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Population and Sampling

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22 views16 pages

Population and Sampling

Uploaded by

aditya.shaji
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PurpOse Of sAmpLinG:

Advantages of sampling are -


● Save time and money.
● Enable collection of comprehensive data.
● Enable more accurate measurement as it is conducted by trained and
experienced investigators.
● Sampling remains the only way when the population contains infinitely
many members.
● In certain situations, sampling is the only way of data collection. For example, in
testing the pathological status of blood, boiling status of rice, etc.
● It provides a valid estimation of sampling error.jkhl
STeps inVOLVed in A sAmpLinG desiGn:
The five steps are:
1. Defining the target population,
2. Determining the sample frame,
3. Selecting a sampling technique,
4. Determining the sample size and
5. Selecting the Sample.
1.DefininG THe TArGeT pOpuLATiOn:
● Population must be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent and time.

● if we were to conduct a survey on the consumption of tea in Gujarat, then


these specifications might be as follows:

(i) Element: Housewives

(ii) Sampling units: Households, then housewives

(iii) Extent: Gujarat State

(iv) Time: January 1-10, 1999


2. D
eTermininG THe sAmpLe frAme:
● A sample frame is a representation of the target population.
● The most straightforward type of frame is a list of elements of the
population (preferably the entire population) with appropriate
contact information.
● A sampling frame may be a telephone book, a city directory, an
employee roster, a listing of all students attending a university, or a
list of all possible phone numbers.
3. S
eLecTinG A sAmpLe TecHnique:
● Selecting a sampling technique may require a little bit more time and may
also involve several decisions.
● There are basically two ways to choose a sample from a sampling frame: randomly
or non-randomly. There are benefits to both.
● Basically, if your sampling frame is approximately the same demographic makeup
as your population, you probably want to randomly select your sample, perhaps by
flipping a coin or drawing names out of a hat.
4. D
eTermininG THe sAmpLe size:
● The sample size refers to the total number of respondents included in a study, and
the number is often broken down into sub-groups by demographics such as age,
gender, and location so that the total sample size represents the entire population.
● If the sample size is too small, it will not yield valid results or adequately
represent the realities of the population being studied.
● On the other hand, while larger sample sizes yield smaller margins of error and are
more representative, a sample size that is too large may significantly increase the
cost and time taken to conduct the research.
5. S
eLecTinG THe sAmpLe:
● This is the final step in the sampling process, where the actual
selection of the sample elements is carried out.
● At this stage, it is necessary that the interviewers stick to the rules
outlined for the smooth implementation of the business research.
● This step involves implementing the sampling plan to select the
sampling plan to select a sample required for the survey.
Types Of sAmpLinG meTHOds:
PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
● Probability sampling is a sampling technique in which researchers choose
samples from a larger population using a method based on the theory of
probability.
● This sampling method considers every member of the population and forms
samples based on a fixed process.
● For example, in a population of 1000 members, every member will have a 1/1000
chance of being selected to be a part of a sample. Probability sampling eliminates
bias in the population and gives all members a fair chance to be included in the
sample.
a. Simple random sampling:

The simple random sample means that every case of the population has an equal
probability of inclusion in the sample. Disadvantages associated with simple random
sampling A complete frame ( a list of all units in the whole population) is needed;

b. Systematic sampling:

Systematic sampling is where every nth case after a random start is selected. For
example, if surveying a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be selected
from your sample. The advantage of this sampling technique is its simplicity.

c. Multi-stage sampling:

Multi-stage sampling is a process of moving from a broad to a narrow sample, using a step
by step process. The main purpose of multi-stage sampling is to select samples which are
concentrated in a few geographical regions. Once again, this saves time and money.
D. Stratified random sampling:
Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups) and a
random sample is taken from each subgroup. A subgroup is a natural set of items.
Subgroups might be based on company size, gender or occupation (to name but a
few). Stratified sampling is often used where there is a great deal of variation within a
population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately represented.
E. Cluster sampling:
Cluster sampling is where the whole population is divided into clusters or groups.
Subsequently, a random sample is taken from these clusters, all of which are used in
the final sample. Cluster sampling is advantageous for those researchers whose
subjects are fragmented over large geographical areas as it saves time and money.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
● In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-
random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included.
● This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher risk
of sampling bias.
● That means the inferences you can make about the population are weaker
than with probability samples, and your conclusions may be more limited.
● If you use a non-probability sample, you should still aim to make it
as representative of the population as possible.
● For example, a study of tribal people, where the sample is selected from
a particular group.
TYPES :
a. Quota sampling :
Quota sampling is a non random sampling technique in which participants are chosen
on the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have the
same distribution of characteristics as the wider population

b. Snowball sampling :
Snowball sampling is a non random sampling method that uses a few cases to help
encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size. This
approach is most applicable in small populations that are difficult to access due to
their closed nature, e.g. secret societies and inaccessible professions.
C. Convenience sampling :
Convenience sampling is selecting participants because they are often readily and easily
available. Typically, convenience sampling tends to be a favored sampling technique
among students as it is inexpensive and an easy option compared to other sampling
techniques. For example, using friends or family as part of a sample is easier than
targeting unknown individuals.

D. Purposive or judgmental sampling :


Purposive or judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings, persons or
events are selected deliberately in order to provide important information that cannot be
obtained from other choices. It is where the researcher includes cases or participants in the
same because they believe that they warrant inclusion.

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