Unit – 1

Cloud Computing Basics

What is Cloud?
 The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet.

 In other words, Cloud is something, which is present at remote location.

 Cloud can provide services over network,

 i.e., on public networks or on private networks,

 i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.

 Applications such as

 E-Mail,

 Web Conferencing,

 Customer Relationship Management (CRM),all run in cloud.

What is Cloud Computing?

• Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online.

• Offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

• In Cloud Computing, need not to install a piece of software on our local PC which resulting in overcoming
platform dependency issues.

• Cloud Computing is making our business application mobile and collaborative.

• Costs of Servers,

• Managing the software updates,

• Depending on how you craft your contract,

• Pay less for the service,

• Result in fewer capital expenditures.

Potential Points of Failure… (Weak Links)

• In case of Internet outage or problems with Internet service provider (ISP)

– Difficult to access your applications and do your work.

– In July 2008, Amazon’s S3 cloud storage service went down

• Services could not be accessed until techs could fix the problem

• Some applications were down for eight hours.

• Applications or Data to be located on-site.

 – Sensitive or Proprietary information, IT security group may simply mandate that, not store it on
someone else’s machines.

– Application Integration Issues

• Easier to manage and access your data if it is nearby.

• If far, more complicated, and more prone to Failure.

Cloud Components
• Clients, Datacenter, and Distributed servers.

– Each element has a purpose and plays a specific role in delivering a functional cloud based application.

Clients
• Clients are the devices that the end users interact with to manage their information on the cloud.

• Clients generally fall into three categories:

– Mobile Devices include PDAs or smartphones,

• like a Blackberry, Windows Mobile Smartphone, or an iPhone.

– Thin Clients are computers that do not have internal hard drives, but rather let the server do all the
work, but then display the information.

– Thick client is a regular computer, using a web browser like Firefox or Internet Explorer to connect to
the cloud.

Benefits to using Thin Clients

• Lower hardware costs - Cheaper than thick clients, do not contain much hardware.

• Lower IT costs - Managed at the server and fewer points of failure.

• Security - Processing takes place on the server and no hard drive, (less chance of malware invading the device)
 • Data Security - Data is stored on the server, less chance for data to be lost (In case of client computer crashes or
is stolen)

• Less power consumption - Consume less power than thick clients.

• Ease of repair or replacement - If a thin client dies, it’s easy to replace.

• Less noise Without a spinning hard drive, less heat is generated and quieter fans

Datacenter
• Datacenter is the collection of servers

– where the subscribed application is housed.

– It could be a large room in the basement of your building or

– a room full of servers which is accessed via the Internet.

• A growing trend in the IT world is virtualizing servers.

– Software can be installed allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used.

– In this way, half a dozen virtual servers running on one physical server.

Distributed Servers
• Servers are in geographically disparate locations but to the cloud subscriber, servers act as humming away right
next to each other.

• Resulting in more flexibility in options and security for the service provider.

• For instance,

– Amazon has their cloud solution in servers all over the world.

– If something were to happen at one site, causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through
another site.

• Also, if the cloud needs more hardware, they need not throw more servers in the safe room—

– they can add them at another site and simply make it part of the cloud.

Full Virtualization
• Full virtualization is a technique in which a complete installation of one machine is run on another.

– Resulting in all software running on the server is within a virtual machine.

 • Virtualization is a way to access cloud services in cloud Computing.

– I,e, Remote Datacenter deliver services in a fully virtualized format.

• Its necessary for specific hardware combinations to be used for Full Virtualization.

• Successful for several purposes:

– Sharing a computer system among multiple users

– Isolating users from each other and from the control program

– Emulating(copy or clone) hardware on another machine

Paravirtualization
• Allows multiple operating systems to run on a single hardware device at the same time by more efficiently
using system resources, like processors and memory.

• Paravirtualization management module operates with an operating system that has been adjusted to work in a
virtual machine.

• Paravirtualization typically runs better than the full virtualization model,

– simply because in a fully virtualized deployment, all elements must be emulated.

The trade-off is reduced security and flexibility.

• Flexibility is reduced because a particular OS or distribution may not be able to work.

For example,

New Windows deployment may not be available as a guest OS for the solution.

• Security can be at risk because the guest OS has more control of the underlying hardware,

– There is a risk of impacting the hardware and all the guest systems on the host.

• Paravirtualization also allows for better scaling.

For example,

– if a fully virtualized solution requires 10 percent of processor utilization,

– then five systems are about the most that could be run on a system before performance takes a hit.

• Requires only 2 percent of processor utilization per guest instance and still leaves 10 percent of the guest OS
available.

• Paravirtualization - best in these sorts of deployments:

– Disaster recovery
 • In the event of a catastrophe, guest instances can be moved to other hardware until the
equipment can be repaired.

– Migration

• Moving to a new system is easier and faster because guest instances can be removed from the
underlying hardware.

– Capacity management

• Because of easier migrations, capacity management is simpler to implement.

• It is easier to add more processing power or hard drive capacity in a virtualized environment.

Services
• Services is the concept of being able to use reusable, fine grained components across a vendor’s network.

• Widely known as “as a service”

• Offerings with as a service as a suffix include traits like the following:

– Low barriers to entry, making them available to small businesses

– Large scalability

– Multitenancy, allows resources to be shared by many users

– Device independence, allows users to access the systems on different hardware

Software as a Service
• Application is hosted as a service to customers via the Internet.

• When the software is hosted off-site,

− Customer doesn’t have to maintain it or support it.

− Out of the customer’s hands when hosting service decides to change it.

• Customers use the software as out of the box and need not to make a lot of changes or require integration to
other systems.

• The provider does all the patching and upgrades as well as keeping the infrastructure running.
Software as a Service
• Costs can be sort of a double-edged sword

• On the one hand, costs for accessing the software can be an ongoing thing.

– Rather than pay once and be done, more you use, more you’ll be billed.

• On the other hand, do not have to pay as much up front and you are only billed based on your use of the
application.

• For vendors, SaaS provides stronger protection of their intellectual property as well as creating a continuous
stream of income.

• Typically, software that performs a simple task without much need to interact with other systems makes them
ideal candidates for SaaS.

• Customers who are not inclined to perform software development but have need of high-powered
applications can also benefit from SaaS.

• Some of these applications include

– Customer resource management (CRM)

– Video conferencing

– IT service management

– Accounting

– Web analytics

– Web content management

• SaaS applications developed specifically to use web tools, like the browser, which makes them web-native.

• It was built with a multitenant backend in mind, which enables multiple customers to use an application.

• SaaS provides network-based access to commercially available software.

 • Software is managed at a central location and customers can access their applications wherever they have web
access.

• When SaaS is used as a component of another application, then it is known as a mashup or a plugin.

Benefits of Software as a Services

• Costing less money than buying the application outright.

• The service provider can offer cheaper, more reliable applications to organizations.

• Some other benefits include the following:

– Familiarity with the World Wide Web

– Smaller staff

– Customization

– Better marketing

– Web reliability

– Security

– More bandwidth

Platform as a Service - application delivery model.

• PaaS supplies required resources to build applications and services from the Internet, without having to
download or install software.

• PaaS is also known as Cloudware.

• PaaS services include Application Design, Development, Testing, Deployment, and Hosting.

– Other services include Team Collaboration,

– Web Service Integration,

– Database Integration,

– Security,

– Scalability,

– Storage,

– State Management, and Versioning.

Downfall to PaaS is a
– Lack of interoperability

– Portability among providers

• An application created with one cloud provider cant be moved to another provider –
 – not possible move or have to pay a high price.

• Also, when provider goes out of business, your applications and your data will be lost.

• PaaS offers support to the creation of user interfaces, based on HTML or JavaScript.

• PaaS is designed to be used by many users simultaneously and provides automatic facilities for concurrency
management, scalability, failover, and security.

• PaaS also supports web development interfaces such as

– Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

– Representational State Transfer (REST)

• which allow the construction of multiple web services, sometimes called mashups.

• The interfaces can also access databases and reuse services that are within a private network.

Platform as a Service Options

• Add-on development facilities

– Allow existing SaaS applications to be customized.

– PaaS developers and users are required to purchase subscriptions to add-on SaaS application.

• Stand-alone environments

– Do not include licensing, technical, or financial dependencies on specific SaaS applications and used for
general developments.

• Application delivery-only environments

– Support hosting level services, like security and on-demand scalability.

– Do not include development, debugging, and test capabilities.

Trends Toward Adoption - factors influencing adoption

– Ability of geographically isolated development teams to work together

– Ability to merge web services from multiple sources

– Ability to realize cost savings from using built-in infrastructure services for security, scalability, and
failover, rather than having to obtain and test them separately

– Ability to realize cost savings from using higher-level programming abstractions.

Hurdles - two main obstacles developers face when considering PaaS

• Vendors(Service Provider) use proprietary services or development languages,

– Developers are afraid of being locked into a single provider.

• Vendor(Service Provider) may allow the application to be brought to a different provider;

 – Costs are higher as compared to moving applications between conventional hosts.

Hardware as a Service (HaaS) or (IaaS)

• HaaS offers the hardware so that organization can put whatever they want onto it.

• Instead of purchasing servers, software, racks, and having to pay for the datacenter space, the service provider
rents those resources.

HaaS allows to “rent” such resources as

– Server space

– Network equipment

– Memory

– CPU cycles

– Storage space

• Additionally, Infrastructure can be dynamically scaled up or down, on the basis of application resource needs.

• Multiple tenants can be on the equipment at the same time.

• Resources are billed on the basis of utility computing, so providers charge by how many resources are
consumed.

HaaS involves several pieces:

• Service level agreements –

– An agreement between provider and client,

– guaranteeing a certain level of performance.

• Computer hardware –
 – Components whose resources will be rented out.

– Service providers often have this set up as a grid for easier scalability.

• Network –

– Includes hardware for firewalls, routers, load balancing, and so on.

• Internet connectivity –

– Allows clients to access the hardware from their own organizations.

• Platform virtualization environment –

– Allows the clients to run the virtual machines they want.

• Utility computing billing –

– Set up to bill customers based on how many system resources they use.

Applications

• Cloud computing applications, a way of viewing, manipulating, and sharing data.

Storage

• Similar to HaaS, one of the uses for cloud computing is simply storage.

• Leasing a storage space from vendor,

– Need not to buy equipment, pay to run it, and pay to cool it.

– That’s all on the vendor.

– But there are different options when it comes down to cloud storage.

Database

• Databases are repositories for information with links within the information that helps in making data
searchable.

• Distributed databases, like Amazon’s SimpleDB,

– spread information among physically dispersed hardware.

– But to the client, the information seems to be located in one place.

Advantages of Database

• Improved availability –

– Fault in one database system, will only affect one fragment of the information, not the entire database.

• Improved performance –

– Data is located near the site with the greatest demand and

– Database systems are parallelized to balance the load among the servers.
 • Price –

– Less expensive to create a network of smaller computers with the power of one large one.

• Flexibility

– Systems can be changed and modified without harm to the entire database.

Disadvantages of Database

• Complexity

– Database administrators have extra work to do to maintain the system.

• Labor costs

– With added complexity comes the need for more workers on the payroll.

• Security

– Database fragments must be secured and so sites housing the fragments.

• Integrity

– Difficult to maintain the integrity of the database if it is too complex or changes too quickly.

• Standards

– Currently no standards to convert centralized database into cloud solution.

Synchronization
Microsoft’s Live Mesh

Apple’s MobileMe,

• Allows content to be refreshed across multiple devices.

For instance,

• A spreadsheet on your computer,

• upload it to the storage service,

• the next time you check your PDA,

• that file will be downloaded onto it.

Database Services

• Another “as a service” offering that is becoming prevalent in the world of cloud computing is Database as a
Service (DaaS).

• The idea behind DaaS is to avoid the complexity and cost of running your own database.

Database as a Service benefits:

• Ease of use –
 – No servers to provision and no redundant systems to worry about.

– No worry about buying, installing, and maintaining hardware for the database.

• Power

– Database isn’t housed locally, but that doesn’t mean that it is not functional and effective.

– Depending on vendor, data validation can be customized to ensure accurate information.

– Can create and manage the database with ease.

DaaS benefits: (Continued…)

• Integration

– Database can be integrated with other services to provide more value and power.

For instance,

tie it in with calendars, email, and people to make work more powerful.

• Management

– Because large databases benefit from constant pruning and optimization, where expensive resources
dedicated to this task.

– With DaaS offerings, management can provide as part of the service for much less expense.

– Provider will often use offshore labor pools to take advantage of lower labor costs there.

– It’s possible to use service in Chicago, physical servers are in Washington state, and database
administrator is in the Philippines.

MS SQL
• Microsoft’s premier offering, SQL Server.

• Announced the cloud extension of that tool in the spring of 2008 by introducing Microsoft SQL Server Data
Services (SSDS).

– SSDS looks very similar to Amazon’s SimpleDB, with a straightforward, schema-free data storage, SOAP
or REST APIs, and a pay-as-you-go payment system.

– While it looks similar to SimpleDB, it varies greatly.

– One of the main selling points of SSDS is that

• It integrates with Microsoft’s Sync Framework, which is a .NET library for synchronizing
dissimilar data sources.

Three core concepts in SSDS:

• Authority –

– An authority is both a billing unit and a collection of containers.

 • Container –

– A container is a collection of entities and is what you search within.

• Entity –

– An entity is a property bag of name and value pairs.

• SSDS is a bit of a twist because it backsteps from being more complex, rather being simple and flexible.

Oracle
• In 2008, Oracle introduced three services to provide database services to cloud users. Customers can license

– Oracle Database 11g

– Oracle Fusion Middleware

– Oracle Enterprise Manager

• The products are available for use on Amazon Web Services’ Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2).

– Provisioning and Automated Software Deployment to rapidly build applications using Oracle’s
development tools such as

• Oracle Application Express,

• Oracle JDeveloper,

• Oracle Enterprise Pack for Eclipse, and

• Oracle Workshop for WebLogic.

– Oracle Unbreakable Linux Support and AWS Premium Support is available for Oracle Enterprise Linux
on EC2, providing seamless customer support.

Intranets and the cloud

• Intranet is a small private network that belongs to a particular organization.

• Designed for the exclusive use of an organization and its associates,

– such as employees, customers, and other authorized people.

• Offers a secure platform to convey information and share data with authorized users.

– Confidential information, database, links, forms, and applications can be made available to the staff
through the intranet.

• Each computer in intranet is identified by a unique IP Address.

Benefits of Intranet:

 cheap and easy to implement and run, and is more safe than the internet and extranet.

 Provides a secure space to store and develop applications to support business operations.

 Improves efficiency of the company by speeding up workflow and reducing errors. Thus, helps achieve targets
by completing the tasks on time.

 Offers a testing platform for new ideas before they are uploaded on the company's internet webpage. Thus,
helps maintain the credibility of the company

 Information is shared in real-time, or updates are reflected immediately to all the authorized users.

 Modern intranets also offer a mobile app that allows employees to stay connected on the go.

 In project management and tracking workflow and teams' progress.

Disadvantages of Intranet:

• Costly to set up an Intranet due to hidden costs and complexity.

• Can be hacked easily when firewall does not work properly or not installed,

• High-security passwords are required, which cannot be guessed by outside users

• Always a fear of losing control over the intranet

Examples of Intranet:

• Educational Intranet

• Real Estate Intranet

• Health Care Intranet

• IT Sector Intranet
Components
Two main components in client/server computing:

Servers: House the applications which organization needs to run.

Thin or light clients: do not have hard drives—display the results.

Hypervisor Applications

• Applications like VMware or Microsoft’s Hyper-V allow to virtualize servers so that multiple virtual servers can
run on one physical server.

• Provide the tools to supply a virtualized set of hardware to the guest operating system.

• It is also possible to install different operating systems on the same machine.

For example,

• Windows Vista needed to run one application, while another application requires Linux.

• Easy to set up the server to run both operating systems.

• Thin clients use an application program to communicate with an application server.

• Most of the processing is done down on the server, and sent back to the client.

• Some thin clients require an application program or a web browser to communicate with the server.

• However, others require no add-on applications at all.

First Movers in the Cloud (Companies in Cloud)

– Amazon,

– Google,

– Microsoft

• Amazon offers a number of cloud services, including

– Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Offers virtual machines and extra CPU cycles for your organization.

– Simple Storage Service (S3) Allows you to store items up to 5GB in size in Amazon’s virtual storage
service.

– Simple Queue Service (SQS) Allows your machines to talk to each other using this message-passing API.

– SimpleDB A web service for running queries on structured data in real time.

• works in close conjunction with

– Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) &

 – Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2),

• collectively providing the ability to store, process, and query data sets in the cloud.

Google

• Google’s App Engine - On Amazon you get root privileges, but on App Engine, you can’t write a file in your own
directory.

• Google removed the file write feature out of Python as a security measure, and to store data you must use
Google’s database.

• Google offers online documents and spreadsheets, and encourages developers to build features for those and
other online software, using its Google App Engine.

• Google reduced the web applications to a core set of features, and built a good framework for delivering them.

• Google also offers handy debugging features.

• It can be found online at code.google.com/appengine/.

Microsoft

• Windows Azure, an operating system that allows organizations to run Windows applications and store files and
data using Microsoft’s datacenters.

• Azure Services Platform, services that allow developers to establish user identities, manage workflows,
synchronize data, and perform other functions as they build software programs on Microsoft’s online
computing platform.

• Key components of Azure Services Platform include

– Windows Azure Provides service hosting and management and low-level scalable storage,
computation, and networking.

– Microsoft SQL Services Provides database services and reporting.

– Microsoft .NET Services Provides service-based implementations of .NET Framework concepts such as
workflow.

– Live Services Used to share, store, and synchronize documents, photos, and files across PCs, phones,
PC applications, and web sites.

– Microsoft SharePoint Services and Microsoft Dynamics CRM Services Used for business content,
collaboration, and solution development in the cloud.

Benefits of Cloud Computing

Scalability:

• Additional CPU cycles or storage can be taken on rent instead of buying, installing, and configuring new
equipment.

• Costs are based on consumption.

Simplicity:
 • Need not to buy and configure new equipment

• Cloud solution makes it possible to get application started immediately,

• Costs a fraction time and would cost to implement an on-site solution.

Knowledgeable Vendors:

• Companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Yahoo! have been good vendors

• Because they have offered reliable service, plenty of capacity, and you get some brand familiarity with
these well-known names.

Security

• Plenty of security risks when using a cloud vendor,

• But reputable companies strive to keep you safe and secure.

Limitations of Cloud Computing :-

Network connection:

• In network connectivity problem, accessing the cloud also becomes a problem.

• Performance of cloud applications also depend on the performance of network at clients’ side.

• Upload and download speeds are slower as compared to that of a local server.

• Control of data security

• Client does not have the control over security of his/ her own data.

• Clients’ data can be susceptible to hacking attacks.

• Since the servers on cloud are interconnected it is easy for malware to spread.

• Additional costs

• Along with cost benefits, it also has some hidden or additional costs as well.

• Clients are charged extra for data transfer or other services.

• Initial offerings are priced higher, till economies of scale work out for the service provider.

 Peripherals

o Peripheral devices like printers or scanners might not work with cloud.

o Many of them require software to be installed locally.

o Networked peripherals have lesser problems.

• Integration

• Integrating internal applications with those on cloud can be complex and in some cases not viable.
Why Cloud Computing Matters

Implementation

• The implementation of cloud service will reshape the workflow of the business.

• Steps to follow for implementing a cloud service.

a)Make an assessment of your current workflow and the services company provides.

b) Select the cloud service provider that best fits your requirements and budget.

c) Develop a strategy on how the implementation process will proceed.

Experts in advisory services use this strategy how to implement cloud computing.

How Cloud-Computing contributes to the growth

Customer proposition

• A considerable benefit of cloud computing is its ability to improve customer experience.

• Imagine your employees attending all the calls, emails and chats from customers.

• Implementation of a cloud-based Contact Center as a Service (CCaaS) solution, businesses can provide
their customer base with a seamless customer experience.

Business productivity

• Implementing cloud services can prevent your business from investing in expensive infrastructure or
environment
 • To obtain the same services a cloud-based tool can provide for a much cheaper price with more security
and flexibility.

Infrastructure/storage

• Cloud service infrastructures offer self-managed features and the latest security, improves the efficiency
of the business systems by allowing employees to focus more on other aspects of business activities.

Cost-benefits
Security and privacy

• An amount of money can be saved by investing in a high-performance and well-optimized cloud

environment.

• Service providers will take care of the physical security and the IT infrastructure.

You pay as you go

• Usage cost of cloud services depends on how much of that service is used.

• In other words, you only pay for what you use.

Lower your maintenance costs

• Lower the maintenance cost by handling multiple tasks which would otherwise occupy resources that
can be used for other business tasks.

Resource pooling

• Resource pooling is the cloud’s ability to serve multiple clients with multiple servers that utilize many
resources with provisional and scalable services.

Redundancy

• The risk of server failovers will be drastically reduced,

Companies in the Cloud Today

There are many Cloud Service providers in the market:

• Amazon Web Service (AWS)

• Microsoft Azure

• Google Cloud Platform

• IBM Cloud Services

• Adobe Creative Cloud

• VMware

• Red Hat

• Oracle Cloud
 • Dropbox

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

• Amazon Web Services is a cloud computing platform that provides services such as

• compute power, database storage, content delivery and many other functions which will help to
integrate a business.

Microsoft Azure

• Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing service which is used for building testing deploying and managing the
application.

• This process is done in a global network of the Microsoft-managed data centre.

• It is private as well as a public cloud platform.

Google Cloud Platform

• Google cloud platform is basically used for Google search and YouTube.

• Various services offered by Google Cloud such as data analysis, machine learning, and data storage.

IBM Cloud Services

• IBM cloud offers services such as platform as a service and infrastructure as a service.

• Cloud organization can deploy and access its resources such as storage networking and compute power with
the help of internet.

• Several tools help the customer to draw on deep industry expertise.

• Adobe Creative Cloud

• Adobe creative cloud provides the best experience of apps services design photography and web.

• Adobe cloud services provide tutorials and templates with which a beginner can easily access the cloud and can
start using it.
Cloud Services

Applications of Cloud Computing

Art Applications

Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive cards, booklets, and images.
Some most commonly used cloud art applications are

• Moo

• Adobe Creative Cloud

Business Applications

• Business applications are based on cloud service providers.

 • Today, every organization requires the cloud business application to grow their business.

• It also ensures that business applications are 24*7 available to users.

• Salesforce

• Chatter

• Paypal

Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the cloud and access this
information using an internet connection.

• Google G Suite

Education Applications

Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular.

It offers various online distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students.

• Google Apps for Education

Entertainment Applications

Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience.

Cloud computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video conferencing.

• Online games

• Video Conferencing Apps

Social Applications:

Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using social networking applications
such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.

• Facebook

• Twitter