Lecture 36: §15.4 Line integrals; §16.

3
Green’s Theorem

Dr Leo Butler

10 April 2024
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
Theorem
The line integral is well-defined: it is independent of choice of
parameterization (that preserves orientation).
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
Theorem
The line integral is well-defined: it is independent of choice of
parameterization (that preserves orientation).
Example
Compute the line integral.
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
Theorem
The line integral is well-defined: it is independent of choice of
parameterization (that preserves orientation).
Example
Compute the line integral.
1 𝐅 = (𝑦, −𝑥) and 𝐶 is the unit circle, oriented
counterclockwise.
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
Theorem
The line integral is well-defined: it is independent of choice of
parameterization (that preserves orientation).
Example
Compute the line integral.
1 𝐅 = (𝑦, −𝑥) and 𝐶 is the unit circle, oriented
counterclockwise.
2 𝐅 = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑥𝑧𝐤 along the intersection of 𝑧 = 𝑦 with
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 from (1, 0, 0) to (0, 1, 1).
 Line integrals of vector fields
Definition
The line integral of the vector field 𝐅 along the oriented,
piece-wise regular curve 𝐶 is:
𝑏
∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∫ 𝐅(𝐫(𝑡)) • 𝐫′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
𝐶 𝑎

where 𝐫 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝐶 is a parameterization that preserves

orientation.
Theorem
The line integral is well-defined: it is independent of choice of
parameterization (that preserves orientation).
Example
Compute the line integral.
1 𝐅 = (𝑦, −𝑥) and 𝐶 is the unit circle, oriented
counterclockwise.
2 𝐅 = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑥𝑧𝐤 along the intersection of 𝑧 = 𝑦 with
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 from (1, 0, 0) to (0, 1, 1).
3 𝐅 = ∇𝑓 and 𝐶 is a path from 𝐴 to 𝐵.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
1 𝐑𝑛 .
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
1 𝐑𝑛 .
2 𝐑𝑛 ∖ {0}.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
1 𝐑𝑛 .
2 𝐑𝑛 ∖ {0}.
3 The unit disk.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
1 𝐑𝑛 .
2 𝐑𝑛 ∖ {0}.
3 The unit disk.
4 The plane less all integer points.
 Path independence
Theorem
Let 𝐷 be a connected domain. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑𝑛 is
conservative iff, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐷, the line integral ∫ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 is
𝐶
independent of the curve 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 joining 𝑝 to 𝑞.
Definition
A region 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑𝑛 is simply connected if it is connected and
every closed, continuous curve in 𝐷 can be continuously deformed
to a point.
Example
Which of the following are simply connected domains?
1 𝐑𝑛 .
2 𝐑𝑛 ∖ {0}.
3 The unit disk.
4 The plane less all integer points.

Theorem
Let 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑3 be simply connected. A vector field 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑3 is
conservative iff curl(𝐅) = 0.
 §16.3 Green’s Theorem

Theorem
Let 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑2 be a domain with a boundary 𝐶 consisting of finitely
many piece-wise differentiable closed curves. Then

𝜕 𝐅2 𝜕 𝐅1
∮ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,
𝐶 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

where 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑2 is a continuously differentiable vector field and

𝐶 is positively-oriented.
 §16.3 Green’s Theorem

Theorem
Let 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑2 be a domain with a boundary 𝐶 consisting of finitely
many piece-wise differentiable closed curves. Then

𝜕 𝐅2 𝜕 𝐅1
∮ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,
𝐶 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

where 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑2 is a continuously differentiable vector field and

𝐶 is positively-oriented.

Example
 §16.3 Green’s Theorem

Theorem
Let 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑2 be a domain with a boundary 𝐶 consisting of finitely
many piece-wise differentiable closed curves. Then

𝜕 𝐅2 𝜕 𝐅1
∮ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,
𝐶 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

where 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑2 is a continuously differentiable vector field and

𝐶 is positively-oriented.

Example
1 Compute ∮ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the unit circle centred at 0,
𝐶
oriented counter-clockwise.
 §16.3 Green’s Theorem

Theorem
Let 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐑2 be a domain with a boundary 𝐶 consisting of finitely
many piece-wise differentiable closed curves. Then

𝜕 𝐅2 𝜕 𝐅1
∮ 𝐅 • 𝑑𝐬 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,
𝐶 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

where 𝐅 ∶ 𝐷 → 𝐑2 is a continuously differentiable vector field and

𝐶 is positively-oriented.

Example
1 Compute ∮ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the unit circle centred at 0,
𝐶
oriented counter-clockwise.
2 Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑦3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦3 + 𝑥3 ) 𝑑𝑦 around the quarter
𝐶
circle centred at 0 of radius 𝑎 in first quadrant