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THE Geotextiles and Geomembranes Manual: 1st Edition DR T. S. Ingold

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52 views4 pages

THE Geotextiles and Geomembranes Manual: 1st Edition DR T. S. Ingold

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lokvanno
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THE

GEOTEXTILES
and GEOMEMBRANES
MANUAL
1st Edition

Dr T. S. Ingold
B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D., D.I.C., Eur.Ing., C.Eng., M.Cons.E.,
F.I.C.E., F.I.H.T., F.G.S., F.A.S.C.E., M.Soc.IS(France)

ELSEVIER
ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY
ISBN 1 85617 198 1

Copyright © 1994 ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD

All rights reserved


This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise be
resold, lent, hired out, stored in a retrieval system, reproduced or translated into a machine language,
or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published,
without the Publisher's prior consent and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

Other books in this series include:


Hydraulic Handbook
Seals and Sealing Handbook
Handbook of Hose, Pipes, Couplings and Fittings
Handbook of Power Cylinders, Valves and Controls
Pneumatic Handbook
Pumping Manual
Pump User's Handbook
Submersible Pumps and their Applications
Centrifugal Pumps
Handbook of Valves, Piping and Pipelines
Handbook of Fluid Flowmetering
Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control
Handbook of Mechanical Power Drives
Industrial Fasteners Handbook
Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology

Published by
Elsevier Advanced Technology
Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DH, UK
Tel 010 44 (0)865-512242
Fax 010 44 (0)865-310981

Printed in Great Britain by Professional Book Supplies, Abingdon, Oxon


Foreword

By even the most conservative of industry legends, geotextiles and geomembranes


have been widely used over the past twenty years. During this period annual world
consumption has increased about one hundred fold and much the same has
happened to applications technology. Although technology transfer is well served
through regular conferences and learned journals the result is a fragmented body
of information largely aimed at the specialist. The objective of this book is to
crystallise key elements of this information and to present them in a more coherent
form suitable for non-specialist civil engineers. There are one or two similar text
books, on the same subject, and these are recommended since no one book ever
gives a completely comprehensive or balanced view of a given subject.

Although applications technology and design methods are well developed they are
not universally normalised. In Europe, the process of normalisation is currently in
progress, with the issue of a European code on geotechnical design being
imminent. This is a particularly important document since it aims to define margins
of safety in a partial factor format rather than the lumped factor of safety approach
currently used by most geotechnical engineers worldwide. Harmonization of
geosynthetics test methods and certain applications technology, particularly for
geomembranes used in waste containment, is currently under review by CEN, the
European Committee for Standardization.

T S Ingold
January 1994
1

Introduction

Geosynthetics is the collective term applied to thin, flexible, sheets of material


incorporated in or about soil to enhance its engineering performance. Applications
of geosynthetics fall mainly within the discipline of civil engineering and the design
of these applications, due to the use of geosynthetics with soils, is closely associated
with geotechnical engineering. In terms of the classification of geosynthetics the
major division is between geotextiles and geomembranes. Although they may be
used in association geotextiles and geomembranes each serve different purposes.

Geotextiles are basically textile fabrics which are permeable to fluids such as water
and gas. Allied to geotextiles are the so called related products such as geogrids,
geomeshes, geonets and geomats. The common denominator is the holes or pores
in geotextiles and related products which allow the passage of fluids. As will be
seen in later chapters the manufacturing processes used and the resulting end
products span a wide range of variety with a view to tailoring the mechanical and
hydraulic properties of these products to required end uses. Geomembranes, in
contrast to geotextiles, are substantially impermeable to fluids and as such serve
totally different functions compared to geotextiles.

Although there are fabrics and waterproofing materials used in civil engineering
which outwardly have a similar appearance to geotextiles or geomembranes these
are not classified as geosynthetics. Consequently roofing felts and waterproofing
materials would not be considered to be geosynthetics. The prefix geo quite
specifically implies an end use associated with improving the engineering
performance of civil engineering works founded in, of, or upon soil. In the vast
majority of cases the suffix synthetics implies that geosynthetics are produced from
manmade polymers, however, certain specialist geotextiles may be made from
natural fibres whilst some geomembranes may incorporate natural asphalt.

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