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Chapter 3 Number Systems

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Chapter 3 Number Systems

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Chapter – 3

NUMBER SYSTEMS
The numbers that are commonly used are the decimal Conversions
numbers which involve ten digits, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 and 9. If we consider the number 526 in the decimal 1. Decimal to binary:
system, it means 5  102 + 2  101 + 6  100. Likewise,
(a) (253)10 = (11111101)2
85.67 means 8  101 + 5  100 + 6  101 + 7  102. The Working:
role played by “10” in the decimal system is referred to
as the “base” of the system. In this chapter, we see the 2 253
numbers expressed in various other bases.
2 126 – 1
2 63 – 0
Base: It is a number which decides the place value of 2 31 – 1
a symbol or a digit in a number. Alternatively, it 2 15 – 1
is the number of distinct digits/symbols that are 2 7 –1
used in that number system. 2 3 –1
1 –1
Note:
(1) The base of a number system can be any integer Note: The remainders are written from bottom to top.
greater than 1.
(2) Base is also termed as radix or scale of notation. (b) (37.3125)10 = (100101.0101)2
Working:
The following table lists some number systems along with The given decimal number has 2 parts:
their respective base and symbols. (i) Integral part 37,
(ii) Fractional part 0.3125.
Number System Base Digits/Symbols (i) Conversion of integral part:
Binary 2 0, 1 2 37
2 18 –1
Septenary 7 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 9 –0
Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 2 4 –1
2 2 –0  (37)10 = (100101)2
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 1 –0
Duodecimal 12 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B
(ii) Conversion of the fractional part:
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F Multiply the decimal part with 2 successively
and take the integral part of all the products
starting from the first.
A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15 and so on. Binary digits

Representation: 0.3125  2 = 0.6250 0


0.6250  2 = 1.2500 1
Let N be any integer, r be the base of the system and let 0.2500  2 = 0.500 0
a0, a1, a2, ……., an be the required digits by which N is 0.5000  2 = 1.0 1
expressed. Then  (0.3125)10 = (0.0101)2
N = anrn + an-1rn-1 + an-2rn-2 + ……….…. + a1r + a0, where
0  ai < r. Note: We should stop multiplying the fractional part by
We now look into some representations and their 2, once we get 0 as a fraction or the fractional part is
meaning in decimal system. non-terminating. It can be decided depending on the
number of digits in the fractional part required.
Examples
2. Binary to decimal:
(i) (100011)2 (i) (101011011)2 = (347)10
= 1  25 + 0  24 + 0  23 + 0  22 + 1  21 + 1  20 Working:
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = (35)10 (101011001)2 =
1  28 + 0  27 + 1  26 + 0  25 + 1  24 + 1  23 +
(ii) (1741)8 0  22 + 1  21 + 1  20
= 1  83 + 7  82 + 4  81 + 1  80 = 256 + 0 + 64 + 0 +16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 512 + 448 + 32 + 1 = (347)10
= 99310
(ii) (0.11001)2 = (0.78125)10
(iii) (A3D)16 Working:
= A  162 + 3  161 + D  160 (0.11001)2
= 10  256 + 48 + 13 = 262110 = 1  2–1 + 1  2–2 + 0  2–3 + 0  2–4 + 1  2–5
= 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/32 = 25/32 = (0.78125)10
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3. Decimal to octal: 8. Duodecimal to decimal:
(5BC)12 = (864)10
(i) (2595)10 = (5043)8
Working:
Working:
8 2595 (5BC)12 = 5  122 + B  121 + C  120
8 324 – 3 = 720 + 132 + 12 = (864)10
8 40 – 4 9. Binary to octal:
5 –0
 (2595)10 = (5043)8 8 being the base of octal system and 2 being the
base of binary system, there is a close relationship
4. Octal to decimal: between both the systems. One can just club three
digits of a binary number into a single block and write
(i) (4721)8 = (2513)10 the decimal equivalent of each group (left to right).
Working: Example:
(4721)8 = 4  83 + 7  82 + 2  81 + 1  80 (i) (100101111)2 = (100)2 (101)2 (111)2 = (457)8
= 2048+ 448 + 16 + 1 = (2513)10  (100101111)2 = (457)8
(ii) (365.74)8 = (245.9375)10 (ii) (11111110)2 = (011)2 (111)2 (110)2 = (376)8
Working:  (11111110)2 = (376)8
(a) Integral part:
(365)8 = 3  82 + 6  81 + 5  80 Note: Introduce leading zeros to form a block of 3
= 192 + 48 + 5 = 245 without changing the magnitude of the number.
 (365)8 = (245)10
10. Binary to hexadecimal:
(b) Fractional part: This is similar to the method disscused for octal;
(0.74)8 = 7  8–1 + 4  8–2 instead of clubbing 3, we club 4 digits.
56  4 60 Example:
=  = 0.9375
64 64 (10111110)2 = (1011)2 (1110)2 = (11) (14) = (BE)16
 (365.74)8 = (245.9375)10  (10111110)2 = (BE)16

5. Decimal to hexadecimal: Note: If the number of digits is not a multiple of 4,


introduce leading zeros as done earlier for octal
(i) (47239)10 = (B887)16 conversion.
Working:
16 47239 Binary Arithmetic:
16 2952 – 7 Addition:
16 184 – 8
11 –8 Elementary Rules
Recall: 11 is B, in hexa-decimal system. 0+0=0
 (47239)10 = (B887)16 0+1=1
1+0=1
(ii) (30014)10 = (753E)16 1 + 1 = 10 (1 will be regarded as carry as we
Working: 1 + 1 + 1 = 11 do in decimal system)
16 30014 Examples of binary addition:
16 1875 – 14 = E
16 117 – 3 1. (110101)2 + (110)2
7 –5 1  carry
 (30014)10 = (753E)16 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 (Introduce leading zeros)
6. Hexadecimal to decimal:
1 1 1 0 11
(52B)16 = (1323)10
Working:
2. (101111)2 + (111011)2
(52B)16 = 5  162 + 2  161 + B  160
= 1280 + 32 + 11 1 1 1 1 1  carry
= (1323)10 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
 (52B)16 = (1323)10
1 1 0 1 0 10
7. Decimal to duodecimal or duodenary (base 12):
3. (110)2 + (100)2 + (010)2
(948)10 = (66C)12
Working: 1  carry
12 948 110
12 78 – 12 or C 100
6 –6 010
(948)10 = (66C)12 11 0 0

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Subtraction: 3.04. If (624)7 = 312k then find k.

Subtract 1101 from 11010. Sol: (624)7 = (6) (72)  (2) (7)  (4) (7)0 = 312.
1. 2 (312)k = 3k2  k  2
00202 Given (312)k = (624)7
11010 3k2  k  2 = 312
1101 3k2  k  310 = 0
result 1 1 0 1 (k  10) (3k  31) = 0
k>0
Explanation: Say N = 11010,  k = 10
As 1 cannot be subtracted from 0, we borrow 2 from
the next place. This gives 2  1 = 1, as the right 3.05. Find the hexadecimal equivalent of the number
most digit of the result. The penultimate digit of (234567)8.
N would become 0. A similar calculation gives the
3rd digit of the result from the right as 1 and the 4 th Sol: (234567)8
digit of N from the right becomes 0. = (10 011 100 101 110 111)2
We now borrow a 2 from the 5th digit of N, this = (0001 0011 1001 0111 0111)2
makes the 4th digit of N as 2, thereby resulting in = (1 3 9 7 7)16
2  1 = 1 as the 4th digit of the result. = (13977)16

2. Subtract 11011 from 111001 3.06. Subtract (124368)11 from (987654)11.


221
0 0 2 2  Borrow Sol: We put the minuend at the top and the
111001 subtrahend at the bottom and align the digits
–1 1 0 1 1 from the right. If the lower digit is smaller or
11110 equal to the upper digit, we carry out at the
usual subtraction. If the lower digit is greater,
Examples we borrow from the immediate neighbour on the
left. But we have to remember that a „loan‟ of 1
3.01. Show that the binary number 101011011001101 from the left neighbour represents not ten but
is equal to (53315)8 and (56CD)16. the base of the system, in this case – eleven.
9 8 7 6 5 4
Sol: (i) To represent any binary number in base 1 2 4 3 6 8
8 we divide it into blocks of 3 starting ------------------------------
from the left. 8 6 3 2 9 7
If the number of digits in it is not a multiple of 3, ------------------------------
leading zeros are introduced in it since
inclusion of 0 to the left does not affect its value. 3.07. Which of these weights (all in kg) among 1, 2, 4,
(101011011001101)2 8, ….. etc., are used in weighing 500 kg if not
= [(101)2 (011)2 (011)2 (001)2 (101)2] more than one weight of each denomination can
= (53315)8 be used for the weighing?
(ii) To represent any binary number in base 16 we
divide it into blocks of 4 starting from the left. Sol: 500 = 256  128  64  32  16  4
If the number of digits in it is not a multiple of 4, Thus expressing 500 in binary scale, we get
leading zeros are introduced in it since 111110100.
inclusion of 0 to the left does not affect its value. The place values of 1‟s are the weights required
(0101011011001101)2 for weighing.
= [(0101)2 (0110)2 (1100)2 (1101)2]16
= (56CD)16 (∵ 11002 = 12 = C 3.08. Multiply (123)4 and (330)4.
and 11012 = 13 = D)
Sol: We convert each number to base 10 and then
3.02. Show that 144 is a perfect square in any base multiply the results.
more than 4. (123)4 = (1) (42)  (2) (4)  (3) (1) = (27)10
(330)4 = (3) (42)  (3) (4)  (0) (1) = (60)10
Sol: Let n be the base of a number system (n > 4). (27) (60) = (1620)10
(144)n = n2  4n  4 = (n  2)2
which is a perfect square for all values of n, and 4 1620
hence the given number is perfect square for all
values of n > 4 4 405 0
4 101 1
3.03. If a (p, q, r) = (p  q) (q  r) (p  r), find
a [(32)4, (22)8, (16)10]. 4 25 1
Sol: (32)4 = (4) (3)  2 = (14)10 4 6 1
(22)8 = (8) (2) + 2 = (18)10 1 2
(16)10 = (16)10
a ((32)4, (22)8, (16)10) = a(14, 18, 16) = (14  18)
(1620)10 = (121110)4
(18  16) (14  16) = (32) (34) (30) = 32640
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3.09. Find the binary equivalent of the fraction 0.625.
3.10. A non-zero number in base 8 is such that twice
Sol: Consider a fraction x, i.e 0  x  1. the number is the number formed by reversing
If 0  x  1/2, the first digit after the point its digits. Find it.
(in base 2 representation) is 0.
If 1/2  x  1, the first digit after the point is 1. Sol: Let the number be (xy)8,
i.e. If 0  2x  1, the first digit is 0 and if where 0  x, y < 8.
The number formed by reversing its digits is
1  2x  2, it is 1.
(yx)8.
2(xy)8 = (yx)8
After this part (the integral part of 2x) of the
fraction is represented (either as 0 or 1), we can 2(8x  y) = 8y  x
proceed along the same lines and represent x 2

smaller and smaller parts of the residue. y 5
If the denominator of the fraction is a power of x = 2 and y = 5 is the only possibility.
2, we get a terminating binary fraction. If there  (xy)8 = (25)8.
are other factors in the denominator, we get a
non-terminating binary fraction. For the given 3.11. If (23)4  (100)2 = (x)10, then find the value of x.
fraction successive digits are calculated in the
table below. Sol: (23)4 = 2 (4)  3 = 11
(100)2 = 4
n Residue 2 (Residue) Digit x = (23)4 + (100)2 = 11+ 4 = 15.
1 0.625 1.25 1
3.12. If (46)7  (13)5 = (y)10, then find y.
2 0.25 0.5 0
3 0.5 1 1 Sol: (46)7 = ((7) (4)  6)10 = (34)10
(13)5 = ((5) (1)  3)10 = (8)10
 0.625 = (0.101)2 y = 26.

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Concept Review Questions

Directions for questions 1 to 20: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. To express numbers in the binary system, the digits 11. If (3AB)12 = (x)10, then x = .
we use are _______.
(A) 0, 1, 2 (B) 0, 1, 2, 3 12. If (ACD)16 = (x)10, then x = _______.
(C) 0, 1 (D) any digit from 0 to 9 (A) 2765 (B) 6725 (C) 5672 (D) 7625

2. The number of distinct digits we use to express any 13. Which of the following is/are a perfect square?
(A) (121)10 (B) (171)8
number in the octal system is . (C) (A1)12 (D) All the above

14. The decimal equivalent of the binary number


3. In the duodecimal system, the numerical value of
(1.001) is .
B is .

15. (101)2 + (1101)2 + (111111)2 = _______.


4. The number of distinct digits we use to express any (A) (1101011)2 (B) (1010001)2
number in the hexadecimal system is . (C) (1100101)2 (D) (1010011)2

16. (34)7 + (25)7 = _______.


5. Express 12 in the binary system. (A) (65)7 (B) (63)7 (C) (62)7 (D) (26)7
(A) (1010)2 (B) (1100)2
(C) (1001)2 (D) (1011)2 17. (34)6 – (25)6 = _______.
(A) (4)7 (B) (3)7 (C) (6)7 (D) (5)7
6. If (1221)10 = (n)12, then n = .
18. What is the largest three-digit number in the
hexadecimal system?
7. The largest digit in the septenary system is ___. (A) (999)16 (B) (AAA)16
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 8 (C) (FFF)16 (D) (100)16

8. If (2346)10 = (x)16, then x = _______. 19. The binary representation of an even number ends
(A) 29A (B) 92A (C) 9A2 (D) A29 with _______.
(A) 1 (B) 0
9. Express (13)10 in the octal system. (C) Either (A) or (B) (D) None of these
(A) 15 (B) 11 (C) 17 (D) 51
20. (247)10 = _______.
10. If (121)8 = (x)2, then x = _______. (A) (11110111)2 (B) (367)8
(A) 101001 (B) 1010011 (C) (187)12 (D) All the above
(C) 1010001 (D) 1011001

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Exercise – 3(a)

Directions for questions 1 to 25: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. The binary equivalent of the decimal number 176 is Directions for questions 14 and 15: These questions
_______. are based on the information given below.
(A) (11010101)2 (B) (101010101)2
(C) (10110000)2 (D) (11011011)2 Kiran wanted to weigh 378 kg of wheat. The weighing
stones available with him are one each of 1 kg, 2 kg, 4
2. The octal equivalent of the decimal number kg, 8 kg,16 kg, 32 kg, … etc.
472 is . 14. How many weights does he use in all if only
one side of the balance is used for weighing?

3. The hexadecimal equivalent of the decimal number


523 is _______.
(A) 19C (B) 20B (C) 1DF (D) 20D 15. In how many ways can he weigh 378 kg, if only one
side of the balance is used for weighing?
4. The duodecimal equivalent of the decimal number
2776 is _______.
(A) 951 (B) 1734 (C) 146A (D) 1728
16. If f(x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx, find the value of
5. The hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number f((25)8, (25)10, (25)16).
7464 is _______. (A) (2178)10 (B) (2227)10
(A) F34 (B) FC8 (C) 8CE (D) BD9 (C) (2463)10 (D) (2841)10
17. If „1‟ is concatenated to the right-most digit of
6. The octal equivalent of the number (110001110)2 is
a positive binary integer, the number thus formed
_______.
is _______.
(A) (426)8 (B) (507)8 (C) (716)8 (D) (616)8
(A) the same as the original number.
(B) half that of the original number.
7. The number (1100111011011)2 in hexadecimal
(C) twice the original number.
scale is _______.
(D) 1 more than twice the original number.
(A) (1E9A)16 (B) (18CD)16
(C) (59A4)16 (D) (19DB)16 18. The square root of the octal number 1161 is _______.
(A) (26)8 (B) (25)8 (C) (211)8 (D) (31)8
8. The decimal equivalent of the binary number
19. The square of (234)6 is _______.
(1101.0101)2 is . (A) (23425)6 (B) (101423)6
(C) (104524)6 (D) (15235)6
9. The decimal equivalent of (BAD)16 is _______. 20. The remainder obtained when (1000111) 2 is divided
(A) (2468)10 (B) (2989)10 by (101)2 is _______.
(C) (2788)10 (D) (2941)10 (A) (0)2 (B) (1)2 (C) (10)2 (D) (11)2
10. (1101)2 + (46)8 + (97)10 = _______. 21. The LCM of (120)8 and (24)8 is _______.
(A) (148)10 (B) (147)10 (A) (20)10 (B) (80)8 (C) (160)8 (D) (120)8
(C) (146)10 (D) (145)10
Directions for questions 22 and 23: These questions
11. The number of bits required to represent the decimal are based on the information given below.
number 256 in binary system is . Yogesh found a decimal number, which, when represented
in bases 2, 3, 4 and 5 ends in 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
12. (256)16 – (256)8 = _______.
(A) 0 (B) (256)8 22. What is the least positive integer satisfying this property?
(C) (424)10 (D) (472)10

13. For n  3, find the value of (n)n + 2 + (n – 1)n + 1 + (n –


23. How many such three-digit decimal numbers are
2)n + …… + (1)3 .
there?
(A) (n + 1)10

 nn  1 
(B)  
 2 10 24. In which of the following scales is 5016 a perfect cube?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 11 (D) 7
 nn  1 
(C)   25. If the arithmetic mean of (12)6 and (33)7 is (10)n, the
 2 10
value of n is .
(D) (n)10
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Exercise – 3(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

Very Easy / Easy… … ……… …


15. The remainder obtained when (23232)4 is divided by
1. The binary equivalent of the decimal number 108 is (232)4 is _______.
_______. (A) (32)5 (B) (32)4 (C) (24)6 (D) (32)10
(A) (10011001)2 (B) (110110)2 16. The LCM of (210)6 and (30)6 is _______.
(C) (1101100)2 (D) (1110100)2 (A) (1030)10 (B) (234)6
(C) (1030)6 (D) (432)5
2. The octal equivalent of the decimal number 567 is
_______. 17. The numbers (11)7, (55)7 and (404)7 are in _______.
(A) (1760)8 (B) (1670)8 (C) (1706)8 (D) (1067)8 (A) arithmetic progression
(B) geometric progression
3. The duodecimal equivalent of the decimal number (C) harmonic progression
1896 is _______. (D) arithmetic geometric progression
(A) (1896)12 (B) (1120)12 (C) (1210)12 (D) (AB0)12
18. In which of the following bases is 2454 a perfect cube?
4. The hexadecimal equivalent of the decimal number (A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 9 (D) 6
894 is _______.
Directions for questions 19 and 20: These questions
(A) (37E)16 (B) (3D7)16 (C) (D37)16 (D) (73D)16
are based on the data given below.
5. The hexadecimal equivalent of the octal number 7640
Ajay wanted to weigh 456 kg of rice. The weighing
is _______.
stones available with him are one each of 1 kg, 2 kg, 4
(A) (AB0)16 (B) (CA0)16 (C) (BA0)16 (D) (FA0)16
kg, 8 kg,
16 kg, … etc.
6. The octal equivalent of the number (10101101011)2 is
_______.
19. How many weights does he use in all if only one
(A) (2355)8 (B) (2553)8 (C) (2535)8 (D) (3253)8
side of the balance is used for weighing?
7. The decimal equivalent of (ABC)16 is .

Moderate… … … 20. The smallest weight used for weighing 456 kg


…….......... weight
is kg.
8. (423)9  (423)6 = _______.
(A) (256)12 (B) (6B)12 (C) (136)12 (D) (163)12
21. The minimum number of bits required to represent
9. The number of three-digit numbers in base 12 the decimal number 512 in the binary system is
system _______.
is . (A) 10 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

22. The decimal fraction 0.375 can be represented in


10. The number of three-digit numbers in base
the binary system as _______.
5 system which are actually two-digit numbers in
(A) (0.111)2 (B) (0.11)2
base 10 system is . (C) (0.0111)2 (D) (0.011)2

23. The decimal number 13.34375 can be represented in


11. (111)2 + (222)3 + (333)4 + (444)5 + (555)6 + (666)7 = the binary system as _______.
_______. (A) (1101.01011)2 (B) (110.0111)2
(A) (999)10 (B) (777)8 (C) (777)10 (D) (888)9 (C) (1011.01011)2 (D) (1101.101011)2

12. If f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2, then f ((13)5, (13)8, (13)12) ) = 24. A two-digit number in base 7 is such that the
_______. number is equal to thrice the number formed by
(A) (240)10 (B) (140)10 (C) (401)10 (D) (410)10 reversing its digits. The number is _______.
(A) (51)10 (B) (36)10 (C) (36)7 (D) (15)7
13. The square root of the hexa-decimal number 310 is
_______. 25. (11)2 + (11)3 + (11)4 + … + (11)n = _______.
(A) (3C)16 (B) (2C)16 (C) (1C)16 (D) (C1)16 (A) n2 + 3n (B) n2 + 3n  4
n2  3n n2  3n  4
14. The square of (43)8 is _______. (C) (D)
(A) (2311)8 (B) (2131)8 (C) (1321)8 (D) (1234)8 2 2

Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
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26. If „0‟ is concatenated to the right-most digit of Directions for questions 29 and 30: These questions
a positive integer of base „n‟, the number thus formed are based on the information given below.
is _______.
(A) equal to the original number Rajesh found a decimal number which when represented
(B) (n + 1) times the original number in bases 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ends in 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
(C) n times the original number respectively.
(D) 3 times the original number 29. What is the smallest positive integer satisfying this
Difficult / Very Difficult … …… .. . property?

27. If the difference of the numbers 6555 and 777 in a


certain number system is 5556, what is the sum of the
numbers 5666 and 457 in the same system? 30. How many such three-digit decimal numbers are
(A) (3564)9 (B) (5653)12 there?
(C) (4644)12 (D) (6345)8

28. If the geometric mean of the numbers (24)6 and (34)7


is (24)n, then n = .

Key

Concept Review Questions

1. C 5. B 9. A 13. D 17. D
2. 8 6. 859 10. C 14. 1.125 18. C
3. 11 7. A 11. 563 15. B 19. B
4. 16 8. B 12. A 16. C 20. D

Exercise – 3(a)

1. C 6. D 11. 9 16. B 21. D


2. 730 7. D 12. C 17. D 22. 59
3. B 8. 13.3125 13. C 18. D 23. 15
4. B 9. B 14. 6 19. C 24. D
5. A 10. A 15. 1 20. B 25. 16

Exercise – 3(b)

1. C 7. 2748 13. C 19. 4 25. D


2. D 8. C 14. A 20. 8 26. C
3. B 9. 1584 15. B 21. A 27. D
4. A 10. 75 16. C 22. D 28. 8
5. D 11. C 17. B 23. A 29. 59
6. B 12. D 18. B 24. B 30. 15

Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com SM1002208/42

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