RADBRIJ COMPUTER INSTITUTE

IMP of PPS

Q.1 Write any six features of python programming./What is a problem, what are its types? List
down steps in problem solving.Or Discuss problem solving strategies with dfficulties with
problem solving.

Six features of Python programming:

1. Easy to learn and use. Python has a simple syntax that makes it easy to learn, even for
beginners. It is also a very versatile language that can be used for a wide variety of tasks, from
web development to data science.
2. Free and open source. Python is a free and open source language, which means that it is free to
use and distribute. There is also a large community of Python developers who contribute to the
language and create libraries and tools that make it even more powerful.
3. Powerful and versatile. Python is a very powerful and versatile language. It can be used for a
wide variety of tasks, including web development, data science, machine learning, and artificial
intelligence.
4. Large community and ecosystem. Python has a large and active community of developers who
contribute to the language and create libraries and tools that make it even more powerful. This
makes it easy to find help and support when you need it.
5. Portable. Python is a portable language, which means that it can be run on a variety of
platforms, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix. This makes it a good choice for
developing cross-platform applications.
6. Extensible. Python can be extended with libraries and modules written in other languages, such
as C and C++. This makes it possible to add new features and functionality to Python without
having to modify the core language.
What is a problem, what are its types, and steps in problem solving:

A problem is a situation or condition that is difficult to deal with or solve. Problems can be
simple or complex, and they can be caused by a variety of factors.

There are many different types of problems, but some common types include:

 Logical problems: These problems require you to use your reasoning skills to find a solution.
For example, a logical problem might be a puzzle or a riddle.
 Factual problems: These problems require you to use your knowledge to find a solution. For
example, a factual problem might be a math problem or a science question.
 Practical problems: These problems require you to use your skills and resources to find a
solution. For example, a practical problem might be fixing a broken car or cooking a meal.

Steps in problem solving:

1. Identify the problem. What is the specific problem that you need to solve?
2. Gather information. What do you know about the problem? What information do you need to
solve the problem?
3. Generate possible solutions. Brainstorm a list of possible solutions to the problem.
4. Evaluate the possible solutions. Consider the pros and cons of each solution. Which solution is
the most feasible and effective?
5. Implement the solution. Choose the best solution and put it into action.
6. Evaluate the results. Did the solution work? If not, why not? What can you learn from this
experience?
Problem solving strategies and difficulties with problem solving:

There are many different problem solving strategies that you can use. Some common strategies
include:

 Trial and error. This strategy involves trying different solutions until you find one that works.
 Brainstorming. This strategy involves generating a list of possible solutions to a problem
without judgment.
 Working backwards. This strategy involves starting with the desired outcome and working
backwards to determine the steps needed to achieve it.
 Breaking the problem down into smaller parts. This strategy can make it easier to solve a
complex problem by making it more manageable.
 Seeking help from others. If you are stuck, don't be afraid to ask for help from a friend, teacher,
or colleague.

Some common difficulties with problem solving include:

 Lack of knowledge. If you don't have enough knowledge about the problem, it can be difficult
to find a solution.
 Lack of creativity. Sometimes it can be difficult to come up with new and innovative solutions
to problems.
 Fear of failure. Some people are afraid to try new solutions because they are worried about
failing.
 Time constraints. Sometimes you may not have enough time to solve a problem properly.

If you are having difficulty solving a problem, there are a few things you can do:

 Gather more information. If you don't have enough knowledge about the problem, try to gather
more information. You can do this by reading books and articles, talking to experts, or
conducting research.
 Try a different approach. If you are stuck with one approach, try a different one. There is often
more than one way to solve a problem.
 Take a break. Sometimes it can be helpful to take a break from a problem and come back to it
later with a fresh perspective.
 Seek help from others. If you are still stuck, don't be afraid to ask for help from a friend, teacher

Q.2. Explain flow chart and algorithm with example

Flowchart

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. It uses symbols and arrows to show

the steps involved in solving a problem and the order in which they should be executed.
Flowcharts are often used in software development to design and document algorithms, but
they can also be used to solve problems in other fields, such as mathematics, engineering, and
business.

Algorithm

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. It is a precise and unambiguous

description of how to achieve a desired outcome. Algorithms are often written in a
programming language, but they can also be expressed in natural language or in a graphical
format, such as a flowchart.

Example

Here is a simple example of a flowchart and algorithm for solving the problem of finding the
sum of two numbers:

Flowchart:

Start
Input two numbers, A and B
Add A and B
Output the sum
End

Algorithm:

1. Input two numbers, A and B.

2. Add A and B.
3. Output the sum.

This flowchart and algorithm can be used to solve the problem of finding the sum of two
numbers, regardless of the programming language that is being used.

Here is another example of a flowchart and algorithm for solving a more complex problem:
 Problem: Find the largest number in a list of numbers.

Flowchart:

Start
Input a list of numbers
Set the largest_number to the first number in the list
For each number in the list:
If the number is greater than the largest_number:
Set the largest_number to the number
Output the largest_number
End

Algorithm:

1. Input a list of numbers.

2. Set the largest_number to the first number in the list.
3. For each number in the list: If the number is greater than the largest_number: Set the
largest_number to the number.
4. Output the largest_number.

This flowchart and algorithm can be used to solve the problem of finding the largest number
in a list of numbers, regardless of the programming language that is being used.

Flowcharts and algorithms are powerful tools for solving problems and communicating
solutions. They can be used to design and document software, solve mathematical problems,
and develop business processes.

Q.3. Explain the use of indentation in python.

Indentation is a way of grouping statements together in Python. It is required for indicating

what block of code a statement belongs to. For example, the following code is valid:

Python
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

The print() statement is indented by four spaces, which indicates that it is part of the if statement
block. If we remove the indentation, the Python interpreter will give us a syntax error:
 Python
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

In Python, all statements with the same indentation level belong to the same block of code. So,
in the first example, the print() statement is executed only if the if condition is met.

Indentation can also be used to create nested blocks of code. For example, the following code
is valid:

Python
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 10 > 5:
print("Ten is greater than five!")

The inner if statement block is indented by four spaces more than the outer if statement block.
This indicates that the inner if statement block is a child of the outer if statement block. So, the
inner print() statement will only be executed if both the if conditions are met.

Indentation is an important part of Python syntax, and it is important to use it correctly.

Otherwise, your code may not run, or it may not behave as expected.

Here are some tips for using indentation in Python:

 Use four spaces to indent each line of code in a block.

 Make sure that all statements in a block are indented at the same level.
 When creating nested blocks of code, indent each nested block by four more spaces than the
parent block.
 Use a consistent indentation style throughout your code.

Following these tips will help you to write Python code that is readable, maintainable, and bug-
free.

Q.4 Explain different datatypes supported by python

Python supports a variety of data types, which can be classified into the following categories:

 Numeric data types: These types are used to store numeric values, such as integers, floating-
point numbers, and complex numbers. The following are the numeric data types in Python:
o int: Stores integers of unlimited length.
o float: Stores floating-point numbers, which are numbers with a decimal point.
o complex: Stores complex numbers, which are numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
 Sequence data types: These types are used to store collections of data items in a specific order.
The following are the sequence data types in Python:

o list: A list is a mutable sequence of data items, which means that the items in the list can be
added, removed, or changed.
o tuple: A tuple is an immutable sequence of data items, which means that the items in the tuple
cannot be changed.
o range: A range is an immutable sequence of integers.
 String data type: The string data type is used to store text values. A string is a sequence of
characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double quotes (").

 Set data type: A set is a mutable collection of unique elements. The elements in a set can be of
any data type.

 Dictionary data type: A dictionary is a mutable collection of key-value pairs. The keys in a
dictionary can be of any data type, and the values can be of any data type.

In addition to the above data types, Python also supports binary data types, function types, and
class types.

Here are some examples of how to use different data types in Python:

Python
# Numeric data types
my_integer = 10
my_float = 3.14
my_complex = 1 + 2j

# Sequence data types

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
my_range = range(10)

# String data type

my_string = "This is a string."

# Set data type

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Dictionary data type

my_dictionary = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
 Python data types are a powerful tool that can be used to store and manipulate data in a variety
of ways. By understanding the different data types available in Python, you can write more
efficient and effective code.

Q.5. What is modularization? explain top down approach

Modularization is the process of dividing a system into smaller, independent modules. Each
module should have a specific function and should be able to operate independently of the other
modules. Modularization makes systems easier to design, develop, test, and maintain.

Top-down approach is a modularization approach that starts at the highest level of the system
and then divides it into smaller and smaller modules until the desired level of detail is reached.
This approach is often used in software development, but it can also be used to solve problems
in other fields, such as engineering and business.

Here is an example of how to use the top-down approach to modularize a software system:

1. Identify the top-level modules. The top-level modules should represent the major functions of
the system. For example, a top-level module for a web application might be the "user
authentication module" or the "product catalog module."
2. Decompose the top-level modules into smaller modules. Each top-level module should be
decomposed into smaller modules that perform more specific tasks. For example, the "user
authentication module" might be decomposed into modules for "login," "logout," and
"password reset."
3. Continue decomposing the modules until the desired level of detail is reached. Once the top-
level modules have been decomposed into smaller modules, the process can be repeated until
the desired level of detail is reached.

The top-down approach has a number of advantages, including:

 It makes the system easier to design and develop. By dividing the system into smaller modules,
developers can focus on one module at a time. This makes the development process more
manageable and less error-prone.
 It makes the system easier to test and maintain. Because each module is independent of the
other modules, it can be tested and maintained independently. This makes it easier to identify
and fix bugs, and to add new features to the system.
 It makes the system more reusable. Because each module is independent of the other modules,
it can be reused in other systems. This can save time and effort when developing new systems.

Overall, modularization is a powerful technique for designing, developing, testing, and

maintaining complex systems. The top-down approach is a common and effective way to
modularize systems.

Q.6 Explain different operators and expressions in python.Explain relational operator in detail
 Operators

Operators are special symbols that are used to perform operations on operands. Operands can
be variables, constants, or other expressions. There are many different types of operators in
Python, including arithmetic operators, relational operators, logical operators, bitwise
operators, assignment operators, identity operators, and membership operators.

Expressions

Expressions are combinations of operators and operands that evaluate to a single value.
Expressions can be used to perform calculations, compare values, and make decisions.

Relational operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values and return a Boolean value (True or False)
depending on the outcome of the comparison. The following are the relational operators in
Python:

 ==: Equal to
 !=: Not equal to
 <: Less than
 >: Greater than
 <=: Less than or equal to
 >=: Greater than or equal to

Relational operators can be used to write conditional statements, such as if, elif, and else
statements. For example, the following code checks if a number is greater than 10:

Python
number = 15

if number > 10:

print("The number is greater than 10.")
else:
print("The number is not greater than 10.")

This code will print the message "The number is greater than 10." because the number 15 is
greater than 10.

Relational operators can also be used to write Boolean expressions, which are expressions that
evaluate to a Boolean value. For example, the following Boolean expression evaluates to True:

Python
number > 10 and number < 20
This Boolean expression is True because the number 15 is greater than 10 and less than 20.

Relational operators are a powerful tool that can be used to write Python code that is more
efficient and effective.

Q.7Define following i) literal ii) constants iii) variables iv) identifiers

Literal

A literal is a fixed value in a programming language. It is a data item that cannot be changed
during the execution of a program. Literals can be of any data type, such as integers, floating-
point numbers, strings, characters, and Boolean values.

Examples of literals in Python:

Python
10
3.14
"Hello, world!"
'a'
True
False

Constants

A constant is a variable whose value cannot be changed during the execution of a program.
Constants are typically used to store fixed values, such as mathematical constants,
configuration settings, and API keys.

To define a constant in Python, you use the global keyword and assign the constant a value.
For example:

Python
PI = 3.14
GRAVITY = 9.81

Once a constant is defined, its value cannot be changed.

Variables

A variable is a named storage location for data. Variables can be used to store any data type,
such as integers, floating-point numbers, strings, characters, and Boolean values.

To declare a variable in Python, you use the assignment operator (=) to assign a value to the
variable. For example:
Python
name = "Alice"
age = 25

Once a variable is declared, you can change its value at any time.

Identifiers

An identifier is a name that is used to identify a variable, constant, function, or class. Identifiers
must start with a letter or underscore, and they can contain letters, numbers, and underscores.

Some examples of valid identifiers in Python:

Python
my_variable
my_constant
my_function
my_class

content_copy

Some examples of invalid identifiers in Python:

Python
# Starts with a number
1my_variable

# Contains a space
my variable

# Contains a special character

my-variable

Identifiers should be descriptive and easy to read. This will help you to write Python code that
is more readable and maintainable.

Relationship between literals, constants, variables, and identifiers

Literals are the raw values that are assigned to variables and constants. Constants are variables
whose values cannot be changed. Variables are named storage locations for data. Identifiers
are names that are used to identify variables, constants, functions, and classes.

Here is an example of how literals, constants, variables, and identifiers are used together:

Python
# Literal
PI = 3.14

# Constant
radius = 5

# Variable
area = PI * radius ** 2

# Calculate the area of the circle

print(area)

In this example, the literal 3.14 is assigned to the constant PI. The constant PI is used to
calculate the area of the circle in the variable area. The identifier area is used to identify the
variable that stores the area of the circle.

Q.8.Explain following terms with suitable examples. i) comment ii) reserve words

Comment

A comment is a piece of text that is included in a program but is ignored by the compiler or
interpreter. Comments are used to document the program, to explain what the code is doing,
and to make the code more readable.

There are two types of comments in most programming languages: single-line comments and
multi-line comments.

Single-line comments typically start with two forward slashes (//) and continue until the end of
the line. For example:

int main() {
// This is a single-line comment.
return 0;
}

Multi-line comments typically start with a forward slash and an asterisk (/*) and end with an
asterisk and a forward slash (*/). For example:
 int main() {
/* This is a multi-line comment.
It can span multiple lines.
*/
return 0;
}

Comments are not required to compile or run a program, but they are a good practice to use.
Comments can make the program more readable and understandable to other developers, and
they can also help you to understand your own code when you come back to it later.

Reserved words

A reserved word is a word that has a special meaning in a programming language. Reserved
words cannot be used as variable names, function names, or other identifiers.

The specific reserved words vary depending on the programming language, but some common
reserved words include:

 if
 else
 while
 for
 switch
 case
 default
 int
 float
 double
 string
 void

For example, in the following code, the words if, else, int, and void are reserved words:

int main() {
if (true) {
// This code will be executed if the condition is true.
} else {
// This code will be executed if the condition is false.
}

return 0;
}

If you try to use a reserved word as a variable name or function name, the compiler or
interpreter will generate an error.

Reserved words are important because they allow the compiler or interpreter to understand the
structure and meaning of the program.

Q.9 Explain selection/conditional statements in python

Selection statements, also known as conditional statements, allow you to control the flow of
your program based on certain conditions. For example, you can use a selection statement to
execute different code depending on whether a user enters a valid password or not.

1. If
2. If-else
3. If-else ladder
4. Nested if-else

Here is a simple example of an if statement in Python:

Python
if 10 > 5:
print("10 is greater than 5")
else:
print("10 is not greater than 5")

This code will print the message "10 is greater than 5" to the console.

You can also use multiple if statements to create nested conditional statements. This allows
you to control the flow of your program based on multiple conditions.

Here is an example of a nested conditional statement in Python:

Python
if 10 > 5:
if 20 > 10:
print("10 is greater than 5 and 20 is greater than 10")
else:
print("10 is greater than 5, but 20 is not greater than 10")
else:
print("10 is not greater than 5")

This code will print the message "10 is greater than 5 and 20 is greater than 10" to the console.
You can also use the elif statement to create multiple conditional statements. The elif statement
allows you to execute a block of code if a condition is met and all previous conditions have
failed.

Here is an example of an elif statement in Python:

Python
if 10 > 5:
print("10 is greater than 5")
elif 10 == 5:
print("10 is equal to 5")
else:
print("10 is not greater than or equal to 5")

This code will print the message "10 is greater than 5" to the console.

Selection statements are a powerful tool for controlling the flow of your program. By using
selection statements, you can create complex and intelligent programs.

10. what is dictionary? how to add and remove elements in dictionary?

A dictionary is a data structure that stores key-value pairs. The key is a unique identifier for
the value. The value can be any type of data, such as a string, number, list, or another dictionary.

To add an element to a dictionary, you use the [] operator. Inside the brackets, you specify the
key and the value. For example:

Python
my_dict = {}
my_dict["name"] = "Alice"
my_dict["age"] = 25

This code creates a new dictionary and adds two elements to it: the key "name" with the value
"Alice", and the key "age" with the value 25.

To remove an element from a dictionary, you use the del keyword. Inside the parentheses, you
specify the key of the element that you want to remove. For example:

Python
my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
del my_dict["age"]

This code removes the element with the key "age" from the dictionary my_dict.

You can also use the pop() method to remove an element from a dictionary. The pop() method
removes the element with the specified key and returns the value of that element. For example:
Python
my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
age = my_dict.pop("age")

This code removes the element with the key "age" from the dictionary my_dict and assigns the
value of that element to the variable age.

Dictionaries are a powerful data structure that can be used to store and manage data in a variety
of ways. By understanding how to add and remove elements from dictionaries, you can create
more efficient and effective Python programs.

11.differenciate between while & do while

While loop

A while loop is a control flow statement that allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly
as long as a condition is met.

Syntax:

while condition:
# code block

The code block will be executed repeatedly until the condition evaluates to False.

Do-while loop

A do-while loop is a control flow statement that allows you to execute a block of code at least
once, and then repeatedly as long as a condition is met.

Syntax:

do:
# code block
while condition

The code block will be executed at least once, and then repeatedly as long as the condition
evaluates to True.

Difference between while and do-while loops

The main difference between while and do-while loops is that a while loop will only execute
the code block if the condition is met before the first iteration, while a do-while loop will
execute the code block at least once, regardless of the condition.
Here is an example of a while loop:

Python
i=0
while i < 10:
print(i)
i += 1

This code will print the numbers from 0 to 9 to the console.

Here is an example of a do-while loop:

Python
i=0
do:
print(i)
i += 1
while i < 10

This code will also print the numbers from 0 to 9 to the console, even if the condition i < 10 is
not met before the first iteration.

When to use a while loop

Use a while loop when you want to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition
is met. For example, you might use a while loop to read all of the lines from a file, or to process
a list of items until the list is empty.

When to use a do-while loop

Use a do-while loop when you want to execute a block of code at least once, and then repeatedly
as long as a condition is met. For example, you might use a do-while loop to prompt the user
for input until they enter a valid value.

Q.12.what is tuple? how to add and remove elements in dictionary?

A tuple is an immutable sequence of data items, which means that the items in the tuple cannot
be changed. Tuples are similar to lists, but they are immutable, whereas lists are mutable.

Tuples are created using parentheses (()). For example, the following code creates a tuple with
three elements:

Python
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

Once a tuple is created, its elements cannot be changed. For example, the following code will
generate a syntax error:

Python
my_tuple[0] = 4

Tuples are often used to store data that needs to be immutable, such as the coordinates of a
point or the values of a tuple key in a dictionary.

How to add and remove elements in dictionary

Dictionaries are mutable data types, which means that their values can be changed. To add an
element to a dictionary, you use the [] operator and assign a value to the key. For example, the
following code adds a new element to the dictionary my_dictionary:

Python
my_dictionary = {"name": "Alice"}
my_dictionary["age"] = 25

To remove an element from a dictionary, you use the del keyword. For example, the following
code removes the age element from the dictionary my_dictionary:

Python
del my_dictionary["age"]

Here is an example of how to use dictionaries:

Python
my_dictionary = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

# Add a new element to the dictionary

my_dictionary["occupation"] = "Software Engineer"

# Remove an element from the dictionary

del my_dictionary["age"]

# Print the dictionary

print(my_dictionary)

Output:

{'name': 'Alice', 'occupation': 'Software Engineer'}

13.What is a list? explain accessing and removing of elements from list with exaple.

A list in Python is an ordered sequence of data items. Lists are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed. Lists are created using square brackets ([]). For example, the
following code creates a list with three elements:

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

Lists can contain elements of any data type, including integers, floating-point numbers, strings,
characters, and Boolean values. Lists can also contain nested lists.

Accessing elements from a list

To access an element from a list, you use the [] operator and specify the index of the element.
The index of the first element in a list is 0. For example, the following code accesses the first
element of the list my_list:

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

first_element = my_list[0]

print(first_element)
1

You can also use negative indices to access elements from a list. The index of the last element
in a list is -1. For example, the following code accesses the last element of the list my_list:

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

last_element = my_list[-1]

print(last_element)

Output:

Removing elements from a list

To remove an element from a list, you use the remove() or del keyword. The remove() method
removes the first element in the list that matches the specified value. The del keyword removes
the element at the specified index.
For example, the following code removes the first element of the list my_list:

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

my_list.remove(1)

print(my_list)

Output:

[2, 3]

For example, the following code removes the element at index 1 of the list my_list:

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

del my_list[1]

print(my_list)

Output:

[1, 3]

14.Describe the following terms with example: i) break ii) continue iii) pass iv) range

break

The break statement is used to terminate a loop or switch statement. When the break statement
is encountered, the loop or switch statement will immediately exit, and the execution of the
program will continue at the next line of code.

Here is an example of a break statement:

Python
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)

This code will print the numbers from 0 to 4 to the console, and then exit the loop.
continue

The continue statement is used to skip the remaining code in a loop and start the next iteration
of the loop. When the continue statement is encountered, the execution of the loop will continue
at the beginning of the loop.

Here is an example of a continue statement:

Python
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
continue
print(i)

This code will print the numbers from 0 to 4 to the console, and then skip the number 5. The
loop will then start the next iteration, and print the number 6 to the console.

pass

The pass statement is a null statement, which means that it does nothing. The pass statement is
often used as a placeholder for code that will be implemented later.

Here is an example of a pass statement:

Python
def my_function():
pass

This code defines a function called my_function(), but the function does not do anything. The
pass statement is used as a placeholder for the code that will be implemented later.

range

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers. The range() function takes three
arguments: the start value, the end value, and the step value. The start value is the first number
in the sequence. The end value is the last number in the sequence, but it is not included in the
sequence. The step value is the number that is added to each number in the sequence to get the
next number in the sequence.

Here is an example of the range() function:

Python
for i in range(10):
print(i)

This code will print the numbers from 0 to 9 to the console.