Modul

e5:Soci
alSt
rat
ificat
ion c
once pt
sofbeingpoor
,mi
ddl
e
c
lass,orri
ch.
SOCI
ALSTRATI
FICATI
ON
Soci
alDesi
rabl
es
 Iti sa soci ety'scat egor ization
ofi t
speopl eintogr oupsbased  In soci et
y wher e s ocial
on soci oeconomi cf actorsl ike strati
fic ati
on i
spr esent,soci
al
weal th, income, r
ace , desirables are inevit
able.I t
educat ion, e thni ci
t y, ge nder , maybeassoci ated withsocial
occ upat ion, soci als tatus , or status,populari
ty,accept
anc e,
der i
ved power ( soc i
al and orappr oval
.
pol i
tical )
.
Three most desi
red qual
iti
es i
n
 It i mpl i
e s t he di vision or
everysoci
ety
classi fic ati
on of me mber s of
societ y i nto di ffer e nt s trata ● Weal
th
(singul ar:s tratum) ,pr omot ing
● Power
the de velopme ntofhi er archy
among soci al gr oups. Eac h ● pr
est
ige
group i sc har acter iz
ed by a
shar ed c ommon i dent it
y and Weal
th
lif
estylet hatar ebr oughtupon  Itpert ainstot heacc umul ated
the s tat us as cri
bed t o i t
s economi c c apital of an
me mber s. indi
vi dualorgr oup.
 Weal t
h of an i ndivi
dual or
Of
ten t imes, when you as k
group usual l
y de t
ermines i t
s
Fi
lipi
no ifhe orshe isri
ch,you
capaci ty f or i nfluence i n
wi
llrecei
veresponsessuch as:
decisionmaki ngi nsocie t
y.
“May kaya”,“Medyo may kaya”,  Itcreat e
ss ocial,economi cand
and“AyosLang” poli
ticali nequality(Mar xist
)
● These cat
egori
es are al
ready Power
cultur
allyladen,suc h as a
 It i s t he capaci t y of an
person who is may kaya is
individual to influenc e
supposedl
y richer t
han t he
anot he rperson toper for
m an
person who i s medyo
actt hathe orshe woul d not
mayaman.
other wisedo.( Curtis,2001)
● The differencesi nthe stat
us  Power i nvol
v es bene fits and
ascri
bed to i ndivi
dual ar e privileges.
dependent on soci
ally  The power t o determine the
acceptedcriteri
a. cour se of pol i
cies and
economy c an pr ovide an
● This descri
pti
on do not
individual wi t
h di
sti
nct
di
rect
lytransl
atet
o wes
ter
n

2 0
 advant
age as c
ompared wi
th
those who cannot wi e
ld
Social s
trat
ificati
on occur
sin a
i
nfluencet oother
s.
vari
etyofsocials
truct
ure
Pr
est
ige
● Ther e ar e four t ypes of
 Iti st he r esult of t he t wo str
at i
fic ati
on syst
ems: c l
ass,
previouse lement s. caste,es
tateandslavery.
 Weal th combi ned wi t h power
Cl
assSyst
em
leadst opr estige.
 The l evelofpr es ti
ge de pends ● Itde not
est hecl
assific ati
on of
on t he job pr ofessional i
sm of an i ndivi
dual or gr oup of
individuals i n r el
ation t o persons having expl
ici
ts oci
al
training rathe rt han t he i
rj ob status based on acqui red
income ( Pe arson: soc i
ology, characteri
stic
s.
2005) .
● In 17th centur
y Eur ope,the
 For i nstance ,a weal thy and
main qual ification to be a
power f
ul indi vidual i
s
me mber of a c
ert
ain
expec ted t
ohav ea s tableand
hier
archical c l
ass depends
high f orm of oc c
upat i
on t o
mos t
lyon threethingswealt
h,
mai ntain soci et
al r ank and
economic occ upati
on, and
position.
power.
 Henc e,occ upat i
onalpr esti
ge,
togethe r wi t
h weal t
h and ● Nonethel
ess,t
hisqual
ific
ati
on
power ,has al ways be en se en changesovert
ime.
as t he bas is ofsoci als tatus
● Class may al
so be
andr anki nhumans oc iety.
charact
eriz
ed i n di fferent
Soci
almobi
lit
ysys
tem ways,butt he ter
m s t
atus i
s
alwaysassoci
atedwit
hi t.
 Socialmobi li
tyist heshi ftin
social status or r ank of an ● Stat
us inclas
s sys
tem isnot
indivi
dualwi thint hef rameos ascri
bed, but it is rat
her
as ocialstruc t
ure. achi
eved in many di ffere
nt
 Socialmobi li
tymaybeve rt
ical ways.
orhor i
zont al
.Ver ticalmobi l
it
y
involv
es t he upwar d and ● Class and s tat
us di ffer
accordi
ngtot hei
rac cus
t omed
downwar d mobi lity, whi ch
me ans t he pr ogr essi
on of mode of be havi
or, whi ch
i
nc l
udes lif
estyl
e,r ecreati
on
socials tatus rel
at ed t oclass,
andcultur
e.
power ,and pr estige.I tcan be
highert olowerorvi v eversa. ● The t radi
tional per
spect
ive
present
sc l
assasat hree–
fold

2 0
 c
lassi
fic ati
on consist
ingofthe and cus t
om .Thet erm c aste
f
oll
owing:upperc l
ass,middl
e isderived fr
om t heSpani ards
c
lassandl owerclass. me ani
ng “ breed”.Thus,cas te
also means “ race”in society
.
Thes anskr i
twor dforc asteis
varnameani ng“ col
or”.
Also,Hindu societ
yis composed
offourt
ypesof :

● The upperc lass isc ompos ed

of t he e li
te gr oup ( e.
g.,
instit
ut i
onal leaders,
capitalist
). The mi ddlec l
ass
● The Hi ndu cas te syste
m i sa
consis t
s oft he sc i
ent ific and
closed syst e
m,as i tdoes not
technical i ndi vi
dual s of t he
allow f or soci
almobi l
ity
.An
society (e.g., engi neer,
individualwhoi sbornShudr a
account ants, l awy ers). The
(wor ker) came f r
om t he
lower c l
ass compr ises t he
par ents who are oft he same
wor king c l
ass ( e.g.,l aborers)
cas te.
andt hepoor .
● Eachcast
esystem hass peci
fic
dut
iesandresponsibi
li
ti
es .
Each cast
e sys t
em has s peci
fic
dut
iesandresponsibi
li
ti
es.
● The br ahmi ns ar e placed to
the highe st positi
on ne xt to
thegods ,andt heyinc l
udethe
pri
es ts and t he academi cs.
Mor eover,the br ami ns enjoy
special pr i
vileges s uc h as
Cast
eSyst
em conduct ing templ e wor ships
and pr ayer
s, maki ng t hem
● TheCas t
esystem isrel
ated t
o
super i
orands acred.
thec onceptofHindu pract
ice,
tradit
ion,and cultur
e,whi ch ● Kshatyi
ras ar
ec omposed of
i
sr ootedin divine sanct
ion warri
ors and ki
ngs for t
he

2 0
 purpose of pr
otec
tion and ● Like f e
udali
s m, t he es t
ate
def
ensemanagement. syste
m r e
lated t o pol i
tic
al
group par tici
pation, and
● Vai
shyasinc
ludesl
andowne r
s
possessed pol it
ical power s
and merc
hants who perf
orm
(Soci
ologyGuide,2014) .
agr
icul
tur
alproduc
tion.
Sl
aver
y
● The lowe
st posit
ion in caste
sys
tem i s occ
upi e
d by t he ● This sys te
m i s t he mos t
Shudras, who ar e servants extr
eme f or
m ofinequali
tyi n
and workers for t he other soci
ety. For i
nstance,slaves
cast
esystem. are oft
en maltr
eated by t
he i
r
owne r
s.
● The unt ouchabl
es have no
cast
e system,whi c
h signifies ● In mostcases,sl
aveshaveno
thatthe
segr oupsareoutcast
. ri
ght at alland depri
ved of
everyt
hing because i t i s
● Thecas tes ys
tem wasc reated
beli
eved t
hatthey ar
ecreat
ed
to ens ur et he conti
nui t
y and
towor konlyf
orother
s.
preser vation of t he i ndi
an
cultur e f r
om t he ear li
est ● This s yste
m per si
sted in
gene ration tot hepr esentone Wester n count r
ies suc h as
(socials tr
atificat i
on,20140. United States,whi c
hf ormall
y
abolished t he pr acti
ce in
● Howe ve
r,ithas been one of
1865,t hrough an amendment
the mai n r easons why
i
n t he US Cons t
ituti
on but
ali
enati
on, dividisi
on, and
with muc h r esi
stance from
discr
iminat
ionarepresent
.
sl
ave owner s and t hei
r
Es
tat
eSys
tem suppor ter
s.

● Itisidenti
caltothepr actic
eof Slavecondit
ion can beseen i
nt his
f
eudal i
sm.I thas itsr ootsin quotat
ion f rom Har ri
et Be echer
pre-Revol
ution Franc e
,whe re Stowe’
sc lassic work uncl
e Tom’ s
i
ndi vi
duals were r anked Cabin.
according t
ot hree categori
es:
“butnow what ?Why,now c ome smy
cler
gy, nobili
ty, and
mas t
er,takesmer i
ghtawayf rom my
commoner s.
work,and my f r
iends,and al lIli
ke,
● The final aut horit
y in this and grinds me down i ntot he very
syst
em was t he king. The dir
t.And why? Bec ause,he s ays,I
est
ate syst
em was based on for
gotwho Iwas,he says,t ot each
l
egal struc
tures t
hat defines met hatIam onl yani gger
!Af terall
,
member s’stat
us,rights,and andl astofall
,hec omesbe t
weenme
duti
es. and my wi f
e ,and says Ishal lgive

2 0
herupandl ivewi t
hanot herwoman. the obje
c t
ivi
ty of thi
ngs so
And al lt his your laws gi ve hi
m thateverythi
ngisnotequally
powert o do,i nspite ofGod ora possi
bleandi mpossi
ble”
.
man,Mr .Wi lson,look ati t
!.There
● The exi
sti
ng social wor
ldis
i
sn’t one of al lthese things,that
i
nnate and depends on the
broken the heartofmy mot herand
st
ructur
eofcapital.
my sister,and my wi fe and myself
.
Butyourl awsal l
ow,and gi veevery Three fundament
al t
ypes of
manpowert odo. ” capit
al
Soci
alI
nequal
iti
es
● Social I
nequalit
ies i
s one of
the di mens i
ons of soci al
str
atific at
ion t hat concerns
theg ap bet
ween ther i
ch and
thepoor.
● In the United States
, soci
al
inequal
iti
es is morer ampant
than i n ot her c ountri
es
because of t hei
r hi gher ● These forms of capi
tal ar
e
economic capaci t
ies and present in ev er
y human
capabil
iti
es. societ
y, affect
ing social
strat
ificati
onandinequal
ity
.
Soci
al i nequali
ty is visi
ble in
many ot her soci
al insti
tuti
ons ● People and gr
oups i
n higher
affect i
ng ot her social aspects posit
ions e nj
oy mor e and
such as: unlimite
d resour
ces because
oftheirweal
thandpower.
● Gender
● Most of t hese pe opl
e ar e
● Capi
tal(soci
al,pol
iti
cal
,and
popular and noble, al
lowing
symbol
ic)
them togain powerins ociet
y
● Ethnic mi nori
tie
s and other i
nt heform ofhavingposit
ions
minorit
ies( e.
g.pe r
sons wit
h i
npol it
icsandg ov
ernment .
di
s abi
li
tie
s)
● Thus,t hi
si san evide
ntf or
m
● Gl
obali
nequal
ity
. of social i
nequali
ty because
notev ery one has acce
ss to
Access to Social
, Pol
iti
cal
, and
thi
scapi t
al.
SymbolicCapital
Et
hnic Minor i
ties and Per
sons
● Accordi
ng to Pier
re Bordiue,
wi
th Di
sabi
lit
ies
capit
al“isaforc
ei nscr
ibed i
n

2 0
 ● Are you famili
ar with the ● Anot
her wide
spread f
orm of
conce
ptofsoci
ale xc
lus
ion? i
nequal
ity i
s gende
r
i
nequal
ity
.
Soci
alExl
usi
on
● Gender has always bee
n a
● Socialexclusi
oni stheconcept
sensi
tiv
e t opi
c i n ev er
y
of al i
enating and di vi
ding
argumentat
ion.
indivi
duals or gr oup i n a
certai
n societ
y.I tdefines the ● Genderdi scr i
mi nati
on among
inequali
tybe t
we en andamong LGBTQ c ontinues ev en i f
ethnic mi nori
ties and other seve
ral organi zati
ons already
mi nori
tie
s. devel
opadv ocaciesandmeans
toeliminatedi scriminat
ion in
● Race and e
thnic
ity hav
e also
ever
ys ociet
yandc ommuni ty.
been t he basi
s of s ocial
divi
sionint
hewholewor ld. Viol
enceagains
twomenandc
hil
dren
rapi
dlyinc
reaseever
yday
● Racial i
dent
ityisthe mai n
concernofet
hnici
nequal
iti
es. ● Dowr hsar
y Deat er esponsibl
e
forthemur dersoft housands
● For inst
ance , Afri
can
of women every year
,
Amer i
can of ten suffe rf r
om
especi
allyins out
haf ri
ca.
raci
aldi scr
imi nati
on,maki ng
them feelali
enat ed f
rom ot
her ● Honor Kill
ings c
onti
nue t o
soci
eti
e s
. takes place in Pakistan,
Turkey
,Jordan,Syri
a,Egypt,
● Agai
n, this is a vi sibl
e
etc.
exampl
eofsoci
ali
nequal
ity
.
● Physicaland se
xualabuse of
● Othe r minori
ties al
so
gi
rls i s a seri
ous conc
ern
expe r
ience inequali
ties and
acrossallr
egi
on.
social di
scri
mination due t o
specific di ffer ences t
hey ● Femal e geni
tal cutti
ng or
posses s as compar ed wi th mutilati
on (FGD/M) causes
otherindivi
dualsorgr oups. seri
ous inj
uryt o mil
li
ons of
youngwomene v
eryyear.
● Mi nor
iti
e s such as person
wi t
h disabil
ity(PWDs)suffe r ● Ther at
eofFe mici
de(mur der
from s ocial excl
usion and of women and gi rl
s) has
discri
mination be cause of signi
ficantlyescal
atedoverthe
theirdisabi
lit
y. lastf
ew ye
ars.
GenderI
nequal
ity ● Chi
ld marriage cont
inues t
o
putyoung girl
s atgreatri
sk
f
or too-
ear
ly pr e
gnancy and

2 0
 othersexualand r
epr
oduc
tiv
e o Singapore be l
ongs to
healt
hissues. Global Nor th, whi ch
compr i
ses power f
ul
Thecasesaboveshow how rampant
countriess uch as Uni ted
the ge
nder inequali
ty is
. Gender
Stat
es, Uni te
d Ki ngdom,
Ine
quali
ti
eswillbeavoidedifgende
r
Japan,andChi na.
i
ssueswouldbese t
tle
d.
o The Phi l
ippines belongs to
But then again, se
ttl
ing gender the Gl obal Sout h whi ch
i
ssuesmay be daunti
ng becauseof compr i
ses ofeconomi call
y
theexist
ingnor
msandval uesofthe and pol iti
call
y s t
ruggling
soci
ety
. countries.
I
nequal
ity The l i
ved exper iences of people
l
iving i n Gl obal Nor t
h ar e
 One of t he mos t debat ed
significantly di
ffe r
entfrom those of
issuesint he wor l
dist hatof
the Gl obal Sout h, e v
en ift hey
globalinequali
ty.
be l
ongint hesames oci
alcl
ass.
 Thi stype ofinequalityr e
fers
tot heune qualdistri
bution of Theor
iesonI
nequal
iti
es
scarce resources and val ues
For the pas tyears
,i nequalit
y has
ac r
ossterrit
ori
e s
.
been anal yzed by s ociologists
● The di vide between resour ce- because i t is present in ev er y
richt errit
ori
esand t hoset hat human soci ety. Thi s sec t
ion
facet hec hall
engeofensur ing provides var i
ous per spec
tives of
basic human ne eds and c ar e sociol
ogis
t s r
egarding social
have be en conceptualized i n strati
fic ati
onandi nequali
ties.
dichotomi zed terms suc h as
● Confli
ctTheor
y
developing vs de ve
lop
count rie
s ,fir stworld vst hi rd KarlMarx’
sideaonconflic
ttheoryis
world, and, mor e r ecently, hi
ghly based on modern societ
y
GlobalSout hvsGl obalNor th. whichi
sdividedi
ntotwocl
asses:
● In al l dichotomies , the t
he Pr ol
etar
iat and t
he
prevalent t heme i s t he bour
geois
ie.
une qual acc ess to world
● The prol
etar
i s ar
at e t he
resourcesamongcountri
es.
wor
ker
sorthewor ki
ngcl
ass.
● Although the Phi
lippines and
● the bour geoi
sie ar
e t he
Singapore ar e par t of
l
andlords and owner s of
Sout he
as t Asia, t hey ar e
produc
t i
on.
categori
zed unde r opposi ng
economi c development ● ForMarx,the pr
ole
tari
ats or
context. worke
rsarebei
ngexploi
tedby

2 0
 the bourgeoisie. The wealt
h, and pre st
ige. As people
prol
etariats we re given food, acqui
r e
d weal t
h, pr es
tige, or
shelt
er, and c lothing by t he popularit
y,t
hey also acquir
e more
owners.Howe ve r
,expl oi
tati
on power.
occurs wi thout t he wor kers
Funct
ional
ism
noti
cing i tdue t ot heirfalse
consciousness and mi st
aken Summary of Davis and Moor
e’s
that the bour geoiseiaret he Pri
nci
pleofSt
ratification
oneswor kingf orthe m.
The mai n function of
● Mar x pr edi
cted t hat a st
rat
ific ati
on i s “ pl
acing and
rev
oluti
on woul d happe n moti
vati
ng indi
vidual
si nt he wor
ld
between the prole
tar
iats and st
ructure”
the bourgeoisi
e as the r i
ch
Funct
ional
ism
becomer i
cher.
1.Each soci
etymust( a)pl
ace
● Mar x bel
ieve t
hat a
i
ndi
vidualsi
n socialposi
tions and
communi s t socie
tyi s be
tter
(
b)motiv
atet
hem towork.
that a capi tali
st societ
y,
whe r
ein peopl e would be 2. some posit
ions are more
treat
ed equal ly
, and no one funct
ional
lyimportantthan others
control
ledwe alth. and/or requi
re mor e tr
aining or
tal
entthanother
s.
● However
, Marx’s hypot
hesi
s
f
ail
ed and never came int
o 3.Societ
ies pl
ace appropri
ate
l
imeli
ght. (i
.e.
,s kil
led and trai
ned peoplei n
these posit
ions and motivat
et hem
● As modern soci
eties
to wor k by c onnecting t hese
de veloped,the wor king class
posit
ionstobe tt
errewards.
became mor e educated,
allowi ng them t o acqui re 4. thus
, t he result
ing
ski l
led and be t
ter j obs. s
trat
ificat
ionsys
temisf
uncti
onalfor
Ins t
ead ofexpl oitati
on,labor s
ocie
ty.
l
awsandpr otect
ionofwor ki ng
● AccordingtoDavi dandMoor e,
class wer e developed, l
etting
each member ofs ociet
y has
the member s oft he worki ng
specific rol
es and
class ear ns salaryf or their
responsibil
iti
es to take and
financi alwell
-being.
accompl i
sh. Eac h role has
Max We ber looks into how Mar x lev
e lofdi ffic ul
ty,and a task
vi
ewed soci al s tr
atificat i
on. For with higherl ev
elofdi fficul ty
Weber,there are other fact
ors and entail
s mor e weal
th, power,
el
ementstoc ons i
deri n deter
mi ni
ng andmone y.
one’
s soci
alc lassinc l
udi ng power,

2 0
 ● They also beli
eve that the dynamicst hatper
petuat
est
he
unequaldist
ributi
on ofwor k oppressi
on of t
he
amongpe opl
eenablestoexert marginali
zedgroups.
mor e e ffort t oward t he
Ac hi l
d whogr ew mal nour ishe d due
accompli
shment of s oc
ial
to hi s or her par ents ’inabi li
tyt o
reward.
secur enut rit
iousf oodf orhi m orher
On t hec ontrary,Tatum arguesthat will hav e f ewer c hanc es of
gende r and fami l
yi ncome is mor e performi ngwe l
li ns chool .Thi schi ld
li
ke l
y a de t
erminant of soci al may dr op outofsc hoole v
en be fore
stratific at
ion. Me n have a hi ghe r he or s he fini s
hes e lement ary
placei ns oci
als t
rati
fic at
ion because educat ion. Thi s woul d di s qual i
fy
paternalisti
c c ult
ure has bee n him or her f rom secur i
ng hi gh-
implantedi nt hehumanmi nd. payingj obs.I nt heev entt hatheor
shede cidestof orm af ami l
y,t herei s
Human digni
ty, Ri
ght
s and t
he
a hi gh pr obabilit
yt hathi s or her
Common Good.
chil
dr en wi lle xpe rienc et he same
Althoughsoci algr oupingsand process .
str
atific ation f
unc t
ion in pr omoting
● The une qual ac c
ess t o
soci
alor der and or gani zat
ion,t he
resources has thecapac ity of
i
mpac tt hat t he y often hav e in
maki ng sev eral sec tor
s of
human gr oups isuns e
t tl
ing due to
society vul
nerablet o deceas e
the i ssues t hat t he y cr eat
e
and criminali
ty,aspeopl euse
pertai
ning t ot he achie v
ement s of
their bodi e
s and ot her
humanr i
ght sanddi gnity.
me chanisms t o secure basi c
● The r ightofan i ndividualt o needs suc h as f ood, clean
qual i
ty e ducation i s of ten wat e
r,education,ands hel
ter.
tamper ed by poli
tical
● The pur suit of t
he c ommon
argument sc ont esting t hat it
good is a pr imaryc hallenge
shoul d be r eser ved tot hose
among soci et
ies wit
h di verse
who can affor d i t. The
populati
on. As eac h s ec t
ors
prevailing i ssue i n t he
cl
amor s f or i ts per cieved
Philippine educat i
on s yst
e m
ri
ghts, t he scar city of
that promot es unequal
avail
able resources pos es a
learning oppor tunities
continuous t hr
eat t o t he
be t
ween pr i
vate and publ ic
attai
nmentofc ommongood.
school sisoneoft heneg ative
impac tsofi nequal ity. ● In developing soc
ietie
s,t he
need f
ori nclus
ivegrowth has
● The st
ruc
tur
al and
been brought ins takehol
der
i
nsti
tut
ional sour ces of
consul
tations.
i
nequal
ity promotes s ocial

2 0
 ● Incl
usive growthi mpli
es the provi
des wide
ly known appr
oac
hes
i
nc l
usion of all members of toconver
t.
the soc i
ety in polici
es for
For example, i n Sout h Korea
devel
opment . This promotes
mandatory mi
lit
ar y ser
vice t
o al
l
the equal c hance of every
maleKoreanci
tizen
me mber of soci e t
y to
parti
cipate in the economic Soci al Pl acement - For mal
devel
opment i n his or he r educat ionhe lpss tudentst odi scover
area. appr oved s tat uses and r olest hat
will he lp t he soc i
ety’
s l ongevi ty
.
Educat i
onal sys tems c onsi dert he
various t alent s and i nterests of
stude nts and at tempt t o pr ovide
EDUCATI
ON
oppor tuni t
iest hatpr ovideagood fit
CLASSI
FICATI
ON OF EDUCATI
ON for t he se t alent s and i nter ests
.
Formaleducat ion,i n a way ,is an
FORMALEDUCATI
ON
equal iz
e r.I
tf ocusesonac hievement ,
-
ter
m used when as
tude
ntl
ear
ns rathe rthaneducat ion.
i
nsidet
hecl
assr
oom
Cultur al I nnovat ion- Educational
-astudentf
oll
owsac ur
ric
ulum and i
ns t
itut i
ons ar e t he c enter of
i
s be i
ng grades on his or her cult
ur al i nnovation because t hey
per
formance sti
mul atei ntell
ectual inquiry and
promot ec riti
calt hinking.I
te nables
FI
VE FUNCTI
ONS OF FORMAL
new i deas t o dev e l
op, as well as
EDUCATI
ON
providebasesf orne w knowledget o
Soci ali
zation -From earl
y becomeacc eptedint hemai nstr
eam.
chil
dhood, s t
ude nts i n f ormal Through sc hools, t heorie
s ar e
educat ion l ear n t heir nat i
ve proven;t echnologies arei mproved;
languag e, as we ll as t he and cul tures can adapt t o t he
mat hemat icals kil
lthe ywillneedt o changingsoci ety.
funct i
on in soc ie
ty.Suc hl earning
Latent Funct ions of For mal
expands i ns econdar y and terti
ary
Educat i
on- Anot herlatentfuncti
on
educat ion,ass t udentsarepr epared
of f ormal e ducat i
on i s t he
toadaptt ohisc hangi ngreali
ties
.
establ
ishmentofsoc i
alrelati
onshi
ps
Social I ntegrat
ion - because thatwoul dhaveal asti
ngi mpacton
educati
oni susedtotr ansmitnorms thelif
eofac hi
ld.
and val
ue s,itcan al
so ber egarded
I
NFORMALEDUCATI
ON
as a uni fyi
ng force
.I t promotes
desi
red val ues and ens ures Exampl
es
conf
ormi t
y.In cases ofdeviance,it

2 0
Teac
hingt
hechil
dsomebasi
cssuc
h  I
nformale ducat
ion consist
sof
asnumeri
cchar
acter
s. e
xpe riences and ac t
uall
y
l
ivi
ng i n t he f ami l
y or
• Someone learni
ng hi
s/her
c
ommuni ty. tion i s not
mothert
ongue
i
mpar t
ed by an
• A s pontaneous t ype of i
nstitutionsuch as sc hoolor
l
earning,“i
faper son standing c
ollege.
i
n a bank l
earns
NONFORMALEDUCATI
ON
aboutopeni ng and
maintaini
ng t he account at ⮚ emer ged in res
ponse tot he
thebankf rom someone.” world cr isi
s i n education
i
de ntified by Phi li
p H.
Inf
or mal educat
ionmay be a
Coombsi n 1967,whoar gued
parent te
achi
ng a chi
ld how to
that t he formal education
pre
par eamealorr
ideabicyc
le.
systemshavef ail
edtoaddress
 Peopl e can al so ge t an thec hangingdynamicsoft he
infor male ducat i
on byr eading environment and the
manybooksf rom a libraryor socie
t i
es.
educat ionalwe bsite
s.
● e
nables a s t
udent t
o le arn
 Infor mal educat i
on i s whe n
s
kill
s and knowl
edgethrough
you ar e not s tudying i n a
s
tructured learning
school and do not use any
e
xperiences
par ticul arlearningme thod.
 In t hi s type of e ducation, ● Capacity-
Building i
niti
ati
ves
consci ous e ffor ts ar e not are conducte
d t hrough thi
s
invol ved. I ti s ne i
ther pr e- typeofeducati
on.
planne dnorde li
be r
ate.
 It i nc ludes adul t bas i
c
 It may be l e
arned at some
educat ion, adul t l i
teracy
mar ket place,hotelorathome .
educat ion or school
 Unl ike f ormal educat ion,
equival encypr epar at i
on.
infor mal educat ion i s not
 Thiswi llnec essitatefle xibili
ty
impar ted by an
in t he de sign of t he
institut ionsuch as sc hoolor
curricul um andt hes che meof
college .
evaluat ion.
 It may be l e
arned at some
 Non- f
or mal e ducat i
on i
s
mar ket place,hotelorathome .
impar ted cons ciously and
 Unl ike f ormal educat ion, i t
deli
be rat el
yands ys t
emat icall
y
does not hav e a fixed
implement ed. I t shoul d be
time tabl e. Ther e i s no se t
organi zed fora homogene ous
cur ricul um r equired.
group.Non- f
ormal , educat ion
shoul d be pr ogr ammed t o

2 0
 serve t he needs of t he - Ite nables one to seey our
identifiedgr oup. strengt
hsandmai nt
ainthem.
 In nonformal educat ion, - It enables one t
o determine
someone( whoi snoti nsc hool ) weakness es and adjus t to
can learnl it
eracy,ot herbas i
c them
skill
sorj obs kill
s. - Thi s helps one reach f ul
l
 Home educat ion, potenti
alande st
abli
sh onesel
f
individuali
zed instruc tion asawhol e.
(such as programmed
AccordingtoAbraham Maslow,sel
f-
learning), dis t
anc e l ear ning
actuali
zati
on i
sthe hi
ghestform of
and comput er-
as sisted
humannee d.
instructi
on ar e other
possibili
tie
s. Itwas defined as “ t
o become more
and mor e whatone is,to become
FUNCTI
ONSOF EDUCATI
ON
everyt
hing that one i
sc apabl
e of
—Her
ber
tSpencer becoming.
”
The functions ofeducation arethe
f
ollowing: (
1) to produce
Through educat ion,humansar e
product i
ve ci ti
zens, and ( 2) to
empowe red to exper i
enc eand l earn
develops elf
-actual
ization.
theirt rue capac i
ties t hat lead to
Ifeach f
uncti
on is worki
ng we
ll, self-
actual izat
i on. Humans al so
soc
iet
yatt
ainsprogr
ess. t
end t o find boundl ess ent husi
asm
i
nl earning out side the c lassroom,
Pr
oduct
iveCi
tizenr
y
whi c
h is basically through
- Educat ional sys t
ems e nable experienc e
.
cit
izens t o be pr oduc ti
ve
me mberofsoci ety
,ast heyar e
equippe d with knowl e
dgeand MODULE 7:SOCI
ALCHANGE
skil
lst hatc ouldc ontribut eto
SocialChange-a conc
eptused t
o
the dev elopme nt of t heir
port
ray any changes in human
societ
y’s systems and
soci
alsys
tems.
i
ns ti
tutions.
- Being a pr oduct i
ve ci tizen - allchangest
hattakepl
acein
requires cr it
ical t hi
nki ng— human society t
hat has a
abil
ityt o understand hi s or domino effec tto al
l soci
al
her dut i
es and be abl et o syst
ems
them bymaki ngdecisions.
SOCI
ALCHANGE PERSPECTI
VES
Sel
f-act
ual
izat
ion
August Comt
e, Emi
le Dur
khei
m,
Herber
tSpencer

2 0
-Socialchangec onstant
lyhappensi n DI
FUSSI
ON
an i dentic
al way. Al l societi
es
- invol
ves t he pr ocess of
under go spec ific pr oce
sses and
transf
erri
ng cul tural tr
ait
s
stages be f
orereaching the complete
andc onceptsfr
om onehuman
level of evolut
ion or change .I tis
grouptot heother
.
guided by Char les Dar
wi n’
sc oncept
ofevolution. ACCULTURATI
ON
Tal
cot
tPar
sons - the process of l ear
ning a
cult
ureothert han one’sown.
-Soci
al change is as sociated wi th
Thisimplied t
hati tisg eared
homeostasi
s ort he state ofbalanc e
toward second-culture
(
equili
bri
um). Any c hange i n a
speci
fic soc ial as pect nec es
sitates lear
ning.
adjustmentin ot
heras pec
t stoavoi d ASSI
MILATI
ON
i
mbal anceandmai ntains ocialorder.
- a gradualpr ocess ofcultur e
Kar
lMar
x change t hat allows for the
-Socialchange i
s a pr oact
ive state i
ndistinguishable cult
ur al
wher einpeopl
ewillonlyattainsocial simil
ar i
ty between two
change or deve lopment when differ entcult
uralgroups.
freedom and equal it
y i s already
attained.

Social Cont
radi
cti
ons and
Ti
m Dys
on Tensions
-Soc i
alc hange isinter
relat
ed with Collect
ive act
i on- ref
er s t
o any
t
he c oncept of demogr aphic acti
on being taken by a c ertai
n
t
ransit
ion,wher einthe changes in group who shar es common ai ms
t
hec omposition ofpopul
ati
on resul
ts and goal s to ac hie
ve s pecific
i
nchangesi nsoc ialst
ruc
tures. changes or objecti
ve t hat would
benefitt hemember soft hegroup.
Sources of Cul
tur
al, Soci
al, and
Poli
ticalChange Exampl e:The“ Oc cupyWal lStree t”
I
NNOVATI
ON movementt hatlaunc hed st
reet-he l
d
ral
li
es and c ri
tiques on c orpor at
e
-it may be in the f or
m of new i
nterest
sin 2011wasar esultoft he
sci
ent
ific knowl edge, new beli
efs
, publi
c’sdist
asteon t heinfluenc eof
andaddi
tionali
nventions thefinanci alsectoron government s,
which exacerbated pr
eexisting
- i
t has t
aken a gr
eat rol
ein
i
ssuesoni nequalit
yandc orruption.
c
reati
ngnewtrendsin human
s
ociet
y.

2 0
FORMSOF SOCI
ALTENSI
ONS
Et
hni
cconfli
ct
re
ferr
ed to as e thnic war and is
usuall
y characte
rized by
homogenousc ulturalgroupshaving
an armed str
uggl e wi
th each ot
her
orwithothersocialinsti
tuti
ons.

Ar
medConfli
ct
are mos t
ly poli
tical i
n nature as
nonstat
e ac tor
s cl amor for thei
r
ri
ghts that ar e perceiv
ed t o be
withhel
df or
mt hem byt hestat
e.
Act
sofTer
ror
ism
arehighlypolit
icalacti
viti
est hatare
me ant t o give a s tatement t o
organiz
ations or s tates that ar e
beli
eved to have hegemoni c power
oversubjugatedterri
toriesorsec t
ors
ofsociet
y.

14 out of 14

2 0