Chapter 10: Various Arts Movements

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
- identify the underlying history, philosophy of the era or movements
- classify the various movements by citing their important characteristics such as historical
background, factors, influential persons, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists, and form
and media
- present the history and movements of the arts through a timeline
- cite important characteristics in an artwork based on the era movement
Meaning of Art Movement
Art movement refers to the tendency of style in art that has a specific common philosophy or goal.
Art movement is followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time (from a few months to
a decade) with the heyday of such movement.
Art movement are very important in modern art when "each consecutive movement is considered
a new avant-garde.
The following art movements from the ancient times to the present are presented here.

1.) Cave Paintings (Parietal Art)

These are painted drawings on a cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some
40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia. The exact purpose of Paleolithic cave paintings is
not known. Evidence suggests that they were merely decorations of living areas since the caves in
which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation.
The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common subjects that
give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils
made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall.
The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old and were
found in caves in the district of Mars, located in Bantimurung district, South Sulawesi, Indonesia,
according to datings announced in 2014. Previously it was believed that the earliest figurative
paintings were in Europe. The earliest figurative paintings in Europe date back to the Aurignacian
period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet Cave in France, and
in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania.
The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago, the date given
both to a disk in the El Castillo cave in Cantabria, Spain and a hand stencil in Sulawesi. There are
similar later paintings in Africa, Australia and South America, continuing until recent times in some
places, though there is a worldwide tendency for open air rock art to succeed paintings deep in
caves.

2.) Ancient Egyptian Art

Visual arts like painting, sculpture, architecture, and other arts were produced by the civilization of
ancient Egypt in the lower Nile Valley from about 3000 BC to 30 AD. Ancient Egyptian art reached a
high level in painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized and symbolic. It was famously
conservative, and Egyptian styles changed remarkably little over more than three thousand years.
Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life
after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past.
Ancient Egyptian art included paintings, sculpture in wood (now rarely surviving), stone and
ceramics, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories, and other art media. It displays an
extraordinarily vivid representation of the ancient Egyptian's socioeconomic status and belief
systems.
3.) Greek Art
Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization and gave birth to Western classical art in
the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further developments during the
Hellenistic Period). Greek art is mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry
making.
Artistic production in Greece began in the prehistoric pre-Greek Cycladic and the Minoan
civilizations, both of which were influenced by local traditions and the art of ancient Egypt.
There are three scholarly divisions of the stages of later ancient Greek art that correspond roughly
with historical periods of the same names. These are the Archaic the Classical and the Hellenistic.
The Archaic period is usually dated from 1000 BC. The Persian Wars of 480 BC to 448 BC are
usually taken as the dividing line between the Archaic and the Classical periods, and the death of
Alexander the Great in 323 BC is regarded as separating the Classical from the Hellenistic period.
The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries
from ancient times until the present, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture. In the
West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander
the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and
Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the
Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired
generations of European artists. Pottery was either blue with black designs or black with blue
designs.

4.) Roman Art

The prehistoric Roman Art encompasses two periods: Etruscan Period (2000-1000 BC). The
subject matter of paintings was ancestor worship catacombs, and sarcophages. In the Roman Period
(2000 BC- 400 AD), art was characterized by commemorative statue, sarcophage, frescoes, and
design with vine motifs.
Art in these periods served the cult of ancestors and defied emperors. Roman art includes
architectures, painting, sculpture, and mosaic work. Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest
form of art by Romans, but figure painting was also very highly regarded.
Ancient Roman pottery was not a luxury product, but a vast production of "fine wares" in terra
sigillata were decorated with reliefs that reflected the latest taste and provided a large group in
society with stylish objects at what was evidently an affordable price. Roman coins were an important
means of propaganda and have survived in enormous numbers.

5.) Chinese Painting (oldest artistic tradition in the world)

The traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a
brush dipped in black ink or colored pigments; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular
materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work can be mounted on
scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls. Traditional painting can also be done on album
sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding screens, and other media.
Main Techniques in Chinese Painting:
1.) Gongbi which means "meticulous" uses highly detailed brush strokes that delimits details very
precisely. It is often highly colored and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. It is often practiced
by artists working for the royal court or in independent workshops.
2.) Ink and wash painting, in Chinese shui-mo "water and ink" also loosely termed watercolor or brush
painting, and also known as "literati painting as it was one of the "Four Arts" of the Chinese Scholar-
official class. In theory this was an art practiced by gentlemen, a distinction that begins to be made in
writings on art from the Song dynasty, though in fact the careers of leading exponents could benefit
considerably. This style is also referred to as "xieyi or freehand style.
The highest form of Chinese painting is the landscape painting and still generally used today. The
time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907-1127) is known as the "Great
age of Chinese landscape". In the north, artists such as Jing Hao, Li Cheng, Fan Kuan, and Guo Xi
painted pictures of towering mountains, using strong black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dotted
brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the south, Dong Yuan, Juan, and other artists painted the
rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer, rubbed
brushwork. These two kinds of scenes and techniques became the classical styles of Chinese
landscape painting.

6.) Japanese Painting (most highly refined visual arts)

The Japanese painting encompasses a wide variety of genres and styles. The long history of
Japanese painting exhibits synthesis.
Japanese painting (kaiga, also gado) is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese
visual arts, encompassing a wide variety of genres and styles. As with the history of Japanese arts in
general, the long history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native
Japanese aesthetics and the adaptation of imported ideas, mainly from Chinese painting which was
especially influential at a number of points; significant Western influence only comes from the later
16th century onwards, beginning at the same time as Japanese art was influencing that of the West.
Areas of subject matter where Chinese influence has been repeatedly significant include Buddhist
religious painting, ink-wash painting of landscapes in the Chinese literati painting tradition, calligraphy
of ideographs, and the painting of animals and plants, especially birds and flowers. However
distinctively Japanese traditions have developed in all these fields. The subject matter that is widely
regarded as most characteristic of Japanese painting, and later printmaking, is the depiction of
scenes from everyday life and narrative scenes that are often crowded with figures and detail. This
tradition no doubt began in the early medieval period under Chinese influence that is now beyond
tracing except in the most general terms, but from the period of the earliest surviving works had
developed into a specifically Japanese tradition that lasted until the modern period.
In Japan, there were 158 works or sets of works in painting listed in the official List of National
Treasures. These works were done in the 8th to the 9th century that includes a number of Chinese
paintings which have long been in Japan. These painting works represent peaks of achievement or
very rare survival from the early period in Japan.

7.) Renaissance Art (noblest of ancient traditions)

Renaissance art emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about 1 400. Renaissance art took as its
foundation the art of classical antiquity but later transformed ant t tradition by absorbing recent
development in the art of northern Europe by applying contemporary scientific knowledge.
The Renaissance is divided into three periods (Early Renaissance, High Renaissance and
Mannerism Period).
1.) Early Renaissance (13-14th century)
Early renaissance placed emphasis on simplicity gesture and expression. Painting depicted man
and nature in Fresco technique.
Early renaissance art was created in parallel with late medieval art. The influences upon the
development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century are those that also affected
Philosophy, Literature, Architecture, Theology, Science, Government, and other aspects of
society.
2.) High Renaissance (16th century)
 Its center was in Florence, Venice and Roman Painting style consists of the deepening of pictorial
space, making the sky more dramatic with dark and flashes of light. Da Vinci introduced the
chiaroscuro. Michelangelo dramatized the position figures in his famous contrapuesto twists.
3.) Mannerism Period (Late Renaissance Period)
The human figure is rendered through the use of oil paints of sumptuous, warm, and sensual
colors. This period which existed around 1520 and lasted about the end of the 16th century in Italy,
when the Baroque style began to replace it. Northern Mannerism continued into the early 174 century.
Here is a summary of the Renaissance period concerning its art:
- Classical texts, lost to European scholars for centuries, became available. These included
Philosophy, Prose, Poetry, Drama, Science, a thesis on the Arts, and Early Christian Theology.
- Simultaneously, Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in
the works of Islamic scholars.
- The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be
disseminated easily, and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public.
- The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought
unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city, Florence.
- Cosimo de' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts, not associated with the church
or monarchy.
- Humanist philosophy meant that man's relationship with humanity, the universe and with God
was no longer exclusive province of the Church.
- A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman
remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello.
- The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Dutch artists such
as Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy
from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices, worldwide.
- The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain
individuals of artistic genius, most notably Masaccio, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Piero della
Francesca, Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters
of the High Renaissance, as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser masters of the
High Renaissance, as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work
of extraordinary quality.
- A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family.
- The publication of two treaties by Leone Battista Alberti, De Pitura (On Painting), 1435, and De
re aedificatoria (Ten Books on Architecture), 1452.

8.) Mannerism Art

This is known as the Late Renaissance Period which started in 1520 and continued up to the 17h
century. In this art, there are a variety of approaches influenced by famous artists such as Leonardo
da Vinci, Raffaelo Sanzio and Michelangelo. High Renaissance Art (mannerism) emphasized the
principles of art and design such as proportion, became an ideal beauty.
Mannerism exaggerates such qualities of art design often resulting in compositions that are
asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant. The style is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its
artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities. It favors compositional tension and instability rather
than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting. Mannerism in literature and music is
notable for its highly florid style and intellectual sophistication.
The definition of Mannerism and the phases within it continues to be a subject of debate among
art historians. For example, some scholars have applied the label to certain early modern forms of
literature (especially poetry) and music of the 16" and 174 centuries. The term is also used to refer to
some late Gothic painters working in northern Europe from about 1500 to 1530, especially the
Antwerp Mannerists - a group unrelated to the Italian movement. Mannerism also has been applied
by analogy to the Silver Age of Latin literature.
9.) Baroque Art (highly ornate and extravagant style of art)
This art flourished on Europe in the early 17th century up to late 18; century. Paintings in the
Baroque period is ornate and fantastic. They appeal to the emotion, are sensual and highly
decorative. They make use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects. The paintings show
figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags. Famous painters in this period include Peter Paul Rubens,
Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez, and Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
Baroque sculpture started in the 17th century. It depicted the beauty of art and stressed on the
expression of emotion. The works of Gian Lorenzo Bernini and the La Piedad of Gregorio Fernandez,
a famous Spanish sculptor, were representatives of Baroque sculpture.

10.) Rococo Art (graceful style in art)

Rococo started in the 18th century in France during the reign of King Louis XV. This art quickly
spread to other parts of Europe particularly Bavaria, Austria, Germany, and Russia.
Rococo painting placed emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of
farm and country. The Rococo art technique made use of soft pastel colors, rendering the landscape
smoking and hazy with the subject always in the center of the canvas.
Famous Rococo painters were Jean Antoine Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard, William Hogarth,
Joshua Reynolds, and Francois Boucher.
Rococo architects took a different approach from a lavishly decorated architecture which appeared
in Rome and Spain. The exteriors of Rococo buildings are often simple, while the interiors are entirely
dominated by their ornament. The style was highly theatrical, designed to impress and awe at first
sight. Floor plans of churches were often complex, featuring interlocking ovals; In palaces, grand
stairways became centerpieces, and offered different points of view of the decoration.

11.) Neo-Classicism Art (based on simplicity and symmetry in art)

This art movement started in Rome in the mid-18th century. Neoclassicism was considered the
"highest rank given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music,
and architecture.
The main neoclassical movement occurred in the 18th century which coincided with the Age of
Enlightenment and continued until the 19th century. In the field of architecture, the art style continued
up to the 21st century.
In as far as European Neoclassicism is concerned, the visual arts started in 1760. This was
opposed to the then dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Rococo architecture emphasizes grace,
ornamentation, and asymmetry. Neoclassical architectures based on the principles of simplicity and
symmetry, which was seen as virtues of the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece and were more
immediately drawn from 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Each "neo"-classicism selects some
models among the range of possible classics that are available to it and ignores others. The
Neoclassical writers and talkers, patrons and collectors, artists and sculptors of 1765-1830 paid
homage to an idea of the generation of Phidias, but the sculpture examples they actually embraced
were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures.

12.) Neo-impression (science-based interpretation of urban and rural scenes)

This art movement was coined by a French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1886 when he described the art
movement founded by George Seurat.

13.) Impressionism (accurate depiction of light in the ordinary subject of matter)

 This art movement originated from a group of Paris-based artists where independent exhibitions
brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880’s.

The impressionistic art during the 19th century was characterized by relatively small, then and yet
visible brush strokes, open composition, as well as emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its
changing qualities of ordinary subject matter.

14.) Post-Impressionism (emphasized abstract qualities or symbolic content of art)

This art movement roughly began between 1888 and 1905. Post impressionism encompasses neo-
impressionism, symbolism, synthetism, Cloisonnism, along with later impressionists. Paul Cézanne
was the father of post-impressionism. Among the post-impressionists were Paul Gauguin, Vincent
Van Gogh, and George Seurat.
Post-Impressionism art movement likewise encompasses a wide range of stylistic variations
focused on abstract form and pattern when paint is applied to the canvass surface. Structure, order
and optical effects of color dominated the post impressionist's aesthetic vision. This movement also
depicts art in bright colors show the artist's feelings and moods. Images were often distorted
disregarding the natural colors.
Science-based interpretation of lines and colors influenced Neo-Impressionists' characterization of
their own contemporary art. The Pointillist and Divisionist techniques are often mentioned in this
context, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the Neo-impressionist movement.
The movement and the style were an attempt to drive "harmonious" vision from modern science,
anarchist theory, and late 19 century debate around the value of academic art. The artists of the
movement "promised to employ optical and psycho-biological theories in pursuit of a grand synthesis
of the ideal and the real, the fugitive and the essential, science and temperament."

15.) Art Noveau (emphasis on natural forms and structure)

This art movement was most popular sometime in 1890 and 1910 but after 1910 this movement was
replaced by architectural and decorative style known as Art Deco and then by Modernism.
This art noveau (New Art in English) is an innovative style of modern art that become popular
sometime in 1890 to 1914. This kind of art movement was very useful in architecture, applied art and
decorative arts.
Its typical decorative flat patterns mostly curvaceous in shape is in line with its philosophy of
applying artistic design to everyday objects as part of the everyday life. These artistic designs were
especially depicted on birds, flowers, insects, hair, and curvaceous bodies of beautiful women - an
indication of making beautiful things in environment available to everyone.

16.) Fauvism (extremely bright color art works)

Fauvism was the first important art movement of the 1900s. The fauves flourished as a group only
from 1903 to 1907 but their style greatly influenced many later artists. Henri Matisse led the
movement. Other important fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, and Georges Rouault, all from
France.
The fauves did not attempt to express ethical, philosophical, or psychological themes. Most of
these artists tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy, and pleasure.
They used extremely bright colors. To fauve, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could
be bright red, purple, or any other vibrant color.

17.) Expressionism (spiritual rebirth in a materialistic age)

 Expressionism was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the 20th century. It has cast
its influence on European artists from 1910 up to the present. It also seemed to have influenced the
playwrights in English and Filipino in the Philippines.

As can be seen on the work of Amelia Lapeña Bonifacio "Sepang Loca “(1958). The exponents of
expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in age that was becoming
influenced by materialism. Paul Dumal's "Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio" (1969) and Reuel Aguila's
"Mapait sa Bao” are plays which depicted the idea of rebirth of the individual as possible only within
the context of the transformation of the entire society.
The emotional expressions in expressionist paintings can be described as involving pathos,
morbidity, violence, chaos, and tragedy. It also sometimes portrays defeat.

18.) Cubism (emphasis in the use of geometrical shapes)

It takes the abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder, or sphere at the expense of other
pictorial elements. Cubists want to show form in their basic geometrical shapes. Paul Cezanne's
works played an important part in the development of cubism. It was further developed by Georges
Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.

19.) Futurism (emphasis is on modern society)

Futurism developed in Italy about the same time cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters
wanted their works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society. Their paintings
glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subjects included automobiles, motorcycles, and
railroad trains - subjects that express the explosive vitality of a modern city.

20.) Abstractionism (texture and shapes are more important than real-life objects)
Abstractionism is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a
situation that he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea or his
feelings about it.
Abstract means "to move away or separate." Abstract art moves away from showing things as they
really are. The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really looks. The picture is not just like life. It
is rendered not realistic.
In the field of sculpture, artists also began doing abstract sculpture. They ignored the exact forms
of real-life objects. They felt that the texture and shape of a sculpture were more important than the
exact form. Constantin Brancusi "bird in Space" is an example. Brancusi was so impressed by the
grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew on air, that he represented those qualities in
his sculptural work. His work does not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an impression of a
bird's grace and speed.
Abstract subjects can be represented through the following:
a. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition or the regular
shape is twisted.
b. Elongation. It refers to the lengthening of a subject (protraction or extension).
c. Mangling. This may not be a common way of representing an abstract subject, but there are a
few artists who show subjects or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with
repeated blows.

21.) Dadaism (art is playful and highly experimental)

 Dadaism is a protest movement in the arts formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in
Zurich, Switzerland. The Dadaist reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art and the
evils they saw on society. They tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of
writing, poetry, recitals, and art exhibitions. Much dadaic art was playful and highly experimental. The
name "dada," is a French word meaning "hobby horse," was deliberately chosen because it was
nonsense. Perhaps the best-known Dadaist was the French artist Marcel Duchamp.

22.) Surrealism (art is a weapon against evil and restrictions in society)

The surrealist movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet
Andre Breton. Like Dadaism, from which it arose, surrealism uses art as weapon against the evil and
restrictions that surrealists see in society. Unlike Dadaism, it tries to reveal a new and higher reality
than that of daily life. Surrealism is an invented word meaning "super realism." The movement was
influenced by the Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious state of
mind.
Subjects of this movement attempt to show what is inside man's mind as well as the appearance of
this outside world. The surrealist claim to create forms and images not primarily by reason, but by
unthinking impulse and blind feeling or even accident. Using these methods, the surrealist declares
that a magical world - more beautiful than the real one - can be created in art and literature. Much of
the beauty sought by surrealism is violent and cruel. In this way, the surrealist tries to shock the
viewer or reader and show what they consider the deeper and truer part of human nature. Benjamin
Mendoza, a Bolivian painter, is well-known in presenting violent and cruel surrealist paintings.

23.) Constructivism (as an art)

Constructivism started as early as the 20th century in Russia. As an art, this is applied in the
construction of social evils existing in the present society. It is constrasted with surrealism. Surrealism
art emphasizes what is inside a man's mind. In constructivism, it emphasizes the reconstruction of the
evils of what society has done to man.

24.) De Still or Neoplasticism (emphasis is pure abstraction using only black, white and primary
colors)
The Dutch term for De Still is "The Style." This Dutch Artistic movement which was founded in
1917 in Leiden, Netherlands.
Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials
of form and color, they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white
and primary colors.
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and
critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories. Along with van Doesburg, the
group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszar, and Bart van der Leck,
and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J. J. P. Oud. The artistic philosophy that
formed a basis for the group's work is known as Neoplasticism - the new plastic art (or Nieuwe
Beelding in Dutch).
According to Theo van Doesburg in the introduction of the magazine "De Stil' 1917 no.1, the "De
Stil" -movement was a reaction to the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School movement (Dutch
expressionist architecture) with the magazine "Wendingen" (1918-1931).

25.) Abstract Expressionism (characterized by large canvasses and strong colors)

This is a style of abstract painting that originated in New York after World War Il and gained an
international vogue. Although it has close antecedents in European art, the term was first applied to
the New York School, whose work was characterized by great verve, the use of large canvasses, and
a deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven
brush strokes, and rough textures are other typical characteristics. In other words, abstract
expressionism departs completely from subject matter, from studied precision, and from any kind of
preconceived design. Jackson Pollock was one of the abstract expressionist painters of the New York
School.

26.) Optical Art (uses optical illusion created in black and white)
Optical Art is op art for short. This is a style of visual art that emphasize the use of optical illusions.
Op art works are abstract, with many better-known pieces created in black and white. Typically, they
give the viewer the impression of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibrating patterns, or
swelling or warping.

27.) Pop Art (uses images of popular culture, as opposed to elitism)

It started in Britain and the United States during the mid-to-late 1950’. The movement presented a
challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular mass culture, such as advertising,
comic books, and mundane cultural objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed
to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through
the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or
rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context,
isolated, or combined with unrelated material.
Among the early artists that shaped the pop art movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard
Hamilton in Britain, and Larry Rivers, Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns among others in the
United States. Pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract
expressionism, as well as an expansion of those ideas. Due to its utilization of found objects and
images, it is similar to Dada. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that
precede postmodern art or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.
Pop art often takes imagery that is currently in use in advertising. Product labeling and logos figure
prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, seen in the labels of Campbell's Soup Cans, by
Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the outside of a shipping box containing food items for retail has
been used as subject matter in pop art, as demonstrated by Warhol's Campbell's Tomato Juice Box.

28.) Post-minimalism (artists use unprocessed materials)

This art movement emerged in the late 1970s that employs a variety of arts such as body art,
process art, conceptual arts, and performance arts. The post minimalist artists use materials that are
unprocessed, uncomposed, and sagged instead of using industrial and fabricated materials to
achieve the desired purpose. The most important art was "Untitled" produced by artist Eva Hesse, in
1970.

29.) Conceptual Art (conceptualism)

Following a set of written instructions, concepts, or ideas take precedence over traditional
aesthetic, technical and material concerns.
Some works of conceptual art, sometimes called installations, may be Constructed by anyone
simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to American artist Sol
LeWitt's definition of Conceptual art, one of the first to appear in print.
 In conceptual art, the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses
a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the
execution.
Tony Godfrey, author of Conceptual Art (Art and Ideas) (1998), asserts that conceptual art questions
the nature of art, a notion that Joseph Kosuth elevated to a definition of art itself in his seminal, early
manifesto of conceptual art, "Ant after Philosophy" (1969). The notion that art should examine its own
nature was already a potent aspect of the influential art critic Clement Greenberg's vision of Modern
art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s,
however, conceptual artists such as Joseph Kosuth, Lawrence Weiner and the English Art and
Language group began a far more radical interrogation of art than was previously possible. One of
the first and most important things they questioned was the common assumption that the role of the
artist was to create special kinds of material objects.
Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, in
popular usage, particularly in the UK, "conceptual art came to denote all contemporary art that does
not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture. It could be said that one of the reasons why
the term "conceptual art" has come to be associated with various contemporary practices far removed
from its original aims and forms lies in the problem of defining the term itself. As the artist Mel
Bochner suggested as early as 1970, in explaining why he does not like the epithet "conceptual", it is
not always entirely clear what "concept" refers to, and it runs the risk of being confused with
"intention." Thus, in describing or defining a work of art as conceptual it is important not to confuse
what is referred to as "conceptual" with an artist's "intention."

30.) Photorealism (reproduce the image realistically as possible)

Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing, and other graphic media, in
which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as
possible in another medium. Although the term can be used broadly to describe artworks in many
different media, His also used to refer specifically to a group of paintings and painters of the American
art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

31.) Installation Art (materials are configured to present message to viewer)

It is a form of conceptual art whereby the objects or materials are configured or arranged in a room
or spaces to present a message to the viewer. The objects, configured may have an impact on the
viewer since their viewers are allowed to experience the craftmanship of the artist. The installation of
the objects may only be temporary unless they are photographed or documented to be presented as
evidences of an artwork.
Some of the installation arts were the "still-life" line drawings of clustered objects made from
adhesive tape" by Michael Craig-Martin, the "Earth Rooms" Of Walter de Maria, "a room filled with
sump oil viewed from a foot bridge by Richard Wilson. Critics of this art form stressed that installation
aft has low intrinsic value because their real value is the artistic effect the artist produce.

32.) Body Art (emphasis is on the human body)

Body art is a form of body painting, using the body as a canvas or artwork employing color
pigments for cultural motives. Face painting, body painting, and tattoo art are forms of body art that
dates back from pre-historic times. These art forms during the early times were employed to identify
prominent personalities like tribal chiefs. Modern body art is utilized as a cosmetic make-up as shown
in stage plays, television programs, in circuses and movie characters.
Other types of body arts are mine and living statues (the art of conveying action and emotion
employing body gestures; nail (decorating the fingernails and toenails) and human nude-scope
photography (photos of female nudes). Among the well-known body artists were Chris Burden, Gina
Pane, Benjamin Vantier, Ketty La Rocca, Annie Leubovitz, Spencer Tunick.
33.) Land Art (emphasis is on earth materials)
Land art is an art movement known also as "Earthworks", "Earth Art" or "Landscape art" that
started in America in the 1960s by developing man's awareness of his relationship with his
environment through "thought-provoking construction" of art works, that uses materials such as
stones, rocks Clay to create artistic imagery. The purpose of these artworks is to touch the
sensibilities of man towards the environment. Some of the famous land artists were Robert
Smithson's "Spiral Jetty" where they re-arrange rock, soil, algae to form a long (1,500 feet) spiral-
shaped Jetty jutting out into the Great Salt
"encirclement of eleven Florida Lake; Christo Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude's Islands in pink
polypropylene fabric"

34.) Performance Art (use of bodies and voices to convey artistic expression)
Performance art is an art form that emerged in the 1970s in America. This art is expressed in may
forms such as dance, music, video, drama, painting, and film. The artist performs or expresses his art
before a live audience. The performance artist may likewise incorporate in his performance such
mediums as music and dance, recitation, music, fashion, juggling and tumbling as a small-scale event
or a massive performance spectacle. Performances can be held anywhere such as in cafes, bars,
museums, general assemblies, auditorium, square, even on streets before a large live audience.
Among the leading performance artists were Yves Klein when he presented "three nude models
covered in his trademark blueprint, who rallied around on sheets of white paper"; Hermann Nitsch and
Rudolph Schwarzkogler who highlighted men's violent nature by incorporating "shocking exhibitions
of self-torture and pseudo-negligence rituals.

Conclusion
There is no definite and specific criterion that determine what constitutes a true art movement. The
reason is that artists differ in their expression of art as well as their use of techniques and medium in
creating artworks. Nevertheless, those artists who share and use almost similar techniques and
artistic styles and approaches in producing artworks may be grouped as belonging to a certain art
movement. Some art movements emerged became prominent in the 19th century while others in the
20th and 21st century, as such, they are classified art movements in the classical, modern, and
contemporary period. Some of the 19th and 20" century art movements, continue to exist today
probably because of their influence and impact on people's lives as well as their importance to a new
world of digital technology.