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ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, TIRUTTANI - 631209
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

QUESTION BANK

MA3251 STATISTICS & NUMERICAL METHODS

1.TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

PART – A
1. Define Type I Error and Type II Error.
Type I error: Reject H 0 when it is true.
Type II error: Accept H 0 when it is false.
2. What are the parameters and statistics in sampling?
Parameters:  - mean
 - Standard Deviation (S.D)
Statistics: x - mean
s - S.D
3. What is sampling distribution?
From a population a number of samples are drawn of equal size n. Find out the mean of
each sample. The means of samples are not equal. The means with their respective frequencies
are grouped. The frequency distribution so formed is known as sampling distribution.
4. Define small sample.
If the size of the sample is less than 30 then it is called as small sample.
5. Define ‘t’ – test.
X 
To compare mean of sample and population. And t  n
s
6. Define F – test.
S12
F test is applied to compare variances. And F  2
if S12  S 2 2
S2
7. Write the Application or Uses of F test.
i. F test is applied to compare variances.
ii.To test whether if there is any significant differences between two population
variance.
8. Define  2 distribution.
 2 is used to test whether differences between observed and expected frequencies are

significances. And  2

 (O  E ) 2

E
9. Write any Application (or) uses of  2 distribution.
(i) To test “goodness of fit”
(ii) To test “independence of attributes”
(iii) To test homogeneity and population variance
10. Write the condition for the application of  2 test.
(1) The sample observation should be independent.
(2) O   E
i i

(3) N  50
(4) No theoretical cell frequency should be less than 5.
11. Define  2 test of goodness of fit.
Chi square test of goodness of fit is a test to find if the deviation of the experiment from
theory is just by chance or it it is due to the inadequacy of the theory to fit the observed data. By
this test , we test whether difference between observed and expected frequencies are significant
or not.
12. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis.
i. Set up a null hypothesis H 0
ii. Set up the alternative hypothesis H1
iii. Select the appropriate level of significance ( )
13. What are the expected frequencies of 2  2 contingency table?

The Expected frequency

The observed frequency
(a  c)(a  b) (b  d )(a  b)
a b a+b N N

c d c+d (a  c)(c  d ) (b  d )(c  d )

N N
a+c b+d N

14. What is the assumption of t-test?

(i) sample size n<30
(ii) The population S.D is unknown.
15. Give the formula for the  2 test. Of independence for a b
Solution: c d
(a d  bc)2 (a  b c d)
  2

(a  b)(c d)(a  c)(b d)

16. Define the following terms: Statistic, Parameter, Standard error
Solution:
Statistic : Measure describing the characteristic of sample.
Parameter : Values that describe the characteristic of population
Standard error: S.D of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
17. Define: Random Sampling
A method of selecting a sample from a population in which all the items in the
population have an equal chance of being chosen in the sample.
PART-B
 2 -Test:

Type-I

Formula:  2

 (O  E ) 2

1. The following table gives the number of air craft accidents that occurred during the various
days of the week. Test whether the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.

Days Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

No of Accidents 14 18 12 11 15 14
2. 4 coins were tossed 160 times and the following results were obtained:
No. of heads: 0 1 2 3 4
Observed frequencies : 17 52 54 31 6
Under the assumption that the coins are unbiased, find the expected frequencies of
getting 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 heads and test the goodness of fit.

Type-II

(a d  bc)2 (a  b c d)
2 
(a  b)(c d)(a  c)(b d)

3. In an experiment on immunization of cattle from tuberculosis the following research were

obtained Calculated  2 and discuss the effect of vaccine in controlling susceptibility to
tuberculosis.
Affected Not affected
Inoculated 12 26
Not inoculated 16 6

4. 1000 students at college level were graded according to their I.Q. and their economic
conditions What conclusion can you draw from the following data:

I.Q. Level
Economic conditions
High Low
Rich 460 140
Poor 240 160
5. Find if there is any association between extravagance in fathers and extravagance in sons
from the following data. Determine the coefficient of association also.

Extravagant father Miserly father

Extra. Sons 327 741
Miser. Sons 545 234

Type-III

Formula:  2 
 (O  E ) 2

6. Two researchers A and B adopted different techniques while rating the students level.
Can you say that the techniques adopted by the them are significant?
Researcher Below Average Above Genius Total
average average
A 40 33 25 2 100
B 86 60 44 10 200
Total 126 93 69 12 300

7. Test of the fidelity and selectivity of 190 radio receivers produced the
results shown in the following.

Fidelity
Selectivity Low Average High
Low 6 12 32
Average 33 61 18
High 13 15 0
Use the 0.01 level of significance to test whether there is a relationship between fidelity
and selectivity.

8. Two samples of pools of votes for 2 candidates A and B for a public office are taken, one
from among residents of urban areas and the other from residents of rural areas. The results
are given below: Examine whether the nature of the area is related to voting preference in
this election.
Vote for A B Total
Area
Rural 620 380 1000
Urban 550 450 1000
Total 1170 830 2000
F-Test:
S12 n1s12 x 2
x
  x1 
2
S12 
1
F if S12  S2 2 (or ) s12  1
 x1
S2 2 n1  1 n1
n1
x
x x2 
2 2 2
S ns 2
F  22 if S2 2  S12 S2  2 2  
2 2
s2 2
 2
 x2 n2
S1 n2  1 n2

1. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B, recorded the
following increase in weight.
Diet A: 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B: 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Find if the variances are significantly different.

2. Two random samples of sizes 8 and 7 had the following values of the variables.
Sample A 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
Sample B 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
Do the estimates of population variance differ significantly?

3. Two independent samples of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the following
values of the variables. [M/J – 2014]
Sample I: 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
Sample II: 16 19 13 16 18 13 15 - -
Do the estimates of population variance differ significantly at 5% level of significance?

4. Time taken by workers in performing a job are given below: [N/D – 2013]
Type I: 21 17 27 28 24 23 -
Type II: 28 34 43 36 33 35 39.

Test whether there is any difference between the variances of time distribution.

5. Test whether there is any significant difference between the variances of the populations
from which the following samples are taken: [N/D – 2012]
Sample I : 20 16 26 27 23 22
Sample II: 27 33 42 35 32 34 38

6. Test if the difference in the means is significant for the following data: [N/D – 2010]
Sample I: 76 68 70 43 94 68 33
Sample II: 40 48 92 85 70 76 68 22

Test whether the samples have come from the same normal population. [M/J – 2012]

7. Two random samples gave the following results: n1  10;  ( xi  x )2  90 and

 n1  12;  ( yi  y )2  108 Test whether the samples came from the same population.
8. Two random samples gave the following results
Sample Size Sample Sum of squares of
Mean deviations from the mean
I 10 15 90
II 12 14 108
Test whether the samples could have come from the same normal population.
t-Test :
Type-I

Increasing/Decreasing/more
x  One tail test than /Less than condition we
t 1
 s  can apply one tail test
 
 n 1  Two tail test Other than that we can apply
two tail test

1. A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q’s:

70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107,100. Do these data support the assumption of a
population mean I.Q of 100? Find a reasonable range in which most of them I.Q. values
of samples of 10 boys life.

2. The following table gives the length of 12 samples of Egyptian cotton taken from a
consignment 48, 46, 49, 46, 52,45, 43, 47, 47, 46, 45, 50. Test if the mean length of the
consignment can be taken as 46.

3. Given a sample mean of 83, a sample standard deviation of 12.5 and a sample size of
22 test the hypothesis that the value of the population mean is 70 against the
alternative that it is more than 70. Use the 0.025 significance level.
Type-II

x1  x2 Here
t  n s 2  n2 s22 
1 1 S2   1 1 
S2     n1  n2  2 
 n1 n2 

4. Two horses A and B were tested according to the time (in seconds) to run a particular
race with the following results:
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether horse A is running faster than B at 5% level.

5. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B, recorded the
following increase in weight.
Diet A: 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B: 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Does it show superiority of diet A over diet B.

Z-test [large sample] n>30

Type-I
x
Z
s
n
1. A sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4cm and S.D 2.61 cm. Is the sample from a large
population of mean 3.25 cms and standard deviation of 2.61 cms? (Test at 5% level of
significance. The value of z at 5% level is z  1.96
2. A sample of 100 students is taken from is taken a large population. The mean height of the
student in this sample is 160cm. can it be reasonably regarded that in the population the mean
height is 165cm and the S.D is 10cm?

Type-II
x1  x2
Z
 s12 s22 
  
 n1 n2 
1. The means of two large samples of 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches and 68.0 inches
respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same population of standard
deviation 2.5inches?

2. A simple sample of heights of 6400 Englishmen has a mean of 170 inches and a standard
deviation of 6.4 inches ,while a simple sample of 1600 Australians has a mean of 172 inches
and a standard deviation of 6.3 inches. Do the data indicate that Australians are on the average
taller than Englishmen?

3. The Sales Manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in two places A and B
taking 200 samples in each case. The results were the following table. Test Whether the average
sales in the same in the two areas at 5% level.

Place A Place B

Average sales Rs.2000 Rs.1700

S.D Rs.200 Rs.450

 UNIT-II
2.DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Define “Analysis of Variance”
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the separation of variance ascribable to one group of
cause from the variance ascribable to other groups.
2. Write down the assumptions in analysis of variance
 Normality
 Homogeneity
 Independence of error
3. Define “experimental error”
The estimation of the amount of variation due to each of the independent factors
separately and then comparing these estimates due to assignable factors with the estimate
due to the chance factor is known as experimental error or simple error.
4. Explain the term normality
The values in each group are normally distributed.
5. Explain the term Homogeneity
The variance within each group should be equal for all groups. This assumption is needed
in order to combine or pool the variance within the groups into a single within group’s
source of variation.
6. Explain the term Independence of error
It states that the error should be independent for each value.
7. What are the uses of ANOVA?
 To test the homogeneneity of several means.
 The ANOVA technique is now frequently applied in testing the linearity of the fitted
regression line or the significance of the correlation ratio.
8. What do you mean by one way classification in analysis of variance?
In one way classification the dates are classified according to only one criterion of
factors.
9. What do you mean by two way classification in analysis of variance?
In one way classification the dates are classified according to two different criterion of
factors.
10. Define mean sum of squares
Mean sum of squares (M.S.S)the sum of squares divided by its degrees of freedom gives
the corresponding variance or the mean sum of squares.
11. What do you mean by “design of experiment”?
The design of experiment may be defined as the logical construction of the experiment in
which the degree of uncertainly with which the inference is drawn may be well defined.
12. What are the basic principles of the Design of experiment?
 Replication
 Randomisation
 Local control
13. Basic designs of experiments.
1. Completely Randomized Design ( ANOVA one way classification)
2. Randomized Block Design (ANOVA two way classification)
3. Latin Square Design (ANOVA three way classifications)

14. Compare CRD and RBD

CRD RBD
.
To influence one factor To influence Two factor
No restriction further treatments No restriction on treatments replications
- Use only rectangular or Square field

15.Explain LSD
 Latin square design is very popular in agricultural research where it is not
possible to have a large number of subjects.
 Latin square have equal number of rows and columns arranged in a square known
Latin square.

16.What are the merits and demerits of CRD

Merits:
 It has a simple layout.
 The analysis of the design is simple as in one – way classification of analysis of
variance.
 There is complete flexibility in the model as the number of replications is not fixed.
 Analysis can be performed even if some observations are missing.

Demerits:
The experiment error is large as compared to the other design since homogeneity of the
units is ignored.
17.What are merits and demerits of RBD
Merits:
 It has simple layout.
 The design controls the variability in the experimental units and gives the treatments
equivalues to show their effects.
 The analysis of the design is simple and straight forward as in the case of two-way
classification of analysis of variance.
 The analysis is possible even in the case of missing observations.
Demerits:
 The design is not suitable for large number of treatments since in this case the block
size is large and hence homogeneity of units may not be possible.
 If controls the variability in one direction only.
18.What are merits and demerits of LSD
Merits:
 Latin squares design control variability in two direction of the experimental materials.
 The analysis of the design is simple and straight forward and is a three way
classification of analysis of variance.
Demerits:
 The process of randomization is not as simple as in RBD.
 The experimental area should be in the form of square.
 A 2x2 Latin square is not possible.
20. Why a 2x2 Latin square is not possible? Explain
Consider a nxn Latin square design, then the degrees of freedom for SSE is ,
 (n 2  1)  (n  1)  (n  1  (n  1)
 n 2  1  3n  3
 n 2  3n  2
 (n  1)(n  2)
For n=2 d.f of SSE =0 MSE is not defined
Therefore comparisons are not possible. Hence a 2x2 Latin square Design is not
possible.
 21. Define 2 2 factorial design.
A major conceptual advancement in an experimental design is exemplified by
factorial design.The most important of these special cases is that of k factors each at
only two levels.
(i) Temperature (ii) Time or pressure
A complete replicate of such a design requires 2  2,...., 2  2k observation is

called a 2 k factorial design.

22. Construct 4  4 Latin square design.
Each symbol appears one and only once in each row and column.

A B C D
B C D A
C D A B
D A B C
PART – B

Completely Randomized Design (One – Way Classification)

1. The following are the number of mistakes made in 5 successive days by 4 technicians
working for a photographic laboratory test at a level of significance 𝛼 = 0.01. Test whether
the difference among the four sample means can be attributed to chance.
Technician

I II III IV
6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12

10 12 7 8

8 10 15 10

11 14 11 11
2. The three samples given below have been obtained from three normal populations with equal
variances. Test the hypothesis that the population means are equal at 5% level of significance.

1 6 8 5 12 9
Sample 2 5 3 8 7 7
3 10 7 11 10 12
Random Block Design (Two – Way Classification)
1. Analyse the following RBD and find your conclusion. [N / D – 2013]
Treatments
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
𝐵1 12 14 20 22
𝐵2 17 27 19 15
Blocks 𝐵3 15 14 17 12
𝐵4 18 16 22 12
𝐵5 19 15 20 14
2. A set of data involving four “four tropical feed stuffs A, B, C, D” tried on 20 chicks is given
below. All the twenty chicks are treated alike in all respects expect the feeding treatments
and each feeding treatment is given to 5 chicks. Analyze the data. Weight gain of baby chicks
fed on different feeding materials composed of tropical feed stuffs. [A/M–2010]
Total
A 55 49 42 21 52 219
B 61 112 30 89 63 355
C 42 97 81 95 92 407
D 169 137 169 85 154 714
G
Grand Total
=1695

3. Four varieties A, B, C, D of a fertilizer are tested in a RBD with 4 replications. The plot
yields in pounds are as follows:
A 12 D 20 C 16 B 10
D 18 A 14 B 11 C 14
B 12 C 15 D 19 A 13
C 16 B 11 A 15 D 20
Analyze the experimental yield. [A / M – 2012 / 2014]
4. Carry out ANOVA ( Analysis of variance ) for the following. [N / D – 2011]
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers 3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39.
5. The following data represent the number of units of production per day turned out by
different workers using 4 different types of machines. [A / M – 2011 / 2013]
Machine Type
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers 3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
(i) Test whether the mean production is the same for the different machine types.
(ii) Test whether the 5 men differ with mean productivity.
6. The sales of 4 salesmen in 3 seasons are tabulated here. Carry out an analysis of variance.
Salesmen [N / D – 2012]
Seasons A B C D
Summer 36 36 21 35
Winter 28 29 31 32
Monsoon 26 28 29 29
[Refer class work for extra problems]
Latin Square (Three – Way classification)

1. A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varieties in a Latin Square design. The plan
of the experiment and per plot yield is given below: [A / M – 2012]
D 25 B 23 A 20 D 20
A 19 D 19 C 21 B 18
B 19 A 14 D 17 C 20
D 17 C 20 B 21 A 15
Analyze the data.

2. A farmer wishes to test the effect of 4 fertilizers A, B, C, and D on the yield of wheat. The
fertilizers are used in LSD and the result is tabulated here. Perform an analysis of variance.
A 18 C 21 D 25 B 11 [N / D – 2012]
D 22 B 12 A 15 C 19
B 15 A 20 C 23 D 24
C 22 D 21 B 20 A 17
3. Analyse the following of Latin Square experiment. [M / J – 2013]
A 12 D 20 C 16 B 10
D 18 A 14 B 11 C 14
B 12 C 15 D 19 A 13
C 16 B 11 A 15 D 20

4. The following is a Latin Square of a design when 4 varieties of seed are being tested. Set up
the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You can out the suitable charge of
origin and scale. [N / D-2013]

A 110 B 100 C 130 D 120

C 120 D 130 A 110 B 110
D 120 C 100 B 110 A 120
B 100 A 140 D 100 C 120

5. Analyse the variance in the Latin square of yields (in kgs) of paddy where P, Q, R, S denote
the different methods of cultivation: [A / M – 2014]

S 122 P 121 R 123 Q 122

Q 124 R 123 P 122 S 125
P 120 Q 119 S 120 R 121
R 122 S 123 Q 121 P 122
Examine whether different method of cultivation have significantly different yields.

6. In a Latin square experiment given below are the yields in quintals per acre on the paddy
crop carried out for testing the effect of five fertilizers A, B, C, D, and E. Analyse the data
for variations. [A / M – 2011]
B 25 A 18 E 27 D 30 C 27
A 19 D 31 C 29 E 26 B 23
C 28 B 22 D 33 A 18 E 27
E 28 C 26 A 20 B 25 D 33
D 32 E 25 B 23 C 28 A 20

7. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set
up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You may carry out suitable
change of origin and scale. [M / J – 2013]
A 105 B95 C 125 D 115
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115
 UNIT-III
Solutions Of Equation And Eigen Value Problems
PART-A
1. What is the condition of convergence in Successive approximation Method (or) fixed
point method.

Sol. The condition for convergence is that in the neighborhood of the root g ( x)  1
2. If g(x) is continuous in [a,b], then under what conditions has a unique solution in
[a,b]?

Sol. g ( x)  1 for all x in [a,b].

3. Write the sufficient condition for convergence of an iterative method for f(x)=0 written
as x=f(x)

Sol: Sufficient condition for convergence is g ( x)  1

4. How will you find a negative root of a polynomial equation by Iteration method?
Sol. Let f(x) =0 be the polynomial. The negative root of this polynomial
can be obtained by finding the positive root of f(– x) = 0.

5. State the order (rate) of convergence and convergence condition for Newton
Raphsonmethod.
Sol. The order of convergence of Newton Raphson method is 2

(quadratic) and convergence condition is f ( x) f ( x)   f ( x) .

2

6. Give Newton Raphson iterative formula.

Sol.

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  , n  0,1,2,.......
f ( xn )

7. Show that Newton Raphson formula to find a can be expressed in the form

1 a 
xn 1   xn  
2 xn 

Sol. Let x = a  x2  a
  f ( xn )  xn  a, f ( xn )  2 xn
2
( i.e.) f(x) = x2 - a
By Newton Raphson method,
f ( xn ) ( x 2  a) x 2 a 1 a
xn1  xn   xn  n  n   xn  
f ( xn ) 2 xn 2 xn 2 xn 

8. Derive Newton’s algorithm for finding the pth root of a number N.

Sol. Let x = N1/p
 xp  N  xp  N  0
p 1
x p  N  f ( xn )  xn  N , f ( xn )  pxn
p
i.e. f(x) =
By Newton Raphson method,

x N
p
f ( xn )
x n 1  xn   x n  n p 1
f ( x n ) px n
( p  1) x n  N
p

 p 1
.
px n
9. Establish an iteration formula to find the reciprocal of a positive
number N by Newton Raphson method.
Sol. Let x = 1/N
1 1
N   N 0
x x
1 1 1
(i.e.) f ( x)   N  f ( x n )   N , f ( x n )   2
x xn xn
By Newton Raphson method,
1
N
f ( xn ) xn 2 1 
x n 1  xn   xn   x n  x n   N 
f ( x n ) 1  xn 
 2
xn
 x n 2  Nx n .

10. Derive Newton’s formula to find the cube root of a positive number k.
3
Sol. Let x = k

f(x) = x3 – k  f ( xn )  xn  k , f ( xn )  3xn
3 2
 By Newton Raphson method,
f ( xn ) x 3 k
xn1  xn   xn  n 2
f ( xn ) 3xn

2 xn 3  k 1 k 
 2
  2 xn  2  .
3xn 3 xn 

11. What is the criterion for the convergence in Newton-Raphson method?

Sol: (i) f '( x0 ) should not be equal to zero. If f '( x0 )  0 then initial approximation must be
changed.
(ii) For better convergence the product f ( x0 ) f ''( x0 ) should be positive.

12. What is the order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method if the multiplicity of the
root is one.
Sol: Order of convergence of Newton-Raphson method is 2.
13. Compare Gauss Elimination and Gauss Jordan methods for solving
linear systems of the form AX=B.
Sol. In Gauss Elimination method, the coefficient matrix reduced to upper triangular matrix
and we get the solution by back substitution whereas in Gauss Jordan method, the
coefficient matrix reduces to an unit or identity or diagonal matrix and we get the solution
without using back substitution.

14. By Gauss elimination method solve x  y  2 and 2 x  3 y  5.

Sol. The augmented matrix is
1 1 2 
 A, B  2 
 3 5
1 1 2
=   R2  R2  2 R1
0 1 1
By back substitution, x  y  2 ----(1) y 1
(1) becomes, x  1 2
x 1
Hence x = 1, y = 1.

15. State the principle used in Gauss-Jordan method.

Sol. In the equation AX = B, the matrix A is transformed into an diagonal matrix.
16. Give the sufficient condition of convergence of Gauss Seidel method.
Sol. The absolute value of the leading diagonal element is greater than the
sum of the absolute values of the other elements in that row, which is
called diagonally dominant.
17. Write the conditions for convergence in Gauss Seidel iterative
technique. (or) When the method of iteration will be useful?
Sol. The coefficient matrix should be diagonally dominant.
18. Gauss Seidel method always converges – True or False.
Sol. False.
19. Write the first iteration values of x,y,z when the equations
27x+6y-z = 85, 6x+15y+2z = 72, x+y+5z = 110 are solved
by Gauss Seidel method.
Sol. Here the coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant. Then
1 1
x 85  6 y  z  .....(1) , y  72  6 x  2 z  ……(2)
27 15
1
z 110  x  y  ……..(3)
5
First Iteration
Put y = 0, z = 0 in (1), we get x = 3.148 Put x = 3.148, z = 0 in (2), we get y = 3.451
Put x = 3.148, y = 3.451 in (3), we get z = 20.662
20. Distinguish between direct and iteration method of solving
simultaneous equations.
Sol. Direct method Iterative method
i) We get exact solution i) Approximate solution
ii) Simple, take less time ii) Time consuming laborious.
21. Solve 3x+y = 2, x+3y = -2 by Gauss Seidel iteration method.
Sol. In sixth iteration, we get x = 1, y = -1.
1 2
22. Find the dominant eigen value of A =   by power method.
3 4
Sol. Dominant eigen value = 5.3722
23. State fixed point theorem and fixed point iteration formula.
Sol. Any function f(x) = 0 is expressed as the fixed point equation x =  (x)
whose root is given be the point of intersection of the curves y = x and
y   ( x) .Fixed point iteration formula is xi 1   ( xi ) , i  0,1,2,.........
24. Compare Gauss Elimination with Gauss Seidel method.
Sol:
Gauss Elimination Gauss Seidel

Direct method Indirect method

Used to find inverse of the matrix Used to solve system of equations

also only
Diagonally dominant condition Diagonally dominant condition is
is not insisted insisted

1 2
25. Find inverse of A =   by Gauss Jordan method.
3 4
1 2 1 0
   
Sol. AI = 3 4 0 1
1 3  1 0 1 0  7  3
     
= 0 1  2 1 = 0 1  2 1 
 7  3
Hence A-1 =  
 2 1 
 PART – B
Newton – Raphson method:

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  , n  0,1,2,.......
f ( xn )

1. Solve the equation 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 1.2 using N – R method

2. Find the real positive root for the equation 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 by N – R method correct to 6
decimal places.
3. Show that the N.R formula to find a can be expressed in the form
1 a
xn1   xn   , n  0,1, 2,...
2 xn 
1
4. Find the iterative formula for finding the value of where N is real numbers, using
N
1
Newton-Raphson method. Hence evaluate correct to 4 decimal places.
26
5. Using Newton – Raphson method, solve 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 12.34 taking the initial value 𝑥10 as 10

Fixed point Iteration method:

Let f ( x)  0
 x  g ( x)
g '( x)  1

6. Find a real root of the equation x3  x 2  100  0 by iteration method

7. Find the real positive root for the equation 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 by fixed iteration method correct
to 5 decimal places.
8. Solve: e x  3 x  0 by fixed iteration method

Gauss elimination method:

9. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss elimination method:

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10; 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13.
10. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss elimination method:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 18; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 16.
11. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss elimination method:
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 18; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 13; 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 20.
12. Solve the following equation by Gauss elimination method 5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 4
𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 12; 𝑥1 + 7𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 12𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 5.
13. Solve the following equation by Gauss elimination method 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 2;
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = −5; 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = 7; 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 = 5.
14. Solve the following equation by Gauss elimination method
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 40.
Gauss – Jordan method:
15. Using Gauss – Jordan, solve the following system 10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12; 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13;
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 7.
16. Using Gauss – Jordan, solve the following system 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 18;
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 19.
17. Using Gauss – Jordan, solve the following system 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 18; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 13;
5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 20.
18. Using Gauss – Jordan, solve the following system 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 1;
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 𝑤 = −5; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑤 = 7; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 2𝑤 = 5.

Gauss Jacobi method & Gauss Seidal method:

19. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss Jacobi and Gauss – seidal method
27𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 𝑧 = 85; 6𝑥 + 15𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 72; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 54𝑧 = 110.
20. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss – seidal method
20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17; 3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25.
21. Solve the following set of equations using Gauss – Seidal iterative procedure
−10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4; 𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 18; 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 45.
22. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss – seidal method
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 54𝑧 = 110; 27𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 𝑧 = 85; 6𝑥 + 15𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 72.
23. Solve 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10; 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −1 using Gauss – seidal method.

24. Solve by Gauss – seidal method 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 35; 8𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 20; 4𝑥 + 11𝑦 − 3

25. Solve by Gauss – Seidal method

28𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 32; 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 24; 2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 35.
26. Solve by Gauss – Jacobi method
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25; 20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17; 3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18.

POWER METHOD
1 −3 2
27. Find the numerically largest eigenvalue of 𝐴 = (4 4 −1) by power method.
6 3 5

5 0 1
28. Using power method, find all the eigenvalues of 𝐴 = (0 −2 0).
1 0 5
29. Determine the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of the matrix
1 6 1
𝐴 = (1 2 0) with the initial vector 𝑋 0 = [1, 1, 1]𝑇 .
0 0 3
 25 1 2
30. Find the numerically largest eigenvalue of 𝐴 = 1 3 0 ) and the corresponding
(
2 0 −4
eigenvector.
1 3 −1
31. Find the dominant eigenvalue of 3 2 4 ) by power method.
(
−1 4 10

2 −1 0
32. Find the largest eigenvalue of the matrix (−1 2 0) by power method. Also find its
0 −1 0
corresponding eigenvector.

Eigen value of a matrix by Jacobi method for Symmetric matrix

Rotation matrix(P)
 cos   sin   1  2a 
For 2x2 P  &   tan 1  12

 sin  cos   2 
 11 a22 
a

 cos  0  sin  
  1  2a13 
For 3x3 P 0 1 0  &   tan 1  
 sin   2  a11  a33 
 0 cos  

4 1
33. Using Jacobi method find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A   
1 4
 6 3
34. Using Jacobi method find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A   
 3 4 

5 0 1 
35. Using Jacobi method find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A  0 2 0 
1 0 5 
 2 0 1
36. Using Jacobi method find the eigen values and eigen vectors of A   0 2 0 
 1 0 2 
 UNIT-IV

Interpolation, Numerical Differentiation & Numerical Integration

PART-A
1. Define interpolation and extrapolation?

Sol. The process of computing the value of a function inside the given range is called
interpolation. The process of computing the value of a function outside the given range is called
extrapolation.

2. What advantage has Lagrange’s formula over Newton?

Sol.

Newton’s formula can be used only when the values of the independent variable x are
equally spaced. But Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used whether the values of the
independent variable x are equally spaced or not. Lagrange’s formula can be used for inverse
interpolation also, while Newton’s formula cannot be used.

3. State Lagrange’s interpolation formula.

Sol.
( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n )
y  f ( x)  y0
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )( x0  x3 ).......( x0  x n )
( x  x0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n )
 y1
( x1  x0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x3 ).......( x1  x n )

( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n )
 y2
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x3 ).......( x 2  x n )
+,…………..+
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n1 )
 yn
( x n  x0 )( x n  x1 )( x n  x 2 )( x n  x3 ).......( x n  x n1 )
6. What is the disadvantage in practice in applying Lagrange’s interpolation formula?
Sol.
It requires close attention to sign and there is always a chance of committing some
error due to a number of positive and negative signs in the numerator and denominator.
 7. What is inverse interpolation?
Sol.
It is the process of finding the values of x corresponding to a value of y, not present in the
table.

8. What is the Lagrange’s formula to find y if three sets of values (x0,y0), (x1,y1), (x2,y2)
are given?
( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
Sol.
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 y2 .
( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )
9. Write the Lagrange’s formula for inverse interpolation.

( y  y1 )( y  y 2 )( y  y 3 ).......( y  y n )
Sol. x  f ( y)  x0
( y 0  y1 )( y 0  y 2 )( y 0  y 3 ).......( y 0  y n )

( y  y0 )( y  y2 )( y  y3 ).......( y  yn )
x1
+
( y1  y0 )( y1  y2 )( y1  y3 ).......( y1  yn )

( y  y0 )( y  y1 )( y  y3 ).......( y  yn )
x2
+
( y2  y0 )( y2  y1 )( y2  y3 ).......( y2  yn )
+,…………………+
( y  y0 )( y  y1 )( y  y2 ).......( y  yn 1 )
 xn
( yn  y0 )( yn  y1 )( yn  y2 ).......( yn  yn 1 )
10. State Newton’s divided difference formula.

Sol.
y  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) 2 y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) 3 y0 +,…

11. Use Lagrange’s formula to find the quadratic polynomial that takes these values

x : 0 1 3

y : 0 1 0 Then find y(2).

Sol.
 By Lagrange’s formula

( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )

( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 y2
( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )

( x  1)( x  3) ( x  0)( x  3) ( x  0)( x  1)

y  f ( x)  .0  .1  .0
(0  1)(0  3) (1  0)(1  3) (3  0)(3  1)

x 2  3x
y(x) =
2
Hence y(2) = 1.

12. State Newton’s formula on interpolation. When it is used?

Sol. Newton’s forward interpolation formula is,

u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y0  u y0   y0   y0 ,........
2! 3!
x  x0
where u
h
This formula is used mainly for interpolating the values of y
near the beginning of a set of tabular values.
Newton’s backward interpolation formula is,
v(v  1) 2 v(v  1)(v  2) 3
y  yn  vyn   yn   yn ,.......
2! 3!
x  xn
where u 
h
This formula is used mainly for interpolating the values of y near the end of a set of tabular
values.
13. Using Newton’s forward and backward difference formula, write the formula
for the first and second derivative at the starting value x = x0 and at the end value x = xn
upto the fourth order difference term?

Sol.
  dy  1 1 1 1 
   y0  2 y0  3 y0  4 y0  .............
 dx  x  x0 h  2 3 4 
 d2y  1  2 11 4 
 2   2 
 0 y  3
y0   y0  .......... .............
 dx  x  x0 h  12 

 dy  1 1 1 1 
   yn   2 yn  3 yn   4 yn  .............
 dx  x  x n h  2 3 4 
 d2y  1  2 11 4 
 2   2  y n   3
y n   yn  .......................
 dx  x  x n h  12 

14. Obtain the interpolation quadratic polynomial for the given data by

using Newton forward difference formula

X: 0 2 4 6

Y : -3 5 21 45

Sol. The difference table is

x y = f(x) y 2 y 3 y

0 -3

8 8

2 5 0

16 8

4 21

24

6 45

Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y 0  uy 0   y0   y 0  ............
2! 3!
 x  x0 x  0 x
where u  
h 2 2
( x / 2)( x / 2  1)
y  3  ( x / 2)(8)  (8)  0
2!
y  3  4 x  x( x  2)
y = x2 + 2x – 3.


15. Using Trapezoidal rule evaluate  sin xdx

0
by dividing the range into 6

equal parts.

 0 
Sol. h 
6 6

When h = , the values of y = sinx are
6
 2 3 4 5
x: 0 
6 6 6 6 6
y=sinx: 0 0.5 0.8660 1 0.8660 0.5 0
Trapezoidal rule is


 sin xdx 
h
( y0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  y3  ......... y n1 
0
2

 (0  0)  2(0.5  0.8660  1  0.8660  0.5)
6(2)
 0.9770
6

16. Write down the Trapezoidal rule to evaluate  f ( x)dx

1
with h = 0.5

Sol. Trapezoidal rule is

h
( y0  yn )  2( y1  y2  y3  ......... yn 1 
6


1
f ( x) dx =
2


0.5
( y0  y10 )  2( y1  y2  y3  ........ y9 )
2
17. Why is Trapezoidal rule so called?
Sol. The Trapezoidal rule is so called, because it approximates the integral by the sum
of n trapezoids.
18. How the accuracy can be increased in Trapezoidal rule of evaluating a given
definite integral?

Sol. If the number of points of the base segment b-a, ( the range of integration) is
increased, a better approximation to the area given by the definite integral will be
obtained.

19. In deriving the Trapezoidal formula, the arc of the curve y = f(x) over each sub
interval is replaced by its ______

Sol. chord.

20. When does Simpson’s rule or Simpson’s one-third rule give exact result?

Sol. Simpson’s rule will give exact result, if the entire curve y = f(x) is itself a parabola.

21. What are the truncation errors in Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules of
numerical integration?

h3
Sol. Error in the Trapezoidal rule is  f ( ) .
12
Error in the Trapezoidal rule is of the order h2.
h5
Error in the Simpson’s one-third rule is  f IV
( ) .
90
Error in the Simpson’s one-third rule is of the order h4.
3h 5
Error in the Simpson’s three eighth rule is  f IV
( ) .
80
Error in the Simpson’s three eighth rule is of the order h4.
22. Write the Simpson’s 1/3 rule formula.
Sol
Simpson’s 1/3 rule is
xn
h
x f ( x)dx  3  y0  yn   4  y1  y3  y5 ,....  2  y2  y4  y6 ,....
0

23. What is the condition for Simpson’s 3/8 rule and state the formula.
Sol. The condition for Simpson’s 3/8 rule is the number of sub-intervals
should be a multiple of 3.
Simpson’s 3/8 rule is
xn

 f ( x)dx  8 ( y
3h
0  yn )  3( y1  y2  y4  y5  y7  .........)
x0

 2( y3  y6  y9  ....................) 
 xn

24. To evaluate  ydx by Simpson’s1/3

x0
rd
rule as well as by Simpson’s 3/8th

rule, what is the restriction on the number of intervals?

Sol. The number of intervals should be a multiple of 6.

PART-B
Lagrange’s interpolation formula
1. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula, find 𝑦(10) from the following table. [A / M – 2011]
x: 5 6 9 11
y: 12 13 14 16
2. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the value of 𝑓(3), from the following table: [M / J –
2012]

x: 0 1 2 5
f(x): 2 3 12 147
3. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the value of 𝑓(3), from the following table:
x: 0 1 2 3 [N / D – 2013]
f(x): 2 3 12 147
4. Using Lagrange’s formula to fit a polynomial to the following data hence find 𝑦(𝑥 = 1).
x: -1 0 2 3 [N / D – 2010]
f(x): -8 3 1 12
5. Find polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) by using Lagrange’s formula and hence find 𝑓(4) for
x: 1 3 5 7 [M / J – 2014]
f(x): 24 120 336 720.

Newton divided difference formula

6. Use Newton divided difference formula to calculate 𝑓(3), 𝑓 ′ (3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′′ (3) from the
following table: [A / M – 2010]
x: 0 1 2 4 5 6
f(x): 1 14 15 5 6 19
7. Using Newton’s divided difference formula, find the values of 𝑓(2), 𝑓(8)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(15) given
the following table: [A / M – 2011,2013 & N/D – 2013]
x: 4 5 7 10 11 13
f(x): 48 100 294 900 1210 2028.
8. Find the cubic polynomial 𝑦(𝑥) for [N/D – 2012]
x: -1 0 2 3
y(x): -8 3 1 12.

Newton’s forward and backward difference interpolation:-

1. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, find the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) satisfying the
following data. Hence evaluate 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 5. [M / J – 2012]
x: 4 6 8 10
f(x): 1 3 8 16.
2. Construct Newton’s forward interpolation polynomial for the following data:
[M / J – 2014]
x: 1 2 3 4 5
f(x): 1 -1 1 -1 1 and hence find 𝑓(3.5), 𝑓 ′ (3.5).
3. Find 𝒚(𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟔) from the following table: [N/D – 2010]
x: 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
f(x): 20 24 29 36 46 51.

4. From the following table of half – yearly premium for polices maturing at different ages
estimate the premium for policies maturing at age 46 and 63. [A/M – 2011]
Age x: 45 50 55 60 65
Premium y: 114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.48

5. Find 𝑦(22), given that [N/D – 2012]

x: 20 25 30 35 40 45
y(x): 354 332 291 260 231 204.

Approximation of derivatives using interpolation:-

1. Compute 𝑓 ′ (0) and 𝑓"(4) from the following data: [N/D – 2012]
x: 0 1 2 3 4
f(x): 1 2.718 7.381 20.086 54.598.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
2. From the following table of values of x and y, obtain 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2 for 𝑥 = 1.2. [A/M – 2010]

x: 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

f(x): 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.2891 9.0250.

3. The population of a certain town is given below. Find the rate of growth of the population in
1931, 1941, 1961 and 1971.
[M/J – 2013]
Year x: 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971
Population in thousands y: 40.62 60.80 79.95 103.56 132.65.

4. Find 𝑦 ′ (1), if [N/D – 2012]

x: 0 2 3 4 7 9
y(x): 4 26 58 112 466 922
Numerical integration using Trapezoidal & Simpson’s Rule:-
1 𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate ∫0 by using Simpson’s one – third rule and hence deduce the value of log 𝑒 2.
1+𝑥

𝜋
2. Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥, by trapezoidal and Simpson’s one – third rules by dividing the range
into 10 equal parts. Verify your answer with integration. [N/D – 2012 ,M/J – 2014]
2 𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2+𝑥+1 to three decimals, dividing the range of integration into 8 equal parts
using Simpson’s rule. [M/J – 2012]
4. The table below gives the velocity V of a moving particle at time t seconds. Find the distance
covered by the particle in 12 seconds and also the acceleration at t=2 seconds, using
Simpson’s rule.

t: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
V: 4 6 16 34 60 94 136.
5. The velocity v of a particle at a distance s from a point on its path is given as follows:
s in meter: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v m/sec : 47 58 64 65 61 52 38.
Estimate the time taken to travel 60 meters by using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule.
[M/J – 2014]
6 𝑑𝑥
6. Evaluate ∫0 using Trapezoidal rule. Verify the answer with direct integration.
1+𝑥 2
1 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
7. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 1+𝑥+𝑦 using Trapezoidal rule. [N/D – 2013]

9. A rocket is launched from the ground. Its acceleration is registered during the first 80 seconds
and is in the table below. Using trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s one – third rule, find the velocity
of the rocket at t=80 sec. [A/M – 2010]
𝑡(sec) : 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
𝑡(𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐) : 3 31.63 33.34 35.47 37.75 40.33 43.25 46.69 40.67.
 UNIT-V

Numerical Solution of ordinary differential equations

Taylor’s series
h h2 h3
y ( x)  y0  y0  y0  y0,.....
1! 2! 3!
Euler method
yn 1  yn  h  f ( xn , yn )  , n  0,1, 2,....

Modified Euler’s method

yn 1  yn 
h
2
 f ( x0 , y0 )  f  x0  h, y0  hf ( x0 , y0  
Runge kutta method (R-K Method
2nd order R-K method 3rd order R-K method 4th order R-K method

k1  hf ( x , y ) k1  hf ( x , y ) k1  hf ( x , y )
 h k   h k1   h k 
k2  hf  x  , y  1  k2  hf  x  , y   k2  hf  x  , y  1 
 2 2  2 2  2 2
k3  hf  x  h, y  2k2  k1   h k 
k3  hf  x  , y  2 
1  2 2
y  [k1  4k2  k3 ]
6 k4  hf  x  h, y  k3 
1
y  [k1  2k2  2k3  k4 ]
6

y1  y0  y

Milne’s predictor and corrector formula.

4h    
y n 1, p  y n 3  2 y n  2  y n 1  2 y n 
3  
  
  y n 1  4 y n  y n 1 
h
y n 1,c  y n 1
3  
Adam-Bashforth predictor and corrector formula.

h     
yn 1, p  yn  55 yn  59 yn 1  37 yn  2  9 yn  3 
24  
h     
yn 1, c  yn  9 yn 1  19 yn  5 yn 1  yn  2 
24  
PART – A
1. What are the merits and demerits of the Taylor method of solution.

Sol.

Taylor method is very powerful if we can calculate the successive derivative of y in an easy
manner. If there is a simple expression for the higher derivatives in terms of the previous
derivatives of y, Taylor’s method will work very well. But in the differential equation
dy
 f ( x, y ) , the function f(x,y) may have a complicated algebraically structure. Then the
dx
evaluation of higher order derivatives may become tedious. This is the demerit of this method.

2. Taylor series method will be very useful to give some _____ for powerful numerical
methods such as Runge kutta method, Milne’s method, etc.

Sol. Initial starting values.

3. The use of Taylor series to solve numerically, differential equations is restricted by the
labour involved in the determination of _________.

Sol. Higher order derivatives.

dy
4. Solve the differential equation  x  y  xy , y(0) = 1 by Taylor series
dx
method to get the value of y at x = h.
Sol. Given

y  x  y  xy
x0  0, y0  1
 
y  x  y  xy y0  0  1  0  1
y  1  y  xy  y 
y0  1  1  0  1  3
y  y  xy  y  y y0 ' ' '  3  1  0  1  5
y  y  2 y  xy  y y0 ' ' ' '  5  6  0  3  14
Taylor’s series is

( x  x0 ) 2 ( x  x0 ) 3
y( x)  y0  ( x  x0 ) y0  y0  y0
2! 3!
( x  x0 )4 iv
 y  .......
4!

(h  0) 2 (h  0) 3
y(h)  1  (h  0)(1)  (3)  (5)
2 6
(h  0) 4
 (14)  .......
24
3 5 7
y (h)  1  h  h 2  h3  h 4  ...................
2 6 12
5. State the disadvantage of Taylor series method?
Sol. The disadvantage of Taylor series method is the evaluation of higher order
derivative which may become tedious for the function which have a complicated
algebraical structure.

6. Name the method which is Taylor’s method of first order.

Sol. Euler’s method.

7. Taylor series and Runge kutta method are single step methods while

________ and ________ are multistep methods.

Sol. Milne’s predictor and corrector method and Adam-Bashforth predictor and corrector
method.

8. Which formula is a particular case of Runge kutta formula of the second order.

Sol. Euler’s modified formula.

9. In Euler’s method, if h is small, the method is too slow and if h is large, it gives
inaccurate value. Say True or False.
Sol. True.

10.The modified Euler method is based on the average of ______

Sol. Points

11.In Euler’s method, if h is small, the method is too slow and if h is large, it gives
inaccurate value. Say True or False.
Sol. True.

dy
12.Using modified Euler’s method, find y(0.1) if  x 2  y 2 , y ( 0)  1 .
dx
Sol. Given f(x,y) = x2 + y2 , x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1

y1  y 0 
h
 f ( x0 , y 0 )  f x0  h, y 0  hf ( x0 , y 0  
2
f ( x0 , y 0 )  x0  y 0  0  1  1
2 2

y1  1 
0.1
1  f 0  0.1,1  0.1(1) 
2
y1  1 
0.1
1  f 0.1,1.1 
2
y1  1 
0.1
1  1.22
2
y1  1.111
13.Write down the formula to solve second order differential equation using Runge kutta
method of 4th order.
Sol. The second order differential equation is

d2y dy
 g ( x , y , )
dx 2 dx
dy
put  z.        (1)
dx
dz
then  g ( x, y, z )      (2)
dx
Equation (1) and (2) can be solved using the formula
 k1  hf ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 h k l 
k2  hf  x0  , y0  1 , z0  1 
 2 2 2
 h k l 
k3  hf  x0  , y0  2 , z0  2 
 2 2 2
k4  hf x0  h, y0  k3 , z0  l3 

y 
1
k1  2k2  2k3  k4 
6
y1  y0  y

l1  hg ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 h k l 
l2  hg  x0  , y0  1 , z0  1 
 2 2 2
 h k l 
l3  hg  x0  , y0  2 , z0  2 
 2 2 2
l4  hg x0  h, y0  k3 , z0  l3 

z 
1
k1  2k2  2k3  k4 
6
z1  z0  z
Similarly we can find the next increments by replacing

x0,y0,z0 and x1,y1,z1 and so on.

14. What do you mean by total error in error analysis?

Sol. The difference between the computed value yi and the true value y(xi) at

any stage is known as the total error. It is comprised of truncation error

and round off error.

15. Compare Taylor series and Runge kutta method.
Sol.

1. The use of Runge kutta method gives quick convergence to the solutions of the
differential equation than Taylor’s series method.

2. In Runge kutta method, the derivatives of higher order are not required for calculation
as in Taylor’s series method.

16. Write the formula to find k2, k4 in Runge kutta method of fourth order.
Sol.
 h k 
k2  hf  x0  , y0  1 
 2 2
k4  hf x0  h, y0  k3 

17. Write down the error in Milne’s method.

14h5 5
Sol. The truncation error in Milne’s predictor formula is y ( )
45

 h5 5
The truncation error in Milne’s corrector formula is y ( )
90
18. Write down the error in Adam-Bashforth’s method.

251h 5 5
Sol. The truncation error in Adam’s predictor formula is y ( )
720

 19h 5 5
The truncation error in Adam’s corrector formula is y ( )
720

19. Write down Adam-Bashforth predictor and corrector formula.

Sol.

h     
yn 1, p  yn  55 yn  59 yn 1  37 yn  2  9 yn  3 
24  
h     
yn 1, c  yn  9 yn 1  19 yn  5 yn 1  yn  2 
24  
20. Write down Milne’s predictor and corrector formula.
Sol.
4h    
y n 1, p  y n 3  2 y n  2  y n 1  2 y n 
3  
  
  y n 1  4 y n  y n 1 
h
y n 1,c  y n 1
3  
21. Compare the Milne’s predictor – corrector and Adam-Bashforth predictor – corrector

methods for solving ordinary differential equations.

Sol. For both the method, we require four prior values of y.If the prior values are not
given , we can find them by using Taylor’s series method or Euler’s method or Runge
kutta methods.

22.Mention the multistep methods available for solving ordinary differential equation
Sol. i) Milne’s predictor - corrector method
ii) Adam’s Bashforth predictor – corrector method.

PART-B
Taylor’s series, Euler’s and Modified Euler’s method:-
1. Apply Taylor series method to find and approximate value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0.1, 0.2 given that
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 1. [M/J – 2014]
𝑑𝑥
2. Given 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦(0.1) = 0.9052, 𝑦(0.2) = 0.8213, find 𝑦(0.3) using
Taylor’s series method. [N/D – 2013]
3. Using Taylor series method, compute 𝑦(0.2) and 𝑦(0.4) correct to 4 decimal places given
𝑑𝑦
= 1 − 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑦(0) = 0, by taking ℎ = 0.2. [A/M – 2011]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. By Taylor series method find 𝑦(0.1), 𝑦(0.2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0.3) if = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑥
[N/D – 2012]
𝑑𝑦
5. Given 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 2, where 𝑥 = 0, find 𝑦(0.2), 𝑦(0.4) and 𝑦(0.6), using Taylor series
method. [A/M – 2010]
′ 2 2
6. Use Euler’s method, with ℎ = 0.1 to find the solution of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 with 𝑦(0) = 0 in 0 ≤
𝑥 ≤ 5. [N/D – 2010]
𝑑𝑦
7. Consider the initial value problem 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑦(0) = 0.5. Using the modified Euler
method find 𝑦(0.2). [M/J – 2012]
𝑑𝑦
8. By modified Euler method, find 𝑦(0.1), 𝑦(0.2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0.3) if 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 1.
[N/D – 2012]
9. Using modified Euler method, find 𝑦(0.1), 𝑦(0.2) given
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑦(0) = 1. [A/M – 2011]
 𝑑𝑦
10. Solve by Euler’s method, the equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 0 choose ℎ = 0.2 and compute
𝑦(0.4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0.6). [N/D – 2013]
Fourth Order Runge- Kutta Method Milne’s & Adam’s predictor corrector:
11. Using R-K method of fourth order to find y(0.1) and y(0.2) for the initial value problem
dy
 x  y 2 , y (0)  1
dx
dy y 2  x 2
12. Using R-K method of fourth order to solve  , y(0)  1 at x=0.2
dx y 2  x 2
13. Using R-K method of fourth order to find y(0.2) and y(0.4)given that
dy
y  y 2  x , y (0)  2 by taking h=0.2
dx
14. Using R-K method of fourth order to find y(0.1) and y(0.2) for the initial value problem
dy
 x 2  y 2 , y (0)  1
dx
15. Find y(0.7) & y(0.8) given that y '  y  x 2 , y(0.6)  1.7379 by using R-K method of fourth
order take h=0.1
dy
16. Given  x 3  y , y ( 0)  2
dx
i) Compute y(0.2), y(0.4) and y(0.6) by R-K method of 4th order.
ii) Hence find y(0.8) by Milne’s predictor corrector method taking h =0.2
17. Solve y   x  y ,0  x  1 , y(0) = 0, y(0.2) = 0.02, y(0.4) = 0.0795,
2

y(0.6) = 0.1762 by Milne’s method to find y(0.8) and y(1).

dy
18. Given  x 2 (1  y ) , y(1) = 1, y(1.1) = 1.233, y(1.2) = 1.548,
dx
y(1.3) = 1.979, evaluate y(1.4) by Adam-Bashforth method.
19. Using R-K method of fourth order to find y(0.1) ,y(0.2),y(0.3) for the initial
dy
value problem  xy  y 2 , y (0)  1 and also find y(0.4) by milne method.
dx

20.Given y   x ( x  y ) e , y (0)  1 find y at x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 by

2 2 x

Taylor’s series method and compute y(0.4) by Milne’s method.

dy
21. Consider the initial value problem  y  x 2  1, y (0)  0.5
dx
i) Using the modified Euler method find y(0.2)
ii) Using 4th order R-K method, find y(0.4) and y(0.6)
iii) Using Adam-Bashforth predictor corrector method, find y(0.8)