play a critical role in providing safety to both commercial and

residential buildings. Firefighting operations in the Philippines take too much time to finish

due to the minimal resources and low upgrades in technologies in the bureau of fire

protection (BFP); the poor performance results to increase the damage that makes it close

to impossible to save all of the lives affected by the fire flames. One of the reasons

firefighters arrive late is the severe traffic after a fire-spread starts. High-rise buildings are

also a significant problem for the firefighters during operations. Since they cannot reach

the top floors with their firefighting equipment, they are bound to use the building’s installed

firefighting equipment before reaching the highest floor affected by the fire. They also need

to take the stairs since elevators may be inaccessible, and after they reach their target

floor, the flames might spread everywhere and cause a disaster. With the vast technology

upgrades, from robots to machines, small businesses to corporates, there is demand for

improvement in firefighting services to adjust with the smart city concepts. Unmanned

aerial Vehicles’ (UAVs’) applications, from both technical and non-technical perspectives,

have been increased in the past few years. UAVs play a critical role in this century, from

traffic and crowd management systems to inspect the solar insulation. “Fire-fighting UAV
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with shooting mechanism of fire Extinguishing ball for smart city” (Nastaran Reza Nazar

Zadeh, 2021)

Response time is the most critical and crucial factor in emergency services like fire

stations. The longer it takes for a fire response team to arrive, the greater the chance of

casualties and property damage. Based on the data gathered from the BFP Cagayan de

Oro City District Office, more than 50,000 people, or 7% of the population, were

uncovered. There were 13 identified barangays that have had a response time of more

than 7 min for the past six year’. These barangays were mostly from the uptown and west

parts of the city. Eighty-five percent of the uncovered barangays were under the AOR of

the newly established Station 9 Lumbia Fire Station. Nevertheless, there were no fire

incidents that occurred in Besigan, Pigsag-an, Taglimao, Tuburan and Tumpagon from

2016 to 2021. However, it was assumed that these were uncovered since the nearest and

adjacent barangay with fire occurrences was also uncovered. Location Analysis of Fire

Stations in Cagayan de Oro City using Minimum Impedance (Labita & Namoco, 2023)

Equipment

Scarcity or lack of equipment in terms of responding prior to and latter to a fire

incident, is usually a big challenge and a hindrance for the Firefighters for them to be able

to efficiently and effectively do their tasks due to the insufficient manpower, inadequate

resources such as fire trucks, fire apparatus, personal protective equipment (PPE), etc.

Scarcity, also known as severe shortage, is an economic term that refers to the gap

between the availability of limited resources and people’s theoretical needs for such

resources. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (Cannon, 2019).

The findings of the previous study, fire risk is one of the major concerns in almost

Industrial facilities. So, the existence of fire protection equipment is crucial to reduce the
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severity of the consequences of such events. However, these equipment stay most of the

time in a dormant state, not allowing them to know in real time when a failure occurs. The

so-called hidden failures are only detected when a demand occurs or when a functional

test is performed (José Sobral, 2023)

The lack of protective equipment is one of the problems which they are hoping will

be addressed by the current administration. Around 50 percent of firefighters of the Bureau

of Fire Protection (BFP) do not have a complete set of personal protective equipment,

about half of their bureau’s personnel risk their lives combating fires without complete

protection. Emmanuel Tupaz (2019).

Fire-fighting equipment is often another targeted area where even small amounts

of damage can lead to much larger consequences if a fire were to break out. It goes into

depth regarding issues such as delays in accessing equipment, suitability of protective

measures and the risk assessment process when choosing to protect or even remove

firefighting equipment from particular locations in operations. SafeLink (2022)

We know that the BFP still lacks equipment. We don’t have enough fire trucks and

fire officers. The ideal ratio of one fire officer is to 28,000 population is not yet achieved. A

fire truck should be manned by at least 14 fire officers. We should have high ladder fire

trucks that can put out fire on high-story buildings so our firemen do not have to enter

these burning areas. BFP Modernization to solve fire responses woes: DILG by

Christopher Lloyd Caliwan (2021)

BFP Modernization Trust Fund under the new law will include appropriations for

BFP modernization, as well as 80 percent of the share of the BFP from all taxes, fees, and

fines collected under the Fire Code. Other sources for the fund are proceeds from the

disposal of excess and uneconomically repairable equipment and other movable assets
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of the BFP, supplemental assistance from the Congress from surpluses, loans, grants or

donations, and the fund’s interest income. The LGUs are authorized under the law to use

their respective share from all taxes, fees and fines collected under the Fire Code for the

construction, repair, rehabilitation and/or operation and maintenance of local fire stations,

and the procurement of protective gear and equipment for their firefighters, among other

local BFP modernization initiatives. New Law to Help BFP Go Beyond Traditional

Firefighting Role by Christopher Lloyd Caliwan (2021)

Traffic Flow

Urbanizing economies, traffic congestion is an increasing problem that causes

delays and health issues due to pollution. By analyzing the correlation between traffic

congestion and emergency response times, we study an unfamiliar external cost of traffic.

We are able to identify traffic that occurs just before an emergency by improving the spatial

and temporal matching of traffic data with incident report data from Californian fire

departments. Traffic increases the average monetary damage from fires and slows down

the arrival of fire vehicles at the scene of an emergency. The effects are extremely

unpredictable, with traffic in the right tail of the traffic distribution being the main cause of

response time increases. In addition to highlighting the negative effects of traffic on a vital

public good, we also show another externality of traffic congestion. Daniel Brent and Louis-

Philippe Beland (2020).

As stated in recent study, the most important challenges in the firefighting

operation include traffic congestion with deficiencies in the roadway network and scarcity

of water. In China, one of the reasons firefighters arrive late is the severe traffic after a

fire-spread starts because traffic congestion poses significant challenges for firefighting

operations, including delayed response times, limited access, impaired mobility, resource

allocation issues, and communication challenges. Haque, (2019)

 26

Frequent fires pose a significant threat to the safety and sustainability of society.

The urban fire service is critical for protecting against fire. Traffic congestion increases the

response time of fire service seriously, and dynamic traffic conditions can affect the

sustainability of urban firefighting operations. Sustainable Cities and Society, (2023)

The traffic flow in the disaster affected-area can be managed and controlled by

intelligent transportation systems (such as adaptive traffic signal control system, advance

route guidance system) or human beings with insulated fences. Through controlling the

inflow and outflow in the boundary of disaster-affected area and managing the speed

within the disaster-affected area, the density or occupancy of regional traffic flow can be

estimated and managed by the relationship of traffic flow characteristics with the

intelligence. Sudden fire disasters (2019)

The highly urbanized nature also means increased risk for man-made disasters

such as fire, drowning incidents, vehicular accidents, and medical emergencies. Adaptive

Intelligent Traffic System, A system deployed by the city to optimize the use of road

networks in the city with the goal of safer, smarter, and more coordinated traffic flow. This

is done via data gathering sensors deployed in critical traffic points in the city, allowing for

adaptive control of traffic light times and management of rush hour traffic in a coordinated

and real-time manner. Enhancing Disaster, Incident, and Traffic Management through

Pasig City’s Smart Public Safety Management System Project, (2022)

Rapid motorization, high-density urban development, population concentration,

and Concentration of economic activity in Metro Manila had contributed to high traffic

demand. Causing congestion in major arterials especially in major conflict points such as

signalized Intersections. However, road capacity has not increased significantly in the past

years. Thereby unable to catch up with the rapid rise in traffic flow. This congestion also

produces the negative effects of worsening air quality especially in the vicinity of the road
 27

traffic environment. Traffic Flow Management and Its Effect on Emergency Response in

Metro Manila by the University of the Philippines National Center for Transportation

Studies (2019).

Radio Communication

It was found that the firefighter’s relief communication posture reduced radio

communication power. The prone posture had the greatest effect on radio communication

attenuation. Also, smoke caused a decrease in communication power regardless of flame

burning conditions or temperature effects. Weng et al., (2022).

The ability to provide smooth communication between the command and field

personnel at the disaster site determines the success of the operation. However, the

reinforced concrete structures used in modern buildings reflect, refract, and diffract radio

waves. Thus, they represent the largest obstacles to transmission and reception. Park and

Choi, (2023)

It was report that It is important that everyone using a radio is familiar with frequent

communication failures. Understanding how communication failures occur, can lead to

developing and implementing effective preventative measures. Fire departments and

municipalities should make sure all firefighters and dispatchers understand how to

effectively use their radio equipment. Educate your team about communication failures.

Look at all five categories of communication failures for improvement opportunities to help

keep your team safe. National Institute for occupational Safety and health with the title of

Firefighter Communication and Safety, (2023)

The challenges faced by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) personnel in fire

suppression in Novaliches, Quezon City, finding that issues with radio communication

significantly impacted the effectiveness of fire response efforts. The study highlighted the
 28

need for upgrading communication equipment to enhance operational efficiency. It also

discussed the importance of modernizing radio communication infrastructure in the

Philippines to enhance fire safety and response operations. He noted that outdated

communication systems often lead to delays and miscommunications, which can be

detrimental during emergencies. Arnilla et al., (2019), Fontanilla (2023) xmas

A surge in fire incidents and highlighted the lack of adequate communication

equipment as a major barrier for fire departments in effectively responding to

emergencies. The report suggested that improving radio communication systems could

significantly improve response times and coordination among fire units (GMA News,

2024).

The role of advanced communication technologies in improving the response times

of the Manila Fire Department, emphasizing the need for better radio systems to facilitate

faster and more coordinated responses. They recommended the adoption of digital radio

technologies to enhance communication clarity and reliability (Reyes & Santos, 2022).

The challenges faced by firefighters in Metro Manila, focusing on communication

issues. Their research suggested that upgrading radio communication systems could

significantly improve operational efficiency and effectiveness in managing fire incidents

(Lagdameo et al., 2020).

Community Relations

The processes of how, when, and why people respond immediately after being

alerted to a possible fire incident is critical to understand possible impacts on safe action.

Where residents decide to evacuate, decisions about which actions are first taken, who

evacuates together, and what information is attended to in the environment can ultimately

impact safe evacuation times. Much research has explored how people evacuate including
 29

possible reasons for pre-evacuation delay times For example, research from the World

Trade Centre disaster shows that some people in the building sought out others, and

received help from others during the evacuation. However, relatively little research has

explored residents’ accounts of why and when they might act when first alerted to a fire,

such as how they decide a response, who is looked to for information, who might provide

help to each other, and who residents may coordinate with to evacuate. Templeton et al.,

(2023)

The acting provincial fire marshal of the Bureau of Fire Protection in Biliran, Fire

Senior Inspector Zardoz V. Abela, has emphasized the importance of collaboration among

community stakeholders and raising public awareness to prevent fire incidents. Abela

made his call at the Kapihan sa PIA Biliran on March 1, which was the first activity among

the different lined-up activities in the month-long observance of Fire Prevention Month. He

aims to strengthen the capability of the barangays in fire prevention, including increasing

the number of high-risk, fire-prone barangays in the province to intensify their campaign

on Oplan Ligtas na Pamayanan (OLP). He also gave some safety tips to decrease fire

incidents, such as avoiding octopus connections, checking electrical wiring every three to

four years, and not throwing lighted cigarette stubs in dried leaves in the open field to

prevent grass fires. Victoria (2024) NAVAL, Biliran (PIA)

Forest and land fires are disasters that occur quite frequently in Riau Province and

have an impact on the destruction of various sources of community livelihoods, land

quality, and public health in general. Efforts to deal with forest and land fires disasters

have been carried out by various parties through various prevention activities to recovery,

but broad community participation from various stratifications has an important role in

managing forest and land fires disasters in a sustainable manner. Alfassa and Dewi (2024)
 30

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in Cotabato province has increased its focus

on fire safety and prevention to boost community resilience. Fire Senior Inspector Richard

Visitacion, acting city fire marshal, emphasized the importance of understanding fire

resilience and conducting a “Fire Square Roadshow” at Gaisano Mall. The event aims to

reinforce life-saving skills and empower people to respond effectively in times of crisis.

Visitacion stressed the importance of active community participation and unity in

confronting fire-related incidents and challenges, fostering a stronger, safer, and more

resilient community. Mangasar (2024)

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) has advised the public, particularly social

media users, to help in fire incidents by immediately calling the nearest fire station. While

authorities do not prohibit posting images of fire incidents on social media, they encourage

users to call their local fire stations first. This will help fire responders and volunteers take

action to extinguish the fire, save lives, and determine the cause. Odong (2024)

Community engagement is a crucial tool in disaster management agencies to

increase community preparedness for hazards. A systematic literature review reveals that

most community engagement techniques are effective, with face-to-face techniques being

more successful than mass media campaigns. However, individual failures may occur due

to lack of benchmarking research, context, and skill levels. Agency efforts should include

a variety of techniques, including face-to-face community engagement, to trigger and

support community-led preparedness activities. Ryan et al., (2020)

Synthesis

Firefighting is one of the most prestigious yet dangerous occupations in the world,

according to Safety in the Fire-Fighting Profession (2021). As a result, the risk of fatalities

and seriously injured firefighters is significantly higher than that of those in other
 31

occupations. A human is put in great risk when performing firefighting strategic actions,

which are crucial for a successful rescue as well as fire confinement and extinguishment.

Firefighters sustain far too many illnesses and injuries while performing their duties. The

researchers show that in fire operation there are many critical things that a fire operation

must do to prevent themselves from harm and to prevent the spread of fire to the

community.

According to Julian Weidinger's (2022) and Challenges Encountered and Insights

of the Bureau of Fire Protection Personnel Towards Responding Fire Incident" by Love S.

Lagata (2022) This kind of critical thinking is what firefighters should have during a fire.

According to a review of the literature on firefighter information technologies, fire

departments are essential in responding to incidents of this kind because they are among

the most flexible and common emergency organizations. The second theme in the book

suggests that firefighters in Ozamiz City are finding it difficult to adjust to their demanding

job, which calls for a great deal of mental and physical toughness. The problem illustrates

how the factors that affected firefighters' performance because of hard work may still be

addressed and treated by hiring more personnel and new fire apparatus to ensure their

comfort during operation.

In response time and traffic flow, the literature collected shows that time is a very

important thing during an operation. For the firefighters time is gold and you should not

waste it. As studied with entitled “Initial Assessment of Fire Response Time between

Different Categories of Fire Stations in Malaysia”, MPDI (2022), and (Nastaran Reza

Nazar Zadeh, 2021) Numerous studies looked at response times to monitor the efficiency

and capability of fire departments. The specifications for answers vary greatly between

countries. Malaysia's Fire and Rescue Department (FRDM) typically responds in less than

ten minutes. Few studies on FRDM response times that have focused only on certain
 32

states or districts have been conducted in recent years. This study conducted a

preliminary assessment of the response times for different fire station categories and

states in Malaysia. While in Philippines, The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in the

Philippines has limited resources and has not upgraded its technologies, which causes

firefighting operations to take too long to complete. This poor performance increases

damage and makes it nearly impossible to save every life affected by the fire flames. While

in Heavy Traffic, the heavy traffic that develops after a fire breaks out is one of the reasons

firemen arrive late. In (Labita & Namoco, 2023) claims that the most important and

significant component of emergency services, such as fire stations, is reaction time. All it

demonstrates is that the likelihood of casualties and property damage increases with the

amount of time it takes for a fire response team to arrive.

In Radio communication and Community relations, According to National Institute

for occupational Safety and health with the title of Firefighter Communication and Safety

(2023) and (Arnilla et al., 2019) It says that everyone who uses a radio should be aware

of how frequently there are disruptions in communication. All dispatchers and firefighters

should be adept in operating their radio equipment, according to municipalities and fire

departments. Talk to your group about ineffective communication techniques. Examine

each of the five categories of communication breakdowns to identify places where you

can strengthen your team's safety. The second study emphasized the necessity of

modernizing radio communication infrastructure in the Philippines to improve fire safety

modernization.

In conclusion, these problems are faced by every firefighter during a fire operation.

Many issues might arise during such operations, and they must be solved as soon as

possible. Firefighters must be protected from harm because they are among the most

flexible and common emergency responders. They can be harmed at any time while
 33

making critical decisions and executing emergency tactics during a fire operation. The

equipment should be complete during operations so they can move comfortably and feel

safe. Regarding response time and traffic flow, our country's response time is significantly

different from countries like Malaysia. Our response time is delayed due to our poor fire

trucks and other technologies, as we have limited resources. Additionally, the traffic here

is heavier, causing further delays in responding fire trucks and resulting in firefighters

arriving late at the fire scene. Poor radio communication skills can also delay fire

operations because plans may not proceed well if they are not understood by ground

commanders. These problems must be addressed, as failure to do so may lead to

significant issues in the future. The Bureau of Fire Protection should protect firefighters

and provide them with complete equipment to ensure their safety during fire operations.

Theoretical Foundation

Aristotle’s theory of causation anchored the study “Factors Affecting the Operational

Aspects in Responding to Fire Incidents of Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub-

Station”. Theory of Causation, often known as causality, refers to the ability of one variable

to impact another. The first variable can either cause the second variable to exist or cause

the incidence of the second variable to fluctuate. According to Aristotle, there are four

causes that contribute to the causation. These causes are the material, formal, efficient

and final cause. The material causes are those tangible things that can be seen or

observed which directly or indirectly affect the performance of firefighters in responding to

fire incidents. These include the firefighting equipment, fire trucks and the infrastructure

where firefighters perform their duties and responsibilities. On the other hand, the formal

causes refer to the organizational structures and procedures, established protocols, and

communication systems involved in the Bureau Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub-Station,

which provides the working guideline for the direction and focus of firefighting responses.
 34

Efficient causes are the activities of firefighters and other external factors that enhance or

hinder the performance of their tasks such as firefighting skills and capabilities, internal

and external coordination, and communication. Lastly, the final cause refers to the ultimate

goal for firefighting responses such as ensuring public safety, preventing injury and

damage to properties, and preserving the environment. The integration of these four

causes of Aristotle to the study of the operational aspects in responding to fire incidents

of BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station prompts us to consider and be aware of each factor that

affects the performance of the sub-station in responding to fire incidents. The theoretical

framework of the study provides understanding on how the tangible resources, the

organizational structure and procedures, activities of the firefighters, and the ultimate goal

are intertwined to each other. This study provides wide range of considerations that may

affect the sub-station’s performance in fire-fighting operations. Hence, results of this study

will contribute valuable suggestions for the enhancement of strategies and approaches,

resources and equipment, training and skills, and social services and activities of the

community which ultimately will increase the firefighting performance of the BFP San

Nicolas Sub-Station.

Conceptual Framework

This study is based on the following laws and manuals in the Philippines: Section 54 of

the Republic Act 6975, also known as the Department of the Interior and Local

Government Act of 1990; the Republic Act No. 9263, known as the Bureau of Fire

Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004;

and the BFP Operational Manual.

Section 54 of R.A 6975 outlines the duties, responsibilities, and obligations of the Bureau

of Fire Protection (BFP) in the Philippines. It covers personnel discipline, training,

recruitment, organizational structure, operations, resources, and budget. However,

 35

Republic Act No. 9263, which was enacted on March 10, 2004, amended certain

provisions of R.A. 6975 and provided for the professionalization and restructuring of the

BFP and the BJMP. This act aimed to upgrade the level of qualifications of their uniformed

personnel, standardize their base pay, retirement, and other benefits, making them at par

with those of the PNP and the AFP.

The BFP Operational Manual provides standardized techniques, strategies, and rules for

firefighting operations, covering topics such as fire prevention, emergency response,

rescue operations, equipment use, incident command structure, communication

procedures, and safety precautions.

Overall, the Republic Act 6975 or otherwise known as the DILG Act of 1990, and the

Republic Act No. 9263 are connected to the BFP Operational Manual. It is significant to

recognize how these laws and the manual affect the response to fire incidents. By

analyzing the effects of fires in residential houses on response time, equipment, traffic

flow, community relations, and radio communications, will impact the response on fire

incidents in regions inhabited by informal settlers is also acknowledged in this study

specifically in San Nicolas Fire Sub-station.

 36

The conceptual framework of the study will adopt the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

This research aims to
measure the factors that
affecting the operational
effectiveness and
efficiency of the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP) in
responding to fire
incidents and specifically,
it sought answers to the
following questions:

1. What is the relationship

of the following factors in Quantified correlation
the efficiency and between the specified
effectiveness of the
factors to the efficiency and
Bureau of Fire Protection
in responding to fire 1. Research Design effectiveness of the San
incidents: Nicolas Fire Sub-Station in
2. Sampling Technique responding to fire incident:
1.1 Response time
3. Validation of
1.2 Equipment Instrument
1.1 Response time
1.3 Flow of Traffic
4. Data Gathering
1.4 Radio Procedure 1.2 Equipment
Communication
5. Statistical Treatment 1.3 Flow of Traffic
1.5 Community
Relations. 1.4 Radio Communication

1.5 Community Relations

2. Is there significant
difference between the
factors affecting fire
operation and fire rescue
incidents of BFP San
Nicolas Sub-Station?

3. What strategies are

being implemented to
address the identified
factors that affect the BFP
in responding to fire
incidents?
 37

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study. It shows the input, process, and output of

the study, wherein the researchers will use a proficiency tool and a survey questionnaire

as input to gather information to identify the relationship between the following factors in

the efficiency and effectiveness of the Bureau of Fire Protection in responding to fire

incidents. Statistical analysis of these factors yields quantified correlations. The paradigm

seeks to optimize fire station output, leading to improved response strategies for public

safety.

Definition of Terms

To enhance understanding, this study has provided definitions for the important terms

used. The following terms are:

BFP. stands for "Bureau of Fire Protection," which is a government agency responsible

for fire incidents and emergency response services.

Community Relations. refers to the programs and activities aimed at teaching community

about fire awareness and maintaining positive relationships between Bureau of Fire

Protection San Nicolas Sub Station and the local community.

Equipment. refers to the insufficiency of number of tools and apparatus and lack of

appropriate equipment within the Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub Station to

effectively and efficiently respond and suppress fire incidents.

Fire rescue. are emergency cases where Bureau of Fire Protection are responsible to

rescue lives and properties involved in fire incidents.

 38

Operational Aspects. refers to the practical procedures and actions taken to manage

and address in responding to fire Incidents of the Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas

Sub Station.

Operational Manual. refers to the operational guidelines or procedures manual of the

Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP). It's a document outlining protocols, regulations, and

instructions for the operations and functions of the BFP, which could include firefighting,

emergency response, fire incidents and related activities.

Radio Communication. refers to the probability of transmission failure using radio waves

of Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub Station.

Response Time. refers to the amount of time taken to react to fire incident of Bureau of

Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub Station.

 39

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter gives an outline of research methods. That was followed in the study.

It provides information to the participants about the topic. The researchers describe the

research design that was chosen for the purpose of this study and the reason for this

choice. The instruments that the researchers can use are described and followed in this

chapter.

Research Design

This study employs a descriptive-correlational research design, as defined by

Creswell (2014). The descriptive aspect aims to provide an accurate portrayal of the

factors affecting the operational aspects in responding to fire incidents at the Bureau of

Fire Protection (BFP) San Nicolas Sub-Station. Descriptive research is useful for obtaining

a snapshot of current conditions and understanding the various factors at play (Creswell,

2014). The goal is to systematically describe the operational challenges faced by the

firefighters, such as response time, equipment adequacy, and community relations,

without influencing the environment.

The correlational aspect of the research seeks to determine the relationship

between these identified factors and the effectiveness of the BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station

in managing fire incidents. According to Creswell (2014), correlational research helps in

understanding how variables are related, which can provide insights into how

improvements can be made. For instance, the study might explore how the adequacy of

equipment correlates with the response times and overall effectiveness in handling fire

emergencies.
 40

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in the BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station located in

Binondo, Manila. This sub-station is located on Madrid Street and is known for its

preserved structures and the. key landmarks near the San Nicolas Fire Station include the

Pasig River, which highlights the station's historical role in handling fireboats, and the

nearby districts of Intramuros, Tondo, and Binondo. Additionally, Muelle de Binondo Street

and Juan Luna Street, which host various civic and commercial establishments, are in

close proximity to the station. These features make the San Nicolas Fire Station a

strategically important location for fire response operations, serving a densely populated

area with frequent fire incidents and significant operational challenges. The locale is

selected due to its frequent fire incidents and the unique challenges faced by firefighters

in this urban setting. The diverse nature of the area provides a comprehensive

understanding of the operational difficulties encountered in different contexts within a

single jurisdiction.
 41

Figure 2

San Nicolas Fire Station Area of Responsibility Map

Sample and Sampling Technique

The respondents of the study are the uniformed fire officers of the Manila Fire

District, assigned to San Nicolas Fire Sub Station. These are the fire officers, operational

personnel, and support personnel that are involved in fire response operations. The study

employs a purposive sampling technique, a non-probability method where participants are

chosen based on specific criteria essential to the research objectives. This technique

ensures that the sample includes individuals who have direct and relevant experience with

the operational aspects of responding to fire incidents, thereby enhancing the validity of

the findings. The sample for this study consists of 17 firefighters from the Bureau of Fire

Protection (BFP) San Nicolas Sub-Station which is also the totality of the said station.

Additionally, the sample includes firefighters of different ranks and roles within the sub-
 42

station, such as officers, crew leaders, and engine operators, ensuring a comprehensive

view of the operational aspects from multiple vantage points within the organization.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use the following parts to collect data:

Part I of the instrument will determine the relationship between the efficiency and

effectiveness of the Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Fire Substation in responding

to fire incidents regarding Response time, Equipment, Flow of Traffic, Radio

Communication, and Community Relations.

A self-made questionnaire will be created to ascertain expressly the efficiency

and effectiveness of the San Nicolas Fire Substation in responding to fire incidents.

The first part of the questionnaire will be using a 5-point Likert Scale. Respondents can

analyze their responses and determine their level of agreement.

Likert Scale Likert Scale Point Scale Effectiveness

Strongly Agree 5 4.21-5.00 Extremely Effective
Agree 4 3.41-4.20 Very Effective
Neutral 3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Effective
Disagree 2 1.81-2.60 Less Effective
Strongly Disagree 1 1.00-1.80 Not Effective at all

Table 1

The 5-point Likert Scale

Part II of the instrument identifies the difference between the factors affecting fire

operation and fire rescue incidents in BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station.

 43

The second part of the questionnaire will use Rating Scale Questions.

Respondents can choose their responses on how the factors significantly affect fire

operation and fire rescue incidents in BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station.

Rating Scale Rating Scale Point Scale Significance

Very High 5 4.21-5.00 Very Significant
High 4 3.41-4.20 Significant
Moderate 3 2.61-3.40 Moderate
Low 2 1.81-2.60 Minor
Very Low 1 1.00-1.80 Insignificant

Table 2

The Rating Scale Point

Part III of the instrument highlights the strategies implemented by the BFP San

Nicolas Sub-Station to discuss the identified factors that affect the BFP in responding to

fire incidents.

The last part of the questionnaire will use Data Collection or Data Gathering as

a method to obtain the existing Strategies in BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station and address

the identified factors that affect the BFP San Nicolas Sub-station in responding to fire

incidents.

Validity and Reliability Testing

The researchers will validate their self-made questionnaire to obtain relevant

answers for their study. A field expert will review the test's content validity. The emphasis

of the data collecting instrument must be validated by a Fire Officer working at the Bureau

of Fire Protection (BFP) with a Master's Degree or Doctorate Degree in Public

Administration to ensure that the respondents will clearly understand each question and
 44

the researchers will get a reliable and quality consistent result. Expert consultation will be

employed to maintain the questionnaire's validity and reliability throughout the study.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will use the following approaches to collect data for this study:

1. The researchers will write to FSUPT Leo A. Andiso who is the Acting Fire District

Director of the Manila Fire District. The goal is to obtain permission to collect data about

our chosen respondents.

2. Following approval, the researchers will contact the sub-station commander of the San

Nicolas Fire Station to inform the data gathering procedure which is through a survey

questionnaire.

3. The validated survey questionnaire will be issued through survey paper to the

respondents in San Nicolas Fire Station.

4. Once each respondent has finished answering, the survey questionnaire will be

obtained. The gathered data will be compiled, organized, and tabulated to their

corresponding research question. The processed data will be studied thoroughly and will

be examined in preparation for statistical treatment, assessment, and interpretation.

 45

Statistical Analysis

To analyze and interpret the data, the researcher employed the following statistical

procedure:

For Sub-Problem #1, Descriptive Statistics will be used.

Descriptive Statistics aids in describing, demonstrating, or helpfully summarizing

data points so those patterns may develop that satisfy all of the conditions of the data.

(Hayes, 2024)

Formula:

Where:

For Sub-Problem #2, Correlation Analysis will be used.

Correlation analysis in research is a factual strategy used to quantify the strength

of the direct correlation between two factors and figure out their affiliation. (Voxco, 2023)

It ascertains the degree of progress in one variable because of the change in the

other. (Voxco, 2023)

 46

Formula:

For Sub-Problem #3 T-test and ANOVA will be used.

A t-test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means

of two groups, typically used for comparing means of a continuous variable between two

independent groups or for paired samples. On the other hand, ANOVA (Analysis of

Variance) is used to compare the means of three or more groups, assessing if there are

any statistically significant differences among the means.

Formula:
 47

Ethical Considerations

All participants are provided with an informed consent form detailing the study's

purpose, procedures, and their rights as respondents. Participation is voluntary, and they

can withdraw at any time without any consequences.

The confidentiality of the respondents is strictly maintained. Personal identifiers

are not included in the data analysis, and results are presented in aggregate form.

Collected data is stored securely and only accessible to the research team. Data

is used solely for the purpose of this study and will be destroyed after the research is

completed.

The study ensures no harm comes to the participants. The research poses no

physical or psychological risk to the firefighters involved.

Throughout the study process, the researchers will treat everyone fairly and

equally. Researchers will also make sure that there is no prejudice or discrimination

against participants based on their socioeconomic level, race, or ethnicity.

 48

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d_Fire_Risk_Assessment

• Taeger, D. (2023). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons assessed by

biomonitoring of firefighters during fire operations in Germany. *International

Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health*, 230, 113-120.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463923000019
 50

• Templeton, A., Nash, C., Lewis, L., Gwynne, S., & Spearpoint, M. (2023).

Information sharing and support among residents in response to fire incidents in

high-rise residential buildings. *International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction*,

92, 103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103713

• Weng, C., Chiu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2022). The study of firefighter operation radio

attenuation during fire disaster. *Journal of Fire Sciences*, 40(6), 444-462.

https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221137683

• Zhu, S., Liu, W., Liu, D., & Li, Y. (2023). The impact of dynamic traffic conditions

on the sustainability of urban fire service. *Sustainable Cities and Society*, 78,

103-112.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670723002780

• Weidinger, J. (2022). What is known and what remains unexplored: A review of

the firefighter information technologies literature. *Journal of Safety Research*, 79,

23-32.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221242092200334X

• Arnilla, E., Cortes, D. D., Reyes, R. D., Lagdamen, A., Tingson, C. J., & Mosqueda,

R. D. (2019). Problems encountered by the Bureau of Fire Protection personnel in

fire suppression at Novaliches, Quezon City. *Ascendens Asia Singapore –

Bestlink College of the Philippines Journal of Multidisciplinary Research*.

Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1517

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

• Hwang, H. (2020). A theory of fire service provision: With an empirical analysis of

response time, suppression time, and service output. *Senior Independent Study

Theses*, 8890. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/8890/

 51

• De Castro, & Cabbarubias, (2023). Lived experience of Bureau of Fire Protection

officer’sof Dagupan City. *EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research (IJMR)*. https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/11329

DOCUMENTS (LEGAL SOURCES)

• DILG (2023). Abalos: Some 1,500 LGUs now have BFP fire stations, fire trucks.

https://dilg.gov.ph/news/Abalos-Some-1500-LGUs-now-have-BFP-fire-stations-

fire-trucks/NC-2023-1232

• Caliwan, C. L. (2021). BFP modernization to solve fire responses woes: DILG.

Retrieved from https://beta.pna.gov.ph/articles/1148405

• Caliwan, C. L. (2021). New law to help BFP go beyond traditional firefighting role.

Retrieved from https://beta.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153284

• City Government of Pasig (2022). Enhancing disaster, incident, and traffic

management through Pasig City’s Smart Public Safety Management System

Project. Retrieved from https://coe-psp.dap.edu.ph/compendium-

innovation/enhancing-disaster-incident-and-traffic-management-through-pasig-

citys-smart-public-safety-management-system-project/

• Fontanilla, B. (2023). Through the fire: Learning from fire incidents in the

Philippines. *Lockton*. Retrieved from https://global.lockton.com/ph/en/news-

insights/through-the-fire-learning-from-fire-incidents-in-the-philippines

• GMA News. (2024). Fire incidents up 23% in first 2 months of 2024 –BFP. *GMA

News Online*. Retrieved from

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/898716/fire-incidents-up-

23-in-first-2-months-of-2024-bfp/story/
 52

• Labita, & Namoco, (2023). Location analysis of fire stations in Cagayan de Oro

City using minimum impedance. *Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology*,

10(2), 123-136. https://mjst.ustp.edu

• Brent, D., & Beland, L.-P. (2020). Traffic congestion, transportation policies, and

the performance of first responders. Retrieved from

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jeeman/v103y2020ics0095069620300620.html

• Business Bliss Consultants FZE. (2021). Literature review: Safety in the fire-

fighting profession. Retrieved from https://nursinganswers.net/litreviews/literature-

review-safety-firefighting-8369.php?vref=1
 53

APPENDICES
 54

APPENDIX A – VALIDATION TOOL

55
56
 57

APPENDIX B – QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SURVEY

“Factors Affecting the Operational Aspects in Responding to Fire Incidents of the

Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub-Station”

Name (Optional):
_________________________________________________

Age: _______________

In accordance with Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012
(DPA) your personal information will be kept confidential.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONAL ASPECTS IN RESPONDING TO

FIRE INCIDENTS

Put a checkmark on your answer. Please indicate your level of agreement

with the following statements using the scale provided:

1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 2- DISAGREE 3- NEUTRAL 4- AGREE 5- STRONGLY

AGREE

RESPONSE TIME

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. The fire substation arrive in 5

minutes after the emergency call made
on the recent fire incident. Does
prompt arrival time influence fire
incident?

2. The last fire incident you were

aware, led to a significant delay in
responding because of traffic
congestion. Does traffic congestion
have a negative effect on fire response
efficiency?

3. The fire substation's quick response

time contributed to reduced damage
and injury in the recent fire incident.
Do you think a quick response time is
 58

important for effective fire incident

management?

4. The fire substation's overall average

response time has been well below 10
minutes for the last year. Do you think
the 10 minutes response time is
effective for fire incidents?

5. Response time delays usually occur

when it is difficult to identify the
precise fire site. Does accurate
location information improve fire
incident response efficiency?

EQUIPMENT

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. All required equipment was in good

working condition and easily
accessible during a recent fire
incident. Does available working
equipment affect fire incident
response efficacy and effectiveness?

2. Equipment failure delayed

firefighting action in a recent year
incident. Do you think equipment
failure affects fire incident response
effectiveness?

3. The firefighting equipment used by

the substation is often updated and
always properly maintained.
Therefore, fire response during
incidents is always effective. Does
 59

frequent equipment maintenance and

update improve fire response efficacy
and effectiveness?

4. The substation possessed required

equipment to effectively fight a fire in
a informal settlers during a recent
incident. Does the availability of
required equipment for different
types of fires improve fire response
effectiveness?

5. New fire engines with modern

features were recently purchased by
the substation. Does modern
firefighting equipment improve fire
incident management efficacy and
effectiveness?

FLOW OF TRAFFIC

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. During a recent fire response, traffic

control methods were properly
enforced, and firefighters arrived
quickly. Does effective traffic control
help the efficiency with which fire
departments respond to
fire incidents?

2. The substation coordinates

effectively with traffic control to
respond quickly during peak hour
traffic. Does substation coordination
with traffic management minimize
response time delays?
 60

3. The substation managed to pass

through the heavy traffic area quickly
without much delay during a fire
incident. Does traffic flow have an
impact on the effectiveness of
firefighting responses?

4. The substation has well-planned

alternative routes to avoid traffic
congestion during fire response. Does
using multiple routes increase fire
response efficiency?

5. The substation with the local

authority created designated
emergency lanes in heavily trafficked
areas. Do you think the designated
emergency lanes improve fire incident
response effectiveness?

RADIO COMMUNICATION

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. The fire substation and all

responding units communicated
clearly and promptly during a recent
fire emergency. Does communication
prompt and timely improve the
effectiveness of fire incident
management?

2. Miscommunications via the radio in

some instances have led to confusion
or delays in responding to fire
incidents. Do communication issues
significantly impact the timeliness and
effectiveness of fire incident
responses?
 61

3. Advanced radio communication

technology used by the substation has
assisted in enhancing the coordination
and overall effectiveness of the fire
response. Does the use of advanced
communication technology enhance
the efficacy of fire incident response?

4. A backup communication system is

in place in case of radio failure. Does
the possession of a backup
communication system improve the
reliability and effectiveness of fire
incident responses?

5. Communication between the

command center and all firefighting
units during incident responses is
maintained in real time. Does
communication in real time improve
the effectiveness of fire incident
management?
 62

COMMMUNITY RELATION

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. A community fire safety drill was

conducted by the substation recently
that helped improve residents’
preparedness for fire emergencies. Do
local fire safety exercises enhance the
effectiveness of fire incident
responses?

2. Positive community responses and

cooperation directly impacted the
effectiveness of the substation’s fire
response. Does positive community
engagement assist in enhancing the
timeliness and effectiveness of fire
incident management?

3. A good working relationship exists

between the substation and local
organizations which have helped
improve overall fire safety and
response efficiency. Do relationships
with local organizations improve the
efficacy and effectiveness of fire
response?

4. Educational workshops conducted

regularly by the substation on fire
prevention and fire safety for
members of the community are
beneficial. Do educational workshops
improve community preparedness and
the effectiveness of fire incident
response?
 63

5. Members of the community are

confident in the substation’s capacity
to effectively manage fire emergencies
in the community. Does community
confidence in the fire substation
improve the overall effectiveness of
fire incident management?

FACTORS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT FIRE OPERATION AND FIRE

RESCUE INCIDENTS

Please indicate how significantly each of the following scenarios affects fire
operation and fire rescue incidents. Put a checkmark on your answer. Use
the scale provided:

1- INSIGNIFICANT 2- MINOR 3- MODERATE 4- SIGNIFICANT 5- VERY

SIGNIFICANT

RESPONSE TIME

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. The fire substation arrive in 10

minutes after the emergency call made
on the recent fire incident. Does a
prompt arrival time affect a fire
operation and fire rescue incidents?

2. The last fire incident you were

aware, led to a significant delay in
responding because of traffic
congestion. Is traffic congestion
significantly impact in the efficiency of
fire operations and fire rescue
incidents?

3. The fire substation's quick response

time contributed to reduced damage
and injury in the recent fire incident.
Does quick response time improve fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?
 64

4. The fire substation's overall average

response time has been well below 15
minutes for the last year. Does
maintaining this response time
significantly contribute to effective fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?

5. Response time delays usually occur

when it is difficult to identify the
precise fire site. Does precise location
information significantly affect fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?

EQUIPMENT

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. All required equipment was in good

working condition and easily
accessible during a recent fire
incident. Does the availability of
functional equipment significantly
enhance fire operations and fire
rescue incidents?

2. Equipment failure delayed

firefighting action in a recent year
incident. Does equipment failure
significantly impact fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

3. The firefighting equipment used by

the substation is often updated and
always properly maintained.
Therefore, fire response during
incidents is always effective. Does
regular maintenance and updating of
equipment significantly enhance fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?
 65

4. The substation possessed required

equipment to effectively fight a fire in
a high-rise building during a recent
incident. Does having specialized
equipment significantly improve fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?

5. New fire engines with modern

features were recently purchased by
the substation. Does the acquisition
of modern firefighting equipment
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

FLOW OF TRAFFIC

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. During a recent fire response, traffic

control methods were properly
enforced, and firefighters arrived
quickly. Does effective traffic control
help the efficiency with which fire
departments respond to
fire incidents?

2. The substation coordinates

effectively with traffic control to
respond quickly during peak hour
traffic. Does this coordination
significantly reduce response time
delays for fire operations and fire
rescue incidents?

3. The substation managed to pass

through the heavy traffic area quickly
without much delay during a fire
incident. Does the ability to navigate
through heavy traffic significantly
 66

improve fire operations and fire

rescue incidents?

4. The substation has well-planned

alternative routes to avoid traffic
congestion during fire response. Does
using multiple routes increase fire
response efficiency?

5. The substation with the local

authority created designated
emergency lanes in heavily trafficked
areas. Do designated emergency lanes
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

RADIO COMMUNICATION

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. The fire substation and all

responding units communicated
clearly and promptly during a recent
fire emergency. Does clear and timely
communication significantly enhance
fire operations and fire rescue
incidents?

2. Miscommunications via the radio in

some instances have led to confusion
or delays in responding to fire
incidents. Do communication issues
significantly impact fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

3. Advanced radio communication

technology used by the substation has
assisted in enhancing the coordination
and overall effectiveness of the fire
response. Does advanced
 67

communication technology
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

4. A backup communication system is

in place in case of radio failure. Does
having a backup communication
system significantly enhance fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?

5. Communication between the

command center and all firefighting
units during incident responses is
maintained in real time. Does real-
time communication significantly
enhance fire operations and fire
rescue incidents?

COMMUNITY RELATION

1 5
2 3 4
QUESTIONS Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

1. A community fire safety drill was

conducted by the substation recently
that helped improve residents’
preparedness for fire emergencies. Do
community fire safety drills
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

2. Positive community responses and

cooperation directly impacted the
effectiveness of the substation’s fire
response. Does active community
engagement significantly enhance fire
operations and fire rescue incidents?

3. A good working relationship exists

between the substation and local
organizations which have helped
improve overall fire safety and
 68

response efficiency. Do partnerships

with local organizations significantly
enhance fire operations and fire
rescue incidents?

4. Educational workshops
conducted regularly by the
substation on fire prevention and
fire safety for members of the
community are beneficial. Do
educational workshops
significantly improve community
preparedness for fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

5. Members of the community are

confident in the substation’s capacity
to effectively manage fire emergencies
in the community. Does community
confidence in the fire substation
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?

5. Members of the community are

confident in the substation’s capacity
to effectively manage fire emergencies
in the community. Does community
confidence in the fire substation
significantly enhance fire operations
and fire rescue incidents?
 69

DATA COLLECTION ON EXISTING STRATEGIES

Please provide information on the strategies implemented to address

the identified factors affecting in responding to fire incidents.

RADIO COMMUNICATION

QUESTION Please provide details:

What strategies are established by

BFP San Nicolas Sub-Station to
improve their response time to fire
incidents?

EQUIPMENT

QUESTION Please provide details:

What strategies are taken to ensure

that firefighting equipment is
available and working properly
during fire incidents?
 70

FLOW OF TRAFFIC

QUESTION Please provide details:

Which strategies does the BFP San

Nicolas Sub-Station take to reduce
delays in accessing fire incident
sites?

RADIO COMMUNICATION

QUESTION Please provide details:

Which strategies does the BFP San

Nicolas Sub-Station use for
effective communication between
command center and firefighting
units while dealing with fire
outbreak?
 71

COMMUNITY RELATION

QUESTION Please provide details:

In what strategies do the BFP San

Nicolas Sub-Station engage,
educate and enlighten the
community about fire safety and
prevention?

Thank you for your participation in this survey. Your responses will contribute to
understanding the factors affecting of operation in responding to fire incidents of
the Bureau of Fire Protection San Nicolas Sub-Station.
 72

APPENDIX C- COMMUNICATION LETTER

73
 74

CURRICULUM VITAE

Joemel I. Viñas

The leader of the group is a 3rd-year student taking up Bachelor of Science in

Criminology at Universidad de Manila, he finished primary education at Horacio Dela

Costa Elementary School, continued his secondary at St. Joseph School of Gagalangin,

and took his Senior High School at Universidad de Manila and took up General

Academic Strand. He is currently residing at 2441 Virginia Zepeda Bldg, Callejon K Brgy

166 Gagalanging Tondo, Mankla He believes that “In order to attain serenity you must

endure the moments of discomfort.”

 75

Niño L. Briones

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila, he finished his primary education at Pedro Guevara Elementary School,

continued his secondary at Rajah Soliman Science and Technology Highschool, and

took his Senior High School at Universidad De Manila and took up Humanities and

Social Science. He is currently residing at 0489 Area H Gate 62 Parola, San Nicolas,

Manila. He believes that “Success is Not Final, Failure is Not Fatal, it is the Courage to

Continue that Counts.”

 76

Renzo C. Depano

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila. He finished primary education at Dr. Alejandro Albert Elementary School,

continued His secondary at Ramon Magsaysay High School, and took his Senior High

School at Universidad De Manila and took up General Academic Strand (GAS). He is

currently residing at 1118 Basilio St. Sampaloc, Manila. And believe that I can do all

things through Christ who strengthens me. (Philippians 4:13)

 77

Myke Laurence D. Mabesa

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila, he finished his primary education at Amado V. Hernandez Elementary

School, continued His secondary at Dr. Juan G. Nolasco High School, and took his

Senior High School at Interface Computer College and took up Humanities & Social

Science. He is currently residing at 151 Mata A St, Tondo. Manila. He believes that “With

God, everything must be settled.”

 78

Mark Vincent B. Magpantay

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila, he finished his primary education at Pedro Guevarra Elementary School,

continued his secondary at Jose Abad Santos High School, and took his Senior High

School at Universidad De Manila and took up Humanities and Social Sciences. He is

currently residing at 565 Valderama St. Binondo, Manila. He believes that "Everything is

possible always think positive.”

 79

Kathrine Nicole A. Mendoza

She is a 3rd-year college student at Universidad De Manila taking up a Bachelor of

Science in Criminology. She finished her primary education at Pedro Guevarra

Elementary School, continued her secondary education at Jose Abad Santos High

School, and finished her Senior High School at the Universidad De Manila with a strand

in Humanities and Social Sciences. She is currently residing at 740 Delpan St. Binondo,

Manila. She believes that "The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their

dreams."
 80

Clarence Ernest Y. Pascual

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila, he finished his primary education at T. Paez Elementary School, continued

his secondary at T. Paez High School, and took his Senior High School at Universidad

De Manila and took up Humanities and Social Science. He is currently residing at 2784

Paulino Bukid St. Balut Tondo Manila. He believes that “The more you give something

the happier you become.”

 81

Ryu Q. Pogenio

He is a 3rd-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Universidad

de Manila, he finished his primary education at Sss Village Elementary School,

continued his secondary at Marikina Heights High school, and took his Senior High

School at Universidad De Manila and took up General Academic Strand. He is currently

residing at 1840 Int G Tuazon Sampaloc Manila. He believes that “Everything happens

for a reason”