Linear Algebra: Introduction:

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, if A 1 0 0

Example: I = 0 1 0
is a matrix of m×n then: 0 0 1
a a … a
a a … a
Symmetric Matrix: a square matrix which is
A = a = ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ equal to its transpose A = A
a a … a
Example:
Where m is number of rows and n is number of
1 −2 1
columns.
A = −2 3 2 (Corresponding elements with respect
1 2 1
Types of Matrix: to diagonal are same)

Some common Types of Matrix are: Skew-Symmetric matrix: A square matrix

which is equal to the negative of its transpose,
Square matrix: Matrix with equal number of
rows and columns. i.e. A= −A . The diagonal elements of such
matrix are always zeros.
Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix in
which all the elements below the diagonal are Example:
zero
0 2 −1
1 −1 2 A = −2 0 −2 (Corresponding elements with
Example: 0 3 3 1 2 0
0 0 1 respect to diagonal are same and all diagonal elements are
zero)
Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix in
which all the elements above the diagonal are
zero
Operations on Matrix:

1 0 0 Addition and Subtraction:

Example: −2 3 0
1 2 1 Two matrices can be added or subtracted if their
order is same
Diagonal matrix: A square matrix in which all
of the elements are zero except for the diagonal Scalar Multiplication:
elements
A non zero scalar is multiplied by each element
1 0 0
Example: 0 3 0
of matrix of any order, i.e.
0 0 1
1 −1 2 3 −3 6
Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all Example: 3 2 3 3 = 6 9 9
3 1 4 9 3 12
of the diagonal elements are equal to some
constant “k” Properties of Matrix addition and Scalar
Multiplication
3 0 0
Example: 0 3 0
0 0 3
1. A+B = B+A
2. (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) Associative property
Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all 3. c(A+B) = cA+cB Distributive property
of the diagonal elements are equal to “1". 4. c(dA) = (cd)A Associative property
5. (c+d)A = cA+dA Distributive property

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Linear Algebra: Introduction:

Matrix Multiplication: Tr(A) = 1+3+4 = 8

The number of columns in the first matrix must Transpose of a Matrix:

be equal to the number of rows in the second
Transpose of a matrix is taken by interchanging
matrix. That is, the inner dimensions must be the
its Rows and Columns.
same. i.e,
Example:
A B = AB
m×n n×p = m×p 1 −1
A= 0 2
2 3

Equal 1 0 2
A =
−1 2 3

Size of AB Properties of Transpose:

Example:  A= A
 (A B) = A B
1 −1
2 1  c A =(cA)
Let A = 0 2 and B =
1 3
2 3  (AB) =B A
1 2 (−1) 1 1 1 (−1) 3
AB = 0 2 2 1 0 1 2 3 Determinants:
2 2 3 1 2 1 3 3
 Determinant is only calculated for square
1 −2
AB = 2 6 matrix.
7 11  Determinant of a matrix A is det(A) or |A|.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

Properties of Determinants:
If A, B and C are matrices (with sizes such that
the given matrix products are defined) and k is a  det A = det(A)
scalar, then the following properties are true:  If two rows (or columns) of A are equal,
then.
1. A(BC) = (AB)C Associative property de t(A) = 0
2. A(B+C) = AB+AC Distributive property
 If a row (or column) of A consists
3. (A+B)C = AC+BC Distributive property
4. c(AB) = A(cB) = (cA)B entirely of 0, then
5. Matrix Multiplication does not commute i.e de t(A) = 0
AB ≠ BA  If B result from the matrix A by
interchanging two rows (or columns) of
Trace: A, then
det(B) = −det(A)
Sum of all elements in diagonal matrix in a
square matrix.  If B results from A by multiplying a row
(or column) of A by a real number c, for
1 −1 2 some i, then
Example: Let A = 2 3 3 det(B) = cdet(A)
3 1 4

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Linear Algebra: Introduction:

 If B results from A by adding multiple of 1 −1 2

Find cofactor matrix of A = 2 3 3
a row is added to another row then 3 1 4
det(B) = det(A Solution:
 If a matrix A is a diagonal, upper By considering Minors of given matrix A from previous
example
triangular or lower triangular, then
de t(A) = a a a … a 9 1 −7
 If A is nonsingular, then Cofactor(A) = 6 −2 −4
−9 1 5
1
de t(A ) =
det(A)
Adjoint of Matrix: (Also Adjugate
 de t(cA) = c det(A) or Adjunct)
Adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of its cofactor
Det of 2×2 Matrix: matrix.
a b Adj (A) = [Cofactor(A)]T
= ad − bc
c d Example:
1 −1 2
Minor of Matrix: Find Adjoint of A = 2 3 3
3 1 4
The minors of matrix A of the entry in the ith Solution:
row and jth column(Mij) is the determinant of By considering cofactor matrix of given matrix A from
the submatrix of Matrix A, formed by deleting previous example:
9 1 −7
the ith row and jth column. Cofactor(A) = 6 −2 −4
−9 1 5
Example:
9 1 −7
1 −1 2 Adj(A) = 6 −2 −4
Find Minors of 2 3 3 −9 1 5
3 1 4
9 6 −9
3 3 2 3 Adj(A) = 1 −2 1
M = =9,M = = −1
1 4 3 4 −7 −4 5
2 3 −1 2
M =
3 1
= −7, M =
1 4
= −6 Inverse of Matrix:
1 2 1 −1
M =
3 4
= −2, M =
3 1
=4  Inverse exist only for square matrix and
det(A) ≠ 0.
−1 2 1 2
M =
3 3
= −9, M =
2 3
= −1  A matrix is invertible if its inverse exist
otherwise non invertible.
1 −1
M = =5
2 3 Adj(A)
A =
|A|
Cofactor of Matrix:
Example:
Cofactor is a matrix of Minors with their place
1 −1 2
sign value. i.e. Find inverse of A = 2 3 3
3 1 4
Cofactor(A) = C = (−1) M Solution:
Det(A) = -6
Example: By considering cofactor matrix of given matrix A from
previous example:

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Linear Algebra: Introduction:

9 6 −9
Adj(A) = 1 −2 1
−7 −4 5

9 6 −9
1 −2 1
A = −7 −4 5
−6

3 3
− −1
2 2
1 1 1
A = − −
6 3 6
7 2 5
−
6 3 6

Properties of Inverse of Matrix:

 A product of any number of invertible

matrices is also an invertible matrix.

If A and B are invertible matrices of same

size:
 (AB)-1=B-1A-1
 (A-1)−1 = A.
 An is also invertible and (An)−1 = A−n =
(A−1)n
 kA is also invertible for any nonzero
scalar k, and (kA)-1 = k-1 A-1.
 A−n = (A−1)n = A−1 A−1 A−1 …[n times]

 (AT )-1 = (A-1)T

 det(A ) =
( )

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Linear Algebra: Matrix, Types of Matrix, Operations on matrix, Determinant of Matrix, Inverse of Matrix

Home Work
Q1) For the following matrices perform the following operations, if possible:

2 0 2
2 0 −3 2 0 −4 −7 2
A= , B= , C= 4 1 3
−1 8 10 −5 −1 3 7 9
1 −1 5
4 5 1
3 6 −3 4
D= and E = −2 1 0
5 1 0 −5
5 −1 3
a) A+B b) B-A c) A+C d) BE e) CE f) 2E+B

g) 2D+A

Q2) Determine the transpose and trace (if it is defined) for each of the following matrices:

4 5 1 9
7 1 4 8
A= , B = −2 1 0 , C = 10 , D = −1
2 8 0 3
5 −1 3 8
2 1
E=
1 3
Q3) Find the inverse of the following by adjoint method (if exists):

1 1 1 1 2 −1
a) 3 5 4 b) 3 7 −10
3 6 5 2 4 −2
Q4) Determine whether the matrix is symmetric, skew symmetric or neither.

0 2 1 −1 −2
a) A =
−2 0 d) D = 1 2 3
1 3 −2 3 1
b) B =
3 0 0 −1 −2
1 0 −2 e) E = 1 0 3
c) C = 0 2 0 2 −3 0
−2 0 4

Q5) Determinant of any 4×4 matric is 6, what wil be the determinant if:

a) its R1, R2 and R4 are multiplied by ‘3’?

b) its R2 and R4 are interchanged then multiply its R3 by 2?
c) its R3 is multiplied by 4 then add to R4, (R3 remains unchanged)?

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