8.

During embryonic development, the

Human Reproduction establishment of polarity along anterior/
posterior, dorsal/ventral or
medial/lateral axis is called
1. The estrous cycle is a characteristic
(a) pattern formation
of
(b) organizer phenomena
(a) human males only
(c) axis formation
(b) human females only
(d) anamorphosis
(c) mammalian males other than primates
(d) mammalian females other than primates
9. If mammalian ovum fails to get
fertilized, which one of the following is
2. Test tube baby is one who
unlikely?
(a) is born out of artificial insemination
(a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate
(b) has undergone development in a test
(b) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
tube
(c) Estrogen secretion further decreases
(c) is born out of the technique of
(d) Primary follicle starts developing
fertilization in vitro
(d) has been developed without
10. Grey crescent is the area
fertilization
(a) at the point of entry of sperm into ovum
(b) just opposite to the site of entry of
3. Amniocentesis is a technique
sperm into ovum
(a) by which the essential amino acids in
(c) at the animal pole
the body can be estimated
(d) at the vegetal pole
(b) by which any chromosomal anomalies
in the foetus can be detected
11. Withdrawal of which of the following
(c) in which the sex of the foetus can be
hormones is the immediate cause of
reversed
menstruation?
(d) that can be used for correcting genetic
(a) FSH
disorders of the foetus
(b) FSH-RH
(c) Progesterone
4. After ovulation the collapsed ovarian
(d) Estrogen
follicle shrinks and becomes filled with
cell to form
12. In the human female, menstruation
(a) corpus luteum
can be deferred by the administration of
(b) corpus albicans
(a) combination of FSH and LH
(c) corpus atresia
(b) combination of estrogen and progesterone
(d) corpus adiposum
(c) FSH only
(d) LH only
5. The growth of corpus luteum is
initiated by
13. In humans, at the end of the first
(a) Human chorionic gonadotropin
meiotic division, the male germ cells
(b) Follicle stimulating hormone
differentiate into the
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(a) primary spermatocytes
(d) Prolactin
(b) secondary spermatocytes
(c) spermatids
6. Exponential growth of cells is a
(d) spermatozonia
characteristic feature of
(a) tissue culture cells
14. Which extra-embryonic membrane in
(b) multicellular organisms
humans prevents desiccation of the
(c) unicellular organisms
embryo inside the uterus?
(d) embryo
(a) Chorion
(b) Allantois
7. Cleavage in mammalian egg is
(c) Yolk sac
(a) superficial meroblastic
(d) Amnion
(b) discoidal meroblastic
(c) unequal holoblastic
15. Which one of the following
(d) equal holoblastic
statements is incorrect about
menstruation?
(a) During normal menstruation about 40
ml blood is lost 21. Which one of the following is the
(b) The menstrual fluid can easily clot most likely root cause why menstruation
(c) At menopause in the female, there is is not taking place in regularly cycling
especially abrupt increase in gonadotropic human female?
hormones (a) maintenance of the hypertrophical
(d) The beginning of the cycle of endometrial lining
menstruation is called menarche (b) maintenance of high concentration of
sex hormones in the blood stream
16. Which one of the following is the (c) retention of well -developed corpus
correct matching of the events occurring luteum
during menstrual cycle? (d) fertilisation of the ovum
(a) Proliferative phase: Rapid regeneration
of myometrium and maturation of Graffian 22. A change in the amount of yolk and
follicle. its distribution in the egg will affect
(b) Development of corpus luteum: (a) pattern of cleavage
Secretory phase and increased secretion of (b) number of blastomeres produced
progesterone. (c) fertilization
(c) Menstruation: Break down ofmyometrium (d) formation of zygote
and ovum not fertilised.
(d) Ovulation: LH and FSH attain peak level 23. In vitro fertilisation is a technique
And sharp fall in the secretion of that involves transfer of which one of
progesterone. the following into the fallopian tube?
(a) Embryo only, upto 8 cell stage
17. Seminal plasma in humans is rich in (b) Either zygote or early embryo upto 8 cell
(a) fructose and calcium but has no stage
enzymes (c) Embryo of 32 cell stage
(b) glucose and certain enzymes but has no (d) Zygote only
calcium ‗
(c) fructose and certain enzymes but poor 24. Sertoli cells are found in
in calcium (a) ovaries and secrete progesterone
(d) fructose, calcium and certain enzymes (b) adrenal cortex and secrete adrenaline
(c) seminiferous tubules and provide
18. Foetal ejection reflex in human nutrition to germ cells
female is induced by (d) pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin
(a) release oxytocin from pituitary
(b) fully developed foetus and placenta 25. Vasa efferentia are the ductules
(c) differentiation of mammary glands leading from
(d) pressure exerted by amniotic fluid (a) testicular lobules to rete testis
(b) rete testis to vas deferens
19. Foetal ejection reflex in human (c) vas deferens to epididymis
female is induced by (d) epididymis to urethra
(a) release oxytocin from pituitary
(b) fully developed foetus and placenta 26. Seminal plasma in human males is
(c) differentiation of mammary glands rich in:
(d) pressure exerted by amniotic fluid (a) fructose and calcium
(b) glucose and calcium
20. The correct sequence of (c) DNA and testosterone
spermatogenetic stages leading to the (d) ribose and potassium
formation of sperms in a mature human
testes is: 27. The permissible use of the technique
(a) spermatogonia – spermatocyte – amniocentesis is for
spermatid - sperms (a) detecting sex of the unborn foetus
(b) spermatid – spermatocyte – (b) artificial insemination
spermatogonia – sperms (c) transfer of embryo into the uterus of the
(c) spermatogonia – spermatid – surrogate mother
spermatocyte – sperms (d) detecting any genetic abnormality
(d) spermatocyte – spermatogonia -
spermatid - sperms 28. The signals for parturition originate
from
(a) placenta only 34. If for some reason, the vasa
(b) placenta as well as fully developed efferentia in the human reproductive
foetus system gets blocked, the gametes will
(c) oxytocin released from maternal not be transported from
pituitary (a) testes to epididymis
(d) fully developed foetus only (b) epididymis to vas deferens
(c) ovary to uterus
29. The first movements of the foetus (d) vagina to uterus
and appearance of hair on its head are
usually observed during which month of 35. The testes in humans are situated
pregnancy? outside the abdominal cavity insides
(a) Fourth month pouch called scrotum. The purpose
(b) Fifth month served is for
(c) Sixth month (a) maintaining the scrotal temperature
(d) Third month lower than the internal body temperature
(b) escaping any possible compression by
30. The second maturation division of the visceral organs
the mammalian ovum occurs (c) providing more space for the growth of
(a) shortly after ovulation before the ovum epididymis
makes entry into the fallopian tube (d) providing a secondary sexual feature for
(b) until after the ovum has been exhibiting the male sex
penetrated by a sperm
(c) until the nucleus of the sperm has fused 36. Signals for parturition originate
with that of the ovum from:
(d) in the graafian follicle following the first (a) Both placenta as well as fully developed
maturation division foetus
(b) Oxytocin released from maternal
31. Which one of the following statements about pituitary
human sperms is correct ? (c) Placenta only
(a) Acrosome has a conical pointed structure and (d) Fully developed foetus only
piercing and penetrating the egg, resulting in
fertilisation 37. What happens during fertilisation in
humans after many sperms reach close
(b) The sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve
to the ovum?
dissolve the egg envelope facilitating
(a) Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm
fertilisation
enter cytoplasm of ovum through zona
(c) Acrosome serves as a sensory structure
pellucida
leading the sperm towards the ovum
(b) All sperms except the one nearest to the
(d) Acrosome serves no particular function
ovum lose their tails
(c) Cells of corona radiata trap all the
32. Which one of the following
sperms except one
statements about morula in humans is
(d) Only two sperms nearest the ovum
correct?
penetrate zona pellucida
(a) It has almost equal quantity of
cytoplasm as an uncleaved zygote but
38. About which day in a normal human
much more DNA
menstrual cycle does rapid secretion of
(b) It has far less cytoplasm as well as less
LH (Popularly called LH-surge) normally
DNA than in an uncleaved zygote
occurs?
(c) It has more or less equal quantity of
(a) 14th day
cytoplasm and DNA as in uncleaved zygote
(b) 20th day
(d) It has more cytoplasm and more DNA
(c) 5th day
than an uncleaved zygote
(d) 11th day
33. The part of fallopian tube closest to
39. Which one of the following
the ovary is
statements is false in respect of viability
(a) isthmus
of mammalian sperm?
(b) infundibulum
(a) Sperm is viable for only up to 24 hours.
(c) cervix
(b) Survival of sperm depends on the pH of
(d) ampulla
the medium and is more active in alkaline
medium. 46. What is the correct sequence of
(c) Viability of sperm is determined by its sperm formation?
motility. (a) Spermatogonia, spermatocyte,
(d) Sperms must be concentrated in a thick spermatozoa, spermatid
suspension. (b) Spermatogonia; spermatozoa,
spermatocyte, spermatid
40. Signals for parturition originate (c) Spermatogonia, spermatocyte,
from: spermatid, spermatozoa
(a) Both placenta as well as fully developed (d) spermatid ,spermatocycte,
foetus spermatogonia , spermatozoa
(b) Oxytocin released from maternal
pituitary 47. Which one of the following is not the
(c) Placenta only function of placenta? It:
(d) Fully developed foetus only (a) secretes estrogen
(b) facilitates removal of carbon dioxide and
41. In a normal pregnant woman, the waste material from embryo.
amount of total gonadotropin activity (c) secretes oxytocin during parturition
was assessed. The result expected was (d) facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients
(a) High level of circulating FSH and LH in to embyo
the uterus to stimulate implantation of the
embyro 48. which of the following best illustrates
(b) High level of circulatting HCG to FEEDBACK in development?
stimulate endometrial thickening (a) As tissue (X) develops , it
(c) High level of FSH and LH in uterus to seceatessomething that slows down the
stimulate endometrical thickening growth of
(d) High level of circulating HCG to stimulate tissue (Y)
estrogen and progesterone synthesis. (b) Tissue (X) secretes RNA which changes
the development of tissue (Y)
42. The Leydig cells found in the human (c) As tissue (X) develops it secretes enzymes
body are the secretory source of that inhibit the development of tissue (Y)
(a) Progesterone (d) As tissue (X), develops it secretes
(b) intestinal mucus something that induces tissue (Y) to develop
(c) glucagon
(d) androgens 49.signals for parturition origionate from
(a) Both placenta as well as fully developed
43. The foetal ejection reflex in humans fopetus
triggers release of (b) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary
(a) Oxytocin from maternal pituitary (c) Placenta only
(b) Oxytocin from foetal pituitary (d) Fully developed foetus only
(c) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
from placenta 50. Select the option which correctly
(d) Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) from matches the endocrine gland with its
placenta hormone and its function Endocrine
gland -- Hormone -- Function
44. The secretory phase in the human (a) Ovary -- FSH -- stimulates follicular
menstrual cycle is also called development and the secretion of estrogens.
(a) luteal phase and lasts for about 6 days (b) Placenta – estrogen -- initiates secretion
(b) follicular phase lasting for about 6 days of the milk.
(c) luteal phase and lasts for about 13 days (c) Corpus – estrogen -- essential for luteum
(d) follicular phase and lasts for about 13 maintenance of endometerium
days (d) Leydig – androgen -- initiates the cells
production of sperms.
45. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:
(a) FSH 51. The foetal ejection reflex in humans
(b) Oxytocin triggers release of
(c) Vasopressin (a) Oxytocin from maternal pituitary
(d) Progesterone (b) Oxytocin from foetal pituitary
(c) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
from placenta
(d) Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) from (b) LH and FSH decrease gradually during
placenta the follicular phase.
(c) FSH stimulates the sertoli cells which
help in spermiogenesis.
52.Which one of the following statements (d) LH triggers ovulation in ovary.
with regard to embryonic development in
humans is correct? 59. In human females, meiosisII is not
(a) In the second cleavage division, one of the completed until
two blastomeres usually divides a little (a) puberty
sooner than the second. (b) uterine implantation
(b) Cleavage divisions bring about (c) birth
considerable increase in the mass of (d) fertilization
protoplasm.
(c) With more cleavage divisions, the 60. What is provided to sperm by secretion of
resultant blastomeres become larger and prostate gland ?
larger. (a) Nourishes
(d) Cleavage division results in a hollow ball (b) Activating
of cells called morula. (c) Lubricant
(d) (a)and (c) both
53. Through which of the following vas
deference runs upward from epididmis and 61. Which of the following events is not
enter the abdominal cavity ? associated with ovulation in human female?
(a) Ejaculatory duct (a) Full development of Graafian follicle
(b) Inguinal canal (b) Release of secondary oocyte
(c) Urethra (c) LH surge
(d) (a)and(b) (d) Decrease in estradiol

54. Capacitation occurs in 62. Corpus luteum is a mass of cells found

(a) female reproductive tract in
(b) rete testis (a) brain
(c) epididymis (b) pancreas
(d) vas deferens (c) ovary
(d) spleen
55. In male accessory reproductive glands
which is incorrect ? 63. Which of the following cells during
(a) Seminal vesicle gametogenesis is normally diploid ?
(b) Prostate gland (a) Secondary polar body
(c) Urinary bladder (b) Primary polar body
(d) Bulbourethral gland (c) Spermatid
(d) Spermatogonia
56. Several hormones like hCG, hPL,
estrogen, progesterone are produced by 64. What is the function of bulbourethral
(a) placenta gland secretion ?
(b) Fallopian tube (a) Nourishes sperms
(c) ovary (b) role in activating sperms
(d) pituitary. (c) Serves as a lubricant during sexual
intercourse
57. Which one of the following events is (d) Enhancing the motility of sperms
correctly matched with the time period in a
normal menstrual cycle? 65. Hysterectomy is surgical removal of
(a) Release of egg : 5th day (a) vas deferens
(b) Endometrium regenerates : 5-10 days (b) mammary glands
(c) Endometrium secretes nutrients for (c) uterus
implantation : 11-18 days (d) prostate gland
(d) Rise in progesterone level : 1-15 days
66. Ejaculation of human male contains
58. Select the incorrect statement. about 200 – 300 million sperms, of which for
(a) LH triggers secretion of androgens from normal fertility ____ % sperms must have
the Leydig cells.
normal shape and size and at least ____% are formed.
must show energetic motility. (c) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
(a) 40, 60 formed, while in spermiation spermatozoa
(b) 60, 40 are released from sertoli cells into the cavity
(c) 50, 50 of seminiferous tubules.
(d) 30, 70 (d) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from
sertoli cells are released into the cavity of
67. The main function of mammalian corpus seminiferous tubules, while in spermiation
luteum is to produce spermatozoa are formed.
(a) human chorionic gonadotropin
(b) relaxin only 74. The amnion of mammalian embryo is
(c) estrogen only derived from
(d) progesterone (a) ectoderm and mesoderm
(b) endoderm and mesoderm
68. What is the function of bulbourethral (c) ectoderm and endoderm
gland secretion ? (d) mesoderm and trophoblast
(a) Nourishes sperms
(b) role in activating sperms 75. Hormones secreted by the placenta to
(c) Serves as a lubricant during sexual maintain pregnancy are
intercourse (a) hCG, hPL, progestogens, prolactin
(d) Enhancing the motility of sperms (b) hCG, hPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
(c) hCG, progestogens, estrogens,
69. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as glucocorticoids
(a) pregnancies terminated due to hormonal (d) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens
imbalance
(b) implantation of defective embryo in the 76. Match the items given in Column I with
uterus those in Column II and select the correct
(c) pregnancies with genetic abnormality option given below :
(d) implantation of embryo at site other than Column I
Uterus Column II
a. Proliferative Phase
70. Internally the penis is............ i. Breakdown of endometrial lining
(a) Composed of three cylindrical mass of b. Secretory Phase
conective tissue bound together ii. Follicular Phase
(b) Composed of three cylindrical mass of c. Menstruation
tissue bound together by firus tissue iii. Luteal Phase
(c) Composed of three cylindrical mass of abc
epithelium tissue bound together (a) iii ii i
(d) Composed of three mass of tissue only (b) i iii ii
(c) iii i ii
71. Hysterectomy is surgical removal of (d) ii iii i
(a) mammary glands
(b) vas deferens 77. Extrusion of second polar body from egg
(c) uterus nucleus occurs :
(d) prostate gland (a) after entry of sperm but before
fertilization
72. Capacitation occurs in : (b) after fertilization
(a) Epididymis (c) before entry of sperm into ovum
(b) Vas deferens (d) simultaneously with first cleavage
(c) Female reproductive tract
(d) Rete testis 78. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte
is completed
73. The difference between spermiogenesis (a) After zygote formation
and spermiation is (b) At the time of fusion of a sperm with an
(a) In spermiogenesis spermatids are formed, ovum
while in spermiation spermatozoa are (c) Prior to ovulation
formed. (d) At the time of copulation
(b) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
formed, while in spermiation spermatids
79. Match the following columns and select
the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Placenta (i) Androgens
(b) Zona pellucida (ii) Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG)
(c) Bulbo-urethral (iii) Layer of the ovum
glands
(d) Leydig cells (iv) Lubrication of the
Penis
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(3) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(4) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)

80. Receptors for sperm binding in mammals

are present on :
(a) Zona pellucida
(b) Corona radiata
(c) Vitelline membrane
(d) Perivitelline space

81. Which of these is not an important

component of initiation of parturition in
humans ?
(a) Release of Prolactin
(b) Increase in estrogen and progesterone
ratio
(c) Synthesis of prostaglandins
(d) Release of Oxytocin

82. Which of the following secretes the

hormone, relaxin, during the later phase of
pregnancy?
(a) Uterus
(b) Graafian follicle
(c) Corpus luteum
(d) Foetus
 choice (c) is incorrect as estrogen secretion
Solutions : does not decreases further. Primary follicles
start developing.
10.
Solution: (b)
1.
On the surface of the egg opposite to the
Solution: (d)
point of sperm entry, the peripheral area of
Estrous cycle is the characteristic of
the egg becomes lighter in colour and
mammalian females other than primates. It
assumes a grey appearance. This area is
is due to estrogen hormone. Estrous is the
crescentric in shape and is known as the
period during which ovulation occurs and
grey crescent.
the females mate with male.
11.
2.
Solution: (c)
Solution: (c)
Progesterone hormone which is secreted by
In test tube baby, fertilization of the sperm
the corpus luteum in the ovaries is
and the ova is carried out in lab conditions
responsible to stop ovulation (during
(in vitro) and when the embryos have
pregnancy) and fixes the foetus to the
reached the 32-celled stage, it is implanted
uterine wall, facilitates placenta formation
back into the uterus of the mother.
and controls the foetus development in
3.
uterus. If this hormone is withdrawn then
Solution: (b)
fixation of foetus to uterine wall will not
Amniocentesis is the most widely used
take place, formation of placenta will also
method for prenatal detection of many
not take place, ovulation starts from the
genetic disorders. It is also a technique
ovaries and hence in human female
used for determining the sex of the foetus.
menstruation starts.
4.
12.
Solution: (a)
Solution: (b)
After ovulation ovarian follicle, undergo
The progesterone and estradiol continue
several stages of degeneration the pilicular
the hypertrophy of endo metrial lining in
cells inlarge and fill with a yellow fluid to
the uterus and fallopian tubes and
form corpus luteum.
maintain it throughout pregnancy.
5.
progesterone is also necessary for the
Solution: (c)
proper implantation of the foetus in the
Luteinizing hormone causes ovulation. The
uterine wall. It stimulates the endometrial
remaining cells of ovarian follicle are
glands to secrete a nutrient fluid for the
stimulated by LH to develop corpus luteum.
foetus, hence the term secetory phase. The
6.
progesterone inhibits the release of FSH so
Solution: (d)
that it may not develop additional follicles
Embryo growth graph is 'J' shaped.
and eggs.
7.
13.
Solution: (c)
Solution: (b)
Cleavage in the human zygote is
In human, at the end of the first meiotic
holoblastic i.e. it divides the zygote and the
division, the male germ cells differentrate
blastomeres completely into daughter cells.
into the secondary.
But it is unequal as the blastomeres differ
14.
in size.
Solution: (d)
8.
Amnion is an extraembryonic membrane
(a) pattern formation
in human prevents desiccation of the
(b) organizer phenomena
embryo inside the uterus. Amnion is a
(c) axis formation
membrane that encloses the embryo of
(d) anamorphosis
reptiles, birds and mammals within the
9.
amniotic cavity. This cavity is filled with
Solution: (c)
amniotic fluid, in which the embryo is
Since corpus luteum degenerates so
protected from dessication and from
progesterone also decreases rapidly
external pressure.
(progesterone is essential for maintenance
15.
of pregnancy). Also estrogen continues to
Solution: (b)
curve growth of the endometrium which
In human female, the periodic discharge of
ultimately becomes thick enough to break
blood, mucus and cellular debris from
down and cause menstruation. Hence
uterine wall from non-pregnant women of 21.
sexual maturity is known as menstrual Solution: (d)
cycle. Few hours before the start of Fertilization of ovum is the most likely root
mensuration, the spiral arterioles constrict cause why menstruation is not taking place
one by one resulting into the blanch in regularly cycling human female. In order
mucosa. The mucosa shrinks and the for fertilization to occur, one of these sperm
death of the blood deprived tissues takes must attach itself to the ovum and
place. penetrate its outer surface. The fertilized
16. ovum will then continue travelling down
Solution : (b) the fallopian tube, taking several days until
The corpus luteum is essential for it reaches the uterus. When it arrives, it
establishing and maintaining pregnancy in attaches itself to the lining of the uterus
females. In the ovary, the corpus luteum and continues to grow. If the ovum is not
secretes estrogens and progesterone, which fertilized it will die and the progesterone
are steroid hormones responsible for the and oestrogen hormone levels will drop.
thickening of the endometrium and its Without these hormones the prepared
development and maintenance, uterus lining breaks up and is released
respectively. through the vagina. This is known as a
17. ‗period‘.
Solution: (c) 22.
Human seminal plasma is a complex Solution: (a)
mixture of proteins, glycoproteins, pepti A change in the amount of yolk and its
des, glycopepties, and prostaglandins distribution in the egg will affect pattern of
secreted by organs of the male reproductive cleavage. The pattern of cleavage is
tract. The components of this fluid have been influenced by the amount of yolk in the
implicated in the suppression of immune egg. In eggs with less yolk, cleavages are
response, agonistic effects on sperm-egg equal, and the resulting blastomeres are of
binding, and promotion of successful similar size. If the yolk is localized, such as
implantation of the human embryo. Seminal in frog eggs, then clevages are unequal, the
plasma in humans is rich in fructose and cells derived from the yolky region (the
certain enzymes but poor in calcium. vegetal pole) are larger than those derived
18. from the region without yolk (the animal
Solution: (b) pole).
Foetal ejection reflex in human female is 23.
induced by fully developed foetus and Solution: (a)
placenta. When a woman is in a lithotomy In vitro fertilization is a process where
or semi-sitting position, the Foetal Ejection fertilization of egg occurs outside the
Reflex is impaired and the increased pain mother‘s womb. This method is used as a
caused by the sacrum‘s inability to move as major treatment for infertility. This method
the baby descends can be intolerable. involves the removal of eggs from the
19. female ovaries. This egg is then allowed to
Solution: (b) fertilize with sperm in a fluid medium in a
Foetal ejection reflex in human female is test tube. The zygote is allowed to develop
induced by fully developed foetus and for a week. Either zygote or early embryo
placenta. When a woman is in a lithotomy up to 8 blastomeres is then transferred into
or semi-sitting position, the Foetal Ejection the fallopian tube to complete its further
Reflex is impaired and the increased pain development. If the embryo is with more
caused by the sacrum‘s inability to move as than 8 blastomeres, it is transferred into
the baby descends can be intolerable. uterus for successful pregnancy. A baby
20. conceived by fertilization that occurs
Solution: (a) outside mother body is called test tube
The formation of sperms in mature human baby.
testes completed in three important phases 24.
in gametogenesis- multiplication, growth Solution: (c)
and maturation phase. During these Sertoli cells are found in the walls of
phases primarily germ cells change into seminiferous tubules of the testes. They
spermatogonia then spermatocyte during anchor and provide nutrition to the
growth phase which change into developing germ cells especially the
spermatoids and spermatids into sperms. spermatids.
25. zone pellucida. It has almost equal quantity
Solution: (b) of cytoplasm as an uncleaved zygote but
Vasa efferentia are ductules leading from much more DNA. Human Reproduction
rete testis to vas deferens. The rete testis is 249
an anastomosing network of tubules 33.
located in the hilum of the testicles that Solution: (b)
carries sperm from the seminiferous The part of fallopian tube closest to the
tubules to the vasa efferentia. ovary is infundibulum. Infundibulum
26. possess finger-like projections called
Solution: (a) fimbriae that help in collection of ovum
Seminal plasma in human males are rich after ovulation. It leads to wider part of
in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes. oviduct called ampulla. The last part of
They provide a medium for transport of oviduct is isthmus that has a narrow
sperms, nourishes and activates sperms. lumen and joins the uterus.
27. 34. Solution: (a)
Solution: (d) If the vasa efferetia in the human
Amniocentesis involves prenatal diagnosis reproductive system get block the gametes
of metabolic error and other genetic will not be transformed from testes
abnormalities. to epididymis.
28. Solution: (b) 35.
Parturition is the process of delivery of the Solution: (a)
foetus. The signals for parturition originate The testes are present in the scrotum
from the fully developed foetus and which maintains the scrotal temperature
placenta that induce uterine contraction below 2ºC of the internal body temperature.
called foetal ejection reflex. This triggers 36.
the release of oxytocin hormone from Solution: (a)
pituitary. This in turn leads to expulsion of The signals for child birth (parturition)
the baby out of uterus. originate from the fully matured foetus and
29. placenta which induce mild uterine
Solution: (b) contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
In human beings, after one month of 37.
pregnancy, the embryo‘s heart is formed. Solution: (a)
By end of second month pregnancy, the During fertilisation in humans, may sperms
foetus develops limbs and digits. By end of reach close to the ovum. As sperm
12 weeks, major organ systems are formed. comes in contact with the zona pellucida
After fifth month, the first movement off layer of the ovum it induces changes in the
foetus and appearance of hair on its head membrane that blocks the entry of additional
are observed. By the end of 24 weeks, the sperm. The secretions helps one enter
body is covered with hairs, eye lids cytoplasmacrosome helps one sperm enter
separate and eyelashes are formed. cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida.
30. 38.
Solution: (b) Solution: (a)
In Oogenesis, the second maturation At 14th day of normal human menstrual
division occurs until after the ovum has cycle rapid secretion of LH normally occurs.
been penetrated by a sperm. Oogenesis 39.
involves the formation of haploid female Solution: (d)
gametes, ova, from this diploid egg mother 40.
cells, oogonia of ovary of female organism. Solution: (a)
31. The signals for child birth (parturition)
Solution: (b) originate from the fully matured foetus and
Acrosome a small pointed structure at the placenta which induce mild uterine
tip of nucleus. It breaks down just before contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
fertilization, releasing hydrolytic enzymes 41.
that assist penetration between follicle cells Solutions : (d)
that surrounds the ovum, thus facilitating 42.
fertilization. Solution: (d)
32. Leydig cells found in testis is the endocrine
Solution: (a) portion of the testis which are present in
Morula is a solid ball contained within the between seminiferous tubules secretes
androgens or male sex hormone e.g. During embryonic development , the
testosterone. primary organiser signals the development
43. of another organ or tissue by secreting
Solution: (a) chemical factors.
Parturition is induced by a complex 49.
neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for Solution: (a)
parturition originate from the fully The signals for child birth (parturition)
developed foetus and the placenta which originate from the fully matured foetus and
induce mild uterine contractions called placenta which induce mild uterine
foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
oxytocin from the maternal pituitary. : 26 50.
44.
Solution: (d)
Solution: (c)
Leydig cells or interstitial cells, which are
The menstrual cycle is the scientific term
for the physiological changes that can present in the intertubular spaces produce
occur in fertile women for the purposes of a group of hormones called androgens
sexual reproduction and fertilization. The mainly testosterone. Androgens play a
secretory phase in the human menstrual major stimulatory role in the process of
cycle is also called luteal phase and lasts spermatogenesis (formation of
for about 13 days. During secretory phase, spermatozoa).
the endometrium prepares for the 51.
implantation of an embryo and the corpus Solution: (a)
luteum is active and secretes progesterone Parturition is induced by a complex
hormone. pituitary gland is considerably neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for
reduced. The withdrawal of this hormone parturition originate from the fully
causes degeneration of corpus luteum and
developed foetus and the placenta which
therefore, progesterone production is
induce mild uterine contractions called
reduced. Production of estrogens is also
reduced in this phase. foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of
45. oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.
Solution: (d)
52.
46.
(d) During the embryonic development in
Solutions (c)
Intestis, the immature aa male germ cells or humans. cleavage division results in a
spermatogenia (2n) multiple by mitotic divide hollow ball of cells called morula. Solid mass
and increase in number, some of 32 cells foemed from zygote after
spermatogenia (2n) kwon as primary successive mitotic division (after 3rd division
spermatocytes divide meoitoic division to of cleavage) is called morula.
form secondary spermatocytes (n). The
secondary spermatocytes undergo to second 53.
meiotic divide to produce permatidwhich are (b) Inguinal canal
transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by
the process called spermiogenesis. 54.
47. (a) female reproductive tract
Solution : (c)
Function placenta - The placenta facilitates 55.
the supply of oxygen and nutrient to embryo (c) The accessory glands of the male
and excretory / waste materials produced by reproductive system are the seminal vesicles,
the embryo. The placenta is connected to the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral
embrayothrough an umbilical cord which glands. These glands secrete fluids that
helps inthe transport of substances to and enter the urethra.
from the embryo. Placenta also acts as an
endocrine tissue and produces several 56.
hormones like human chorionic (a) All hormones are secreted by placenta.
gonadotropin (hCG), human placental
lactogen (hPL), estrogens, progestogens etc. 57.
(b) ovulation is the release of the egg (ovum)
48.
from a woman's ovary. Each month, between
Solutions : (d)
days six and 14 of the menstrual cycle.
Endometrial stromal cells contain lipids, cleanse and lubricate the penile (spongy)
glycogen, oxygen and essential minerals, urethra.
which provide nutrition to developing
embryo from the day of implantation (5th / 65.
7th day of ovulation) to first eight weeks of (c) Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of
pregnancy. Progesterone levels rise after the uterus. It may also involve removal of the
ovulation and peak five to nine days after
cervix, ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and other
your luteal phase.
surrounding structures. Usually performed
58. by a gynecologist, a hysterectomy may be
(b) LH and FSH decrease gradually during total or partial.
the follicular phase.
66.
59. (b) A human male ejaculates about 200-300
(d) The meiosis-II stage is completed in million sperms during a coitus of which
oogenesis only after fertilization. for normal fertility at least 60% sperms
must have normal shape and size and at
60. least 40% of them must show vigorous
(b) Activating motility.

61. 67.
(d) Oestradiol levels fall after ovulation and (d) The main function of mammalian corpus
before menstruation while, its levels peak luteum is to produce progesterone.
prior to ovulation. Oestradiol are not
associated with ovulation. Decrease in 68.
oestradiol level result in the cessation of (c) the bulbourethral glands secrete an
menstruation. alkaline mucus-like fluid.
This fluid neutralizes the acidity of the urine
62. residue in the urethra, helps to neutralize
(c) Corpus luteum is a mass of cells found in the acidity of the vagina, and provides some
ovary. A corpus luteum is a mass of cells lubrication for the tip of the penis during
that forms in an ovary and is responsible for intercourse.
the production of the hormone progesterone
during early pregnancy. The role of 69.
the corpus luteum depends on whether or (d) Pregnancy begins with a fertilized egg.
not fertilization occurs. Sometimes, cysts can Normally, the fertilized egg attaches to the
form in a corpus luteum, which can lead to lining of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy
painful symptoms. occurs when a fertilized egg implants and
grows outside the main cavity of the uterus.
63. An ectopic pregnancy most often occurs in a
(d) Spermatogonia are diploid cells which fallopian tube, which carries eggs from the
ovaries to the uterus. This type of ectopic
mature into primary spermatocytes (2/7) by
pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy.
growth. They then produce two haploid
Sometimes, an ectopic pregnancy occurs in
secondary spermatocytes by meiosis I. Each other areas of the body, such as the ovary,
secondary spermatocyte (n) completes the abdominal cavity or the lower part of the
meiosis II and produces two spermatids (n). uterus (cervix), which connects to the vagina.
Each spermatid (n) develops into a
spermatozoon or sperm (n). Similarly, in 70.
females, oogonia are the diploid cells | from (b) Composed of three cylindrical mass of
which through meiosis, polar bodies (n) and tissue bound together by firus tissue
single ! ovum (77) are produced
71.
64. (c) A hysterectomy is surgery to
(c) These secretions help the sperm to travel completely or partially remove the womb
through the urethra and into the female (uterus). This is done to relieve
reproductive tract. Secretions from symptoms caused by medical conditions
the bulbourethral glands protect sperm and affecting the womb.
 77 (a)
72 (c) Extrusion of second polar body from egg
Capacitation is the change undergone by nucleus occurs after entry of sperm but before
sperm in the female reproductive tract that fertilization.
enables them to penetrate and fertilize an The entry of sperm into the ovum induces
egg. completion of the meiotic division of the
secondary oocyte.
Capacitation causes a series of signaling, Entry of sperm causes breakdown of
biochemical and structural remodeling metaphase promoting factor(MPF) and turns
events that release spermatozoa from on anaphase promoting complex(APC).
oviductal reservoir site, remodel the sperm
surface, endow spermatozoa with 78 (b)
hyperactivated motility and prepare them for Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is
interactions with the oocyte at fertilization. completed At the time of fusion of a sperm
with an ovum.

73 (c) 79 (b)
Spermiogenesis is transformation of • Placenta — Human Chorionic
spermatids into spermatozoa whereas Gonadotropin (hCG)
spermiation is the release of the sperms from • Zona pellucida — Layer of the ovum
sertoli cells into the lumen of seminiferous • Bulbo urethral glands — Lubrication of the
tubule. penis
• Leydig cells — Androgens
74 (a)
The developing fetus grows in the amniotic 80(a) zona pellucida has receptors for sperm
cavity which is surrounded by the amnion. binding (ZP3 receptors) in
This is the membrane that covers the amniotic mammals. Corona radiata is a layer of
cavity. The membrane is derived from the extra radially arranged cells of membrana
somatic ectoderm on the inner side and granulosa. Perivitelline space is present in
mesoderm on the outer side. between vitelline membrane and zona
pellucida
75 (d)
Placenta releases human chorionic 81 (a) At the end of gestation, the completely
gonadotropic hormone (hCG) which developed foetus is expelled out. This
stimulates the Corpus luteum during process is called parturition.
pregnancy to release estrogen and Parturition is controlled by a complex
progesterone and also rescues corpus neuroendocrine mechanism.
luteum from regression. Human placental Estrogen and progesterone ratio increases as
lactogen (hPL) is involved in growth of body estrogen levels rise significantly.
of mother and breast. Progesterone Prostaglandins, which stimulate uterine
maintains pregnancy, keeps the uterus silent contractions are also produced that act on
by increasing uterine threshold to contractile myometrium.
stimuli. Oxytocin, the main hormone, also called as
birth hormone is released by maternal
76 (d) pituitary, which brings about strong uterine
(a) Proliferate phase is the other name for contractions.
follicular phase. There is development of the Prolactin is a lactation hormone that has no
follicle in the ovary and there is increase in the role in initiation of parturition.
endometrial cell lining in the uterus, known as
proliferation. 82 (c)
(b) The secretory phase is known as luteal Relaxin is produced first by the corpus
phase, which includes the secretion of the luteum of the ovary and later by the
hormones from the corpus luteum. This is placenta. It helps in parturition as it
essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. increases the flexibility of the pubic
(c) Menstruation is the flow of the cell debris symphysis and helps dilate the uterine
and the blood from the vaginal tract. This is cervix.
the outcome of breakdown of the endometrial
lining due to no fertilisation of the ovum.