Pharamacology Questions

Q 1 . Discuss terminologies of pharamacology you know?

1. Absorption: The process by which the body takes in a drug.

2. Adverse effect: An unwanted or harmful effect of a drug.
3. Agonist: A drug that activates a receptor, mimicking the action of a natural substance.
4. Antagonist: A drug that blocks the action of an agonist.
5. Bioavailability: The extent to which a drug becomes available in the body after administration.
6. Clearance: The removal of a drug from the body.
7. Dose-response curve: A graph showing the relationship between drug dose and response.
8. Drug metabolism: The process by which the body breaks down drugs.
9. Efficacy: The maximum response a drug can produce.
10. Half-life: The time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by half.
11. Idiosyncratic reaction: An unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug.
12. Pharmacokinetics: The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs.
13. Pharmacodynamics: The study of how drugs interact with their targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.).
14. Potency: The amount of drug required to produce a certain effect.
15. Receptor: A molecule that binds to a drug, leading to a response.
16. Side effect: An unwanted effect of a drug that occurs at a normal dose.
17. Toxicity: Harmful effects of a drug.
18. Withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when a drug is stopped or reduced.

Q 2. The most commonly used drug categories to treat tuberculosis infection ?

The most commonly used drug categories to treat tuberculosis
- Rifamycin: Examples include rifampin and rifapentine
- Isoniazid: Usually used in combination with other drugs
- Pyrazinamide: Usually used in combination with other drugs
- Ethambutol: Can be used in patients who are known to be susceptible to the drug
- Fluoroquinolone: Examples include moxifloxacin
These are usually used in combination, with the most commonly used regimen being RIPE which is a 6-9 month course
of:
- Rifampin (RIF)
- Isoniazid (INH)
- Pyrazinamide (PZA)
- Ethambutol (EMB)

Q 3 . Discuss use of proton pump inhibitor, write adverse effect of reperazole ?

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications used to reduce the production of stomach acid. They are
commonly used to treat conditions such as:
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Peptic ulcers
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Rabeprazole is a type of PPI, and its brand name is Aciphex.

Common uses of Rabeprazole:
- Treatment of GERD
- Healing and maintenance of erosive esophagitis
- Treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions
- Helicobacter pylori eradication

Adverse effects of Rabeprazole:

- Common: - Less common: Rare but serious:

- Headache - Rash - Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
- Dizziness - Itching - Severe liver damage (hepatotoxicity)
- Diarrhea - Sweating - Kidney damage (nephrotoxicity)
- Abdominal pain - Fatigue - Severe skin reactions
- Nausea - Weakness - Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Vomiting - Osteoporosis (long-term use)
- Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea
(CDAD)

Q 4 . Nursing responsibility relating to drug affecting hematological drugs ?

When administering hematological drugs, nursing responsibilities include:

1. Monitoring blood cell counts:

- White Blood Cell (WBC) count
- Red Blood Cell (RBC) count
- Platelet count
2. Assessing for signs of bleeding or bruising
3. Monitoring for signs of infection (e.g., fever, chills)
4. Managing anemia:
- Monitoring hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
- Administering blood transfusions as needed
5. Managing coagulopathy:
- Monitoring International Normalized Ratio (INR) or Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
- Administering vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma as needed
6. Educating patients about drug side effects and precautions
7. Monitoring for signs of bone marrow suppression
8. Managing nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy
9. Maintaining accurate medication records
10. Collaborating with healthcare team to adjust medication regimens as needed

Some specific hematological drugs that require close monitoring include:

1. Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin)
2. Chemotherapy agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin)
3. Immununosuppressants (e.g., prednisone, cyclosporine)
4. Hematopoietic growth factors (e.g., epoetin alfa, filgrastim)

Q 5 . Discuss drugs used in pernicious , describe mode of action of any one drug?

Pernicious anemia is a condition where the body cannot absorb enough vitamin B12, leading to anemia and other
complications. The drugs used to treat pernicious anemia are:

1. Vitamin B12 supplements (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin)

2. Folic acid supplements
3. Iron supplements
Let's take vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) as an example:
Mode of action:
Vitamin B12 works by:
- Replacing the deficient vitamin B12 in the body
- Enhancing the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
- Facilitating the synthesis of DNA, the genetic material in cells
- Supporting the health of the nervous system
Cyanocobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver, where it is
stored. From there, it is released into the bloodstream, where it plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including:
- The production of red blood cells
- The maintenance of the nervous system
- The metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Q 6 . Describe drugs used in peptic ulcer , write adverse effect H2 blockers?

Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers include:
1. Antacids (e.g., Tums, Rolaids)
2. Histamine-2 (H2) blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine)
3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole)
4. Gastric mucosal protective agents (e.g., sucralfate)
5. Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, clarithromycin) to eradicate Helicobacter pylori

H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine) are used to reduce acid production in the stomach.
Adverse effects of H2 blockers:

Common: Less common: Rare but serious:

- Rash - Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
- Headache - Itching - Blood disorders (e.g.,
- Dizziness - Sweating thrombocytopenia, leukopenia)
- Constipation - Fatigue - Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
- Diarrhea - Weakness - Cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., atrial
- Nausea fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia)
- Vomiting - Seizures (rarely)

Q 7 . Write the groups of protein synthesis inhibitors , write four adverse effects of aminoglycosides ?

Protein synthesis inhibitors are a group of antibiotics that work by interfering with protein synthesis in bacteria. They are
classified into two main groups:
1. Bacteriostatic agents:
- Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline)
- Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, azithromycin)
- Lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin)
2. Bactericidal agents:
- Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin)
- Streptogramins (e.g., quinupristin-dalfopristin)

Aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics that work by binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering
with protein synthesis.
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides:
1. Ototoxicity: Aminoglycosides can cause irreversible damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and
balance problems.
2. Nephrotoxicity: Aminoglycosides can cause kidney damage and acute kidney injury, especially in patients with pre-
existing kidney disease.
3. Neuromuscular blockade: Aminoglycosides can cause muscle weakness and paralysis, especially in patients with
neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis.
4. Allergic reactions: Aminoglycosides can cause severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which can be life-
threatening.

Q 8 . What is the bio-availability name of bio-transformation?

The term "bio-availability" refers to the extent to which a drug or substance becomes available to the body after
administration.

"Bio-transformation" is another term for metabolism, which is the process by which the body converts a drug or
substance into a different form. So, bio-transformation is the process that affects bio-availability.
Here are some common reactions of bio-transformation:
1. Oxidation: 2. Reduction:
- Hydroxylation (addition of OH group) - Hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen)
- S-oxidation (oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds) - Reduction of nitro groups (-NO2)
-3. Hydrolysis: 4. Conjugation:
- Ester hydrolysis (breakdown of ester bonds) - Glucuronidation (addition of glucuronic acid)
- Amide hydrolysis (breakdown of amide bonds) - Sulfation (addition of sulfuric acid)
5. Isomerization: 6. Other reactions:
- Stereoisomerization (change in spatial arrangement) - Deamination (removal of amino group)
- Tautomerization (change in functional group) - Dehalogenation (removal of halogen atoms)
- Decarboxylation (removal of carboxyl group)

Q 9. Name of the drugs used as antidiarrheals?

The following are some of the drugs used as antidiarrheals

- Loperamide: slows down the movement of the gut to reduce the number of bowel movements
- Diphenoxylate: slows down bowel movement to reduce the frequency of diarrhea
- Cholestyramine: normalizes the amount of bile acids in the body to prevent diarrhea
- Codeine: relieves pain and prevents diarrhea
- Bismuth subsalicylate: coats irritated tissues in the stomach and intestines to reduce inflammation
- Octreotide: antidiarrheal for those with cancer-induced diarrhea
- Crofelemer: antidiarrheal for HIV/AIDs patients
- Psyllium: regulates bowel movements
- Rifaximin: antidiarrheal for those with irritable bowel syndrome
Group 3: Immunotherapies
Q 10 . Write three groups of anticancer drugs with examples?
These drugs stimulate
Here are three groups of anticancer drugs with examples:
Group 1: Cytotoxic Agents
the immune system to
- These drugs kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA or disrupting cell division. attack cancer cells.
- Examples: - Examples: -
Checkpoint inhibitors
- Alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil)
(e.g., pembrolizumab,
- Antimetabolites (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate)
nivolumab)-
- Plant alkaloids (e.g., vinblastine, vincristine)
Cancer vaccines
Group 2: Targeted Therapies
(e.g., sipuleucel-T,
These drugs target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and
CimaVax-EGF)
survival.
Adoptive T-cell therapies
- Examples:
(e.g., CAR-T cell therapy
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, trastuzumab)
- Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab, bevacizumab)
 - mTOR inhibitors (e.g., everolimus, temsirolimus)