MOPHYTECH

COM 223 Past Question and Assignments

la. State Ohm's laws.

b. Distinguished between IDC and AC circuits

c. List and explain three (3) main basic concepts in electricity

2a. Define the following (i) Resistivity (ii) Resistance

b. Derive the mathematical equation of resistivity

c State any two (2) funtions of operating system

3a. Explain what you understand by any four (4) of the following (i) BIOs (ii) POST (iii) IC
(v) Diode (v) capacitor (vi) parallel port (vii) CPU (vii) capacitance

b. Mention any four (4) uses of diodes

4a. Write short notes on the following: (i) Conductor (ii) Insulators (iii) Semi conductors

(iv) conductivity

b. Highlight any two (2) modes in which a transistor can operate

5a. State Kirchhoff laws

b. A two branch parallel circuit contains one 30 o esistor in cach branch and powered
irom & 10V source, what is the total current flowing in the circuit?

C. Mention any three (3) devices used for detecting fault in electric cireuits

6a. Briefly describe the following (i) adaptive maintenance (ii) corrective maintenance

(iii) perfective (iv) preventive maintenance

b. List any four (4) preventive measures of computer hardware maintenanice

7a. lllustrate with diagram the different between close and open electri circuit a fuse
and switch.

bi. Mention any four (4) causes of computer memory failure

Assignment
1. Draw, difference, state the advantage, and function of Ammeter, Potentiometer
and Voltmeter

2. Explain and give 2 examples each on: (i) Conductors (ii) Insulators (iii) Semi-
conductors (iv) Conductivity

3. The resistance of length 100cm and diameter 0.3mm expand to be 3.0 ohm's.
Calculation: (I) Resistivity (ii) Conductivity

4. The circuit show which contains 2 batteries, each with an EMF and internal
resistance "IR" and 2 resistor in series. Calculate the: (i) Current in the circuit (ii)
The potential different.

5. Define a capacitance of a capacitor.

6. Two capacitors A and B of capacitance 2NIF and 4NF respectively are connected
in series to a D.C supply, the charge stored by each capacitor is 0.16 NC.
Determine: 1. The potential different across each capacitor. 2. The energy stored
in each capacitor. 3. Effective capacitance of the series combination.

7. Define and state the various forms of energy.

8. An electric kettle takes to 2kw at 240v. Calculate: 1. The current 2. Resistance of

the heating element

9. The power extended in a certain resistor is given by I^2R if the power extended in
the resistor is 175w where the current is SA. Calculate the power in the resistor
when: (i) Both current and resistance are double (ii) Current is half and the
resistance is double.

10. Explain types of maintenance: (a) Corrective maintenance (b) Adaptive

maintenance (c) Perfective maintenance (d) Preventive maintenance.

11. Explain preventive measures of computer hardware maintenance

12. Mention 5 preventive measure of computer maintenance.

13. What is resistivity.

14. What is resistance

15. Explain the following: I. Transistor. II. Transistor junction. III. Ohm's law. IV.
Forms of ohm's law with formulas. V. Kirchoff's law
Answers

1a. Ohm's Laws:

- Ohm's First Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance)

- Ohm's Second Law: I = V/R (Current = Voltage / Resistance)

- Ohm's Third Law: R = V/I (Resistance = Voltage / Current)

1b. IDC and AC Circuits:

- IDC (Direct Current) circuits: Current flows in one direction only.

- AC (Alternating Current) circuits: Current flows in both directions, alternating between

positive and negative.

1c. Basic Concepts in Electricity:

- Electric Charge: The fundamental property of matter that causes attraction or

repulsion.

- Electric Current: The flow of electric charge through a conductor.

- Electric Potential Difference (Voltage): The energy required to move a charge between
two points.

2a. Definitions:

- (i) Resistivity: The opposition to the flow of electric current through a material.

- (ii) Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current through a specific object
or circuit.

2b. Mathematical Equation of Resistivity:

- Resistivity (ρ) = Resistance (R) x Cross-sectional Area (A) / Length (L)

2c. Functions of Operating System:

- Process Management: Managing the creation, execution, and termination of processes.

- Memory Management: Managing the allocation

3a. Explanations: and deallocation of memory for running programs.

- (i) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Firmware that controls the computer's hardware
components.

- (iii) IC (Integrated Circuit): A small electronic device containing a large number of

components.

- (v) Diode: A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.

- (vii) CPU (Central Processing Unit): The primary component of a computer that
executes instructions.

3b. Uses of Diodes:

- Rectification: Converting AC to DC.

- Voltage regulation: Regulating voltage levels.

- Protection: Protecting circuits from excessive voltage or current.

4a. Short Notes:

- (i) Conductor: A material that allows the flow of electric current (e.g., copper).

- (ii) Insulators: Materials that resist the flow of electric current (e.g., rubber).

- (iii) Semiconductors: Materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and

insulators (e.g., silicon).

- (iv) Conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct electric current.

b. Two modes of transistor operation:

1. Active mode: The transistor operates as an amplifier, controlling the flow of current
between two nodes.

2. Saturation mode: The transistor operates as a switch, either fully on or fully off, with
no amplification.

5a. Kirchhoff's Laws:

1. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is
zero.

2. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of currents leaving the node.

b. Total current in a two-branch parallel circuit:

1. Find the current in each branch:

Branch 1: I1 = V/R1 = 10V/30Ω = 0.33A

Branch 2: I2 = V/R2 = 10V/30Ω = 0.33A

2. Find the total current:

ITotal = I1 + I2 = 0.33A + 0.33A = 0.66A

So, the total current flowing in the circuit is 0.66A.

c. Devices used for detecting faults in electric circuits:

1. Multimeter: Measures voltage, current, and resistance to identify faults.

2. Oscilloscope: Displays waveform patterns to detect signal distortions or faults.

3. Circuit tester: A simple device that indicates whether a circuit is open or closed.

6a. Brief descriptions:

(i) Adaptive Maintenance: Modifying software to accommodate changes in the

environment or requirements.

(ii) Corrective Maintenance: Repairing or fixing errors or defects in software.

(iii) Perfective Maintenance: Improving software performance, efficiency, or

functionality.

(iv) Preventive Maintenance: Regular maintenance to prevent errors or defects in

software.

6b. Preventive measures for computer hardware maintenance:

(i) Regular cleaning of dust and debris

(ii) Updating drivers and firmware

(iii) Running disk checks and backups

(iv) Using surge protectors and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

7a. Diagrams:

Closed Circuit: & Open Circuit:

7b. Causes of computer memory failure:

(i) Overheating

(ii) Power surges or electrical shocks

(iii) Physical damage or trauma

(iv) Corrupted or faulty memory modules

Assignment

1. Drawings and descriptions:

Ammeter:

Measures electric current.

Potentiometer:

Measures electric potential difference (voltage).

Voltmeter:

Measures electric potential difference (voltage).

Advantages:

- Ammeter: Measures current without interrupting the circuit.

- Potentiometer: Measures voltage without drawing current from the circuit.

- Voltmeter: Measures voltage with high accuracy and precision.

Functions:

- Ammeter: Measures electric current to monitor circuit activity.

- Potentiometer: Measures electric potential difference to adjust voltage levels.

- Voltmeter: Measures electric potential difference to monitor voltage levels.

2. Explanation and Example

(i) Conductors:

- Definition: Materials that allow electricity to flow through them with minimal resistance.

- Examples: - Copper wire. - Aluminum foil

(ii) Insulators:

- Definition: Materials that resist the flow of electricity through them.

- Examples: - Rubber. - Glass

(iii) Semi-conductors:

- Definition: Materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and

insulators.

- Examples: - Silicon. - Germanium

(iv) Conductivity:

- Definition: The ability of a material to conduct electricity.

- Examples: - High conductivity. - Low conductivity

3. Given values:

- Length (L) = 100cm = 1m

- Diameter (d) = 0.3mm = 0.0003m

- Resistance (R) = 3.0 ohms

(I) Resistivity (ρ):

We can use the formula:

ρ=R*A/L

First, we need to find the cross-sectional area (A):

A = π * (d/2)^2

= π * (0.0003m/2)^2

= 7.065 x 10^-8 m^2

Now, we can calculate resistivity (ρ):

ρ = 3.0 ohms * 7.065 x 10^-8 m^2 / 1m

= 2.119 x 10^-7 ohm-meters

(ii) Conductivity (σ):

We can use the formula:

σ=1/ρ

σ = 1 / 2.119 x 10^-7 ohm-meters

= 4.72 x 10^6 S/m

Explanation:

- We calculated the cross-sectional area (A) using the diameter (d).

- We calculated resistivity (ρ) using the resistance (R), area (A), and length (L).

- We calculated conductivity (σ) by taking the reciprocal of resistivity (ρ).

Note: Resistivity (ρ) measures how strongly a material opposes the flow of electricity,
while conductivity (σ) measures how easily electricity can flow through a material.

4. Circuit:

- 2 batteries with EMF (E1 and E2) and internal resistance (r1 and r2)

- 2 resistors (R1 and R2) in series

Given values:
- E1 = 1.5V

- E2 = 1.5V

- r1 = 0.1 ohm

- r2 = 0.1 ohm

- R1 = 1 ohm

- R2 = 2 ohm

(i) Current in the circuit (I):

To calculate the current, we need to find the total voltage and total resistance.

Total voltage (V):

V = E1 + E2

= 1.5V + 1.5V

= 3V

Total resistance (Rt):

Rt = R1 + R2 + r1 + r2

= 1 ohm + 2 ohm + 0.1 ohm + 0.1 ohm

= 3.2 ohm

Now, we can calculate the current (I):

I = V / Rt

= 3V / 3.2 ohm

= 0.9375 A

(ii) Potential difference (V):

To calculate the potential difference across each resistor, we need to find the voltage
drop across each resistor.

Voltage drop across R1 (V1):

V1 = I * R1

= 0.9375 A * 1 ohm

= 0.9375 V

Voltage drop across R2 (V2):

V2 = I * R2

= 0.9375 A * 2 ohm

= 1.875 V

Potential difference (V):

V = V1 + V2

= 0.9375 V + 1.875 V

= 2.8125 V

Explanation:

- We calculated the total voltage by adding the EMFs of the two batteries.

- We calculated the total resistance by adding the resistances of the two resistors and
the internal resistances of the batteries.

- We calculated the current using Ohm's Law: I = V / Rt.

- We calculated the voltage drop across each resistor using Ohm's Law: V = I * R.

- We calculated the potential difference by adding the voltage drops across the two
resistors.

5. Capacitance:

Capacitance (C) is the ability of a capacitor to store electric charge. It is measured in

Farads (F).

6. Capacitor:

Given:

- Capacitor A: C1 = 2 μF (microfarads)
- Capacitor B: C2 = 4 μF

- Charge (Q) = 0.16 μC (microcoulombs)

(i) Potential difference across each capacitor:

- Capacitor A: V1 = Q / C1 = 0.16 μC / 2 μF = 0.08 V

- Capacitor B: V2 = Q / C2 = 0.16 μC / 4 μF = 0.04 V

(ii) Energy stored in each capacitor:

- Capacitor A: E1 = 0.5 * C1 * V1^2 = 0.5 * 2 μF * (0.08 V)^2 = 0.064 μJ (microjoules)

- Capacitor B: E2 = 0.5 * C2 * V2^2 = 0.5 * 4 μF * (0.04 V)^2 = 0.032 μJ

(iii) Effective capacitance (Ceff) of the series combination:

- 1/Ceff = 1/C1 + 1/C2 = 1/2 μF + 1/4 μF = 3/4 μF

- Ceff = 4/3 μF

7. Forms of energy:

Energy comes in various forms, including:

1. Kinetic energy (movement): The energy of motion, associated with an object's

movement or velocity.

2. Potential energy (stored energy): Stored energy, associated with an object's

position, configuration, or state.

3. Thermal energy (heat): The energy of heat, associated with the temperature of an
object or system.

4. Electrical energy (electricity): The energy associated with the movement of

charged particles, such as electrons.

5. Chemical energy (chemical reactions): The energy stored in the bonds of atoms
and molecules, released through chemical reactions.

6. Nuclear energy (atomic reactions): The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom,
released through nuclear reactions.

7. Mechanical energy (mechanical work): The energy associated with the

movement or position of an object, including kinetic and potential energy.
 8. Radiant energy (light and radiation): The energy of electromagnetic waves,
including light, radio waves, and X-rays.

8. Electric kettle:

Given:

Power (P) = 2 kW = 2000 W

Voltage (V) = 240 V

(i) Current (I):

To find the current, we use the formula:

I=P/V

Plugging in the values, we get:

I = 2000 W / 240 V

= 8.33 A

So, the current is approximately 8.33 amperes.

(ii) Resistance (R):

To find the resistance, we use the formula:

R=V/I

Plugging in the values, we get:

R = 240 V / 8.33 A

= 28.8 ohms

So, the resistance of the heating element is approximately 28.8 ohms.

Explanation:

- We used the formula P = IV to find the current (I).

- We used the formula R = V/I to find the resistance (R).

- The current is the flow of electrons, and the resistance opposes this flow.
- The power consumed by the kettle is the product of the voltage and current.

9. Power in the resistor

Given:

Power (P) = 175 W

Current (I) = 5 A

(i) Both current and resistance are double:

New current (I') = 2 * I = 10 A

New resistance (R') = 2 * R (unknown, but we can find it)

First, let's find the original resistance (R):

P = I^2R

175 W = (5 A)^2 * R

R = 175 W / 25 A^2

R = 7 ohms

Now, we can find the new power (P'):

P' = (I')^2 * R'

= (10 A)^2 * 2 * 7 ohms

= 1400 W

(ii) Current is half and the resistance is double:

New current (I') = 0.5 * I = 2.5 A

New resistance (R') = 2 * R = 2 * 7 ohms = 14 ohms

New power (P'):

P' = (I')^2 * R'

= (2.5 A)^2 * 14 ohms

= 87.5 W
Explanation:

- We used the formula P = I^2R to find the original resistance (R).

- When both current and resistance are double, the power increases by a factor of 4
(2^2).

- When current is half and resistance is double, the power decreases by a factor of 2
(0.5^2 * 2).

10. Types of Maintenance:

(a) Corrective Maintenance: Repairing or fixing errors or defects after they occur.

(b) Adaptive Maintenance: Modifying software to accommodate changes in the

environment or requirements.

(c) Perfective Maintenance: Improving software performance, efficiency, or functionality.

(d) Preventive Maintenance: Regular maintenance to prevent errors or defects from

occurring.

11. Preventive Measures of Computer Hardware Maintenance:

Preventive measures are actions taken to prevent hardware failures or errors. These
include:

- Regular cleaning and dust removal

- Temperature and humidity control

- Power surge protection

- Regular backups and disk checks

- Updating drivers and firmware

- Monitoring system performance

- Replacing worn-out parts and cables

12. 5 Preventive measures:

1. Regular cleaning and dust removal

2. Temperature and humidity control

3. Power surge protection

4. Regular backups and disk checks

5. Updating drivers and firmware

6. Monitoring system performance

7. Replacing worn-out parts and cables

13. Resistivity:

Resistivity (ρ) is the measure of a material's opposition to the flow of electric current. It
depends on the material's properties and is measured in ohm-meters (Ωm).

14. Resistance:

Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of electric current through a specific object
or component. It depends on the object's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area,
and is measured in ohms (Ω).

15. Explanations:

I. Transistor:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It

consists of three layers of a semiconductor material, typically silicon, with each layer
having a different electrical charge.

II. Transistor Junction:

A transistor junction is the boundary between two layers of a transistor. There are two
types of junctions: P-N junction (positive-negative) and N-P junction (negative-positive).
These junctions control the flow of current through the transistor.

III. Ohm's Law:

Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the voltage applied across it, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the
conductor. This means that if the voltage increases, the current will also increase, but if
the resistance increases, the current will decrease.

IV. Forms of Ohm's Law with Formulas:

1. I = V/R (Current = Voltage/Resistance)

 - This formula calculates the current (I) flowing through a conductor when the voltage
(V) and resistance (R) are known.

2. V = I × R (Voltage = Current × Resistance)

- This formula calculates the voltage (V) across a conductor when the current (I) and
resistance (R) are known.

3. R = V/I (Resistance = Voltage/Current)

- This formula calculates the resistance (R) of a conductor when the voltage (V) and
current (I) are known.

V. Kirchoff's Law:

Kirchoff's Law consists of two laws:

1. Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL): The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of currents leaving the node.

- This law applies to any point in a circuit where multiple wires meet (a node).

2. Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of voltage changes around a closed
loop is zero.

- This law applies to any closed loop in a circuit.

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