CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

The communication skills possessed by humans allow them to exchange

information, ideas, opinions, and etc. This allows them to show their point of
view and position. Language is a system symbol that comes from within each
individual that is used in communicating to convey certain goals and objectives
(Ehrlich, 2019).

Language has a function as a means of communication, as an expression of

identity, imaginative expression, and emotional release, through language we
can express ideas through the sound of speech combined into words
(Wardhaugh, 1992). Language becomes an essential aspect in human life.
People use language almost in every interaction that they do in their daily life.
People use it to express ideas to have mutual communication between speakers
and hearers. As stated by Hornby (2007), by using languages, people can
express their ideas, feeling, and thinking. It means that language is really
important because it is needed to be able to communicate and share something
to others in order to make others know about the feeling, thinking, and also
intention of the speaker itself.

There are various kinds of language used by people based on their environments
where they lived. People around the world have different styles in using
language to communicate. Because of the culture and demography, people who
lived in different countries may use their own language and style to
communicate with others in their daily life. This is commonly known as dialect
of language. Dialect is a special form of language. According to Wardhaugh
(2010), dialect is used to describe differences in speech that associated with
various social groups or classes especially in a way of speaking that differs
them from standard language.

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 Language can have two or more dialects. Dialect is something that concerns
with variations which located regionally or socially (Spolsky, 1998). Dialect
also means the language variation that comes from a group of users that are
relative in numbers, living in one particular place, region, or area. Since dialect
is based on the place, region or area where the users live, it is usually called as
area dialect, regional dialect or geography dialect (Chaer and Agustina, 1995).

The language can have an important role in society, because with language,
relationship grows up directly. Conversation is the ways how people
communicate and interact with each other. In conversation, people usually need
to communicate with each other using language for many purposes, such as:
asking question, giving information, having conversation, helping each other,
and having gossip in their community. The conversation is called coherent
when it makes sense. The coherence is achieved because speakers co-operate
to make sure that what they say is relevant to what has been said before.
Coherence can be seen from the consistency of the topic being talked. When a
speaker talks the other speaker should give relevant response in order the
conversation can go well. So a good conversation should be relevant. In order
that all features of spoken text in the conversation can be revealed, it was
analyzed and interpreted to get the main conclusion. We can also know what is
going on in that conversation. What intention of speakers that can be
understood by the readers or audiences. This research reveals as many features
as possible to get a complete result.

1.2 Identification Of The Problem

These rules are very culture specific. In some cultures both silence and
interruptions are perfectly acceptable, or even obligatory, and to speak
withsomeone you do not know would be considered extremely impolite and
longperiods of silence are perfectly acceptable.

Of course, there are also rules on when it is alright to interrupt someone and,
important being how this is done. This is usually done by acknowledging ones
own transgression, like I am sorry to interrupt, and with similar expressions.

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1.3 Formulation Of The Problem

Based on the background of the study, the formulation of problem of this

research is how to use good language in conversation at SMP Negeri 1 Siantar.

1.4 Objective Of The Research

The purpose of this research is to find out how to use good language in
conversation at SMP Negeri 1 Siantar.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE RIVIEW

2.1 The Nature of Language

Various definition of the language has been proposed by linguists. Language is

a form, not the substance (in Chaer Lyons 1995:60). While Chaer (1995:14)
mentions the characteristics that constitute the essence of language as a symbol
of the sound system, are arbitrary, productive, dynamic, diverse, and humane.

Language as a system, which means that formed by a number of components

that are fixed and can be patterned. As a system, in addition to the systematic
language are also systemic. Systematic meaning, language arranged according
to a certain pattern, not arranged randomly or arbitrarily. While systematic
means that language is a single system, but rather consists of several
subsystems that differ from other languages. Language subsystem consists of
phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Therefore the language also
commonly considered unique but universal at the same time. Unique means
having the characteristics or properties not possessed by other languages, while
universal means having the same traits that exist in all languages.

When compared with animals that have a variety of forms of communication,

so people just use the language. Basically there are two types of animal
communication systems: first, communication systems found in the bees. The
second all communication systems exist in monkeys and birds. Human
languages have something similar to this communication, but has a major
difference compared to both (Gee, 1993: 2). Bees can communicate the
presence of nectars to their group members, like the distance of the nectars,
direction to the location, and the number of nectar found by using a particular
dance. Gee called the bee dance to communicate the presence of the nectar as
point-bypoint system. In addition to bees, monkeys and birds also have a way
to communicate. Vervet African apes are capable to produce 36 kinds of sound
for various situations. Among them was a different sound for the same situation,
so vervet communication system able to deliver 22 kinds of messages. In

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addition, the birds also have a way to communicate even only consist of a very
limited vocabulary to deliver messages.

Furthermore, Chaer and Agustina (2004:26-29) suggests 16 kinds of distinctive

human language, as follows:

1. The language uses vowel auditory pathway. In this case, there are
similarities between communication systems owned by many animals,
including crickets, frogs, and birds.
2. Language can be spread in all directions; yet receptions are directed.
Spoken language sounds can be heard in all directions due to noise or
sounds of language that propagates through the air, but the receiver or
listener can tell exactly from which direction the sounds of language came.
3. The language symbol in the form of sound that can be disappear once
pronounced. This is in contrast with another symbol, such as the footprints
of animals and heroic statues that can last for long time. Because of the
rapid loss, people always trying to preserve this symbol of language sounds
into written form and sound recordings.
4. Participants in the communication with language can communicate to each
other. This means that a speaker can be a symbol sender and as symbol
recipient at the same time.
5. The language symbol can be a complete feedback. The speaker as the
sender can hear their own language symbols. Whereas, in some kinetic
communication (movement) and visual (sight) as the bee dance, the sender
information is not able to see the important parts of the dance.
6. Communication languages has its own specialty. Humans can talk without
having to do physical movements to support the communication process.
Whereas communication in bees they physically forced to dance in order to
deliver messages they intended to.
7. Sound symbols in communication language means and refers to certain
things. For example the word of horse refers to a type of quadrupeds that
can be ridden. Sentence “Chaedar kick the ball” mean someone named
Chaedar doing actions that hit the ball with his leg.

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 8. The relationship between language symbol with its meaning is not
determined by the presence of a bond between the two, but is determined
by agreement or convention between the speakers of the language.
9. language as a tool of human communication can be separated into certain
unit, i.e sentences, words, morphemes, and phonemes.
10. Reference or something being discussed in the language not always be at
the present place and time. Human language can be used for something in
the past, in the future, or are in distant places. Even that only in fantasy.
11. Language is open. It means, symbols of speech can be made according to
the human needs. While the language of animals is closed, unchanged from
the first.
12. Skill and finesse to master the rules and customs of human language derived
from learning process, not through genes inborn. Animal language
generally be congenital.
13. The language can be learned. Someone who was born and raised in a
particular language community will be able to learn other languages that
not used in their community.
14. Language can be used to express the true and not true, or logically
meaningless. Humans can use language to say the right things and that is
not true. Only people who can use language to lie or deceive others.
15. Language has two subsystems namely the sound subsystem and meaning
subsystems that enable language to have economic function. The economics
diverse occurredby functional sound units that can be grouped and
regrouped into meaningful units, e.g. phonemes into words.
16. The language can be used to talk about language itself.

2.2 Language Functions

Traditionally it is stated that language is a tool to interact or tools to

communicate, in a sense, means to convey thoughts, ideas, concepts, or even a
feeling. The concept that language is a tool to convey the thought has had a
long history. However, in the sociolinguistic thought considered to be too
narrow because the language activity is basically a "who speak what language

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to Whom, when, and to what end." Therefore, from the view of sociolinguistics,
language functions can be viewed from different angles, such as speakers,
listeners, topics, codes, and conversation purpose (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:
15).

From the point of speaker, language serves as a personal or private identity and
Jakobson called it as emotive function. It means, speakers expressed their stand
point on what they speak out. The speakers not only express emotions through
language, but also showed emotion when delivering their speech. Therefore,
the listener can understand whether the speakers in an angry, sad, or happy.

From the point of the listener and the speaker, the language has a function as a
directive, which regulate the behavior of the listener, and Halliday defines as
instrumental function, while Jakobson called rhetorical. From this angle, the
language not only makes the listener to do something, but the activities were
consistent with what the speaker wants. This can be done by the speakers
through sentences that express a command, direction, demand, or seduction.

From the contact angle of the speaker and listener, the language has a fatigue
function, Finnocchiaro called it as interpersonal and Halliday called it as
interactional.

Despite Pranowo in Halliday (1996:63) also classify the function of language

based on the concept beyond the language function as other experts do. They
classify into seven functions as follows:

1. instrumental function is the function of the language used to manipulate the

environment that led to a particular situation.
2. regulatory function is the use of language that serves to control an event,
such as approval, rejection, etc
3. the representational function of language that serves to make a statement,
present the facts, etc.
4. the use of interactional function of language serves to maintain the
relationship in order to keep communications running smoothly, delivering
jokes, master jargon, idioms used by the particular conversational partner.

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 5. heuristic function is the function of the language that is used to acquire
knowledge in order to recognize the environment, such as a child wondering
about what is seen.
6. personal function, namely the use of language that serves to express feelings,
emotions, personality, etc.
7. The function of the imaginative use of language that serve to create a system
or be imaginative ideas.

While Guy Cook in Pranowo (1989:94) developed a classification of language

functions into two, namely the macro and micro functions. Macro functions are
classified into seven as Halliday did, namely:

1. Emotive function, for example: the expression "mad", "great", "ouch", etc.
2. Directive function, for example: "Help me please", "Shoot him!".
3. Phatic function is when speaker going to start a conversation such as: "Can
you hear me!"
4. Referential function of language is to convey information
5. Metalinguistic function is the usage of language that focuses on the code
itself.
6. Poetic function is the usage of language by selecting the form that contains
the essence of the message, for example, one ad shows how powerful dairy
companies exploiting the potential of the poetic function of language:
Chaedar : "Chaedar also want to go to school, Mom!"
Mother : "Yeah, you will when you're growing, son!"
Chaedar : "What can make me grow quickly Mom?"
Mother : "Drinking the best milk, son!
7. Contextual function is the usage of language to create different types of
communication, for example, "Good! Let's start this exercise !". While
micro function is communicative forms of each category of macro functions.

2.3 Language as a Communication Device

After discussing language related to its nature and function, the language either
realized or not it has an important meaning among their speakers. Language is

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a means of communication between members of the community in the form of
symbols of sound produced by the speech organ. Language is also a tool of self-
expression and served as a tool to show their identity as well.

Through language, we can show our perspective, our understanding of the

matter, the origin of the nation and our state, our education level, and even our
character. Language becomes a mirror of us, both as a nation and as a self. In
order for the communication goes well with both, the sender and receiver must
have to master their own language.

According Gorys Keraf (1997:1), language is a means of communication

between members of the community in the form of a symbol of sound produced
by the speech organ. Perhaps there is an objection by saying that the language
is not the only tool for communication. They argue that two persons or parties
communicating by means of specific ways that have been agreed such as
through paintings, smoke, sound of drum or casks and so on. But they should
also recognize that when compared with the language, all communication
devices before contains many weak aspects.

Basically, the language has certain functions that are used according to the
needs of a person, i.e, as a tool for self-expression, as a means to communicate,
as a tool to organize and adapt to social integration in the environment or
circumstances, and as a tool for social control (Keraf , 1997:3).

Here are presented the role of language as a communication tool:

2.3.1 Language as a tool to interact with others

Condition for the communication occurred is need involvement of two

or more persons conducting talk to each other. In this case interaction
process is emphasized in order to allow interchange feedback between
the speaker to his interlocutor, and vice versa.
2.3.2 Language reflects a person's level of education

An educated would be recalled better than uneducated people. The

higher a person's education, the higher their speech wisdom. The
emergence of this opinion because the interaction is often done by people

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 who are well educated, influenced by the environment of residence, as
well as the school environment or the working environment. So that
educated people tend to interact with the environment that supports the
use of language quality, than those who are less educated.
2.3.3 Indicates authority

A leader would have to be able to speak well rewarded subordinates. This

is related to one's mastery of the language, if a leader can speak well,
then he can express his ideas in a clear and straightforward so that shows
the authority of the leader.
2.3.4 As the force of law

With language, a person can identify the language of selfdefense or rival.

Someone who speaks, even to escape easily from the case addressed to
him. This suggests that language can be implemented as an ability / skill
in communicating.
2.3.5 Attract the customer

Language of good and interesting ads will make consumers interested in

trying your product. In communications, advertising language is
included in the scope of advertising. In an effort to convey the benefits
and efficacy of the product, the process of communication can not be
released from the distribution of a product to consumers.
2.3.6 Indicates a person's social standing

With the language, one can reflect on his position in society. Diversity
of languages mastered one will certainly differ from one to another, it is
influenced by the language acquisition from the environment. So people
who have a high diversity of languages, and be able to communicate well
be seen as the privileged in society.

2.4 The Relationship between the Communication, Language and Culture

The link between communication and culture, could be seen from our daily
practice of communication or interaction between individuals and groups. The

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 language we use must have been influenced by where we live, as well as the
ethnic neighborhoods around us.

In this case, culture in regard to human being way of life. Humans learn, think,
feel, believe, and seek what is appropriate according to the culture. Language,
friendship, custom, practice communication, social action, economic activity,
politics, and technology, all these were based on cultural patterns. As for who
speak Makassarese, Gorontalonese, Sundanese, Javanese, Malay, and English.
This is all because they have been born or at least raised in a culture that
contains these elements. What they do, how they act, a response to cultural
functions. (Porter & Samovar in Mulyana and Grace, 2006).

This means that communication and culture cannot be separated, because

culture not only determines who is talking whom, about what, and where the
communication takes place, but the culture also helped determine the encode
messages, the meaning and the message he had for the conditions to send, pay
attention, interpret the message. Actually, the whole repertoire of behavior we
are very dependent on, the culture we grew up, in line with previously disclosed
at the beginning of the discussion. Consequently, culture is the foundation of
communication. If cultural diversity, it is also a variety of communication
practices.

2.5 Language as a Cultural Reality discloser

The existence of different theories about the relationship of language and

culture. Some say that language is part of culture, but others say that language
and culture are different, but have a very close relationship, so it cannot be
separated. Some argue that the language is strongly influenced by culture, so
that all things in the culture will be reflected in the language. Conversely, there
is also a saying that the language and culture influence human thinking or
public speakers.

One question of interest to linguistic experts is whether there is a relationship

of language and thought the speakers with a different culture? With the
variation of language is often associated with the presence of different cultures.
In many ways the view was influenced by the work of anthropologists who tend

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to respond to the language as part of a culture that is defined as a socially
acquired knowledge (Cahyono 1995: 409). The opinion asserts that language
variation is closely related to the existence of different cultures.

Gee (1993: 7) states that human language is the result of a long evolution of
man. Human language is different because human cultures are different, but the
language and culture has a profound similarities because humans are basically
the same. They have the same kind of eyes, kind of the same brain, the same
biological basis. Human evolution has formed humans acquire and use specific
language.

To determine the relationship between language and culture significantly, we

have to ignore the word level possessed a language. The question is whether
culture affects language culturally significant than determining how much or
what words will have a language?

Language is bound by cultural context. Put differently, the language can be seen
as an extension of the culture. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, often
called Linguistic Relativity Theory, in fact every language shows a typical
symbolic world that depicts the reality of mind, inner experience, and the need
for users to think, look at the environment, and the universe around it in
different ways, and therefore behave differently.

The hypothesis put forward by Benjamin Lee Whorf and popularize and
confirms the view teacher Edward Sapir states that (1) the language affects
perception, and (2) the language affects thought patterns. Thus, the language
was mastered ways of thinking and acting human. As an illustration, the fact
that the Eskimos have about 20 words to describe snow, indicating that they are
more sensitive in perceiving the reality of snow, because snow is an important
factor in their lives. There are special words to describe snow was falling, wind-
blown snow and form a line of soft snow on the ground, and so on. In this case,
the categorization of the snow is so important to them because the snow could
affect the lives and safety even for them. So also in classical Arabic, supposedly
there is a word to describe 6000 camels, warnanta, body structure, gender, age,
movement, condition, and equipment.

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Sahara natives also have 200 words to describe dates, a staple in their lives, and
20 different ways to describe the dunes (Condon and Fathi Yousep in Dedi
Mulyana, 2007:277). This signaled the importance of the objects in their culture.
Meanwhile, in Zulu language, there are 39 words to express the color green.
The number of names for the colors of the different green is showing concern
for the Zulu people into nature and the places that they go through in the journey
across the prairie, especially before they recognize automotive transport and
national highways, (Lewis in Dedi Mulyana, 2007:277). Other than that, the
word rice in English can be translated into three words in Indonesian different
meaning, namely: gabah, beras, and nasi. It shows that we are more concerned
with the people of Indonesia this thing than the English, so our main meals.

The use of tenses in English implies that the British people are very aware of
the time and stressed the importance of time, as in the sentence:

a. They study English twice a week.

b. She studied English last night.

c. We are going to study English tomorrow.

d. Have you studied English today?

e. I have been studying English four years.

Levels of language in the Java language (kromoversus ngoko) and in the minds
of Gorontalo show (read: social status) are different for those who use the
language. For example: In the language of Gorontalo there are a numbers of
word to the first person, the Wau and watiya, while for the second, is: Yio and
tingoli. The word of “eating” can be translated into a number of words in
Gorontalo language, such as:

• Monga, for self

• Miriziki and molamelo, for the people we respect

• Yukul, for a familiar peers or subordinates / maid

• Moluango, for animals

• Maam, for small children

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When we use the local language, the nature of the local language are layered it
forces us to realize it or not to see each other in front of us with a particular
category.

However, to some degree is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is true. Otherwise it is

still talked about is the opposite of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that culture
affecting language. The fact also proves that the people whose activities are
limited, as the tribes are isolated, have only vocabulary too limited. While the
open society, the community members have an activity that is spacious, has a
vocabulary very much. Compare, in Webster's English dictionary ™ registered
more than 600,000 words, while in the Big Indonesian Dictionary of no more
than 60,000 words.

Thus, language is an important tool to unravel our social life. When the
language used in the context of communication, it blends with its culture. It is
believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by
someone from a social group and a social identity. With his accent, vocabulary,
or pattern-poka its discourse, a speaker identifies himself and is identified as a
member of the group. Furthermore, through this membership, they illustrate the
power and pride (Kramsch, 1998:66). Then, the words refer to a person
experiences. Because they express facts, ideas, or knowledge of the world is
going through. The words also reflect the behavior or beliefs of speakers, ideas,
or anything else. In this case, the language can be said to express the reality of
the culture.

However, members of social groups not only express the experience, they also
create through language experience. They gave a name to that experience
through tools they choose to communicate with others, for example; write a
letter or send a message via e-mail, read the newspaper or interpret graphs. The
manner in which a person's well spoken, written, or visual media produce
meanings that can be understood by those who have it, such as through tone
(tone) voice, accent, speaking style, body language or facial expressions.
Through all aspects of verbal and non-verbal, the language adds cultural reality.

14
Indonesian people, and as some other eastern cultures have no direct in
expressing what she feels. The meaning of the phrase "I love you" is a phrase
that should not be found and used by the Indonesian people express their love.
How it feels weird and rude in Indonesian culture. Indonesian people tend to
express their love by showing sincerity and attention being deep and can be felt
by the attention. If it turns teens Indonesia often and so easy to use the phrase
"I love you" means that they have been uprooted from their cultural roots.

Thus, because of the close relationship between the language of this culture,
there are experts who like their relationship as twins, the two things are
inseparable. Or as a coin; side one is the language and the other is cultural
(Chaer, 2003:71)

so we can conclude that language is a system of symbols used by humans to

communicate or express ideas and thoughts to others. The language used is
influenced or affected the culture and vice versa. Therefore it can be said that
the language and culture has a very close relationship. Through the language of
the person, his interlocutor can usually tell the background of the speaker.
That's there is parable says that language indicate the nation.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Considering the purpose of the research and the nature of the problem, this
research is a descriptive qualitative one. It is descriptive because the objective
of this study are observing and finding the information as many as possible of
the phenomenon (Hariwijaya and Triton, 2008:22). It is kind of method which
is conducted by collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing representative
conclusion. In this kind of method, the data used as samples are not figures but
some words or description of something.

Qualitative research is fundamentally interpretive. This means the researcher

makes an interpretation and description of the data. Qualitative research has a
purpose to understand the phenomenon of subject‟s study such as action,
perception, motivation, behavior etc; holistically and descriptively in words and
language at specific natural concept and used some natural method (Soegeng,
2006: 25)

The data from this study are descriptions of students in conversational

discussions that are focused on language features they use in conversation.

3.2 Research Subject And Location

This study is conducted at SMPNegeri 1 Siantar. The school is located at Jln.

Mahoni Raya No. 06 Perumnas Batu Vi, SITALASARI, Kec. Siantar, Kab.
Simalungun Prov. Sumatera Utara.

The subjects of this study were 21 grade IX students. The researcher chose this
class as the field of study because of the class is one that researchers teach. The
research was conducted for 1month is used to observe some classes, and doing
research in class IX C.

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3.3 Data Analysis Technique

Data analysis is a systematically process to searching and completing the data.

In this research, researcher used descriptive qualitative research based on data
collection. The data collect, arrange, and present in the sentence. The researcher
used some steps as a follow:

3.3.1 Reduction

Reduction means resuming, choosing point things, focusing on the

important things, looking for the theme and pattern. By doing so, the data
reduce will give clear explanation, and it will be easier for researcher to
collect the next data, and look for it if it is needed. (Sugiyono, 2014)
This step the researcher checked all of the data collected from the
documentation text. The goal of this step is filtering the data and the
improvement of the sentences and words, giving additional information,
discard representative information.
3.3.2 Display Data

After reducing the data next step is displaying data. In qualitative

research the data can explain in short explanation, diagram, related
among category, flowchart, and others. In this step the researcher
classified data according to the documentation text that have corrected
by the researcher.
In this research the data calculated into table percentage which the
formula as a follow:

𝐹
P = 𝑁 𝑥 100%

P= Percentage
F= Frequency of the items analyzed
N= Number of sample which observed
3.3.3 Conclusion/Verification

Interpretation is the final step in data analysis technique. In this step

researcher explained the data that had been coded by enriching

17
 information through comparative analysis original context. The result is
presentation about situation and symptoms in the form of narrative
exposure.
Setelah membaca teks diskusi dari siswa, peneliti mengidentifikasi,
mengklasifikasikan, dan mencatat ciri-ciri bahasa yang digunakan siswa
dalam percakapan. Berbagai fitur bahasa yang digunakan siswa dan
kompleksitasnya, peneliti mengkategorikannya. Pilihan kategori dibuat
oleh kerangka teori tentang ciri kebahasaan teks diskusi terdiri dari
konjungsi, modalitas, dan klausa bersyarat. Susan Feez (1998: 99)

3.4 The Procedure of Research

The discussion text analyzed here was written by 21 Siantar 1 Public Middle
School students. In that semester, students learn conversation in English as their
discussion program. In collecting this data the researcher did not participating.
All learning processes are carried out by means of lectures. Researchers get
documentation text data with different titles in each text students write. The
topic of text discussion is analyzed in this study come from a different title of
each student.

In this study, the language features analyzed were conjunctions, modality, and
conditional clause. Feez (1998) listed modal verbs, conditional clauses and
reader engagement strategies as important in discussion texts. Reader
engagement strategies were not analyzed as they could take various forms such
as second person pronouns, imperatives, question forms and asides (Hyland,
2001).

After the data are obtained they are analyzed descriptively involving the

description and the interpretation of the data. In analyzing the data there are

several steps that should be administered. First is segmenting the spoken text

into turns and move. The ordinal number (1,2,3,etc.) represents the turn

produced by a given speaker and the alphabet (a, b, c , etc.) to represent the

move. Second is transcribing the spoken text into transcript layout. The symbol

18
of transcription is represented in the appendix. Third is analyzing the features

of spoken text found in the conversation such spontaneity, interactivity,

interpersonality and coherence and relevance. Fourth is describing and

interpreting the features of spoken language found in the conversation. The last

is reporting the result of the research in table and chart.

19
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